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Zhu L, Wong YH, Wong SSH, Cheung SCY, Sher JKH, Yam IYL, Yung S, Chan TM, Yap DYH. Alterations in exhausted and classical memory B cells in lupus nephritis - Relationship with disease relapse. Clin Immunol 2024; 265:110284. [PMID: 38878808 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION B cell exhaustion is a functional abnormality of B lymphocytes observed in chronic infections and shows association with autoreactivity. The role of exhausted and classical memory B cells in maintaining disease stability of lupus nephritis (LN) remains unclear. METHODS We measured classical memory (CD19+CD21+CD27+), exhausted B cells (CD19+CD21-CD27-), and related cytokines in LN patients with multiple relapses (MR) (n = 15) and no relapse (NR) (n = 15) during disease remission. The expression of inhibitory/adhesion molecules, cell proliferation and calcium mobilization in classical memory and exhausted B cells were also assessed. RESULTS The MR group had higher proportion of circulating exhausted and classical memory B cells compared to the NR group and healthy controls (HC) (p all <0.05 for MR vs. NR or HC). Blood levels of IL-6, BAFF, IL-21, CD62L, CXCR3 and Siglec-6 were all higher in the MR group (p < 0.05, for all). Exhausted B cells from the MR group showed higher FcRL4, CD22, CD85j and CD183 but lower CD62L expression than NR and HC groups. Exhausted B cells from MR patients exhibited reduced proliferation compared to NR patients and HC, while classical memory B cell proliferation in MR group was higher than the other two groups. Exhausted B cells from both MR and NR patients showed impaired calcium mobilization. CONCLUSION Alterations in exhausted and classical memory B cells are related to disease relapse in LN. These findings may help devise new strategies for monitoring disease activity and preventing relapse in LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Litong Zhu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yick Hei Wong
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sunny S H Wong
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Simon C Y Cheung
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason K H Sher
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Irene Y L Yam
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan Yung
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tak Mao Chan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Desmond Y H Yap
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Satapathy BP, Sheoran P, Yadav R, Chettri D, Sonowal D, Dash CP, Dhaka P, Uttam V, Yadav R, Jain M, Jain A. The synergistic immunotherapeutic impact of engineered CAR-T cells with PD-1 blockade in lymphomas and solid tumors: a systematic review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1389971. [PMID: 38799440 PMCID: PMC11116574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1389971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, therapies such as chimeric antigen receptor-T Cell (CAR-T) and immune checkpoint inhibitors like programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) blockers are showing promising results for numerous cancer patients. However, significant advancements are required before CAR-T therapies become readily available as off-the-shelf treatments, particularly for solid tumors and lymphomas. In this review, we have systematically analyzed the combination therapy involving engineered CAR-T cells and anti PD-1 agents. This approach aims at overcoming the limitations of current treatments and offers potential advantages such as enhanced tumor inhibition, alleviated T-cell exhaustion, heightened T-cell activation, and minimized toxicity. The integration of CAR-T therapy, which targets tumor-associated antigens, with PD-1 blockade augments T-cell function and mitigates immune suppression within the tumor microenvironment. To assess the impact of combination therapy on various tumors and lymphomas, we categorized them based on six major tumor-associated antigens: mesothelin, disialoganglioside GD-2, CD-19, CD-22, CD-133, and CD-30, which are present in different tumor types. We evaluated the efficacy, complete and partial responses, and progression-free survival in both pre-clinical and clinical models. Additionally, we discussed potential implications, including the feasibility of combination immunotherapies, emphasizing the importance of ongoing research to optimize treatment strategies and improve outcomes for cancer patients. Overall, we believe combining CAR-T therapy with PD-1 blockade holds promise for the next generation of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibhu Prasad Satapathy
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Pooja Sheoran
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Dewan Chettri
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Dhruba Sonowal
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Chinmayee Priyadarsini Dash
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Prachi Dhaka
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Vivek Uttam
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Ritu Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Manju Jain
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Aklank Jain
- Department of Zoology, Non-Coding RNA and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Carruthers NJ, Guo C, Gill R, Stemmer PM, Rosenspire AJ. Mercury intoxication disrupts tonic signaling in B cells, and may promote autoimmunity due to abnormal phosphorylation of STIM-1 and other autoimmunity risk associated phosphoproteins involved in BCR signaling. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 474:116607. [PMID: 37348680 PMCID: PMC10534200 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies link exposure to mercury with autoimmune disease. Unfortunately, in spite of considerable effort, no generally accepted mechanistic understanding of how mercury functions with respect to the etiology of autoimmune disease is currently available. Nevertheless, autoimmune disease often arises because of defective B cell signaling. Because B cell signaling is dependent on phosphorylation cascades, in this report, we have focused on how mercury intoxication alters phosphorylation of B cell proteins in antigen-non stimulated (tonic) mouse (BALB/c) splenic B cells. Specifically, we utilized mass spectrometric techniques to conduct a comprehensive unbiased global analysis of the effect of inorganic mercury (Hg2+) on the entire B cell phosphoproteome. We found that the effects were pleotropic in the sense that large numbers of pathways were impacted. However, confirming our earlier work, we found that the B cell signaling pathway stood out from the rest, in that phosphoproteins which had sites which were affected by Hg2+, exhibited a much higher degree of connectivity, than components of other pathways. Further analysis showed that many of these BCR pathway proteins had been previously linked to autoimmune disease. Finally, dose response analysis of these BCR pathway proteins showed STIM1_S575, and NFAT2_S259 are the two most Hg2+ sensitive of these sites. Because STIM1_S575 controls the ability of STIM1 to regulate internal Ca2+, we speculate that STIM1 may be the initial point of disruption, where Hg2+ interferes with B cell signaling leading to systemic autoimmunity, with the molecular effects pleiotropically propagated throughout the cell by virtue of Ca2+ dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Carruthers
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - C Guo
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - R Gill
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - P M Stemmer
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America
| | - A J Rosenspire
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America.
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Liu S, Tao X, Deng B, Li Y, Xu Z. Genome-Wide Analysis of Long Noncoding RNAs in Porcine Intestine during Weaning Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5343. [PMID: 36982414 PMCID: PMC10049174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play crucial roles in various biological processes, and they are considered to be closely associated with the pathogenesis of intestinal diseases. However, the role and expression of lncRNAs in intestinal damage during weaning stress remain unknown. Herein, we investigated the expression profiles of jejunal tissue from weaning piglets at 4 and 7 d after weaning (groups W4 and W7, respectively) and from suckling piglets on the same days (groups S4 and S7, respectively). Genome-wide analysis of lncRNAs was also performed using RNA sequencing technology. A total of 1809 annotated lncRNAs and 1612 novel lncRNAs were obtained from the jejunum of piglets. In W4 vs. S4, a total of 331 lncRNAs showed significant differential expression, and a total of 163 significantly differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) was identified in W7 vs. S7. Biological analysis indicated that DElncRNAs were involved in intestinal diseases, inflammation, and immune functions, and were mainly enriched in the Jak-STAT signaling pathway, inflammatory bowel disease, T cell receptor signaling pathway, B cell receptor signaling pathway and intestinal immune network for IgA production. Moreover, we found that lnc_000884 and target gene KLF5 were significantly upregulated in the intestine of weaning piglets. The overexpression of lnc_000884 also significantly promoted the proliferation and depressed apoptosis of IPEC-J2 cells. This result suggested that lnc_000884 may contribute to repairing intestinal damage. Our study identified the characterization and expression profile of lncRNAs in the small intestine of weaning piglets and provided new insights into the molecular regulation of intestinal damage during weaning stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ziwei Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 298 Desheng Middle Road, Hangzhou 310021, China
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Liu Y, Li H, Yu H, Wang F, Cao H, Jia J, Yan T. Deciphering prognostic value of CD22 and its contribution to suppression of proinflammatory cytokines production in patients with IgA nephropathy. Immunol Lett 2023; 255:40-46. [PMID: 36848961 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD22, mainly expressed in mature B cells, could negatively regulate the function of B cells by binding to sialic acid-positive IgG (SA-IgG). Soluble CD22 (sCD22) is generated by the cleavage of the extracellular domain of CD22 on the membrane surface. However, the role of CD22 in IgA nephropathy (IgAN) remains unknown. METHODS A total of 170 IgAN patients with a mean follow-up of 18 months were included in this study. The sCD22, TGF-β, IL-6 and TNF-α were detected using commercial ELISA kits. SA-IgG were purified to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from IgAN patients. RESULTS The plasma levels of sCD22 were lower in IgAN patients in comparison with healthy control. Furthermore, CD22 mRNA levels in PBMCs from patients with IgAN were significantly lower than those of healthy controls. The plasma levels of sCD22 were positively correlated to the mRNA levels of CD22. We found that patients with higher sCD22 levels had a lower level of serum creatinine and a higher level of eGFR on the time of renal biopsy and a higher remission rate of proteinuria and a lower risk of kidney events at the end of follow-up. The logistic regression analysis showed sCD22 was associated with an increased odd of proteinuria remission after being adjusted for eGFR, proteinuria, and SBP. After adjusting for confounding variables, sCD22 was a borderline significant predictor of less kidney composite endpoint. In addition, the sCD22 levels were positively associated with SA-IgG in plasma. The experimental results in vitro showed that addition of SA-IgG enhanced the release of sCD22 in cell supernatant and the phosphorylation of CD22 in PBMCs, further inhibiting the production of IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β in cell supernatant in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment with CD22-antibody significantly increased the expression of cytokines in PBMCs. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to demonstrate that lower plasma soluble CD22 in IgAN patients and high soluble CD22 levels are associated with an increased odd of proteinuria remission and a decreased odd of kidney endpoint. The interaction between CD22 and SA-IgG can inhibit proliferation and inflammation release in PBMCs from IgAN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youxia Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China.
| | - Hongfen Li
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Huyan Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Yunfu People's Hospital, Yunfu, PR China.
| | - Fanghao Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Haiyan Cao
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Junya Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tiekun Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, PR China
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Ren P, Peng L, Yang L, Suzuki K, Fang Z, Renauer PA, Lin Q, Bai M, Li T, Clark P, Klein D, Chen S. RAMIHM generates fully human monoclonal antibodies by rapid mRNA immunization of humanized mice and BCR-seq. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:85-96.e6. [PMID: 36640761 PMCID: PMC9868106 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
As a clinical vaccine, lipid nanoparticle (LNP) mRNA has demonstrated potent and broad antibody responses, leading to speculation about its potential for antibody discovery. Here, we developed RAMIHM, a highly efficient strategy for developing fully human monoclonal antibodies that employs rapid mRNA immunization of humanized mice followed by single B cell sequencing (scBCR-seq). We immunized humanized transgenic mice with RAMIHM and generated 15 top-ranked clones from peripheral blood, plasma B, and memory B cell populations, demonstrating a high rate of antigen-specificity (93.3%). Two Omicron-specific neutralizing antibodies with high potency and one broad-spectrum neutralizing antibody were discovered. Furthermore, we extended the application of RAMIHM to cancer immunotherapy targets, including a single transmembrane protein CD22 and a multi-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor target, GPRC5D, which is difficult for traditional protein immunization methods. RAMIHM-scBCR-seq is a broadly applicable platform for the rapid and efficient development of fully human monoclonal antibodies against an assortment of targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ren
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lei Peng
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Luojia Yang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Kazushi Suzuki
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Zhenhao Fang
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paul A Renauer
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Qianqian Lin
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Meizhu Bai
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Tongqing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paul Clark
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Daryl Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Cancer Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Sidi Chen
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; System Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Cancer Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06520, USA; Molecular Cell Biology, Genetics, and Development Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Immunobiology Program, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Stem Cell Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Center for Biomedical Data Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Li Z, Lu Z, Hu C, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Guo F, Wang J, Tang Z, Tang F, He Z. A Machine Learning Analysis of Prognostic Genes Associated With Allograft Tolerance After Renal Transplantation. Cell Transplant 2023; 32:9636897231195116. [PMID: 37650419 PMCID: PMC10475226 DOI: 10.1177/09636897231195116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to identify transplantation tolerance (TOL)-related gene signature and use it to predict the different types of renal allograft rejection performances in kidney transplantation. Gene expression data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, differently expressed genes (DEGs) were performed, and the gene ontology (GO) function enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis were also conducted. The machine learning methods were combined to analyze the feature TOL-related genes and verify their predictive performance. Afterward, the gene expression levels and predictive performances of TOL-related genes were conducted in the context of acute rejection (AR), chronic rejection (CR), and graft loss through heatmap plots and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and their respective immune infiltration results were also performed. Furthermore, the TOL-related gene signature for graft survival was conducted to discover gene immune cell enrichment. A total of 25 TOL-related DEGs were founded, and the GO and KEGG results indicated that DEGs mainly enriched in B cell-related functions and pathways. 7 TOL-related gene signature was constructed and performed delightedly in TOL groups and different types of allograft rejection. The immune infiltration analysis suggested that gene signature was correlated with different types of immune cells. The Kaplan-Meier (KM) survival analysis demonstrated that BLNK and MZB1 were the prognostic TOL-related genes. Our study proposed a novel gene signature that may influence TOL in kidney transplantation, providing possible guidance for immunosuppressive therapy in kidney transplant patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibiao Li
- Department of Urology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zechao Lu
- Department of Urology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuxian Hu
- The Sixth Clinical College of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yushu Chen
- Department of Urology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Guo
- Department of Urology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinjin Wang
- Department of Urology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhicheng Tang
- Department of Urology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Fucai Tang
- Department of Urology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhaohui He
- Department of Urology, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Lindbohm JV, Mars N, Sipilä PN, Singh-Manoux A, Runz H, Livingston G, Seshadri S, Xavier R, Hingorani AD, Ripatti S, Kivimäki M. Immune system-wide Mendelian randomization and triangulation analyses support autoimmunity as a modifiable component in dementia-causing diseases. NATURE AGING 2022; 2:956-972. [PMID: 37118290 PMCID: PMC10154235 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-022-00293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Immune system and blood-brain barrier dysfunction are implicated in the development of Alzheimer's and other dementia-causing diseases, but their causal role remains unknown. We performed Mendelian randomization for 1,827 immune system- and blood-brain barrier-related biomarkers and identified 127 potential causal risk factors for dementia-causing diseases. Pathway analyses linked these biomarkers to amyloid-β, tau and α-synuclein pathways and to autoimmunity-related processes. A phenome-wide analysis using Mendelian randomization-based polygenic risk score in the FinnGen study (n = 339,233) for the biomarkers indicated shared genetic background for dementias and autoimmune diseases. This association was further supported by human leukocyte antigen analyses. In inverse-probability-weighted analyses that simulate randomized controlled drug trials in observational data, anti-inflammatory methotrexate treatment reduced the incidence of Alzheimer's disease in high-risk individuals (hazard ratio compared with no treatment, 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.49-0.88, P = 0.005). These converging results from different lines of human research suggest that autoimmunity is a modifiable component in dementia-causing diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni V Lindbohm
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, The Klarman Cell Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK.
- Clinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Nina Mars
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, The Klarman Cell Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pyry N Sipilä
- Clinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Archana Singh-Manoux
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1153, Epidemiology of Ageing and Neurodegenerative diseases, Paris, France
| | - Heiko Runz
- Research & Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gill Livingston
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
- Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute of Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramnik Xavier
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, The Klarman Cell Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aroon D Hingorani
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
- University College London, British Heart Foundation Research Accelerator, London, UK
- Health Data Research UK, London, UK
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Broad Institute of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, The Klarman Cell Observatory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Clinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mika Kivimäki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
- Clinicum, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, UK
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Rashidieh B, Ansari AM, Behdani M, Darvishi B, Habibi-Anbouhi M. Extremely low frequency magnetic field enhances expression of a specific recombinant protein in bacterial host. Anal Biochem 2022; 652:114745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2022.114745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sykes GP, Kamtchum-Tatuene J, Falcione S, Zehnder S, Munsterman D, Stamova B, Ander BP, Sharp FR, Jickling G. Aging Immune System in Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Transcriptomic Analysis. Stroke 2021; 52:1355-1361. [PMID: 33641386 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.032040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina P Sykes
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (G.P.S., S.Z., D.M., G.J.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Joseph Kamtchum-Tatuene
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (J.K.-T., G.J.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sarina Falcione
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology (S.F.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sarah Zehnder
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (G.P.S., S.Z., D.M., G.J.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Danielle Munsterman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (G.P.S., S.Z., D.M., G.J.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Boryana Stamova
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (B.S., B.P.A., F.R.S., G.J.)
| | - Bradley P Ander
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (B.S., B.P.A., F.R.S., G.J.)
| | - Frank R Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (B.S., B.P.A., F.R.S., G.J.)
| | - Glen Jickling
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine (G.P.S., S.Z., D.M., G.J.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute (J.K.-T., G.J.), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento (B.S., B.P.A., F.R.S., G.J.)
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11
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Patil S, Gs V, Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Khurayzi TA, Mohamed Beshir SE, Gadbail AR, Gondivkar S. Exploring the role of immunotherapeutic drugs in autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2021; 11:291-296. [PMID: 33948430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are group of disorders where an immune response is mounted against the self. The prevalence and burden of this well established and recognised entity is on the rise. Irrespective of being a systemic or organ specific autoimmune disorder, the common underlying mechanism of action, is the imbalance in immune system resulting in loss of tolerance to self-antigens. The oral cavity is no alien to these disorders or to their influences. Pemphigus group of lesions, systemic lupus erythematosus, psoriasis and even Sjogren's syndrome are some of the established autoimmune disorders with prominent oral manifestations. Though these diseases are well documented and enumerated, however addressing them is where the dilemma lies. Science, research and discoveries are a crucial part of medical discipline which help in looking beyond the horizon. With the introduction of selective targeted immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases as a treatment modality either in solitary or in combination with the conventional immunosuppressive treatments, are emerging as a promising elixir for patients enduring them. However, being unique, exploration of these biologics from its inception, to its mechanism of action, recognition of its application and evaluation of its safety norms are equally vital. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive particular on the novel biologics, the immunotherapies in autoimmune disorders targeting the different cells, their receptors or cytokines of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vidya Gs
- Sree NRJV Specialists Dental Clinic, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gargi S Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaramnagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin C Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Sant-Tukaramnagar, Pimpri, Pune, 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Turki Abdu Khurayzi
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saiid Elshafey Mohamed Beshir
- Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences Department, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Division, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amol R Gadbail
- Department of Dentistry, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College & Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra State, India
| | - Shailesh Gondivkar
- Department of Oral Medicine & Radiology, Government Dental College & Hospital, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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12
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Di Carluccio C, Forgione RE, Montefiori M, Civera M, Sattin S, Smaldone G, Fukase K, Manabe Y, Crocker PR, Molinaro A, Marchetti R, Silipo A. Behavior of glycolylated sialoglycans in the binding pockets of murine and human CD22. iScience 2021; 24:101998. [PMID: 33490906 PMCID: PMC7811138 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Siglecs (sialic acid binding immunoglobulin (Ig)-like lectins) constitute a group of 15 human and 9 murine cell-surface transmembrane receptors belonging to the I-type lectin family, mostly expressed on innate immune cells and characterized by broadly similar structural features. Here, the prominent inhibitory CD22 (Siglec-2), well known in maintaining tolerance and preventing autoimmune responses on B cells, is studied in its human and murine forms in complex with sialoglycans. In detail, the role of the N-glycolyl neuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) moiety in the interaction with both orthologues was explored. The analysis of the binding mode was carried out by the combination of NMR spectroscopy, computational approaches, and CORCEMA-ST calculations. Our findings provide a first model of Neu5Gc recognition by h-CD22 and show a comparable molecular recognition profile by h- and m-CD22. These data open the way to innovative diagnostic and/or therapeutic methodologies to be used in the modulation of the immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Di Carluccio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Rosa Ester Forgione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Marco Montefiori
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Monica Civera
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sara Sattin
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi, 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - K. Fukase
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Y. Manabe
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Paul R. Crocker
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Marchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Napoli, Italy
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13
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Xiao N, Hao S, Zhang Y, Shao Z. Roles of immune responses in the pathogenesis of immunorelated pancytopenia. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12911. [PMID: 32474938 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Some patients with pancytopenia do not conform to any diagnostic criteria of known haematological or non-haematological diseases; however, they respond well to corticosteroid, high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin and rituximab treatment. This abnormality is termed immunorelated pancytopenia (IRP). Later studies indicated that IRP might be a kind of autoimmune disease in which T helper (Th) type 2 cell function is enhanced, resulting in the hyperfunction of B lymphocytes, which then produce excess autoantibodies that attack the bone marrow (BM) and cause cytopenia. Hypofunction of regulatory T (Treg) cells and enhanced Th17 cell function, an elevated percentage of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and a decreased percentage of natural killer (NK) cells help to promote the process. Moreover, increased expression of a synergistic stimulator of B lymphocytes, CD70 and the reactive overexpression of the BCR inhibitory coreceptor CD22 also support this claim. Candidate autoantigens targeted by autoantibodies on haematopoietic cell membranes have also been reported in IRP. This review is focused on studies that demonstrate the role of immune responses in the pathogenesis of IRP. Current diagnostic criteria and treatments for IRP are also referenced to provide a thorough understanding. Distinguishing IRP from idiopathic cytopenias of undetermined significance (ICUS) and other haematological disorders, for example myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), aplastic anaemia (AA), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) and Evans syndrome, may help patients with pancytopenia benefit from proper treatment. Further studies are required to achieve new insight into the pathophysiology of IRP with regard to the immune system, which will be instrumental for the development of novel therapies for inhibiting disease initiation and/or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Xiao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shanfeng Hao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zonghong Shao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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14
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Li J, Wei MM, Song Q, Guo XH, Shao L, Liu Y. Anti-CD22 epratuzumab for systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:1500-1506. [PMID: 31316634 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a remarkable and challenging autoimmune disorder that is characterized by a broad range of clinical manifestations, such as flares and remissions. Recently, the humanized anti-CD22 antibody epratuzumab for SLE has been extensively studied. The aim of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis on the findings of associated randomized controlled trials in order to evaluate the effects of epratuzumab on SLE. Data from publications in PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library were collected up to March 2017. To calculate the risk ratio or standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), a random effect model was applied when heterogeneity was significant and a fixed effect model was used when heterogeneity was negligible. All statistical tests were performed using Review Manager 5.3 software. A total of 1,921 participants in 4 studies (5 trials) that met the selection criteria were analyzed in this meta-analysis. Analyses of the BILAG-based Combined Lupus Assessment (BICLA) response and SLE Disease Activity Index 2000 (SLEDA-2K) score revealed that epratuzumab (720-3,600 mg) significantly improved the BICLA response (RR=1.09; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.14) and decreased the SLEDA-2K score (SMD=-0.31; 95% CI, -0.67 to 0.06; P=0.10). While the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group index score was not significantly altered between the epratuzumab and control groups. For safety analyses, no statistically significant differences were identified between the two groups, which were proved by the pooled results (all P-values >0.05). These findings suggested that epratuzumab may be relatively safe and may have better therapeutic effectiveness than placebo control conditions in patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Ming Wei
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Qin Song
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Hua Guo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Li Shao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong 272000, P.R. China
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15
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-system autoimmune disease. There are three drugs licensed for the treatment of lupus: corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine and belimumab. Immunosuppressants such as azathioprine, methotrexate and mycophenolate are also used. Despite these treatments there is still considerable morbidity. New treatments are needed for the management of active lupus. Epratuzumab a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that targets CD22 resulting in selective B cell modulation that has been considered a potential treatment for SLE. Areas covered: Summary of the relevant pathogenesis and disease activity measurements used in SLE patients, current treatments and unmet needs in SLE, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of epratuzumab therapy, and a summary of the 7 clinical trials that have investigated the efficacy and safety of epratuzumab in SLE. Expert commentary: It is not clear why trials have failed to demonstrate efficacy but high placebo response rates from optimisation of standard of care and a sub-optimal dosing regimen may have played a role. Post-hoc analysis suggested that there may be subgroups that did respond, such as anti-SSA positive patients with features of Sjogren's syndrome. Further research is needed to explore this and other potential sub-groups that might respond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Geh
- a Rheumatology Department , City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust , Birmingham , UK.,b University of Birmingham Research Labs , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham , UK
| | - Caroline Gordon
- a Rheumatology Department , City Hospital, Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust , Birmingham , UK.,b University of Birmingham Research Labs , University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust , Birmingham , UK.,c Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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16
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Studt JD, Voorberg J, Hovinga JA, Schaller M. Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Hamostaseologie 2018; 33:121-30. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-12-12-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SummaryThe von Willebrand factor (VWF)-cleaving metalloprotease, ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motifs-13) is the only known target of the dysregulated immune response in acquired TTP. Autoantibodies to ADAMTS13 either neutralize its activity or accelerate its clearance, thereby causing a severe deficiency of ADAMTS13 in plasma. As a consequence, size regulation of VWF is impaired and the persistence of ultra-large VWF (ULVWF) multimers facilitates micro vascular platelet aggregation causing microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and ischaemic organ damage. Autoimmune TTP although a rare disease with an annual incidence of 1.72 cases has a mortality rate of 20% even with adequate therapy.We describe the mechanisms involved in ADAMTS13 autoimmunity with a focus on the role of B- and T-cells in the pathogenesis of this disorder. We discuss the potential translation of recent experimental findings into future therapeutic concepts for the treatment of acquired TTP.
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17
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Cassia M, Alberici F, Gallieni M, Jayne D. Lupus nephritis and B-cell targeting therapy. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:951-962. [PMID: 28800401 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1366855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lupus Nephritis (LN) is a severe manifestation of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with a significant prognostic impact. Over a prolonged course, an exhaustion of treatment alternatives may occur and further therapeutic options are needed. B cells play a pivotal role in disease pathogenesis and represent an attractive therapeutic target. Areas covered: This review provides an update regarding targeting B cells in LN. The rational for this approach, as well as currently available and future targets are discussed. Expert commentary: Despite its wide clinical use and the encouraging results from retrospective studies, a role of rituximab in LN has not been prospectively confirmed. Trial design methodologies as well as intrinsic limitations of this approach may be responsible and rituximab use is currently limited as a rescue treatment or in settings where a strong steroid sparing effect is warranted. Despite belimumab now being licensed for use in SLE, the evidence in LN is weak although prospective trials are on-going. The combination of different targeted approaches as well as a focus on new clinical end-points may be strategies to identify new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Cassia
- a Nephrology and Immunology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo , San Carlo Borromeo Hospital , Milano , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L.Sacco" , University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - Federico Alberici
- a Nephrology and Immunology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo , San Carlo Borromeo Hospital , Milano , Italy
| | - Maurizio Gallieni
- a Nephrology and Immunology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo , San Carlo Borromeo Hospital , Milano , Italy.,b Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L.Sacco" , University of Milan , Milano , Italy
| | - David Jayne
- c Department of Medicine , University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
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18
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Davis LS, Reimold AM. Research and therapeutics-traditional and emerging therapies in systemic lupus erythematosus. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:i100-i113. [PMID: 28375452 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kew417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes traditional and emerging therapies for SLE. Evidence suggests that the heterogeneity of SLE is a crucial aspect contributing to the failure of large clinical trials for new targeted therapies. A clearer understanding of the mechanisms driving disease pathogenesis combined with recent advances in medical science are predicted to enable accelerated progress towards improved SLE diagnosis and personalized approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie S Davis
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Andreas M Reimold
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center.,Dallas VA Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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19
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Wang XN, Ge X, Li J, Liu X, Ma JM. B cell receptor signaling pathway involved in benign lymphoepithelial lesions of the lacrimal gland. Int J Ophthalmol 2017; 10:665-669. [PMID: 28546918 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2017.05.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To detect the expression of B cell receptor signaling pathway (BCRSP) in lacrimal gland benign lymphoepithelial lesions (LGBLEL). METHODS Gene microarray was used to compare whole-genome expression in lacrimal gland tissues from LGBLEL patients to tissues from orbital cavernous hemangioma (control tissues). Expression of BCRSP was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS The expression of 22 genes of the BCRSP increased significantly in LGBLEL patients. PCR analysis showed that CD22, CR2, and BTK were all highly expressed in LGBLEL tissues. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that CR2 protein was present in LGBLEL, but CD22 and BTK proteins were negative. CR2, CD22, and BTK were not observed in the orbital cavernous hemangiomas with either PCR or immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION BCRSP might be involved in the pathogenesis of LGBLEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Na Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthal-mology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology &Vision Science Key Lab, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xin Ge
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthal-mology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology &Vision Science Key Lab, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthal-mology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology &Vision Science Key Lab, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthal-mology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology &Vision Science Key Lab, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jian-Min Ma
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Institute of Ophthal-mology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Ophthalmology &Vision Science Key Lab, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
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20
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Giltiay NV, Shu GL, Shock A, Clark EA. Targeting CD22 with the monoclonal antibody epratuzumab modulates human B-cell maturation and cytokine production in response to Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:91. [PMID: 28506291 PMCID: PMC5433084 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1284-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal B-cell activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The B-cell surface molecule CD22, which regulates activation through the B-cell receptor (BCR), is a potential target for inhibiting pathogenic B cells; however, the regulatory functions of CD22 remain poorly understood. In this study, we determined how targeting of CD22 with epratuzumab (Emab), a humanized anti-CD22 IgG1 monoclonal antibody, affects the activation of human B-cell subsets in response to Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and BCR engagement. Methods B-cell subsets were isolated from human tonsils and stimulated with F(ab′)2 anti-human IgM and/or the TLR7 agonist R848 in the presence of Emab or a human IgG1 isotype control. Changes in mRNA levels of genes associated with B-cell activation and differentiation were analyzed by quantitative PCR. Cytokine production was measured by ELISA. Cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation were assessed by flow cytometry. Results Pretreatment of phenotypically naïve CD19+CD10–CD27– cells with Emab led to a significant increase in IL-10 expression, and in some but not all patient samples to a reduction of IL-6 production in response to TLR7 stimulation alone or in combination with anti-IgM. Emab selectively inhibited the expression of PRDM1, the gene encoding B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp-1) in activated CD10–CD27– B cells. CD10–CD27–IgD– cells were highly responsive to stimulation through TLR7 as evidenced by the appearance of blasting CD27hiCD38hi cells. Emab significantly inhibited the activation and differentiation of CD10–CD27–IgD– B cells into plasma cells. Conclusions Emab can both regulate cytokine expression and block Blimp1-dependent B-cell differentiation, although the effects of Emab may depend on the stage of B-cell development or activation. In addition, Emab inhibits the activation of CD27–IgD– tonsillar cells, which correspond to so-called double-negative memory B cells, known to be increased in SLE patients with more active disease. These data may be relevant to the therapeutic effect of Emab in vivo via modulation of the production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines by B cells. Because Blimp-1 is required by B cells to mature into antibody-producing cells, inhibition of Blimp1 may reduce autoantibody production. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1284-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Giltiay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| | - Geraldine L Shu
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | | | - Edward A Clark
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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21
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Marcussen M, Bødker JS, Christensen HS, Johansen P, Nielsen S, Christiansen I, Bergmann OJ, Bøgsted M, Dybkær K, Vyberg M, Johnsen HE. Molecular Characteristics of High-Dose Melphalan Associated Oral Mucositis in Patients with Multiple Myeloma: A Gene Expression Study on Human Mucosa. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169286. [PMID: 28052121 PMCID: PMC5215401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxicity of the oral and gastrointestinal mucosa induced by high-dose melphalan is a clinical challenge with no documented prophylactic interventions or predictive tests. The aim of this study was to describe molecular changes in human oral mucosa and to identify biomarkers correlated with the grade of clinical mucositis. Methods and Findings Ten patients with multiple myeloma (MM) were included. For each patient, we acquired three buccal biopsies, one before, one at 2 days, and one at 20 days after high-dose melphalan administration. We also acquired buccal biopsies from 10 healthy individuals that served as controls. We analyzed the biopsies for global gene expression and performed an immunohistochemical analysis to determine HLA-DRB5 expression. We evaluated associations between clinical mucositis and gene expression profiles. Compared to gene expression levels before and 20 days after therapy, at two days after melphalan treatment, we found gene regulation in the p53 and TNF pathways (MDM2, INPPD5, TIGAR), which favored anti-apoptotic defense, and upregulation of immunoregulatory genes (TREM2, LAMP3) in mucosal dendritic cells. This upregulation was independent of clinical mucositis. HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB5 (surface receptors on dendritic cells) were expressed at low levels in all patients with MM, in the subgroup of patients with ulcerative mucositis (UM), and in controls; in contrast, the subgroup with low-grade mucositis (NM) displayed 5–6 fold increases in HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB5 expression in the first two biopsies, independent of melphalan treatment. Moreover, different splice variants of HLA-DRB1 were expressed in the UM and NM subgroups. Conclusions Our results revealed that, among patients with MM, immunoregulatory genes and genes involved in defense against apoptosis were affected immediately after melphalan administration, independent of the presence of clinical mucositis. Furthermore, our results suggested that the expression levels of HLA-DRB1 and HLA-DRB5 may serve as potential predictive biomarkers for mucositis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Marcussen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18–22, Aalborg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Julie Støve Bødker
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18–22, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Heidi Søgaard Christensen
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18–22, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Preben Johansen
- Department of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Ladegaardsgade 3, Denmark
| | - Søren Nielsen
- Department of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Ladegaardsgade 3, Denmark
| | - Ilse Christiansen
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18–22, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Olav Jonas Bergmann
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Health Science, Aarhus University; Vennelyst Boulevard 9, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Bøgsted
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18–22, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Karen Dybkær
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18–22, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Mogens Vyberg
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Ladegaardsgade 3, Denmark
| | - Hans Erik Johnsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
- Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Sdr. Skovvej 15, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Hobrovej 18–22, Aalborg, Denmark
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Zhao Q, Chen X, Li J, Jiang J, Li M, Zhong W, Li Z, Leung SO, Zhang F, Hu P. Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Preliminary Observations for Clinical Activity and Safety of Multiple Doses of Human Mouse Chimeric Anti-CD22 Monoclonal Antibody (SM03) in Chinese Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Clin Drug Investig 2017; 36:889-902. [PMID: 27424629 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-016-0426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES SM03 is a novel recombinant, human/mouse chimeric immunoglobulin G1 monoclonal antibody directed against the CD22 antigen on human B lymphocytes. This was the first study to investigate the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, safety and clinical activity of SM03 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS This study was an open, multiple-centre, parallel-group, multiple-ascending-dose, phase I study in 29 SLE patients. Pharmacokinetic assessment was conducted in 22 of these patients. Eligible patients received multiple intravenous infusions of SM03 for 4 weeks (240 mg/m2, 600 or 900 mg, once weekly) and were monitored over an 84-day observation period for pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, immunogenicity, safety and clinical response. RESULTS After multiple-dose SM03, the maximal serum concentration of SM03 was reached within 3-7 h. The mean elimination half-life was 15 days. The average accumulation ratios of the area under the time-concentration curve and the maximum concentration after the fourth administration of SM03 were 2.0 and 1.5. CD19+ B-lymphocyte counts were decreased. Infections were the most common adverse events. No drug-related serious adverse events were reported. The therapeutic benefit of SM03 was observed mainly in patients with moderate-to-severe disease activity. CONCLUSION Pharmacokinetic exposure increased in a lower-than-dose-proportional manner up to 900 mg. SM03 was well tolerated at doses ranging from 240 mg/m2 to 900 mg, with no new safety signals identified. SM03 has potential efficacy in Chinese patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 41 Damucang, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Xia Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 41 Damucang, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ji Jiang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 41 Damucang, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Wen Zhong
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 41 Damucang, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032, China
| | - Zhengdong Li
- SinoMab BioScience, Ltd, BioIncubator No. 1-301, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China
| | - Shui-On Leung
- SinoMab BioScience, Ltd, BioIncubator No. 1-301, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, Guangdong, China.
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, 1 Shuaifuyuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Pei Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 41 Damucang, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100032, China.
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23
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Wallace DJ, Hobbs K, Clowse MEB, Petri M, Strand V, Pike M, Merrill JT, Leszczyński P, Neuwelt CM, Jeka S, Houssiau F, Keiserman M, Ordi-Ros J, Bongardt S, Kilgallen B, Galateanu C, Kalunian K, Furie R, Gordon C. Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Epratuzumab in the Treatment of Moderate-to- Severe Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Results From an Open-Label Extension Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2016; 68:534-43. [PMID: 26316325 DOI: 10.1002/acr.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary objective was to assess the long-term safety of repeated courses of epratuzumab therapy in patients with moderate-to-severe systemic lupus erythematosus. Secondary objectives were to assess long-term efficacy and health-related quality of life (HRQOL). METHODS Eligible patients from the 12-week, phase IIb, randomized, placebo-controlled EMBLEM study enrolled into the open-label extension (OLE) study, SL0008. In the SL0008 study, patients received 1,200 mg epratuzumab infusions at weeks 0 and 2 of repeating 12-week cycles, plus standard of care. Safety measures included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and serious TEAEs. Efficacy measures included combined treatment response, the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group score, the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index score, and the physician's and patient's global assessment of disease activity. Total daily corticosteroid dose and HRQOL (by the Short Form 36 health survey) were also assessed. RESULTS A total of 113 of the 203 patients (55.7%) who entered the SL0008 study continued epratuzumab therapy until study closure (total cumulative exposure: 381.3 patient-years, median exposure: 845 days, and maximum exposure: 1,185 days/approximately 3.2 years). TEAEs were reported in 192 patients (94.6%); most common were infections and infestations (68.0%, 138 patients). Serious TEAEs were reported in 51 patients (25.1%), and 14 patients (6.9%) had serious infections. In patients treated for 108 weeks (n = 116), the median corticosteroid dose was reduced from 10.0 mg/day at OLE screening to 5.0 mg/day at week 108. Improvements in efficacy and HRQOL measures in EMBLEM were maintained in the OLE, while placebo patients exhibited similar improvements in disease activity upon a switch to epratuzumab. CONCLUSION Open-label epratuzumab treatment was well tolerated for up to 3.2 years, and associated with sustained improvements in disease activity and HRQOL, while steroids were reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Wallace
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - K Hobbs
- Denver Arthritis Clinic, Denver, Colorado
| | - M E B Clowse
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - M Petri
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - V Strand
- Biopharmaceutical Consultant, Portola Valley, California
| | - M Pike
- MedPharm Consulting, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - J T Merrill
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - P Leszczyński
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - C M Neuwelt
- Alameda County Health System, Oakland, California
| | - S Jeka
- Clinic of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, 2nd University Hospital, CM UMK, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - F Houssiau
- Clinique Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Keiserman
- Pontifical Catholic University, School of Medicine, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - J Ordi-Ros
- Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | - K Kalunian
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla
| | - R Furie
- North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, New York, New York
| | - C Gordon
- School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, and NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Engagement of CD22 on B cells with the monoclonal antibody epratuzumab stimulates the phosphorylation of upstream inhibitory signals of the B cell receptor. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:143-51. [PMID: 27125377 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of antigen to the B cell receptor (BCR) results in a cascade of signalling events that ultimately drive B cell activation. Uncontrolled B cell activation is regulated by negative feedback loops that involve inhibitory co-receptors such as CD22 and CD32B that exert their functions following phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs). The CD22-targeted antibody epratuzumab has previously been shown to inhibit BCR-driven signalling events, but its effects on ITIM phosphorylation of CD22 and CD32B have not been properly evaluated. The present study therefore employed both immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry approaches to elucidate the effects of epratuzumab on direct phosphorylation of key tyrosine (Tyr) residues on both these proteins, using both transformed B cell lines and primary human B cells. Epratuzumab induced the phosphorylation of Tyr(822) on CD22 and enhanced its co-localisation with SHP-1. Additionally, in spite of high basal phosphorylation of other key ITIMs on CD22, in primary human B cells epratuzumab also enhanced phosphorylation of Tyr(807), a residue involved in the recruitment of Grb2. Such initiation events could explain the effects of epratuzumab on downstream signalling in B cells. Finally, we were able to demonstrate that epratuzumab stimulated the phosphorylation of Tyr(292) on the low affinity inhibitory Fc receptor CD32B which would further attenuate BCR-induced signalling. Together, these data demonstrate that engagement of CD22 with epratuzumab leads to the direct phosphorylation of key upstream inhibitory receptors of BCR signalling and may help to explain how this antibody modulates B cell function.
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Abstract
The treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) has dramatically improved over the last two decades by the development of a series of targeted biological therapies. This paper focuses on new developments in the treatment of IMIDs. In particular, we discuss how different ways of targeting the same mediators can lead to different efficacy and safety profiles, using B cell targeting as example. In addition, we discuss the emerging field of 'small molecules' that target specifically intracellular processes related to cytokine signaling, cell activation, cell migration, and other processes relevant to tissue inflammation.
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26
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Angata T, Nycholat CM, Macauley MS. Therapeutic Targeting of Siglecs using Antibody- and Glycan-Based Approaches. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:645-660. [PMID: 26435210 PMCID: PMC4593978 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins (Siglecs) are a family of immunomodulatory receptors whose functions are regulated by their glycan ligands. Siglecs are attractive therapeutic targets because of their cell type-specific expression pattern, endocytic properties, high expression on certain lymphomas/leukemias, and ability to modulate receptor signaling. Siglec-targeting approaches with therapeutic potential encompass antibody- and glycan-based strategies. Several antibody-based therapies are in clinical trials and continue to be developed for the treatment of lymphoma/leukemia and autoimmune disease, while the therapeutic potential of glycan-based strategies for cargo delivery and immunomodulation is a promising new approach. Here we review these strategies with special emphasis on emerging approaches and disease areas that may benefit from targeting the Siglec family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Angata
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Corwin M Nycholat
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Matthew S Macauley
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Dörner T, Shock A, Goldenberg DM, Lipsky PE. The mechanistic impact of CD22 engagement with epratuzumab on B cell function: Implications for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmun Rev 2015. [PMID: 26212727 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Epratuzumab is a B-cell-directed non-depleting monoclonal antibody that targets CD22. It is currently being evaluated in two phase 3 clinical trials in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a disease associated with abnormalities in B-cell function and activation. The mechanism of action of epratuzumab involves perturbation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signalling complex and intensification of the normal inhibitory role of CD22 on the BCR, leading to reduced signalling and diminished activation of B cells. Such effects may result from down-modulation of CD22 upon binding by epratuzumab, as well as decreased expression of other proteins involved in amplifying BCR signalling capability, notably CD19. The net result is blunting the capacity of antigen engagement to induce B-cell activation. The functional consequences of epratuzumab binding to CD22 include diminished B-cell proliferation, effects on adhesion molecule expression, and B-cell migration, as well as reduced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 and TNF. Studies in patients treated with epratuzumab have revealed a number of pharmacodynamic effects that are linked to the mechanism of action (i.e., a loss of the target molecule CD22 from the B-cell surface followed by a modest reduction in peripheral B-cell numbers after prolonged therapy). Together, these data indicate that epratuzumab therapy affords a unique means to modulate BCR complex expression and signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dörner
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Berlin and DRFZ Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Anthony Shock
- UCB Pharma, 208 Bath Road, Slough, West Berkshire, SL1 3WE, UK.
| | | | - Peter E Lipsky
- Formerly National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
Autoimmune reactions reflect an imbalance between effector and regulatory immune responses, typically develop through stages of initiation and propagation, and often show phases of resolution (indicated by clinical remissions) and exacerbations (indicated by symptomatic flares). The fundamental underlying mechanism of autoimmunity is defective elimination and/or control of self-reactive lymphocytes. Studies in humans and experimental animal models are revealing the genetic and environmental factors that contribute to autoimmunity. A major goal of research in this area is to exploit this knowledge to better understand the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases and to develop strategies for reestablishing the normal balance between effector and regulatory immune responses.
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29
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Orizio F, Damiati E, Giacopuzzi E, Benaglia G, Pianta S, Schauer R, Schwartz-Albiez R, Borsani G, Bresciani R, Monti E. Human sialic acid acetyl esterase: Towards a better understanding of a puzzling enzyme. Glycobiology 2015; 25:992-1006. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Abstract
The capacity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to eliminate virtually any target cell has resulted in the widespread introduction of cytotoxic antibodies into the clinic in settings of cancer therapy, autoimmunity, and transplantation, for example. More recently, it has become apparent that also the protection from viral infection via IgG antibodies may require cytotoxic effector functions, suggesting that antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) directed against malignant or virally infected cells is one of the most essential effector mechanisms triggered by IgG antibodies to protect the host. A detailed understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular pathways is critical, therefore, to make full use of this antibody effector function. Several studies over the last years have provided novel insights into the effector pathways and innate immune effector cells responsible for ADCC reactions. One of the most notable outcomes of many of these reports is that cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system rather than natural killer cells are critical for removal of IgG opsonized target cells in vivo.
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First genomic analysis of dendritic cells from lung and draining lymph nodes in murine asthma. Int J Genomics 2015; 2015:638032. [PMID: 25811019 PMCID: PMC4355561 DOI: 10.1155/2015/638032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is the consequence of allergic inflammation in the lung compartments and lung-draining lymph nodes. Dendritic cells initiate and promote T cell response and drive it to immunity or allergy. However, their modes of action during asthma are poorly understood. In this study, an allergic inflammation with ovalbumin was induced in 38 mice versus 42 control animals. After ovalbumin aerosol challenge, conventional dendritic cells (CD11c/MHCII/CD8) were isolated from the lungs and the draining lymph nodes by means of magnetic cell sorting followed by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. A comparative transcriptional analysis was performed using gene arrays. In general, many transcripts are up- and downregulated in the CD8− dendritic cells of the allergic inflamed lung tissue, whereas few genes are regulated in CD8+ dendritic cells. The dendritic cells of the lymph nodes also showed minor transcriptional changes. The data support the relevance of the CD8− conventional dendritic cells but do not exclude distinct functions of the small population of CD8+ dendritic cells, such as cross presentation of external antigen. So far, this is the first approach performing gene arrays in dendritic cells obtained from lung tissue and lung-draining lymph nodes of asthmatic-like mice.
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32
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Rao V, Gordon C. Evaluation of epratuzumab as a biologic therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunotherapy 2014; 6:1165-75. [PMID: 25496332 DOI: 10.2217/imt.14.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Some of the current biologic therapies target B cells or B-cell activating factors. Epratuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody, which targets CD22 on B cells. This review focuses on the safety and efficacy of epratuzumab in systemic lupus erythematosus based on the information from various published clinical trials and presentations at international meetings. Epratuzumab acts as a B-cell modulator through inhibition of B-cell receptor signaling. It has been shown to be efficacious in open-label and Phase I and Phase II randomized controlled trials. The drug has steroid-sparing properties and treatment is associated with significant improvements in Health Related Quality of Life and its safety profile is comparable to placebo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Rao
- Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity & Infection, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, The Medical School, Vincent Drive, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital, Dudley Road, Birmingham, B18 7QH, UK
| | - Caroline Gordon
- Rheumatology Research Group, School of Immunity & Infection, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, The Medical School, Vincent Drive, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, Sandwell & West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust, City Hospital, Dudley Road, Birmingham, B18 7QH, UK
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Podhorecka M, Markowicz J, Szymczyk A, Pawlowski J. Target Therapy in Hematological Malignances: New Monoclonal Antibodies. INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:701493. [PMID: 27433507 PMCID: PMC4897146 DOI: 10.1155/2014/701493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apart from radio- and chemotherapy, monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) represent a new, more selective tool in the treatment of hematological malignancies. MoAbs bind with the specific antigens of the tumors. This interaction is a basis for targeted therapies which exhibit few side effects and significant antitumor activity. This review provides an overview of the functional characteristics of MoAbs, with some examples of their clinical application. The promising results in the treatment of hematological malignancies have led to the more frequent usage of MoAbs in the therapy. Development of MoAbs is a subject of extensive research. They are a promising method of cancer treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Podhorecka
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Justyna Markowicz
- Students Scientific Association at the Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szymczyk
- Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Staszica 11, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Johannes Pawlowski
- Students Scientific Association at the Department of Hematooncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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35
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Do inhibitory immune receptors play a role in the etiology of autoimmune disease? Clin Immunol 2013; 150:31-42. [PMID: 24333531 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory receptors are thought to be important in balancing immune responses. The general assumption is that lack of inhibition predisposes for autoimmune diseases. As reviewed here, various experimental and clinical data support this assumption. However, in humans genetic evidence implicates only a limited number of inhibitory receptors. GWAS have established common variation in a few inhibitory receptor genes, such as FCγRIIB, PD-1 and CTLA-4 as risk factors. The question arises whether inhibitory receptor function is a major determinant of autoimmune disease. In this respect, the finding that genetic variation in CSK and PTPN22 is strongly associated with multiple autoimmune diseases is of interest. We propose a model in which the molecules encoded by these genes are downstream of inhibitory receptors. We conclude that common genetic variation of inhibitory receptors, with few exceptions, is not a determining factor for autoimmunity in humans. However, common downstream signaling pathways are.
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Abstract
Epratuzumab (EMab, UCB, Immunomedics) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD22 that is being studied in clinical trials for patients with a variety of rheumatic and hematologic conditions, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). An overview of its mechanism of action is followed by a summary of completed lupus studies, and a preview of studies in progress. The agent clearly has anti-inflammatory activity and is a potentially useful agent in the management of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Wallace
- Cedars-Sinai/David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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37
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Claes D, Holzapfel M, Clausen N, Maison W. Synthesis of Adamantane-Based Trimeric Benzoboroxoles. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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