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Tomlinson JE, Žygelytė E, Grenier JK, Edwards MG, Cheetham J. Temporal changes in macrophage phenotype after peripheral nerve injury. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:185. [PMID: 29907154 PMCID: PMC6003127 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1219-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play a key role in peripheral nerve repair and demonstrate complex phenotypes that are highly dependent on microenvironmental cues. METHODS We determined temporal changes in macrophage gene expression over time using RNA sequencing after fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) macrophage populations from injured peripheral nerve. We identified key upstream regulators and dominant pathways using ingenuity pathway analysis and confirmed these changes with NanoString technology. We then investigate the effects of extreme polarizers of macrophage phenotype (IL4 and IFNγ) on nerve regeneration. We determined macrophage gene expression in vivo at the site of peripheral nerve injury with NanoString technology, and assessed recovery from sciatic nerve injury by cranial tibial muscle weights and retrograde labeling motor neurons in mice with deletion of IL4 or IFNγ receptors. RESULTS We demonstrate that IL4R and IFNγR deletions provide complementary responses to polarization, and alter expression of genes associated with angiogenesis and axonal extension, but do not influence recovery from peripheral nerve transection at 8 weeks after repair. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study provides a framework to evaluate the phenotype of macrophages over time, and provides a broader and more precise assessment of gene expression changes than has previously been commonly used. This data suggests ways in which polarization may be modulated to improve repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy E. Tomlinson
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Emilija Žygelytė
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY USA
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Totoson P, Pedard M, Marie C, Demougeot C. Activation of endothelial TrkB receptors induces relaxation of resistance arteries. Vascul Pharmacol 2018; 106:46-53. [PMID: 29471140 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
While brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was previously reported to induce relaxation of conduit artery, whether the BDNF/TrkB (tropomyosin-related kinase) pathway is involved in the tone control of resistance arteries is not known. This study investigated TrkB receptors levels/localization and the vasomotor effect of the TrkB receptor agonist LM22A-4 in isolated third-order mesenteric arteries from rats. Immunostaining revealed the presence of both full-length and truncated TrkB receptors, especially at the endothelial level. By using wire myography, LM22A-4 induced vascular relaxation that was significantly decreased by cyclotraxin B as a non-competitive TrkB antagonist and fully prevented by endothelium removal. Inhibitors of NO, EDHF, PGI2 production and the PI3K/Akt pathways separately reduced LM22A-4 induced-relaxation. By contrast, inhibition of Raf/MEK, PLCγ and CaM/CaMKII pathways did not change the relaxant effect of LM22A-4. Interestingly, BDNF also induced an endothelium and TrkB-dependent relaxation. These results indicate that endothelial TrkB activation results in the relaxation of resistance vessels via PI3K/Akt-induced eNOS phosphorylation and production of EDHF and PGI2. These data are consistent with the contribution of the endothelial BDNF/TrkB pathway to the regulation of peripheral vascular tone. They also validate the use of LM22A-4 as a reliable pharmacological agent for studying the vascular effect of BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Totoson
- PEPITE EA4267, FHU INCREASE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
| | - M Pedard
- INSERM UMR 1093-CAPS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - C Marie
- INSERM UMR 1093-CAPS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France.
| | - C Demougeot
- PEPITE EA4267, FHU INCREASE, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-25030 Besançon, France
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Abcejo AJ, Sathish V, Smelter DF, Aravamudan B, Thompson MA, Hartman WR, Pabelick CM, Prakash YS. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances calcium regulatory mechanisms in human airway smooth muscle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44343. [PMID: 22952960 PMCID: PMC3430656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs), which play an integral role in neuronal development and function, have been found in non-neuronal tissue (including lung), but their role is still under investigation. Recent reports show that NTs such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as well as NT receptors are expressed in human airway smooth muscle (ASM). However, their function is still under investigation. We hypothesized that NTs regulate ASM intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) by altered expression of Ca2+ regulatory proteins. Human ASM cells isolated from lung samples incidental to patient surgery were incubated for 24 h (overnight) in medium (control) or 1 nM BDNF in the presence vs. absence of inhibitors of signaling cascades (MAP kinases; PI3/Akt; NFκB). Measurement of [Ca2+]i responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and histamine using the Ca2+ indicator fluo-4 showed significantly greater responses following BDNF exposure: effects that were blunted by pathway inhibitors. Western analysis of whole cell lysates showed significantly higher expression of CD38, Orai1, STIM1, IP3 and RyR receptors, and SERCA following BDNF exposure, effects inhibited by inhibitors of the above cascades. The functional significance of BDNF effects were verified by siRNA or pharmacological inhibition of proteins that were altered by this NT. Overall, these data demonstrate that NTs activate signaling pathways in human ASM that lead to enhanced [Ca2+]i responses via increased regulatory protein expression, thus enhancing airway contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amard J. Abcejo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Venkatachalem Sathish
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Dan F. Smelter
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bharathi Aravamudan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Thompson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - William R. Hartman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Pabelick
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Y. S. Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hiruma H, Hikawa S, Kawakami T. Immunocytochemical colocalization of fibroblast growth factor-1 with neurotrophin-3 in mouse alveolar macrophages. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2012; 45:131-7. [PMID: 22685355 PMCID: PMC3365304 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.11055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophages are known to express a variety of growth factors and neurotrophins. Fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) is abundantly present in the lung and has mitogenic and neurotrophic activities similarly to neurotrophins. In order to determine whether FGF-1 associates with neurotrophins in alveolar macrophages, we investigated the immunocytochemical colocalization of FGF-1 with neurotrophins, nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), in mouse alveolar macrophages. The results showed that 34% of macrophages were immunoreactive for FGF-1, 10% for NGF, 9% for BDNF, and 17% for NT-3. Of FGF-1-immunoreactive (IR) macrophages, 16% were immunoreactive for NT-3, but only small percentages were immunoreactive for NGF (0.8%) and for BDNF (0.3%). FGF-1 and neurotrophins were all localized in the intracellular vesicles. In the vesicles, FGF-1 and NT-3 were frequently colocalized. All macrophages expressed lysosome-associated protein-2 (LAMP-2), a late endosomal and lysosomal marker, and early endosomes antigen 1 (EEA1), an early endosomal marker. FGF-1 and NT-3 were predominantly colocalized with LAMP-2 rather than with EEA1, whereas NGF and BDNF were colocalized with EEA1 rather than with LAMP-2. These results indicate that FGF-1 and NT-3 are substantially expressed in mouse alveolar macrophages and colocalized in vesicles, predominantly in late endosomes and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Hiruma
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine
| | - Shiori Hikawa
- Department of Medicine, Kitasato University School of Medicine
| | - Tadashi Kawakami
- Department of Physiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine
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Saito Y, Chan NK, Sakata N, Hathout E. Nerve growth factor is associated with islet graft failure following intraportal transplantation. Islets 2012; 4:24-31. [PMID: 22192949 PMCID: PMC3365801 DOI: 10.4161/isl.18467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) has recently been recognized as an angiogenic factor with an important regulatory role in pancreatic β-cell function. We previously showed that treatment of pancreatic islets with NGF improved their quality and viability. Revascularization and survival of islets transplanted under the kidney capsule were improved by NGF. However, the usefulness of NGF in intraportal islet transplantation was not previously tested. To resolve this problem, we transplanted syngeneic islets (360 islet equivalents per recipient) cultured with or without NGF into the portal vein of streptozotocin-induced diabetic BALB/c mice. Analysis revealed that 44.4% (4/9) of control and 12.5% (1/8) of NGF-treated mice attained normoglycemia (≤ 200 mg/dL) (p = 0.195). NGF-treated islets led to worse graft function (area under the curve of intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (IPGTT) on post-operative day (POD) 30, control; 35,800 ± 3,960 min*mg/dl, NGF-treated; 47,900 ± 3,220 min*mg/dl: *p = 0.0348). NGF treatment of islets was also associated with increased graft failure [the percentage of TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive and necrotic transplanted islets on POD 5, control; 23.8% (5/21), NGF-treated; 52.9% (9/17): p = 0.0650] following intraportal islet transplantation. Nonviable (TUNEL-positive and necrotic) islets in both groups expressed vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). On the other hand, viable (TUNEL-negative and not necrotic) islets in both groups did not express VEGF and HIF-1α. In the present study, pre-transplant NGF treatment was associated with impaired survival and angiogenesis of intraportal islet grafts. The effect of NGF on islet transplantation may significantly vary according to the transplant site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Saito
- Islet Transplant Laboratory; Department of Pediatrics; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda, CA USA
- Division of Advanced Surgical Science and Technology; Department of Surgery; Tohoku University; Sendai, Japan
| | - Nathaniel K. Chan
- Islet Transplant Laboratory; Department of Pediatrics; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda, CA USA
| | - Naoaki Sakata
- Division of Hepato-Biliary Pancreatic Surgery; Department of Surgery; Tohoku University; Sendai, Japan
| | - Eba Hathout
- Islet Transplant Laboratory; Department of Pediatrics; Loma Linda University School of Medicine; Loma Linda, CA USA
- * Correspondence to: Eba Hathout;
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Dagnell C, Grunewald J, Kramar M, Haugom-Olsen H, Elmberger GP, Eklund A, Olgart Höglund C. Neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors in pulmonary sarcoidosis - granulomas as a source of expression. Respir Res 2010; 11:156. [PMID: 21059230 PMCID: PMC2994818 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-11-156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease, characterized by an accumulation of CD4+ lymphocytes and the formation of non-caseating epithelioid cell granulomas in the lungs. The disease either resolves spontaneously or develops into a chronic disease with fibrosis. The neurotrophins nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) have been suggested to be important mediators of inflammation and mediate tissue remodelling. In support of this, we have recently reported enhanced NGF levels in the airways of patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis. However, less is known about levels of BDNF and NT-3, and moreover, knowledge in the cellular sources of neurotrophins and the distribution of the corresponding neurotrophin receptors in airway tissue in sarcoidosis is lacking. Methods The concentrations of NGF, BDNF and NT-3 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of 41 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary sarcoidosis and 27 healthy controls were determined with ELISA. The localization of neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors were examined by immunohistochemistry on transbronchial lung biopsies from sarcoidosis patients. Results The sarcoidosis patients showed significantly enhanced NT-3 and NGF levels in BALF, whereas BDNF was undetectable in both patients and controls. NT-3 levels in BALF were found higher in patients with non-Löfgren sarcoidosis as compared to patients with Löfgren's syndrome, and in more advanced disease stage. Epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells within the sarcoid granulomas showed marked immunoreactivity for NGF, BDNF and NT-3. Also, immunoreactivity for the neurotrophin receptor TrkA, TrkB and TrkC, was found within the granulomas. In addition, alveolar macrophages showed positive immunoreactivity for NGF, BDNF and NT-3 as well as for TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. Conclusions This study provides evidence of enhanced neurotrophin levels locally within the airways of patients with sarcoidosis. Findings suggest that sarcoid granuloma cells and alveolar macrophages are possible cellular sources of, as well as targets for, neurotrophins in the airways of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotta Dagnell
- Department of Medicine Solna, Respiratory Medicine Unit, Karolinska Institutet/Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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Foley LM, Hitchens TK, Ho C, Janesko-Feldman KL, Melick JA, Bayir H, Kochanek PM. Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of macrophage accumulation in mouse brain after experimental traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2009; 26:1509-19. [PMID: 19663686 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages contribute to secondary damage and repair after central nervous system (CNS) injury. Micron-sized paramagnetic iron oxide (MPIO) particles can label macrophages in situ, facilitating three-dimensional (3D) mapping of macrophage accumulation following traumatic brain injury (TBI), via ex vivo magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM) and in vivo monitoring with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). MPIO particles were injected intravenously (iv; 4.5 mg Fe/Kg) in male C57BL/6J mice (n = 21). A controlled cortical impact (CCI) was delivered to the left parietal cortex. Five protocols were used in naive and injured mice to assess feasibility, specificity, and optimal labeling time. In vivo imaging was carried out at 4.7 Tesla (T). Brains were then excised for 3D MRM at 11.7 T. Triple-label immunofluorescence (MPIO via Dragon Green, macrophages via F480, and nuclei via 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI]) of brain sections confirmed MPIO particles within macrophages. MRM of naives showed an even distribution of a small number of MPIO-labeled macrophages in the brain. MRM at 48-72 h after CCI and MPIO injection revealed MPIO-labeled macrophages accumulated in the trauma region. When MPIO particles were injected 6 days before CCI, MRM 48 h after CCI also revealed labeled cells at the injury site. In vivo studies of macrophage accumulation by MRI suggest that this approach is feasible, but requires additional optimization. We conclude that MPIO labeling and ex vivo MRM mapping of macrophage accumulation for assessment of TBI is readily accomplished. This new technique could serve as an adjunct to conventional MR approaches by defining inflammatory mechanisms and therapeutic efficacy of anti-inflammatory agents in experimental TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley M Foley
- Pittsburgh NMR Center for Biomedical Research, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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García-Suárez O, Pérez-Pinera P, Laurà R, Germana A, Esteban I, Cabo R, Silos-Santiago I, Cobo JL, Vega JA. TrkB is necessary for the normal development of the lung. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 167:281-91. [PMID: 19523540 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2009.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Normal development of the lung requires coordinated activation of cascades of signaling pathways initiated by growth factors signaling through their receptors. TrkB and its ligands, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and neurotrophin-4, belong to the neurotrophin family of growth factors, which are expressed in a large variety of non-neuronal tissues including the lung. Aberrant neurotrophin signaling underlies the pathogenesis of several lung-related pathologies, including asthma and lung cancer, however, little is known about the role of neurotrophins in the embryonic development of the lung. To fill this gap in knowledge, we analyzed the pattern of TrkB expression in the murine lung and we observed that TrkB is expressed in alveolar macrophages, type II pneumocytes, neuroepithelial bodies and nerves. Analysis of the structure of lung from mice deficient in TrkB revealed that absence of TrkB signaling results in thinner bronchial epithelium and apparent larger air space, and, more importantly, lack of neuroepithelial bodies, an important reduction in the density of nerve fibres in the bronchial smooth muscle, submucous plexus in bronchioles, and pulmonary artery walls. These findings suggest TrkB is essential for the normal development of the lung and the nervous system in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- O García-Suárez
- Departamentos de Morfología y Biología Celular, Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Claveria s/n, Oviedo, Spain
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Li L, Kong L, Fang X, Jiang C, Wang Y, Zhong Z, Sun Q, Gu G, Zheng D, Meng R, Kang J. SH2-B beta expression in alveolar macrophages in BAL fluid of asthmatic guinea pigs and its role in NGF-TrkA-mediated asthma. Respirology 2009; 14:60-8. [PMID: 19144050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Nerve growth factor (NGF)/tyrosine kinase receptor A (TrkA) signalling may play an important role in the pathogenesis of asthma, and SH2-B beta, a TrkA-binding protein, modulates the NGF signalling pathway. In this study, SH2-B beta expression in alveolar macrophages (AM) in guinea pig BAL fluid and its role in asthma pathogenesis through the NGF-TrkA signalling pathway were investigated. METHODS Guinea pigs were randomized into five groups: control, a model of asthma, anti-SH2-B beta antibody treatment, anti-NGF antibody treatment and anti-TrkA antibody treatment. The asthmatic model was established in guinea pigs by inhalation of ovalbumin. Specific anti-SH2-B beta, anti-NGF and anti-TrkA antibodies were administered and AM were isolated from BAL fluid to assess SH2-B beta expression using an immunofluorescence assay. SH2-B beta and TrkA protein expression were determined by western blotting, IL-1 beta and IL-4 levels in the BAL fluid supernatants were determined by ELISA, and pathological changes in the bronchi and lung tissues were examined by HE staining. RESULTS Lymphocyte, eosinophil and total inflammatory cell numbers in BAL fluid were significantly higher in the asthma model group than in the other groups (P < 0.01). NGF expression in the asthma model group was significantly higher than that in the PBS control group (P < 0.01). SH2-B beta was expressed in AM of control animals and expression was significantly higher in the asthma model than in the other groups (P < 0.01). TrkA protein expression was significantly higher in the asthma model group than in the PBS group (P < 0.01), and treatment with anti-NGF antibody resulted in significant reduction of TrkA expression (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS SH2-B beta is expressed in AM of normal guinea pigs, and SH2-B beta may participate in asthma pathogenesis through the NGF-TrkA signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Institute of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
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Abram M, Wegmann M, Fokuhl V, Sonar S, Luger EO, Kerzel S, Radbruch A, Renz H, Zemlin M. Nerve growth factor and neurotrophin-3 mediate survival of pulmonary plasma cells during the allergic airway inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:4705-12. [PMID: 19342646 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0802814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Allergen-specific Abs play a pivotal role in the induction and maintenance of allergic airway inflammation. During secondary immune responses, plasma cell survival and Ab production is mediated by extrinsic factors provided by the local environment (survival niches). It is unknown whether neurotrophins, a characteristic marker of allergic airway inflammation, influence plasma cell survival in the lung. Using a mouse model of allergic asthma, we found that plasma cells from the lung and spleen are distinct subpopulations exhibiting differential expression patterns of neurotrophins and their receptors (Trks). In vitro, the nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT3) led to a dose-dependent increase in viability of isolated pulmonary plasma cells due to up-regulation of the antiapoptotic Bcl2 pathway. In parallel, the expression of transcription factors that stimulate the production of immunoglobulins (X-box binding protein 1 and NF-kappaB subunit RelA) was enhanced in plasma cells treated with NGF and NT3. These findings were supported in vivo. When the NGF pathway was blocked by intranasal application of a selective TrkA inhibitor, sensitized mice showed reduced numbers of pulmonary plasma cells and developed lower levels of allergen-specific and total serum IgE in response to OVA inhalation. This suggests that in the allergic airway inflammation, NGF/TrkA-mediated pulmonary IgE production contributes significantly to serum-IgE levels. We conclude that the neurotrophins NGF and NT3 act as survival factors for pulmonary plasma cells and thus are important regulators of the local Ab production in the allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Abram
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Prakash YS, Thompson MA, Pabelick CM. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in TNF-alpha modulation of Ca2+ in human airway smooth muscle. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 41:603-11. [PMID: 19213875 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0151oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that neurotrophin (NT) signaling occurs in non-neuronal tissues, including airway smooth muscle (ASM). We recently demonstrated that NTs, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), enhance intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+](i)) and force regulation in human ASM. Increased NT expression has been observed in airway diseases, such as asthma and allergy. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that NTs contribute to inflammation-induced enhancement of ASM contractility. Using human ASM cells and real-time fluorescence [Ca2+](i) imaging, we examined the contribution of the high-affinity tropomyosin-related kinase and low-affinity, pan-NT p75NTR receptors to [Ca2+](i) regulation under control conditions and after exposure to the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha (20 ng/ml). Exposure to TNF-alpha enhanced [Ca2+](i) responses to agonist (acetylcholine, histamine). Exposure to 10 nM BDNF for even 30 minutes substantially and synergistically enhanced TNF-alpha effects on [Ca2+](i) responses to agonist. Small interfering RNA suppression of tropomyosin-related kinase substantially blunted the effect of BDNF on [Ca2+](i) responses to agonist (with greater effect on Ca2+ influx via store-operated Ca2+ entry compared with sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release) in both control and TNF-alpha-exposed cells. However, p75NTR suppression by small interfering RNA had no significant effect on [Ca2+](i) responses in either cell group. These novel data demonstrate that NTs influence ASM contractility, and suggest a potential role for NTs in airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Abstract
The cause of metastasis remains elusive despite vast information on cancer cells. We posit that cancer cell fusion with macrophages or other migratory bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) provides an explanation. BMDCs fused with tumor cells were present in animal tumor xenografts where they were associated with metastases. In myeloma patients, transcriptionally active myeloma nuclei were incorporated into osteoclasts through fusion. In patients with renal cell carcinoma arising poststem cell transplant, donor genes were incorporated in recipient cancer cell nuclei, most likely through fusion, and showed tumor distribution patterns characteristic of cancer stem cells. Melanoma-macrophage hybrids generated in vitro contained chromosomes from both parental partners, showed increased ploidy, and transcribed and translated genes from both parents. They exhibited chemotactic migration in vitro toward fibronectin and exhibited high frequencies of metastasis when implanted in mice. They produced macromolecules that are characteristic of macrophages and known indicators of metastasis (c-Met, SPARC, MCR1, GnT-V, and the integrin subunits alpha(3), alpha(5), alpha(6), alpha(v), beta(1), beta(3)). They also produced high levels of beta1,6-branched oligosaccharides-predictors of poor survival in patients with melanoma or carcinomas of the breast, lung, and colon. We thus hypothesize that such gene expression patterns in cancer are generated through fusion. Tumor hybrids also showed active autophagy, a characteristic of both metastatic cancers and macrophages. BMDC-tumor cell fusion explains epidermal-mesenchymal transition in cancer since BMDCs express mesodermal traits and epithelial-mesenchymal transition regulators (Twist, SPARC, and others). If BMDC-tumor cell fusion underlies invasion and metastasis in human cancer, new approaches for therapeutic intervention would be mandated.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Pawelek
- Department of Dermatology and the Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Freund-Michel V, Frossard N. The nerve growth factor and its receptors in airway inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 117:52-76. [PMID: 17915332 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) belongs to the neurotrophin family and induces its effects through activation of 2 distinct receptor types: the tropomyosin-related kinase A (TrkA) receptor, carrying an intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity in its intracellular domain, and the receptor p75 for neurotrophins (p75NTR), belonging to the death receptor family. Through activation of its TrkA receptor, NGF activates signalling pathways, including phospholipase Cgamma (PLCgamma), phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K), the small G protein Ras, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK). Through its p75NTR receptor, NGF activates proapoptotic signalling pathways including the MAPK c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), ceramides, and the small G protein Rac, but also activates pathways promoting cell survival through the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). NGF was first described by Rita Levi-Montalcini and collaborators as an important factor involved in nerve differentiation and survival. Another role for NGF has since been established in inflammation, in particular of the airways, with increased NGF levels in chronic inflammatory diseases. In this review, we will first describe NGF structure and synthesis and NGF receptors and their signalling pathways. We will then provide information about NGF in the airways, describing its expression and regulation, as well as pointing out its potential role in inflammation, hyperresponsiveness, and remodelling process observed in airway inflammatory diseases, in particular in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Freund-Michel
- EA 3771 Inflammation and Environment in Asthma, University Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg I, Faculty of Pharmacy, Illkirch, France.
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Prakash YS, Iyanoye A, Ay B, Mantilla CB, Pabelick CM. Neurotrophin effects on intracellular Ca2+ and force in airway smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2006; 291:L447-56. [PMID: 16648236 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00501.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins [e.g., brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 4 (NT4)], known to affect neuronal structure and function, are expressed in nonneuronal tissues including the airway. However, their function is unclear. We examined the effect of acute vs. prolonged neurotrophin exposure on regulation of airway smooth muscle (ASM) intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)): sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) release and Ca(2+) influx (specifically store-operated Ca(2+) entry, SOCE). Human ASM cells were incubated for 30 min in medium (control) or 1 or 10 nM BDNF, NT3, or NT4 (acute exposure) or overnight in 1 nM BDNF, NT3, or NT4 (prolonged exposure) and imaged after loading with the Ca(2+) indicator fura-2 AM. [Ca(2+)](i) responses to ACh, histamine, bradykinin, and caffeine and SOCE following SR Ca(2+) depletion were compared across cell groups. Force measurements were performed in human bronchial strips exposed to neurotrophins. Basal [Ca(2+)](i), peak responses to all agonists, SOCE, and force responses to ACh and histamine were all significantly enhanced by both acute and prolonged BDNF exposure (smaller effect of NT4) but decreased by NT3. Inhibition of the BDNF/NT4 receptor trkB by K252a prevented enhancement of [Ca(2+)](i) responses. ASM cells showed positive immunostaining for BDNF, NT3, NT4, trkB, and trkC (NT3 receptor). These novel data demonstrate that neurotrophins influence ASM [Ca(2+)](i) and force regulation and suggest a potential role for neurotrophins in airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Prakash
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Nassenstein C, Möhring UH, Luttmann W, Virchow JC, Braun A. Differential expression of the neurotrophin receptors p75NTR, TrkA, TrkB and TrkC in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 57 Suppl 2:55-63. [PMID: 16584874 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. In addition to their influence on afferent sensory nerves within the lung, it has been shown in the last years that these factors modulate allergic airway inflammation. The knowledge about their immunomodulatory roles on diverse subsets of immune cells is still fragmentary and incomplete. Since neurotrophin receptor surface expression is essential for neurotrophin action, the aim of our study was to systematically investigate the expression pattern of the low affinity pan neurotrophin receptor p75NTR as well as the high-affinity receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Our results show that each of the receptors has an individual expression pattern in diverse immune cell subtypes. However, there were no differences in neurotrophin receptor expression in healthy controls and patients with allergies.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/pathology
- Cell Survival
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Male
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptor, trkA/genetics
- Receptor, trkA/metabolism
- Receptor, trkB/genetics
- Receptor, trkB/metabolism
- Receptor, trkC/genetics
- Receptor, trkC/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Rhinitis/immunology
- Rhinitis/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nassenstein
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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Tometten M, Blois S, Kuhlmei A, Stretz A, Klapp BF, Arck PC. Nerve Growth Factor Translates Stress Response and Subsequent Murine Abortion via Adhesion Molecule-Dependent Pathways1. Biol Reprod 2006; 74:674-83. [PMID: 16371592 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.044651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous abortion is a frequent threat affecting 10%-25% of human pregnancies. Psychosocial stress has been suggested to be attributable for pregnancy losses by challenging the equilibrium of systems mandatory for pregnancy maintenance, including the nervous, endocrine, and immune system. Strong evidence indicates that stress-triggered abortion is mediated by adhesion molecules, i.e., intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) and leukocyte function associated molecule 1, now being referred to as integrin alpha L (ITGAL), which facilitate recruitment of inflammatory cells to the feto-maternal interface. The neurotrophin beta-nerve growth factor (NGFB), which has been shown to be upregulated in response to stress in multiple experimental settings including in the uterine lining (decidua) during pregnancy, increases ICAM1 expression on endothelial cells. Here, we investigated whether and how NGFB neutralization has a preventive effect on stress-triggered abortion in the murine CBA/J x DBA/2J model. We provide experimental evidence that stress exposure upregulates the frequency of abortion and the expression of uterine NGFB. Further, adhesion molecules ICAM1 and selectin platelet (SELP, formerly P-Selectin) and their ligands ITGAL and SELP ligand (SELPL, formerly P selectin glycoprotein ligand 1) respectively increase in murine deciduas in response to stress. Subsequently, decidual cytokines are biased toward a proinflammatory and abortogenic cytokine profile. Additionally, a decrease of pregnancy protective CD8alpha(+) decidual cells is present. Strikingly, all such uterine stress responses are abrogated by NGFB neutralization. Hence, NGFB acts as a proximal mediator in the hierarchical network of immune rejection by mediating an abortogenic environment comprised of classical signs of neurogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Tometten
- Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Joint Institution of the Freie Universität and Humboldt Universität, Biomedical Research Center, Campus Virchow, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Rost B, Hanf G, Ohnemus U, Otto-Knapp R, Groneberg DA, Kunkel G, Noga O. Monocytes of allergics and non-allergics produce, store and release the neurotrophins NGF, BDNF and NT-3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 124:19-25. [PMID: 15544837 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2004] [Revised: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 06/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have shown that neurotrophins (NTs) are involved in inflammatory processes. Elevated plasma levels of NTs were found allergic diseases with the highest levels in allergic asthma. However, the exact cellular sources involved in the regulation and release of neurotrophins in allergic inflammation are still not well defined. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess whether monocytes of allergic and non-allergic subjects produce, store and release the neurotrophins NGF, BDNF and NT-3. METHODS Monocytes of allergic and non-allergic donors were purified by immunomagnetic selection. APAAP-staining for the presence of NTs and their receptors was performed. RT-PCR and Western blot evaluated the production and storage of NTs. Monocytes were incubated and supernatants were collected for measurement of neurotrophic factors after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as inflammatory stimulus. The neurotrophin content in lysates and cell culture supernatants was determined by ELISA. RESULTS Human monocytes express the neurotrophins NGF, BDNF and NT-3 but also their specific receptors TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. RT-PCR amplification of isolated mRNA demonstrated expression of the examined neurotrophins. Proteins were detectable by Western blot. NTs were found in the monocyte lysates and supernatants at different levels in allergic and non-allergic donors. Cell stimulation with LPS leads to release of NGF and NT3. CONCLUSIONS Monocytes, produce, store and release NGF, BDNF and NT-3. They are a possible source of elevated neurotrophin levels found in allergy and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Rost
- Allergy and Asthma Clinic, Department of medicine Infectious and Respiratory diseases, Charité, Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1, Berlin 13353, Germany
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Yao Q, Haxhiu MA, Zaidi SI, Liu S, Jafri A, Martin RJ. Hyperoxia enhances brain-derived neurotrophic factor and tyrosine kinase B receptor expression in peribronchial smooth muscle of neonatal rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2005; 289:L307-14. [PMID: 15821016 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00030.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Airway hyperreactivity is one of the hallmarks of hyperoxic lung injury in early life. As neurotrophins such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) are potent mediators of neuronal plasticity, we hypothesized that neurotrophin levels in the pulmonary system may be disturbed by hyperoxic exposure. We therefore evaluated the effects of hyperoxia on the expression of BDNF, NGF, and their corresponding high-affinity receptors, TrkB and TrkA, respectively, in the lung of rat pups. Five-day-old Sprague-Dawley rat pups were randomized to hyperoxic or control groups and then continuously exposed to hyperoxia (>95% oxygen) or normoxia over 7 days. At both mRNA and protein levels, BDNF was detected in lung but not in trachea; its level was substantially enhanced in lungs from the hyperoxia-exposed rat pups. Distribution of BDNF mRNA by in situ hybridization indicates that peribronchial smooth muscle was the major source of increased BDNF production in response to hyperoxic exposure. Interestingly, hyperoxia-induced elevation of BDNF was not accompanied by any changes of NGF levels in lung. Furthermore, hyperoxic exposure increased the expression of TrkB in peribronchial smooth muscle but had no effect on the distribution of the specific NGF receptor TrkA. These findings indicate that hyperoxic stress not only upregulates BDNF at mRNA and protein levels but also enhances TrkB within peribronchial smooth muscle. However, there was no corresponding effect on NGF and TrkA receptors. We speculate that the increased level of BDNF may contribute to hyperoxia-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in early postnatal life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yao
- Div. of Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve Univ., 11100 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Frossard N, Freund V, Advenier C. Nerve growth factor and its receptors in asthma and inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 500:453-65. [PMID: 15464052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a high molecular weight peptide that belongs to the neurotrophin family. It is synthesized by various structural and inflammatory cells and activates two types of receptors, the TrkA (tropomyosin-receptor kinase A) receptor and the p75(NTR) receptor, in the death receptor family. NGF was first studied for its essential role in neuronal growth and survival. Recent reports indicate that it may also help mediate inflammation, especially in the airways. Several studies in animals have reported that NGF may induce bronchial hyperresponsiveness, an important feature of asthma, by increasing sensory innervation. It may also induce migration and activation of inflammatory cells, which infiltrate the bronchial mucosa, and of structural cells, including epithelial, smooth muscle cells and pulmonary fibroblasts. Increased NGF expression and release is observed in asthma patients after bronchial provocation with allergen. Taken together, the data from the literature suggest that NGF may play a role in inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway remodelling in asthma and may help us to understand the neuro-immune cross-talk involved in chronic inflammatory airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelly Frossard
- EA 3771 "Inflammation and Environment in Asthma" Université Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg-I, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.
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Peters CM, Ghilardi JR, Keyser CP, Kubota K, Lindsay TH, Luger NM, Mach DB, Schwei MJ, Sevcik MA, Mantyh PW. Tumor-induced injury of primary afferent sensory nerve fibers in bone cancer pain. Exp Neurol 2005; 193:85-100. [PMID: 15817267 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2004] [Revised: 11/11/2004] [Accepted: 11/18/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Bone is the most common site of chronic pain in patients with metastatic cancer. What remains unclear are the mechanisms that generate this pain and why bone cancer pain can be so severe and refractory to treatment with opioids. Here we show that following injection and confinement of NCTC 2472 osteolytic tumor cells within the mouse femur, tumor cells sensitize and injure the unmyelinated and myelinated sensory fibers that innervate the marrow and mineralized bone. This tumor-induced injury of sensory nerve fibers is accompanied by an increase in ongoing and movement-evoked pain behaviors, an upregulation of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) and galanin by sensory neurons that innervate the tumor-bearing femur, upregulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and hypertrophy of satellite cells surrounding sensory neuron cell bodies within the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and macrophage infiltration of the DRG ipsilateral to the tumor-bearing femur. Similar neurochemical changes have been described following peripheral nerve injury and in other non-cancerous neuropathic pain states. Chronic treatment with gabapentin did not influence tumor growth, tumor-induced bone destruction or the tumor-induced neurochemical reorganization that occurs in sensory neurons or the spinal cord, but it did attenuate both ongoing and movement-evoked bone cancer-related pain behaviors. These results suggest that even when the tumor is confined within the bone, a component of bone cancer pain is due to tumor-induced injury to primary afferent nerve fibers that innervate the tumor-bearing bone. Tumor-derived, inflammatory, and neuropathic mechanisms may therefore be simultaneously driving this chronic pain state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Peters
- Neurosystems Center and Department of Preventive Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The nerve growth factor (NGF) is known as a factor involved in neuronal growth and survival. From recent studies it may also be considered as a mediator of inflammation, in particular in the airways. STATE OF ART Several animal studies have shown that NGF may increase the sensory innervation, and participate in the bronchial hyperresponsiveness and inflammation observed in the airways of asthmatic patients. Different cell types are capable of secreting NGF: inflammatory cells that infiltrate the bronchial mucosa, and structural cells such as epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells and pulmonary fibroblasts. Furthermore, increased NGF levels have been detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asthmatic patients. PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSION Altogether, these results suggest that NGF may play a role in inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness and airway remodelling in asthma, and may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms occurring in chronic inflammatory diseases, in particular asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Freund
- EA 3771 Inflammation et environnement dans l'asthme, Université Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg-I, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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Horie H, Kadoya T, Hikawa N, Sango K, Inoue H, Takeshita K, Asawa R, Hiroi T, Sato M, Yoshioka T, Ishikawa Y. Oxidized galectin-1 stimulates macrophages to promote axonal regeneration in peripheral nerves after axotomy. J Neurosci 2004; 24:1873-80. [PMID: 14985427 PMCID: PMC6730408 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4483-03.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Various neurotrophic factors that promote axonal regeneration have been investigated in vivo, but the signals that prompt neurons to send out processes in peripheral nerves after axotomy are not well understood. Previously, we have shown oxidized galectin-1 (GAL-1/Ox) promotes initial axonal growth after axotomy in peripheral nerves. However, the mechanism by which GAL-1/Ox promotes axonal regeneration remains unclear and is the subject of the present study. To identify possible target cells of GAL-1/Ox, a fluorescently labeled recombinant human GAL-1/Ox (rhGAL-1/Ox) was incubated with DRG neurons, Schwann cells, and intraperitoneal macrophages from adult rats. Only the cell surfaces of intraperitoneal macrophages bound the rhGAL-1/Ox, suggesting that these cells possess a receptor for GAL-1/Ox. Experiments examining tyrosine phosphorylation revealed that rhGAL-1/Ox stimulated changes in signal transduction pathways in these macrophages. These changes caused macrophages to secrete an axonal growth-promoting factor. This was demonstrated when conditioned media of macrophages stimulated with rhGAL-1/Ox in 48 hr culture strongly enhanced axonal regeneration from transected-nerve sites of DRG explants. Furthermore, activated macrophage-conditioned media also improved Schwann cell migration from the transected-nerve sites. From these results, we propose that axonal regeneration occurs in axotomized peripheral nerves as a result of cytosolic reduced galectin-1 being released from Schwann cells and injured axons, which then becomes oxidized in the extracellular space. Oxidized galectin-1 then stimulates macrophages to secrete a factor that promotes axonal growth and Schwann cell migration, thus enhancing peripheral nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Horie
- Advanced Research Center for Biological Scienc, Waseda University, Nishitokyo City, Tokyo 202-0021, Japan.
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Freund V, Frossard N. Expression of nerve growth factor in the airways and its possible role in asthma. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:335-46. [PMID: 14712791 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF), in addition to its essential role in neuronal growth and survival, may also act as an inflammatory mediator. As several animal studies have shown, NGF appears to play a part in the development of airway hyperresponsiveness and in the increased sympathetic and sensory innervation of the lung. It also has a profound effect on airway inflammation and asthma-related symptoms. Sources of NGF in the airways are numerous: inflammatory cells infiltrated into the bronchial mucosa, and structural cells including lung fibroblasts, airway epithelial and smooth muscle cells. These cells, by releasing more NGF in inflammatory conditions, may contribute to the increased NGF levels observed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum from patients with asthma. Taken together, these results suggest that NGF is an important mediator in both inflammation and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vèronique Freund
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 425, Neuroimmunopharmacologie pulmonaire, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasburg I, Faculté de Pharmacie, France.
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Tabakman R, Lecht S, Sephanova S, Arien-Zakay H, Lazarovici P. Interactions between the cells of the immune and nervous system: neurotrophins as neuroprotection mediators in CNS injury. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:387-401. [PMID: 14699975 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory processes in the central nervous system (CNS) are considered neurotoxic, although recent studies suggest that they also can be beneficial and confer neuroprotection (neuroprotective autoimmunity). Cells from the immune system have been detected in CNS injury and found to produce and secrete a variety of neurotrophins such as NGF, BDNF, NT-3 and NT-4/5, and to express (similarly to neuronal cells), members of the tyrosine kinase (Trk) receptor family such as TrkA, TrkB and TrkC. Indeed, autocrine and paracrine interactions are observed at the site of CNS injury, resulting in a variety of homologic-heterologic modulations of immune and neuronal cell function. The end result of the inflammatory process, neurotoxicity and/or neuroprotection, is a function of the fine balance between the two cellular systems, i.e., of the complex signaling relationships between anti-inflammatory neuroprotective factors (neurotrophins and other chemical mediators) and proinflammatory neurotoxic factors (TNF, free radicals, certain cytokines, etc.). Autoimmune neuroprotection is a novel therapeutic approach aimed at shifting the balance between the immune and neuronal cells towards survival pathways in a variety of CNS injuries. This review focuses on data supporting this concept and its future therapeutical implications for optic nerve injury and multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinat Tabakman
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Nassenstein C, Kerzel S, Braun A. Neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors in allergic asthma. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2004; 146:347-67. [PMID: 14699973 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(03)46022-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophins nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and NT-4 play a pivotal role in the development of the nervous system. Despite their well-known effects on neurons, elevated neurotrophin concentrations have been observed under pathological conditions in sera of patients with inflammatory disorders. Patients with asthma feature both airway inflammation and an abnormal airway reactivity to many unspecific stimuli, referred to as airway hyperresponsiveness, which is, at least partly, neuronally controlled. Interestingly, these patients show increased levels of neurotrophins in the blood as well as locally in the lung. It has been demonstrated that neurotrophin release from immune cells is triggered by allergen contact. The presence of neurotrophins and the neurotrophin receptors p75 (p75NTR), tyrosine kinase A (TrkA), TrkB and TrkC have been described in several immune cells. There is strong evidence for an involvement of neurotrophins in regulation of hematopoiesis and, in addition, in modulation of immune cell function in mature cells circulating in blood or resting in lymphatic organs and peripheral tissues. The aim of this review is to demonstrate possible roles of neurotrophins during an allergic reaction in consideration of the temporospatial compartimentalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Nassenstein
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany
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26
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Ricci A, Felici L, Mariotta S, Mannino F, Schmid G, Terzano C, Cardillo G, Amenta F, Bronzetti E. Neurotrophin and neurotrophin receptor protein expression in the human lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2004; 30:12-9. [PMID: 12791675 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2002-0110oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) promote survival and differentiation of central and peripheral neurons, and display several activities also in non-neuronal cells. Human lungs synthesize and release NTs, which are probably involved in the pathophysiology of pulmonary disturbances. In this article the expression and anatomic localization of nerve growth factor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, and NT-3 and of corresponding high-affinity receptors TrkA, TrkB (full-length and truncated [TR-] isoforms), TrkC, and of the low-affinity p75 receptor, were assessed in surgical samples from adult human lung by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. NTs and their cognate receptor mRNA and protein transcripts were detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively, nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and corresponding protein transcripts being the most expressed. High levels of TrkB-[TR-] mRNA and of its protein transcript were also demonstrated, whereas a low expression of p75 mRNA and of corresponding protein transcript were found. Microanatomic analysis of immunohistochemical study revealed that bronchial epithelial cells were immunoreactive for different NTs, with a higher intensity of BDNF immune staining compared with other NTs, but did not express NT receptor immunoreactivity. Alveolar cells were immunoreactive for TrkA and TrkC receptor protein, but did not display immunoreactivity for NTs or other receptors investigated. Gland cells expressed NT and high-affinity NT receptor immunoreactivity, but not p75 receptor immunoreactivity. NT and low-affinity receptor immunoreactivity was observed within neurons and satellite cells of parasympathetic ganglia as well as in nerve fiber-like structures supplying the bronchopulmonary tree. An obvious immunoreactivity for NTs and NT receptor protein was also observed in intrapulmonary branches of pulmonary artery. Pulmonary lymphocytes and macrophages express nerve growth factor and high-affinity NT receptor immunoreactivity. The role of NTs in non-neuronal tissue including lung has not been clarified yet. The widespread expression of NTs and their receptors in different components of the lung suggests that these factors may contribute to regulate cell function in human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cardiovascolari e Respiratorie, Università di Roma La Sapienza, Ospedale Sant'Andrea, Via di Grottarossa, 1035-1039, 00189 Rome, Italy.
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27
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Nockher WA, Renz H. Neurotrophins in inflammatory lung diseases: modulators of cell differentiation and neuroimmune interactions. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2003; 14:559-78. [PMID: 14563357 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6101(03)00071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory lung diseases represent a group of severe diseases with increasing prevalence as well as epidemiological importance. Inflammatory lung diseases could result from allergic or infectious genesis. There is growing evidence that the immune and nervous system are closely related not only in physiological but also in pathological reactions in the lung. Extensive communications between neurons and immune cells are responsible for the magnitude of airway inflammation and the development of airway hyperreactivity, a consequence of neuronal dysregulation. Neurotrophins are molecules regulating and controlling this crosstalk between the immune and peripheral nervous system (PNS) during inflammatory lung diseases. They are constitutively expressed by resident lung cells and produced in increasing quantities by immune cells invading the airways under inflammatory conditions. They act as activation, differentiation and survival factors for cells of both the immune and nervous system. This article will review the most recent data of neurotrophin signaling in the normal and inflamed lung and as yet unexplored, roles of neurotrophins in the complex communication within the neuroimmune network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Andreas Nockher
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg 35033, Germany.
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Nockher WA, Renz H. The role of neurotrophins in the pathogenesis of asthma and related diseases: allergy and asthma as prototypic neuro-immune diseases? Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:1266-8. [PMID: 12220461 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2745.2002.01489.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Garcia-Suarez O, Blanco-Gelaz MA, Lopez ML, Germana A, Cabo R, Díaz-Esnal B, Silos-Santiago I, Ciriaco E, Vega JA. Massive lymphocyte apoptosis in the thymus of functionally deficient TrkB mice. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 129:25-34. [PMID: 12161017 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of TrkB in the murine thymus (15-day and 3-month old) was investigated by Northern blot, Western blot and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, the thymus of 15-day-old mice carrying a non-functional mutation on trkB was analyzed. Both trkB mRNA and 145 kDa TrkB protein were detected. In addition, isolated lymphocytes and stromal cells also expressed this protein. The thymus of homozygous functionally TrkB-deficient animals showed structural and ultrastructural changes consistent with massive death of cortical lymphocytes, confirmed with TUNEL. Present results suggest a role for TrkB in maintaining the survival or preventing massive death of lymphocytes in the mammalian thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Garcia-Suarez
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Biochimica, Fisiologia e Produzioni Animali, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy
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