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Limcharoensuk T, Chusuth P, Utaisincharoen P, Auesukaree C. Protein quality control systems in the endoplasmic reticulum and the cytosol coordinately prevent alachlor-induced proteotoxic stress in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134270. [PMID: 38640676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Alachlor, a widely used chloroacetanilide herbicide for controlling annual grasses in crops, has been reported to rapidly trigger protein denaturation and aggregation in the eukaryotic model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Therefore, this study aimed to uncover cellular mechanisms involved in preventing alachlor-induced proteotoxicity. The findings reveal that the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a crucial role in eliminating alachlor-denatured proteins by tagging them with polyubiquitin for subsequent proteasomal degradation. Exposure to alachlor rapidly induced an inhibition of proteasome activity by 90 % within 30 min. The molecular docking analysis suggests that this inhibition likely results from the binding of alachlor to β subunits within the catalytic core of the proteasome. Notably, our data suggest that nascent proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are the primary targets of alachlor. Consequently, the unfolded protein response (UPR), responsible for coping with aberrant proteins in the ER, becomes activated within 1 h of alachlor treatment, leading to the splicing of HAC1 mRNA into the active transcription activator Hac1p and the upregulation of UPR gene expression. These findings underscore the critical roles of the protein quality control systems UPS and UPR in mitigating alachlor-induced proteotoxicity by degrading alachlor-denatured proteins and enhancing the protein folding capacity of the ER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tossapol Limcharoensuk
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Mahidol University-Osaka University Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology (MU-OU:CRC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Phakawat Chusuth
- Mahidol University-Osaka University Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology (MU-OU:CRC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pongsak Utaisincharoen
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Choowong Auesukaree
- Mahidol University-Osaka University Collaborative Research Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology (MU-OU:CRC), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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2
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Maiyo AK, Kibet JK, Kengara FO. A review of the characteristic properties of selected tobacco chemicals and their associated etiological risks. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:479-491. [PMID: 35538694 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite the quantum of research findings on tobacco epidemic, a review on the formation characteristics of nicotine, aldehydes and phenols, and their associated etiological risks is still limited in literature. Accordingly, knowledge on the chemical properties and free radical formation during tobacco burning is an important subject towards unravelling the relationship between smoking behaviour and disease. This review investigates how scientific efforts have been advanced towards understanding the release of molecular products from the thermal degradation of tobacco, and harm reduction strategies among cigarette smokers in general. The mechanistic characteristics of nicotine and selected aldehydes are critically examined in this review. For the purpose of this work, articles published during the period 2004-2021 and archived in PubMed, Google Scholar, Medley, Cochrane, and Web of Science were used. The articles were selected based on the health impacts of cigarette smoking, tobacco burning kinetics, tobacco cessation and tobacco as a precursor for emerging diseases such as Covid-19. CONTENT The toxicity of cigarette smoke is directly correlated with its chemical composition derived from the pyrolysis of tobacco stem and leaves. Most of the harmful toxic substances are generated by pyrolysis during smoking and depends on pyrolysis conditions. Detailed studies have been conducted on the kinetics of nicotine by use of robust theoretical models in order to determine the rate constants of reactions in nicotine and those of nicotine dissociation via C-C and C-N scission, yielding pyridinyl and methyl radicals, respectively. Research has suggested that acetaldehyde enhances the effect of nicotine, which in turn reinforces addiction characteristics whereas acrolein and crotonaldehyde are ciliatoxic, and can inhibit lung clearance. On the other hand, phenol affects liver enzymes, lungs, kidneys, and the cardiovascular system while m-cresol attacks the nervous system. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK The characteristics of chemical release during tobacco burning are very important in the tobacco industry and the cigarette smoking community. Understanding individual chemical formation from cigarette smoking will provide the necessary information needed to formulate sound tobacco reform policies from a chemical standpoint. Nonetheless, intense research is needed in this field in order to prescribe possible measures to deter cigarette smoking addiction and ameliorate the grave miseries bedevilling the tobacco smoking community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfayo K Maiyo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Moi University, Eldoret, Kenya
- African Centre of Excellence in Phytochemicals, Textiles and Renewable Energy (ACE II-PTRE), Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Joshua K Kibet
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, Njoro, Kenya
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3
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Hess SS, Coppola F, Dang VT, Tran PN, Mickel PJ, Oktawiec J, Ren Z, Král P, Nguyen AI. Noncovalent Peptide Assembly Enables Crystalline, Permutable, and Reactive Thiol Frameworks. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19588-19600. [PMID: 37639365 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Though thiols are exceptionally versatile, their high reactivity has also hindered the synthesis and characterization of well-defined thiol-containing porous materials. Leveraging the mild conditions of the noncovalent peptide assembly, we readily synthesized and characterized a number of frameworks with thiols displayed at many unique positions and in several permutations. Importantly, nearly all assemblies were structurally determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction to reveal their rich sequence-structure landscape and the cooperative noncovalent interactions underlying their assembly. These observations and supporting molecular dynamics calculations enabled rational engineering by the positive and negative design of noncovalent interactions. Furthermore, the thiol-containing frameworks undergo diverse single-crystal-to-single-crystal reactions, including toxic metal ion coordination (e.g., Cd2+, Pb2+, and Hg2+), selective uptake of Hg2+ ions, and redox transformations. Notably, we find a framework that supports thiol-nitrosothiol interconversion, which is applicable for biocompatible nitric oxide delivery. The modularity, ease of synthesis, functionality, and well-defined nature of these peptide-based thiol frameworks are expected to accelerate the design of complex materials with reactive active sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina S Hess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Francesco Coppola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Viet Thuc Dang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Phuong Nguyen Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Philip J Mickel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Julia Oktawiec
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhong Ren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Andy I Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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4
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Fang L, Xiao L, Jun YW, Onishi Y, Kool ET. Reversible 2'-OH acylation enhances RNA stability. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1296-1305. [PMID: 37365334 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a hydroxyl group at the 2'-position in its ribose makes RNA susceptible to hydrolysis. Stabilization of RNAs for storage, transport and biological application thus remains a serious challenge, particularly for larger RNAs that are not accessible by chemical synthesis. Here we present reversible 2'-OH acylation as a general strategy to preserve RNA of any length or origin. High-yield polyacylation of 2'-hydroxyls ('cloaking') by readily accessible acylimidazole reagents effectively shields RNAs from both thermal and enzymatic degradation. Subsequent treatment with water-soluble nucleophilic reagents removes acylation adducts quantitatively ('uncloaking') and recovers a remarkably broad range of RNA functions, including reverse transcription, translation and gene editing. Furthermore, we show that certain α-dimethylamino- and α-alkoxy- acyl adducts are spontaneously removed in human cells, restoring messenger RNA translation with extended functional half-lives. These findings support the potential of reversible 2'-acylation as a simple and general molecular solution for enhancing RNA stability and provide mechanistic insights for stabilizing RNA regardless of length or origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglan Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lu Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yong Woong Jun
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric T Kool
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Sarafan ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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5
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Neves RPD, Chagoyen M, Martinez-Lorente A, Iñiguez C, Calatrava A, Calabuig J, Iborra FJ. Each Cellular Compartment Has a Characteristic Protein Reactive Cysteine Ratio Determining Its Sensitivity to Oxidation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1274. [PMID: 37372004 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling and detoxification of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are important patho-physiologcal processes. Despite this, we lack comprehensive information on individual cells and cellular structures and functions affected by ROS, which is essential to build quantitative models of the effects of ROS. The thiol groups from cysteines (Cys) in proteins play a major role in redox defense, signaling, and protein function. In this study, we show that the proteins in each subcellular compartment contain a characteristic Cys amount. Using a fluorescent assay for -SH in thiolate form and amino groups in proteins, we show that the thiolate content correlates with ROS sensitivity and signaling properties of each compartment. The highest absolute thiolate concentration was found in the nucleolus, followed by the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm whereas protein thiolate groups per protein showed an inverse pattern. In the nucleoplasm, protein reactive thiols concentrated in SC35 speckles, SMN, and the IBODY that accumulated oxidized RNA. Our findings have important functional consequences, and explain differential sensitivity to ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pires das Neves
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, CIBB-Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Chagoyen
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Martinez-Lorente
- Unidad de Investigación, Innovación y Docencia Médica, Hospital Universitario Vinalopó, 03293 Elx, Spain
- Fundación para el Fomento de la Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de la Comunidad Valenciana (FISABIO), 46020 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Biotecnology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Carlos Iñiguez
- Department of Biotecnology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
| | - Ana Calatrava
- Department of Pathology, Fundación Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, 46009 Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Francisco J Iborra
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, CSIC, Jaime Roig 11, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), Primo Yufera 3, 46012 Valencia, Spain
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6
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Bo Z, Lim ZH, Duarte F, Bayley H, Qing Y. Mobile Molecules: Reactivity Profiling Guides Faster Movement on a Cysteine Track. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202300890. [PMID: 38529338 PMCID: PMC10962685 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202300890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported a molecular hopper, which makes sub-nanometer steps by thiol-disulfide interchange along a track with cysteine footholds within a protein nanopore. Here we optimize the hopping rate (ca. 0.1 s-1 in the previous work) with a view towards rapid enzymeless biopolymer characterization during translocation within nanopores. We first took a single-molecule approach to obtain the reactivity profiles of individual footholds. The pK a values of cysteine thiols within a pore ranged from 9.17 to 9.85, and the pH-independent rate constants of the thiolates with a small-molecule disulfide varied by up to 20-fold. Through site-specific mutagenesis and a pH increase from 8.5 to 9.5, the overall hopping rate of a DNA cargo along a five-cysteine track was accelerated 4-fold, and the rate-limiting step 21-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Bo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Zhong Hui Lim
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Hagan Bayley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Yujia Qing
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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7
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Bo Z, Lim ZH, Duarte F, Bayley H, Qing Y. Mobile Molecules: Reactivity Profiling Guides Faster Movement on a Cysteine Track. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202300890. [PMID: 36930533 PMCID: PMC10962549 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202300890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported a molecular hopper, which makes sub-nanometer steps by thiol-disulfide interchange along a track with cysteine footholds within a protein nanopore. Here we optimize the hopping rate (ca. 0.1 s-1 in the previous work) with a view towards rapid enzymeless biopolymer characterization during translocation within nanopores. We first took a single-molecule approach to obtain the reactivity profiles of individual footholds. The pKa values of cysteine thiols within a pore ranged from 9.17 to 9.85, and the pH-independent rate constants of the thiolates with a small-molecule disulfide varied by up to 20-fold. Through site-specific mutagenesis and a pH increase from 8.5 to 9.5, the overall hopping rate of a DNA cargo along a five-cysteine track was accelerated 4-fold, and the rate-limiting step 21-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonghua Bo
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Zhong Hui Lim
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Hagan Bayley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Yujia Qing
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordMansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
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8
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Kenari F, Molnár S, Borges ID, Napolitano HB, Perjési P. ( E)-2-Benzylidenecyclanones: Part XVIII Study the Possible Link between Glutathione Reactivity and Cancer Cell Cytotoxic Effects of Some Cyclic Chalcone Analogs A Comparison of the Reactivity of the Open-Chain and the Seven-Membered Homologs. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108557. [PMID: 37239911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-enzymatic thiol addition into the α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system is associated with several biological effects. In vivo, the reactions can form small-molecule thiol (e.g., glutathione) or protein thiol adducts. The reaction of two synthetic (4'-methyl- and 4'-methoxy substituted) cyclic chalcone analogs with reduced glutathione (GSH) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was studied by (high-pressure liquid chromatography-ultraviolet spectroscopy) HPLC-UV method. The selected compounds displayed in vitro cancer cell cytotoxicity (IC50) of different orders of magnitude. The structure of the formed adducts was confirmed by (high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) HPLC-MS. The incubations were performed under three different pH conditions (pH 3.2/3.7, 6.3/6.8, and 8.0/7.4). The chalcones intrinsically reacted with both thiols under all incubation conditions. The initial rates and compositions of the final mixtures depended on the substitution and the pH. The frontier molecular orbitals and the Fukui function were carried out to investigate the effects on open-chain and seven-membered cyclic analogs. Furthermore, machine learning protocols were used to provide more insights into physicochemical properties and to support the different thiol-reactivity. HPLC analysis indicated diastereoselectivity of the reactions. The observed reactivities do not directly relate to the different in vitro cancer cell cytotoxicity of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kenari
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Molnár
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Pécs, H-7634 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Igor D Borges
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis 75070-290, GO, Brazil
| | - Hamilton B Napolitano
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis 75070-290, GO, Brazil
| | - Pál Perjési
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
- Grupo de Química Teórica e Estrutural de Anápolis, Universidade Estadual de Goiás, Anápolis 75070-290, GO, Brazil
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9
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Pinto MBC, Schmidt FL, Rappsilber J, Gibson B, Wietstock PC. Addition of Hop ( Humulus Lupulus L.) Bitter Acids Yields Modification of Malt Protein Aggregate Profiles during Wort Boiling. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5700-5711. [PMID: 36989404 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Hop bitter acids are used in the brewing industry to give beer bitterness. However, much of this bitterness is lost during processing, specifically during the wort boiling step. One of the major causes might be the interaction with protein-protein complexes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to clarify the role of hop bitter acids in protein aggregate formation using a proteomic approach. The effect of hop addition on protein composition was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/MS (LC-MS/MS), and further analyses were performed to characterize the wort before and after boiling. Addition of hop bitter acids yielded a change in wort protein profiles, and hop bitter acids were found to bind primarily to less abundant proteins which are not related to beer quality traits, such as foam or haze. Wort protein aggregate profiles were revealed, and findings from this study suggested the precipitation of particular proteins in the aggregates during boiling when hops were added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana B C Pinto
- Fruit, Vegetable and Confectionery Products Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Flavio L Schmidt
- Fruit, Vegetable and Confectionery Products Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, School of Food Engineering, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Monteiro Lobato 80, 13083-862 Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Brian Gibson
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip C Wietstock
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Department of Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Ackerstraße 76, 13355 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Clariano M, Marques V, Vaz J, Awam S, Afonso MB, Jesus Perry M, Rodrigues CMP. Monocarbonyl Analogs of Curcumin with Potential to Treat Colorectal Cancer. Chem Biodivers 2023; 20:e202300222. [PMID: 36807727 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202300222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Curcumin has a plethora of biological properties, making this compound potentially effective in the treatment of several diseases, including cancer. However, curcumin clinical use is compromised by its poor pharmacokinetics, being crucial to find novel analogs with better pharmacokinetic and pharmacological properties. Here, we aimed to evaluate the stability, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profiles of monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin. A small library of monocarbonyl analogs of curcumin 1a-q was synthesized. Lipophilicity and stability in physiological conditions were both assessed by HPLC-UV, while two different methods assessed the electrophilic character of each compound monitored by NMR and by UV-spectroscopy. The potential therapeutic effect of the analogs 1a-q was evaluated in human colon carcinoma cells and toxicity in immortalized hepatocytes. Our results showed that the curcumin analog 1e is a promising agent against colorectal cancer, with improved stability and efficacy/safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Clariano
- Faculty of Pharmacy, iMed.ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vanda Marques
- Faculty of Pharmacy, iMed.ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Vaz
- Faculty of Pharmacy, iMed.ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Salma Awam
- Faculty of Pharmacy, iMed.ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta B Afonso
- Faculty of Pharmacy, iMed.ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Jesus Perry
- Faculty of Pharmacy, iMed.ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cecília M P Rodrigues
- Faculty of Pharmacy, iMed.ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
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11
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Trabelsi W, Fouzai C, Telahigue K, Chetoui I, Nechi S, Chelbi E, Zrelli S, Soudani N. The potential adverse effects of acrylamide on the oxidative stress response, fatty acids profile, and histopathological aspect of the Mediterranean Holothuria forskali respiratory tree. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:159-171. [PMID: 36178721 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR), organic compound, has been widely used owing to its broad spectrum of chemical and industrial applications. This study aims at evaluating the response of the antioxidant defense system, fatty acid composition and histopathological aspect in the respiratory trees of Holothuria forskali against ACR exposure under laboratory conditions. Holothuries were exposed to 5, 10, and 20 mg L-1 ACR concentrations for 5 days. A significant increase in n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids levels especially the arachidonic acid (ARA, C20:4n-6) and its precursor linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6) in ACR-treated organisms. Regarding the n-3 levels, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) levels were increased in treated groups despite an acute decrease in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) levels was observed. Our results showed a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl, and metallothionein levels along with an alteration of the antioxidants status in all treated sea cucumbers. The exposure to ACR prompted the inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The histopathological aspect was marked especially with the infiltration of coelomic cells which confirms our biochemical findings. Our study provided novel insights to create a link between redox status and fatty acid composition disruptions to better understand ACR-triggered toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Trabelsi
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology, and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Chaima Fouzai
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology, and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Khaoula Telahigue
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology, and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Imene Chetoui
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology, and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Salwa Nechi
- Anatomy and Cytology Service, CHU Mohamed Taher Maamouri Hospital, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Emna Chelbi
- Anatomy and Cytology Service, CHU Mohamed Taher Maamouri Hospital, Nabeul, Tunisia
| | - Sonia Zrelli
- University of Carthage, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Hydrobiology Unit, Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Nejla Soudani
- Laboratory of Ecology, Biology, and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, Department of Biology, Tunis Faculty of Sciences, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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12
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Sauerland MB, Davies MJ. Electrophile versus oxidant modification of cysteine residues: Kinetics as a key driver of protein modification. Arch Biochem Biophys 2022; 727:109344. [PMID: 35777524 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Humans have widespread exposure to both oxidants, and soft electrophilic compounds such as alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes and quinones. Electrophilic motifs are commonly found in a drugs, industrial chemicals, pollutants and are also generated via oxidant-mediated degradation of biomolecules including lipids (e.g. formation of 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-hydroxyhexenal, prostaglandin J2). All of these classes of compounds react efficiently with Cys residues, and the particularly the thiolate anion, with this resulting in Cys modification via either oxidation or adduct formation. This can result in deleterious or beneficial effects, that are either reversible (e.g. in cell signalling) or irreversible (damaging). For example, acrolein is a well-established toxin, whereas dimethylfumarate is used in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and psoriasis. This short review discusses the targets of alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes, and particularly two prototypic cases, acrolein and dimethylfumarate, and the factors that control the selectivity and kinetics of reaction of these species. Comparison is made between the reactivity of oxidants versus soft electrophiles. These rate constants indicate that electrophiles can be significant thiol modifying agents in some situations, as they have rate constants similar to or greater than species such as H2O2, can be present at higher concentrations, and are less efficiently removed by protective systems when compared to H2O2. They may also induce similar or higher levels of modification than highly reactive oxidants, due to the very low concentrations of oxidants formed in most in vivo situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max B Sauerland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark
| | - Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, 2200, Denmark.
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13
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β-Cyclocitral Does Not Contribute to Singlet Oxygen-Signalling in Algae, but May Down-Regulate Chlorophyll Synthesis. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162155. [PMID: 36015457 PMCID: PMC9415740 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Light stress signalling in algae and plants is partially orchestrated by singlet oxygen (1O2), a reactive oxygen species (ROS) that causes significant damage within the chloroplast, such as lipid peroxidation. In the vicinity of the photosystem II reaction centre, a major source of 1O2, are two β-carotene molecules that quench 1O2 to ground-state oxygen. 1O2 can oxidise β-carotene to release β-cyclocitral, which has emerged as a 1O2-mediated stress signal in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We investigated if β-cyclocitral can have similar retrograde signalling properties in the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Using RNA-Seq, we show that genes up-regulated in response to exogenous β-cyclocitral included CAROTENOID CLEAVAGE DIOXYGENASE 8 (CCD8), while down-regulated genes included those associated with porphyrin and chlorophyll anabolism, such as tetrapyrrole-binding protein (GUN4), magnesium chelatases (CHLI1, CHLI2, CHLD, CHLH1), light-dependent protochlorophyllide reductase (POR1), copper target 1 protein (CTH1), and coproporphyrinogen III oxidase (CPX1). Down-regulation of this pathway has also been shown in β-cyclocitral-treated A. thaliana, indicating conservation of this signalling mechanism in plants. However, in contrast to A. thaliana, a very limited overlap in differential gene expression was found in β-cyclocitral-treated and 1O2-treated C. reinhardtii. Furthermore, exogenous treatment with β-cyclocitral did not induce tolerance to 1O2. We conclude that while β-cyclocitral may down-regulate chlorophyll synthesis, it does not seem to contribute to 1O2-mediated high light stress signalling in algae.
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14
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Crystalline γ-cyclodextrin metal organic framework nano-containers for encapsulation of benzaldehyde and their host–guest interactions. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-022-01158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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15
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Mlejnek P. Direct Interaction between N-Acetylcysteine and Cytotoxic Electrophile—An Overlooked In Vitro Mechanism of Protection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081485. [PMID: 36009205 PMCID: PMC9405167 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In laboratory experiments, many electrophilic cytotoxic agents induce cell death accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and/or by glutathione (GSH) depletion. Not surprisingly, millimolar concentrations of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which is used as a universal ROS scavenger and precursor of GSH biosynthesis, inhibit ROS production, restore GSH levels, and prevent cell death. The protective effect of NAC is generally used as corroborative evidence that cell death induced by a studied cytotoxic agent is mediated by an oxidative stress-related mechanism. However, any simple interpretation of the results of the protective effects of NAC may be misleading because it is unable to interact with superoxide (O2•−), the most important biologically relevant ROS, and is a very weak scavenger of H2O2. In addition, NAC is used in concentrations that are unnecessarily high to stimulate GSH synthesis. Unfortunately, the possibility that NAC as a nucleophile can directly interact with cytotoxic electrophiles to form non-cytotoxic NAC–electrophile adduct is rarely considered, although it is a well-known protective mechanism that is much more common than expected. Overall, apropos the possible mechanism of the cytoprotective effect of NAC in vitro, it is appropriate to investigate whether there is a direct interaction between NAC and the cytotoxic electrophile to form a non-cytotoxic NAC–electrophilic adduct(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Mlejnek
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Hnevotinska 3, 77515 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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16
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Ter Braak B, Klip JE, Wink S, Hiemstra S, Cooper SL, Middleton A, White A, van de Water B. Mapping the dynamics of Nrf2 antioxidant and NFκB inflammatory responses by soft electrophilic chemicals in human liver cells defines the transition from adaptive to adverse responses. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 84:105419. [PMID: 35724838 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive understanding of the dynamic activation and crosstalk between different cellular stress response pathways that drive cell adversity is crucial in chemical safety assessment. Various chemicals have electrophilic properties that drive cell injury responses in particular oxidative stress signaling and inflammatory signaling. Here we used bacterial artificial chromosome-based GFP cellular stress reporters with live cell confocal imaging, to systematically monitor the differential modulation of the dynamics of stress pathway activation by six different soft electrophiles: sulforaphane, andrographolide, diethyl maleate, CDDO-Me, ethacrynic acid and tert-butyl hydroquinone. The various soft electrophiles showed differential potency and dynamics of Nrf2 activation and nuclear translocation. These differences in Nrf2 dynamics correlated with distinct activation pattern of Nrf2 downstream targets SRNX1 and HMOX1. All soft electrophiles caused a strong dose dependent suppression of a cytokine-induced NFĸB response represented by suppression of NFĸB nuclear oscillation and inhibition of the downstream target gene activation A20 and ICAM1, which followed the potency of Nrf2 modulation but occurred at higher concentration close to saturation of Nrf2 activation. RNAi-based depletion of RelA resulted in a prolonged presence of Nrf2 in the nucleus after soft electrophile treatment; depletion of Nrf2 caused the induction of NFĸB signaling and activation of its downstream targets A20 and ICAM1. A systematic transcriptome analysis confirmed these effects by soft electrophiles on Nrf2 and NFκB signaling crosstalk in human induced-pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells. Altogether our data indicate that modulation of Nrf2 by soft electrophiles may have consequences for efficient inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Ter Braak
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Janna E Klip
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Steven Wink
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Steven Hiemstra
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CC, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333, CC, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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17
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Oh GS, Yoo JS, Park JH, Roe JH. Activity modulation of anti-sigma factor via cysteine alkylation in Actinobacteria. Mol Microbiol 2021; 117:539-550. [PMID: 34927290 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
σR (SigR) is an alternative sigma factor that enables gene expression in Streptomyces coelicolor to cope with thiol oxidation and antibiotic stresses. Its activity is repressed by a zinc-containing anti-sigma (ZAS) factor RsrA that senses thiol oxidants and electrophiles. Inactivation of RsrA by disulfide formation has been well studied. Here we investigated another pathway of RsrA inactivation by electrophiles. Mass spectrometry revealed alkylation of RsrA in vivo by N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) at C61 and C62 located in the C-terminal loop. Substitution mutation (C61S/C62S) in RsrA decreased the induction of σR target genes by electrophiles and made cells more sensitive to electrophiles. In contrast to stable protein of oxidized RsrA, alkylated RsrA is subjected to degradation partly mediated by ClpP proteases. RsrA2, a redox-sensitive homolog of RsrA in S. coelicolor lacking cysteine in the terminal loop, did not respond to electrophiles. However, redox-sensitive RsrA homologs in other Actinobacteria also harboring terminal loop cysteines all responded to electrophiles. These results indicate that the activity of RsrA can be modulated via cysteine alkylation, apart from disulfide formation of zinc-coordinating cysteines. This pathway expands the spectrum of signals that the σR -RsrA system can sense and reveals another intricate regulatory layer for optimal survival of Actinobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Seok Oh
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Sun Yoo
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Hong Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hye Roe
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Xue Y, Ren X, Zhu Z, Lei P, Liu M, Wan M, Zhong D, Huang H, Diao X. Site-specific protein modification by 3-n-butylphthalide in primary hepatocytes: Covalent protein adducts diminished by glutathione and N-acetylcysteine. Life Sci 2021; 287:120125. [PMID: 34762904 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS 3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP) is widely used for the treatment of cerebral ischaemic stroke but can causeliver injury in clinical practice. This study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and propose potential preventive strategies. MAIN METHODS NBP and its four major metabolites, 3-hydroxy-NBP (3-OH-NBP), 10-hydroxy-NBP, 10-keto-NBP and NBP-11-oic acid, were synthesized and evaluated in primary human or rat hepatocytes (PHHs, PRHs). NBP-related substances or amino acid adducts were identified and semi-quantitated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). The target proteins and binding sites were identified by shotgun proteomics based on peptide mass fingerprinting coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and verified by molecular docking. KEY FINDINGS The toxicity of NBP and its four major metabolites were compared in both PHHs and PRHs, and 3-OH-NBP was found to be the most toxic metabolite. 3-OH-NBP induced remarkable cell death and oxidative stresses in hepatocytes, which correlated well with the levels of glutathione and N-acetylcysteine adducts (3-GSH-NBP and 3-NAC-NBP) in cell supernatants. Additionally, 3-OH-NBP covalently conjugated with intracellular Cys, Lys and Ser, with preferable binding to Cys sites at Myh9 Cys1380, Prdx4 Cys53, Vdac2 Cys48 and Vdac3 Cys36. Furthermore, we found that CYP3A4 induction by rifampicin augmented NBP-induced cell toxicity and supplementing with GSH or NAC alleviated the oxidative stresses and reactive metabolites caused by 3-OH-NBP. SIGNIFICANCE Our work suggests that glutathione depletion, mitochondrial injury and covalent protein modification are the main causes of NBP-induced hepatotoxicity, which may be prevented by exogenous GSH or NAC supplementation and avoiding concomitant use of CYP3A4 inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Xue
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xuelian Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengdan Zhu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Beijing Institute of Big Data Research, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Peng Lei
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mengling Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mimi Wan
- Waters Technology (Shanghai), Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Dafang Zhong
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - He Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xingxing Diao
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
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19
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Fatty acid nitroalkene reversal of established lung fibrosis. Redox Biol 2021; 50:102226. [PMID: 35150970 PMCID: PMC8844680 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis occurs in response to dysregulated metabolism, pro-inflammatory signaling and tissue repair reactions. For example, lungs exposed to environmental toxins, cancer therapies, chronic inflammation and other stimuli manifest a phenotypic shift to activated myofibroblasts and progressive and often irreversible lung tissue scarring. There are no therapies that stop or reverse fibrosis. The 2 FDA-approved anti-fibrotic drugs at best only slow the progression of fibrosis in humans. The present study was designed to test whether a small molecule electrophilic nitroalkene, nitro-oleic acid (NO2-OA), could reverse established pulmonary fibrosis induced by the intratracheal administration of bleomycin in C57BL/6 mice. After 14 d of bleomycin-induced fibrosis development in vivo, lungs were removed, sectioned and precision-cut lung slices (PCLS) from control and bleomycin-treated mice were cultured ex vivo for 4 d with either vehicle or NO2-OA (5 μM). Biochemical and morphological analyses showed that over a 4 d time frame, NO2-OA significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory mediator and growth factor expression and reversed key indices of fibrosis (hydroxyproline, collagen 1A1 and 3A1, fibronectin-1). Quantitative image analysis of PCLS immunohistology reinforced these observations, revealing that NO2-OA suppressed additional hallmarks of the fibrotic response, including alveolar epithelial cell loss, myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation, collagen and α-smooth muscle actin expression. NO2-OA also accelerated collagen degradation by resident macrophages. These effects occurred in the absence of the recognized NO2-OA modulation of circulating and migrating immune cell activation. Thus, small molecule nitroalkenes may be useful agents for reversing pathogenic fibrosis of lung and other organs. Small molecule electrophiles, pleiotropic anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic drugs. NO2-OA inhibits activated myofibroblasts, induces dedifferentiation to fibroblasts. NO2-OA activates extracellular matrix degradation by macrophages. NO2-OA promotes proliferation of alveolar type 1 and 2 epithelial cells. NO2-OA reverses established lung fibrosis in murine lung slices.
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20
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Protein Modifications: From Chemoselective Probes to Novel Biocatalysts. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11121466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical reactions can be performed to covalently modify specific residues in proteins. When applied to native enzymes, these chemical modifications can greatly expand the available set of building blocks for the development of biocatalysts. Nucleophilic canonical amino acid sidechains are the most readily accessible targets for such endeavors. A rich history of attempts to design enhanced or novel enzymes, from various protein scaffolds, has paved the way for a rapidly developing field with growing scientific, industrial, and biomedical applications. A major challenge is to devise reactions that are compatible with native proteins and can selectively modify specific residues. Cysteine, lysine, N-terminus, and carboxylate residues comprise the most widespread naturally occurring targets for enzyme modifications. In this review, chemical methods for selective modification of enzymes will be discussed, alongside with examples of reported applications. We aim to highlight the potential of such strategies to enhance enzyme function and create novel semisynthetic biocatalysts, as well as provide a perspective in a fast-evolving topic.
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21
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McCord JM, Hybertson BM, Cota-Gomez A, Gao B. Nrf2 activator PB125® as a carnosic acid-based therapeutic agent against respiratory viral diseases, including COVID-19. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 175:56-64. [PMID: 34058321 PMCID: PMC8413148 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PB125® is a phytochemical composition providing potent Nrf2 activation as well as a number of direct actions that do not involve Nrf2. Nrf2 is a transcription actor that helps maintain metabolic balance by providing redox-sensitive expression of numerous genes controlling normal day-to-day metabolic pathways. When ordinary metabolism is upset by extraordinary events such as injury, pathogenic infection, air or water pollution, ingestion of toxins, or simply by the slow but incessant changes brought about by aging and genetic variations, Nrf2 may also be called into action by the redox changes resulting from these events, whether acute or chronic. A complicating factor in all of this is that Nrf2 levels decline with aging, leaving the elderly less able to maintain proper redox balance. The dysregulated gene expression that results can cause or exacerbate a wide variety of pathological conditions, including susceptibility to viral infections. This review examines the characteristics desirable in Nrf2 activators that have therapeutic potential, as well as some of the patterns of dysregulated gene expression commonly observed during pulmonary infections and the normalizing effects possible by judicious use of phytochemicals to increase the activation level of available Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe M McCord
- Pathways Bioscience, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Brooks M Hybertson
- Pathways Bioscience, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Adela Cota-Gomez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Bifeng Gao
- Pathways Bioscience, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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22
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Khan ZA, Hong PJS, Lee CH, Hong Y. Recent Advances in Electrochemical and Optical Sensors for Detecting Tryptophan and Melatonin. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6861-6888. [PMID: 34675512 PMCID: PMC8521600 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s325099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan and melatonin are pleiotropic molecules, each capable of influencing several cellular, biochemical, and physiological responses. Therefore, sensitive detection of tryptophan and melatonin in pharmaceutical and human samples is crucial for human well-being. Mass spectrometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis are common methods for both tryptophan and melatonin analysis; however, these methods require copious amounts of time, money, and manpower. Novel electrochemical and optical detection tools have been subjects of intensive research due to their ability to offer a better signal-to-noise ratio, high specificity, ultra-sensitivity, and wide dynamic range. Recently, researchers have designed sensitive and selective electrochemical and optical platforms by using new surface modifications, microfabrication techniques, and the decoration of diverse nanomaterials with unique properties for the detection of tryptophan and melatonin. However, there is a scarcity of review articles addressing the recent developments in the electrochemical and optical detection of tryptophan and melatonin. Here, we provide a critical and objective review of high-sensitivity tryptophan and melatonin sensors that have been developed over the past six years (2015 onwards). We review the principles, performance, and limitations of these sensors. We also address critical aspects of sensitivity and selectivity, limit and range of detection, fabrication process and time, durability, and biocompatibility. Finally, we discuss challenges related to tryptophan and melatonin detection and present future outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Ahmad Khan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
| | - Paul Jung-Soo Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Newton South High School, Newton, MA, 02459, USA
| | - Christina Hayoung Lee
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37212, USA
| | - Yonggeun Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Healthcare Medical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
- Biohealth Products Research Center (BPRC), Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
- Ubiquitous Healthcare & Anti-Aging Research Center (u-HARC), Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeong-nam, 50834, Korea
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Harvard Medical School-Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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23
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Gajewicz-Skretna A, Furuhama A, Yamamoto H, Suzuki N. Generating accurate in silico predictions of acute aquatic toxicity for a range of organic chemicals: Towards similarity-based machine learning methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130681. [PMID: 34162070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increase in the use of non-animal approaches, such as in silico and/or in vitro methods, for assessing the risks of hazardous chemicals. A number of machine learning algorithms link molecular descriptors that interpret chemical structural properties with their biological activity. These computer-aided methods encounter several challenges, the most significant being the heterogeneity of datasets; more efficient and inclusive computational methods that are able to process large and heterogeneous chemical datasets are needed. In this context, this study verifies the utility of similarity-based machine learning methods in predicting the acute aquatic toxicity of diverse organic chemicals on Daphnia magna and Oryzias latipes. Two similarity-based methods were tested that employ a limited training dataset, most similar to a given fitting point, instead of using the entire dataset that encompasses a wide range of chemicals. The kernel-weighted local polynomial approach had a number of advantages over the distance-weighted k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) algorithm. The results highlight the importance of lipophilicity, electrophilic reactivity, molecular polarizability, and size in determining acute toxicity. The rigorous model validation ensures that this approach is an important tool for estimating toxicity in new or untested chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Gajewicz-Skretna
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Ayako Furuhama
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan; Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences (NIHS), 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamamoto
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Suzuki
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, 305-8506, Japan
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24
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Kenari F, Molnár S, Perjési P. Reaction of Chalcones with Cellular Thiols. The Effect of the 4-Substitution of Chalcones and Protonation State of the Thiols on the Addition Process. Diastereoselective Thiol Addition. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26144332. [PMID: 34299607 PMCID: PMC8308006 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26144332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Several biological effects of chalcones have been reported to be associated with their thiol reactivity. In vivo, the reactions can result in the formation of small-molecule or protein thiol adducts. Both types of reactions can play a role in the biological effects of this class of compounds. Progress of the reaction of 4-methyl- and 4-methoxychalcone with glutathione and N-acetylcysteine was studied by the HPLC-UV-VIS method. The reactions were conducted under three different pH conditions. HPLC-MS measurements confirmed the structure of the formed adducts. The chalcones reacted with both thiols under all incubation conditions. The initial rate and composition of the equilibrium mixtures depended on the ratio of the deprotonated form of the thiols. In the reaction of 4-methoxychalcone with N-acetylcysteine under strongly basic conditions, transformation of the kinetic adduct into the thermodynamically more stable one was observed. Addition of S-protonated N-acetylcysteine onto the polar double bonds of the chalcones showed different degrees of diastereoselectivity. Both chalcones showed a Michael-type addition reaction with the ionized and non-ionized forms of the investigated thiols. The initial reactivity of the chalcones and the equilibrium composition of the incubates showed a positive correlation with the degree of ionization of the thiols. Conversions showed systematic differences under each set of conditions. The observed differences can hint at the difference in reported biological actions of 4-methyl- and 4-methoxy-substituted chalcones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kenari
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (F.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Szilárd Molnár
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (F.K.); (S.M.)
- Research Institute for Viticulture and Oenology, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Pál Perjési
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Pécs, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary; (F.K.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-72-503-650
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Achimón F, Brito VD, Pizzolitto RP, Ramirez Sanchez A, Gómez EA, Zygadlo JA. Chemical composition and antifungal properties of commercial essential oils against the maize phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides. Rev Argent Microbiol 2021; 53:292-303. [PMID: 33546971 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the chemical composition of Curcuma longa, Pimenta dioica, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils (EOs) and their antifungal and anti-conidiogenic activity against Fusarium verticillioides. The chemical profile of the EOs was determined by GC/MS. The antifungal and anti-conidiogenic activities were evaluated by the agar dilution method. The tested concentrations were 1000ppm, 500ppm, 250ppm and 125ppm. S. aromaticum EO exhibited the highest antifungal effect, followed by P. dioica and to a lesser extent C. longa. The major compounds of these EOs were eugenol (88.70% in S. aromaticum and 16.70% in P. dioica), methyl eugenol (53.09% in P. dioica), and α-turmerone (44.70%), β-turmerone (20.67%), and Ar-turmerone (17.27%) in C. longa. Rosmarinus officinalis poorly inhibited fungal growth; however, it was the only EO that inhibited conidial production, with its major components being 1,8-cineole (53.48%), α-pinene (15.65%), and (-)-camphor (9.57%). Our results showed that some compounds are capable of decreasing mycelial growth without affecting sporulation, and vice versa. However, not all the compounds of an EO are responsible for its bioactivity. In the present work, we were able to identify different major compounds or mixtures of major compounds that were responsible for antifungal and anti-conidiogenic effects. Further experiments combining these pure components are necessary in order to achieve a highly bioactive natural formulation against the phytopathogenic fungus F. verticillioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Achimón
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Vanessa D Brito
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Romina P Pizzolitto
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina.
| | | | - Elisa A Gómez
- Instituto de Innovación en Biotecnología e Industria (IIBI), Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Julio A Zygadlo
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV), CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (ICTA), Av. Vélez Sarsfield 1611, X5016GCA Córdoba, Argentina
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26
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Tocmo R, Veenstra J, Huang Y, Johnson JJ. Covalent Modification of Proteins by Plant-Derived Natural Products: Proteomic Approaches and Biological Impacts. Proteomics 2021; 21:e1900386. [PMID: 32949481 PMCID: PMC8494383 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201900386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived natural products (NPs) with electrophilic functional groups engage various subsets of the proteome via covalent modification of nucleophilic cysteine residues. This electrophile-nucleophile interaction can change protein conformation, alter protein function, and modulate their biological action. The biological significance of these covalent protein modifications in health and disease is increasingly recognized. One way to understand covalent NP-protein interactions is to utilize traditional proteomics and modern mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic strategies. These strategies have proven effective in uncovering specific NP protein targets and are critical first steps that allow for a much deeper understanding of the ability of NPs to modulate cellular processes. Here, plant-derived NPs that covalently modify proteins are reviewed, the biological significance of these covalent modifications, and the different proteomic strategies that have been employed to study these NP-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Restituto Tocmo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois-Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jacob Veenstra
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois-Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yunying Huang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois-Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 621 Harbour Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Jeremy James Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois-Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Kolińska J, Grzelakowska A. Characterization of a novel styrylbenzimidazolium-based dye and its application in the detection of biothiols. LUMINESCENCE 2020; 36:409-417. [PMID: 33025655 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A novel styrylbenzimidazolium dye containing a maleimide group 5 was synthesized and characterized using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The photophysical properties [ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) light absorption and fluorescence spectra, fluorescence quantum yield, and fluorescence lifetime] were investigated. Spectroscopic characterization of the novel styrylbenzimidazolium-based dye under various conditions is presented and its usefulness to detect biothiols proved. The addition of biothiols [l-cysteine (l-Cys), l-homocysteine (l-Hcy), l-glutathione (l-GSH)] to compound 5 in phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4) containing 10% CH3 CN induced a 15-28-fold enhancement in fluorescence intensity at 410 nm. The limits of detection of compound 5 for l-Cys, l-Hcy, and l-GSH were estimated as 0.114, 0.118, and 0.059 μM, respectively. Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of 5 using the PrestoBlue assay for HeLa cells was also determined. The examined compound revealed a slight cytotoxicity against HeLa cells under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Kolińska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Grzelakowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, Lodz, Poland
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28
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Al-Otaibi JS, Almuqrin AH, Mary YS, Mary YS. Comprehensive quantum mechanical studies on three bioactive anastrozole based triazole analogues and their SERS active graphene complex. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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29
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Mesci S, Gül M, Eryılmaz S, Lis T, Szafert S, Yıldırım T. Antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of isoindole compounds in breast cancer cells (MCF-7). J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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30
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Shinkai Y, Kumagai Y. Sulfane Sulfur in Toxicology: A Novel Defense System Against Electrophilic Stress. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:3-9. [PMID: 30985901 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrophiles can undergo covalent modification of cellular proteins associated with its dysfunction, thereby exerting toxicity. Small nucleophilic molecules such as glutathione protect cells from electrophilic insult by binding covalently to electrophiles to form adducts that are excreted into the extracellular space. Recent studies indicate that sulfane sulfur, which is defined as a sulfur atom with 6 valence electrons and no charge, plays an essential role in protection against electrophile toxicity because sulfane sulfur can be highly nucleophilic compared to the corresponding thiol group. Advances in the development of assays to detect sulfane sulfur have revealed that sulfane sulfur-containing molecules such as persulfide/polysulfide species are ubiquitous in cells and tissues. Also, there is growing evidence that the binding of sulfane sulfur to electrophiles forms sulfur adducts as detoxified metabolites. Although the biosynthesis pathways of sulfane sulfur are known, its regulatory function in toxicology is still unclear. This review outlines the current knowledge of the synthesis, chemical properties, detection methods, interactions with electrophiles, and toxicological significance of sulfane sulfur, as well as suggesting directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shinkai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Ibaraki, Japan
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31
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Hatherell S, Baltazar MT, Reynolds J, Carmichael PL, Dent M, Li H, Ryder S, White A, Walker P, Middleton AM. Identifying and Characterizing Stress Pathways of Concern for Consumer Safety in Next-Generation Risk Assessment. Toxicol Sci 2020; 176:11-33. [PMID: 32374857 PMCID: PMC7357173 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many substances for which consumer safety risk assessments need to be conducted are not associated with specific toxicity modes of action, but rather exhibit nonspecific toxicity leading to cell stress. In this work, a cellular stress panel is described, consisting of 36 biomarkers representing mitochondrial toxicity, cell stress, and cell health, measured predominantly using high content imaging. To evaluate the panel, data were generated for 13 substances at exposures consistent with typical use-case scenarios. These included some that have been shown to cause adverse effects in a proportion of exposed humans and have a toxicological mode-of-action associated with cellular stress (eg, doxorubicin, troglitazone, and diclofenac), and some that are not associated with adverse effects due to cellular stress at human-relevant exposures (eg, caffeine, niacinamide, and phenoxyethanol). For each substance, concentration response data were generated for each biomarker at 3 timepoints. A Bayesian model was then developed to quantify the evidence for a biological response, and if present, a credibility range for the estimated point of departure (PoD) was determined. PoDs were compared with the plasma Cmax associated with the typical substance exposures, and indicated a clear differentiation between "low" risk and "high" risk chemical exposure scenarios. Developing robust methods to characterize the in vitro bioactivity of xenobiotics is an important part of non-animal safety assessment. The results presented in this work show that the cellular stress panel can be used, together with other new approach methodologies, to identify chemical exposures that are protective of consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hatherell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Maria T Baltazar
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Joe Reynolds
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul L Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Matthew Dent
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | | | - Andrew White
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Alistair M Middleton
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
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32
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Nrf2 Activation and Its Coordination with the Protective Defense Systems in Response to Electrophilic Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020545. [PMID: 31952233 PMCID: PMC7013553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular responses mediated by sensor proteins are important for biological defense against electrophilic stresses, such as xenobiotic electrophile exposure. NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) has an essential function as a master regulator of such cytoprotective molecular responses along with sensor protein Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1. This review focuses on Nrf2 activation and its involvement with the protective defense systems under electrophilic stresses integrated with our recent findings that reactive sulfur species (RSS) mediate detoxification of electrophiles. The Nrf2 pathway does not function redundantly with the RSS-generating cystathionine γ-lyase pathway, and vice versa.
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33
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Mayer RJ, Ofial AR. Nucleophilie von Glutathion als Bindeglied zur Reaktivität von Michael‐Akzeptoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Mayer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität München Butenandtstraße 5–13 81377 München Deutschland
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34
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Mayer RJ, Ofial AR. Nucleophilicity of Glutathione: A Link to Michael Acceptor Reactivities. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:17704-17708. [PMID: 31560405 PMCID: PMC6899611 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deprotonated glutathione is among the most potent biological nucleophiles and plays an important physiological role in cellular detoxification by forming covalent conjugates with Michael acceptors. The electrophilicity E of various Michael acceptors was characterized recently according to the Patz-Mayr relation lg k2 =sN (N+E). We now determined the nucleophilic reactivity (N, sN ) of glutathione (GSH) in aqueous solution at 20 °C to connect published GSH reactivities (kGSH ) with Mayr's electrophilicity scale (E). In this way, electrophilicities E of more than 70 Michael acceptors could be estimated, which can now be used to systematically predict novel reactions with the multitude of nucleophiles whose nucleophilicity parameters N/sN are known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Mayer
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
| | - Armin R. Ofial
- Department ChemieLudwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenButenandtstraße 5–1381377MünchenGermany
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35
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Chaves-Filho AB, Yoshinaga MY, Dantas LS, Diniz LR, Pinto IFD, Miyamoto S. Mass Spectrometry Characterization of Thiol Conjugates Linked to Polyoxygenated Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Species. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2028-2041. [PMID: 31496224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical mediated oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is known to generate a series of polyoxygenated cyclic products (PUFA-On, n ≥ 3). Here, we describe the characterization of glutathione (GSH) conjugates bound to polyoxygenated docosahexaenoic (DHA-On, n = 3-9), arachidonic (ARA-On, n = 3-7), α-linolenic (ALA-O3), and linoleic (LA-O3) acid species. Similar conjugates were also characterized for N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Extensive LC-MS/MS characterization using a synthetic α-linolenic hydroxy-endoperoxide (ALA-O3) derivative revealed at least two types of mechanisms leading to thiol adduction: a mechanism involving the nucleophilic attack by thiolate anion on 1,2-dioxolane to form a sulfenate ester-bonded conjugate and a mechanism involving cleavage of the dioxolane to form a α,β-unsaturated carbonyl followed by the Michael addition reaction. Finally, we detected a GSH conjugate with hydroxy-endoperoxide derived from linoleic acid (LA-O3) in mice liver. In summary, our study reveals the formation of a series of thiol conjugates that are bound to highly oxygenated PUFA species. GSH conjugates described in our study may potentially play relevant roles in redox and inflammatory processes, especially under high oxygen tension conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriano B Chaves-Filho
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Marcos Y Yoshinaga
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Lucas S Dantas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Larissa R Diniz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Isabella F D Pinto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
| | - Sayuri Miyamoto
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , São Paulo 05508-000 , Brazil
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36
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Alp Tokat T, Türkmenoğlu B, Güzel Y, Kızılcan DŞ. Investigation of 3D pharmacophore of N-benzyl benzamide molecules of melanogenesis inhibitors using a new descriptor Klopman index: uncertainties in model. J Mol Model 2019; 25:247. [PMID: 31342175 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4120-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We used a new descriptor called the Klopman index in our software of the "molecular comparative electron topology" (MCET) method to reduce the uncertainty resulting from the descriptors used in QSAR studies. The 3D pharmacophore model (3D-PhaM), which can demonstrate three-dimensional interaction between the ligand -receptor (L-R), is only possible with local reactive descriptors (LRD). The Klopman index, containing both Coulombic and frontier orbital and interactions of atoms of the ligand, is a good LRD. Molecular conformers having the best matching atoms with the template conformer can be selected as one of the most suitable spatial structures for interaction with the receptor, and the LRD values of the atoms in this conformer serve to determine 3D-PhaM. The 3D-PhaM of the N-benzyl benzamide derivatives, such as the melanogenesis inhibitor, was determined by ligand-based MCET and confirmed by the structure-based FlexX docking method. For compounds of the training set (42) and the external cross validation test set (6), the Q2 (0.862) and R2 (0.913) of the statistical parameters were calculated, respectively, and were checked by rm2 (0.85) of the stringent validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğba Alp Tokat
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Burçin Türkmenoğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Yahya Güzel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Dilek Şeyma Kızılcan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Erciyes University, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey
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37
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Ikeda M, Ishima Y, Chuang VTG, Sakai M, Osafune H, Ando H, Shimizu T, Okuhira K, Watanabe H, Maruyama T, Otagiri M, Akaike T, Ishida T. Distribution of Polysulfide in Human Biological Fluids and Their Association with Amylase and Sperm Activities. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091689. [PMID: 31052207 PMCID: PMC6539915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular polysulfide could regulate the redox balance via its anti-oxidant activity. However, the existence of polysulfide in biological fluids still remains unknown. Recently, we developed a quantitative analytical method for polysulfide and discovered that polysulfide exists in plasma and responds to oxidative stress. In this study, we confirmed the presence of polysulfide in other biological fluids, such as semen and nasal discharge. The levels of polysulfide in these biological fluids from healthy volunteers (n = 9) with identical characteristics were compared. Additionally, the circadian rhythm of plasma polysulfide was also investigated. The polysulfide levels detected from nasal discharge and seminal fluid were approximately 400 and 600 μM, respectively. No correlation could be found between plasma polysulfide and the polysulfide levels of tear, saliva, and nasal discharge. On the other hand, seminal polysulfide was positively correlated with plasma polysulfide, and almost all polysulfide contained in semen was found in seminal fluid. Intriguingly, saliva and seminal polysulfide strongly correlated with salivary amylase and sperm activities, respectively. These results provide a foundation for scientific breakthroughs in various research areas like infertility and the digestive system process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Victor T G Chuang
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Maki Sakai
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Osafune
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
| | - Hidenori Ando
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
| | - Taro Shimizu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
| | - Keiichiro Okuhira
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Watanabe
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Toru Maruyama
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 5-1 Oe-honmachi, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan.
| | - Masaki Otagiri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sojo University, 4-22-1 Ikeda, Kumamoto 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Tatsuhiro Ishida
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, 1-78-1, Sho-machi, Tokushima 770-8505, Japan.
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Nunes J, Charneira C, Morello J, Rodrigues J, Pereira SA, Antunes AMM. Mass Spectrometry-Based Methodologies for Targeted and Untargeted Identification of Protein Covalent Adducts (Adductomics): Current Status and Challenges. High Throughput 2019; 8:ht8020009. [PMID: 31018479 PMCID: PMC6631461 DOI: 10.3390/ht8020009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein covalent adducts formed upon exposure to reactive (mainly electrophilic) chemicals may lead to the development of a wide range of deleterious health outcomes. Therefore, the identification of protein covalent adducts constitutes a huge opportunity for a better understanding of events underlying diseases and for the development of biomarkers which may constitute effective tools for disease diagnosis/prognosis, for the application of personalized medicine approaches and for accurately assessing human exposure to chemical toxicants. The currently available mass spectrometry (MS)-based methodologies, are clearly the most suitable for the analysis of protein covalent modifications, providing accuracy, sensitivity, unbiased identification of the modified residue and conjugates along with quantitative information. However, despite the huge technological advances in MS instrumentation and bioinformatics tools, the identification of low abundant protein covalent adducts is still challenging. This review is aimed at summarizing the MS-based methodologies currently used for the identification of protein covalent adducts and the strategies developed to overcome the analytical challenges, involving not only sample pre-treatment procedures but also distinct MS and data analysis approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Nunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, ULisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Charneira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, ULisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Judit Morello
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, ULisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - João Rodrigues
- Clarify Analytical, Rua dos Mercadores 128A, 7000-872 Évora, Portugal.
| | - Sofia A Pereira
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1169-006 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Alexandra M M Antunes
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, ULisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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LoPachin RM, Geohagen BC, Nordstroem LU. Mechanisms of soft and hard electrophile toxicities. Toxicology 2019; 418:62-69. [PMID: 30826385 PMCID: PMC6494464 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Electron-deficient chemicals (electrophiles) react with compounds that have one or more unshared valence electron pairs (nucleophiles). The resulting covalent reactions between electrophiles and nucleophiles (e.g., Michael addition, SN2 reactions) are important, not only to Organic Chemistry, but also to the fields of Molecular Biology and Toxicology. Specifically, covalent bond formation is the operational basis of many critically important cellular processes; e.g., enzyme function, neurotransmitter release, and membrane-vesicle fusion. Given this context it is understandable that these reactions are also relevant to Toxicology, since a significant number of xenobiotic chemicals are toxic electrophiles that can react with endogenous nucleophilic residues. Therefore, the purpose of this Review is to discuss electrophile-nucleophile chemistry as it pertains to cell injury and resulting organ toxicity. Our discussion will involve an introduction to the Hard and Soft, Acids and Bases (HSAB) theory of Pearson. The HSAB concept provides a framework for calculation of quantum chemical parameters that classify the electrophile and nucleophile covalent components according to their respective electronic nature (softness/hardness) and reactivity (electrophilicity/nucleophilicity). The calculated quantum indices in conjunction with corroborative in vivo, in chemico (cell free) and in vitro research can offer an illuminating approach to mechanistic discovery. Accordingly, we will provide examples that demonstrate how this approach has been used to discern mechanisms and sites of electrophile action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M LoPachin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 E. 210th St, Bronx NY 10467, United States.
| | - Brian C Geohagen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 111 E. 210th St, Bronx NY 10467, United States
| | - Lars U Nordstroem
- The Chemical Synthesis & Biology Core Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
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40
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Abstract
Targeted covalent modification is assuming consolidated importance in drug discovery. In this context, the electrophilic tuning of redox-dependent cell signaling is attracting major interest, as it opens prospect for treating numerous pathologic conditions. Herein, we discuss the rationale and the issues of electrophile-based approaches, focusing on the transcriptional Nrf2-Keap1 pathway as a test case. We also highlight relevant medicinal chemistry strategies researchers have devised to meet the ambitious goal, dwelling on the investigational and therapeutic potential of modulating redox-signaling networks through regulatory cysteine switches.
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41
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Chung AJ, Deore PS, Al-Abdul-Wahid S, Aboelnga MM, Wetmore SD, Manderville RA. Acceptor Influence on Thiolate Sensing by Hemicyanine Dyes. J Org Chem 2019; 84:2261-2268. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Chung
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Prashant S. Deore
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sameer Al-Abdul-Wahid
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mohamed M. Aboelnga
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Stacey D. Wetmore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Richard A. Manderville
- Departments of Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
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42
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Geohagen BC, Korsharskyy B, Vydyanatha A, Nordstroem L, LoPachin RM. Phloretin cytoprotection and toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 296:117-123. [PMID: 30287234 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Phloretin (Phl) is a dihydrochalcone flavonoid with significant cytoprotective properties; e.g., free radical trapping, electrophile scavenging. Based on this, it has been suggested that Phl might be useful in the treatment of pathogenic processes and prevention of drug toxicities. Therefore, we determined the ability of Phl to provide route- and dose-dependent hepatoprotection in a mouse model of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of Phl produced a bimodal effect; i.e., the highest dose (2.40 mmol/kg) did not prevent APAP-induced lethality, whereas lower doses (0.2-0.4 mmol/kg) afforded modest hepatoprotection. When given alone, the highest i.p. Phl dose was lethal within 24 h, whereas the lower doses were not toxic. Oral Phl (0.40-2.40 mmol/kg) did not prevent APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. The highest oral dose given alone (2.4 mmol/kg) produced 64% lethality, whereas lower doses were not lethal. This toxicity profile was reflected in a study using APAP-exposed isolated mouse hepatocytes, which showed that the Phl pharmacophores, 1,3,5-trihydroxyacetophenone (PG) and 2',4',6'-trihydroxyacetophenone (THA) where protective. Corroborative cell free studies showed that polyphenol protectants prevented glutathione loss mediated by the APAP metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). Thus, in spite of possessing cytoprotective attributes, Phl was generally toxic in our APAP models. These and earlier findings suggest that Phl is not a candidate for drug design. In contrast, we have found that the enol-forming pharmacophores, THA and PG, are potential platforms for pharmacotherapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C Geohagen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Boris Korsharskyy
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Amaresh Vydyanatha
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lars Nordstroem
- The Chemical Synthesis & Biology Core Facility, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Richard M LoPachin
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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43
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Abstract
The concept of cell signaling in the context of nonenzyme-assisted protein modifications by reactive electrophilic and oxidative species, broadly known as redox signaling, is a uniquely complex topic that has been approached from numerous different and multidisciplinary angles. Our Review reflects on five aspects critical for understanding how nature harnesses these noncanonical post-translational modifications to coordinate distinct cellular activities: (1) specific players and their generation, (2) physicochemical properties, (3) mechanisms of action, (4) methods of interrogation, and (5) functional roles in health and disease. Emphasis is primarily placed on the latest progress in the field, but several aspects of classical work likely forgotten/lost are also recollected. For researchers with interests in getting into the field, our Review is anticipated to function as a primer. For the expert, we aim to stimulate thought and discussion about fundamentals of redox signaling mechanisms and nuances of specificity/selectivity and timing in this sophisticated yet fascinating arena at the crossroads of chemistry and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Parvez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of
Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Marcus J. C. Long
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Jesse R. Poganik
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Yimon Aye
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne,
Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New
York, New York, 10065, USA
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Wijeyesakere SJ, Wilson DM, Settivari R, Auernhammer TR, Parks AK, Marty MS. Development of a Profiler for Facile Chemical Reactivity Using the Open-Source Konstanz Information Miner. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2017.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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45
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Proteomic Analysis of Thiol Modifications and Assessment of Structural Changes in Hemoglobin Induced by the Aniline Metabolites N-Phenylhydroxylamine and Nitrosobenzene. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14794. [PMID: 29093547 PMCID: PMC5665987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14653-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MS-based proteomic analysis was combined with in silico quantum mechanical calculations to improve understanding of protein adduction by N-phenylhydroxylamine (PhNHOH) and nitrosobenzene (NOB), metabolic products of aniline. In vitro adduction of model peptides containing nucleophilic sidechains (Cys, His, and Lys) and selected proteins (bovine and human hemoglobin and β-lactoglobulin-A) were characterized. Peptide studies identified the Cys thiolate as the most reactive nucleophile for these metabolites, a result consistent with in silico calculations of reactivity parameters. For PhNHOH, sulfinamides were identified as the primary adduction products, which were stable following tryptic digestion. Conversely, reactions with NOB yielded an additional oxidized adduct, the sulfonamide. In vitro exposure of human whole blood to PhNHOH and NOB demonstrated that only sulfinamides were formed. In addition to previously reported adduction of β93Cys of human Hb, two novel sites of adduction were found; α104Cys and β112Cys. We also report CD and UV-Vis spectroscopy studies of adducted human Hb that revealed loss of α-helical content and deoxygenation. The results provide additional understanding of the covalent interaction of aromatic amine metabolites with protein nucleophiles.
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Diacetyl and related flavorant α-Diketones: Biotransformation, cellular interactions, and respiratory-tract toxicity. Toxicology 2017; 388:21-29. [PMID: 28179188 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diacetyl and related α-diketones causes respiratory-tract damage in humans and experimental animals. Chemical toxicity is often associated with covalent modification of cellular nucleophiles by electrophilic chemicals. Electrophilic α-diketones may covalently modify nucleophilic arginine residues in critical proteins and, thereby, produce the observed respiratory-tract pathology. The major pathway for the biotransformation of α-diketones is reduction to α-hydroxyketones (acyloins), which is catalyzed by NAD(P)H-dependent enzymes of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) and the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamilies. Reduction of α-diketones to the less electrophilic acyloins is a detoxication pathway for α-diketones. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex may play a significant role in the biotransformation of diacetyl to CO2. The interaction of toxic electrophilic chemicals with cellular nucleophiles can be predicted by the hard and soft, acids and bases (HSAB) principle. Application of the HSAB principle to the interactions of electrophilic α-diketones with cellular nucleophiles shows that α-diketones react preferentially with arginine residues. Furthermore, the respiratory-tract toxicity and the quantum-chemical reactivity parameters of diacetyl and replacement flavorant α-diketones are similar. Hence, the identified replacement flavorant α-diketones may pose a risk of flavorant-induced respiratory-tract toxicity. The calculated indices for the reaction of α-diketones with arginine support the hypothesis that modification of protein-bound arginine residues is a critical event in α-diketone-induced respiratory-tract toxicity.
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47
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Farina M, Aschner M. Methylmercury-Induced Neurotoxicity: Focus on Pro-oxidative Events and Related Consequences. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 18:267-286. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60189-2_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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48
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Kumagai Y, Abiko Y. Environmental Electrophiles: Protein Adducts, Modulation of Redox Signaling, and Interaction with Persulfides/Polysulfides. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:203-219. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshito Kumagai
- Environmental Biology Section, Faculty
of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yumi Abiko
- Environmental Biology Section, Faculty
of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
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49
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Burcham PC. Acrolein and Human Disease: Untangling the Knotty Exposure Scenarios Accompanying Several Diverse Disorders. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:145-161. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip C. Burcham
- Pharmacology, Pharmacy & Anaesthesiology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6007, Australia
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