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Tanibuchi Y, Omiya S, Usami T, Matsumoto T. Clinical characteristics of over-the-counter (OTC) drug abusers in psychiatric practice in Japan: Comparison of single and multiple OTC product abusers. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2024; 44:176-186. [PMID: 38299253 PMCID: PMC10932778 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the clinical characteristics of over-the-counter (OTC) drug abusers in psychiatric practice in Japan. METHOD We examined the attributes, ICD-10 subcategory, and comorbid mental disorders of patients who mainly abuse OTC products and compared the clinical characteristics of single product and multiple products abusers, using the database of the "2022 Nationwide Mental Hospital Survey of Drug-related Disorders." RESULTS Among the 2468 subjects included in this survey, 273 (11.1%) used OTC products as main drugs. Of these, 209 (78.3%) and 58 (21.7%) were classified into the single product group and the multiple products group, respectively. Six were excluded for unknown ingredients. By comparing these groups, we found that many of the multiple products group consisted of young women who were recently treated for drug problems. Many subjects in the group also had a short treatment period. No differences were observed between the groups regarding the ICD-10 F1 subcategory, but many subjects in the multiple products group fulfilled the criteria of F6 "disorders of adult personality and behavior." CONCLUSION OTC products are easily accessible drugs of abuse for young women in Japan. The results of this study indicate the necessity to reconsider the educational approach for preventing drug abuse, which has focused on illicit drugs. The study also indicates that some OTC products, which contain ingredients banned overseas due to their harmful effects, are still sold in Japan and that abusers for those products exist. Measures by the government are considered urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Tanibuchi
- Chiba HospitalFunabashiJapan
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental HealthNational Center of Neurology and PsychiatryKodairaJapan
| | - Soichiro Omiya
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental HealthNational Center of Neurology and PsychiatryKodairaJapan
- Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of EducationJoetsu University of EducationJoetsuJapan
| | - Takashi Usami
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental HealthNational Center of Neurology and PsychiatryKodairaJapan
- Kitakyushu Municipal Mental Health Welfare CenterKitakyushuJapan
| | - Toshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Drug Dependence Research, National Institute of Mental HealthNational Center of Neurology and PsychiatryKodairaJapan
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Kelly AB, Munnings A, Zhao X, Rowland B, Laurens KR, Campbell M, Williams J, Bailey JA, Killingly C, Abimanyi-Ochom J, Kremer P, Toumbourou JW. Polydrug use in Australian 12-14 year olds from 2006 to 2017: an examination of drug use profiles, emotional control problems, and family relationship characteristics. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2023.2174705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian B. Kelly
- Centre for Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Child Health and Well-being (Childhood Adversity, Mental Health, and Resilience Theme), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrew Munnings
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xiang Zhao
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Bosco Rowland
- School of Psychology and Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and the Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristin R. Laurens
- Centre for Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Centre for Child Health and Well-being (Childhood Adversity, Mental Health, and Resilience Theme), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Marilyn Campbell
- Centre for Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Early Childhood and Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joanne Williams
- School of Health, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jen A. Bailey
- Social Developmental Research Group, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Callula Killingly
- Centre for Inclusive Education, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Julie Abimanyi-Ochom
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter Kremer
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John W. Toumbourou
- School of Psychology and Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
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Amara A, Omri N, Sahli J, Zedini C, El Ouni T, Mtiraoui A, Mallouli M, Ghardalou M. Prevalence and predictors of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug experimentation among Tunisian middle and high school-adolescents. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2023; 35:363-373. [PMID: 37561158 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2022-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Psychoactive substance experimentation among Tunisian adolescents remains one of the most threatening public health concerns. In spite of this, little is known about the prevalence and predictors of these behaviors in the Tunisian context. This study aims to assess the prevalence of tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug experimentation and its predictive factors among adolescents in the delegation of Nfidha, Sousse governorate, Tunisia. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional study in middle and high schools in the delegation of Nfidha, Sousse governorate, Tunisia, during the first trimester of the 2019-2020 school year using an anonymous questionnaire self-administered to a randomly drawn representative sample of 1,352 pupils. Data collected included socio-demographic characteristics, substance experimentation among school-adolescents, academic performance as well as family and peer' factors. RESULTS Tobacco was the most commonly experimented substance with a prevalence rate of 17.5 % (CI 95 %: 14.8-18.8 %). The prevalence of alcohol and illicit drugs use were 3.3 % [CI 95 %: (2.1-3.9 %)] and 2 % [CI 95 %: (1.1-2.6 %)] respectively. Being male (Adjusted (AOR)=4.09, p<0.001), being a high school pupil (AOR=2.81, p<0.001), having experiencing academic failure (AOR=1.60, p=0.007) and having a father and siblings who use tobacco (AOR=1.72, p=0.002; AOR=2.03, p=0.001 respectively) were the predictors of tobacco experimentation in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. Additionally, being male (AOR=8.40, p<0.001), having experienced academic failure (AOR=2.76, p=0.017) as well as having a father and siblings who use alcohol (AOR=5.90, p<0.001; AOR=3.03, p=0.045 respectively) and having experienced tobacco (AOR=4.28, p<0.001) were the determinants of alcohol experimentation. Similarly, having a history of academic failure (AOR=3.44, p=0.041), having peers who use illicit drugs (AOR=3.22, p=0.028), having a history of tobacco and alcohol experimentation (AOR=6.52, p<0.001; AOR=3.49, p=0.046 respectively) were the predictors of illicit drug experimentation among adolescents. CONCLUSIONS A substantial number of socio-demographic and environmental factors have been identified as being involved in experimentation with psychoactive substance during adolescence. Therefore, further prevention programs targeting not only adolescents, but also all risk factors are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Amara
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nihel Omri
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Sahli
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Chakib Zedini
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Tasnim El Ouni
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ali Mtiraoui
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Manel Mallouli
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Ghardalou
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory LR12ES03, Sousse, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
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Al Ali NM, Khazaaleh FK. Assessment of food consumption, smoking, alcohol use, and physical activity by sex and major of study among a sample of college students in Jordan. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16405. [PMID: 37274724 PMCID: PMC10238686 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the food frequency and health-related risk behaviors based on gender and major of study (health and non-health majors) in a sample of undergraduate university students. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 708 undergraduate university students (37.4% males; 62.6% females) with a mean age of 20.88(SD = 2.20), ranging from 18 to 37 years from five universities. A self-reported questionnaire was administered in the university classrooms to collect data. Results showed that 47.3% of students reported consuming fruits and vegetables (38.1%), and 54% reported consuming unhealthy foods at least once in the preceding 24 h. About 16% of the students were cigarette smokers, 17% were waterpipe smokers, and slightly more than 4% were alcohol consumers. Significant associations were found between the participants based on their sexes, and study majors (P < 0.001). Male students smoked and consumed alcohol at significantly higher rates than female students. As with regards to the physical activity in the preceding week, students had not carried out any stretching activities (52.8%), strengthening activities (62.4%), cycling (35%), or taken part in any physical activity classes (68.4%). The rates of physical activity were significantly higher among male students than female students (p < 0.001). The results showed that non-health major students differ from those in health majors in the consumption of cigarettes (p < 0.001) and waterpipe smoking (p = 0.027). Students in non-health majors were more likely than students in health majors to have carried out stretching activities (p = 0.021) and participated in physical activity classes (p = 0.02). Our findings highlighted the importance of identifying health-related risk behaviors among university students to develop a health-promoting intervention tailored to a specific group of students considering their sex and study majors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla Mansour Al Ali
- Associate Professor Community and Mental Health Department/Faculty of Nursing Jordan University of Science & Technology P.O.Box:3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Fatima Khazaal Khazaaleh
- Community and Mental Health Department/Faculty of Nursing, Jordan University of Science & Technology, P.O.Box:3030 Irbid 22110 Jordan
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Gill A, Felker-Kantor E, Cunningham-Myrie C, Greene LG, Lyew-Ayee P, Atkinson U, Abel W, Anderson SG, Theall KP. Neighborhoods and adolescent polysubstance use in Jamaica. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14297. [PMID: 36815978 PMCID: PMC9933737 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to identify latent classes of polysubstance use among adolescents in Jamaica and the role of neighborhood factors in the association with polysubstance use class membership. Methods This secondary analysis utilized a national cross-sectional household drug use survey conducted across 357 households in Jamaica (April 2016-July 2016) among a total of 4,625 individuals. A total of 750 adolescents (11-17 years) were included in this analysis. Latent class analysis (LCA) was conducted to identify polysubstance use patterns as well as latent neighborhood constructs. Neighborhood factors included social disorganization, concentrated disadvantage, community resources, community violence, and police station concentration. Multinomial regression analysis was implemented to evaluate the association between polysubstance use class membership and latent classes of neighborhood factors. Result The prevalence of lifetime polysubstance use was 27.56%. Four classes of polysubstance use were identified by comparing a series of five class models. The Bootstrap Likelihood Ratio Test (BLRT) indicated a good fit for the four-class model (<0.001). The prevalence of alcohol latent classes was: (1) heavy alcohol users and experimental smokers (Class I) (15.20%), (2) most hazardous polysubstance users (Class II) (5.33%), (3) heavy smokers and moderate alcohol users (Class III) (7.07%), and (4) experimental alcohol users (Class IV) (72.44%). Three classes of neighborhoods were identified by comparing a series of four-class models. The prevalence of the neighborhood classes was: (1) low social disorganization and disadvantage (Class I) (58.93%), (2) high social disorganization and moderate disadvantage (Class II) (10.93%), and (3) high social disorganization related to perceived drug use and disadvantage (Class III) (30.13%). The BLRT indicated a good fit for the three-class model (p = < 0.004). Multinomial regression analysis indicated that adolescents living in neighborhoods with high disorder and moderate disadvantage (Class II) were 2.43 times (odds ratio (OR)) = 2.43, confidence interval (CI)) = 1.30-4.56) more likely to be heavy alcohol users and experimental smokers (Class I) compared to experimental alcohol users, adjusting for sex, age, ethnicity, religion, and income. Class II of neighborhood classes presented with the highest levels of community violence (100%), perceived disorder crime (64.6%), police station concentration (6.7%), and community resources (low resources is 87.6%), while the concentrated disadvantage was moderate (14.8%). Conclusions Alcohol polysubstance use latent classes were identified among youth in this context. Neighborhoods with high disorder and moderate disadvantage (Class II) were associated with a higher likelihood of polysubstance use. The role of neighborhood conditions in shaping adolescent polysubstance use should be considered in policy, prevention, and treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Gill
- Department of Social, Behavioural and Population Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Erica Felker-Kantor
- Department of Social, Behavioural and Population Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Colette Cunningham-Myrie
- Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Lisa-Gaye Greene
- Mona Geoinformatics Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Parris Lyew-Ayee
- Mona Geoinformatics Institute, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Uki Atkinson
- Ministry of Health and Wellness, National Council on Drug Abuse, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Wendel Abel
- Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, Jamaica
| | - Simon G. Anderson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,The George Alleyne Chronic Disease Research Centre, Caribbean Institute of Health Research, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados
| | - Katherine P. Theall
- Department of Social, Behavioural and Population Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
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Olashore AA, Paruk S, Maphorisa T, Mosupiemang B. Pattern of substance use and substance use disorder in adolescent learners at public secondary schools in Gaborone, Botswana. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268961. [PMID: 36084095 PMCID: PMC9462716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Substance use amongst adolescents remains a global public health challenge. The potential negative health outcomes of substance use suggest the need to understand the pattern of use and the associated factors among adolescents. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of substance use, SUDs, and PD and the associated factors in adolescent learners at public schools in Gaborone, Botswana.
Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted at 13 public secondary schools in Gaborone among 742 students. Assessment tools included the World Health Organization drug questionnaire, DSM-5 interview for SUD, and the General Health Questionnaire-12.
Results
The mean age (SD) of the participants was 15.26 (1.57) years, and there were more females (55.5%). Over two-fifths (44.6%) of learners reported psychoactive substance use in the past 12 months, and 31.5% meeting DSM 5 criteria for a SUD. Alcohol was the most used psychoactive substance (25.1%). Male gender (AOR = 1.94; 95% CI: 1.26–2.995), having a friend (AOR = 4.27; 95% CI: 2.68–6.78), or father (AOR = 1.87; 95% CI: 1.14–3.04), who uses substance, and higher levels of PD (AOR = 1.09; 95% CI: 1.03–1.17) remained significantly associated with SUD. Regular participation in religious activities negatively correlated with SUD (AOR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38–0.96).
Conclusion
The high prevalence of substance use and SUDs among in-school adolescents is concerning. Substance use programs need to include family-focused and religious-based therapy and youth empowerment in developing positive peer relationships. Also, they should be integrated with mental health screening to assess comorbid PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony A. Olashore
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Saeeda Paruk
- Department of Psychiatry, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Taboka Maphorisa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
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Boer OD, El Marroun H, H A Franken I. Brain Morphology Predictors of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Cannabis Use in Adolescence: A Systematic Review. Brain Res 2022; 1795:148020. [PMID: 35853511 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, extensive research has emerged on the predictive value of brain morphology for substance use initiation and related problems during adolescence. This systematic review provides an overview of longitudinal studies on pre-existing brain variations and later initiation of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use (N = 18). Adolescent structural neuroimaging studies that started before substance use initiation suggest that a smaller anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) volume, thicker or smaller superior frontal gyrus, and larger nucleus accumbens (NAcc) volume are associated with future alcohol use. Also, both smaller and larger orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) volumes were associated with future cannabis and combined alcohol/cannabis use. Smaller amygdala volumes were related to future daily tobacco smoking. These findings could point to specific vulnerabilities for adolescent substance use, as these brain areas are involved in cognitive control (ACC), reward (NAcc), motivation (OFC), and emotional memory (amygdala). However, the reported findings were inconsistent in directionality and laterality, and the largest study on alcohol use predictors reported null findings. Therefore, large population-based longitudinal studies should investigate the robustness and mechanisms of these associations. We suggested future research directions regarding sample selection, timing of baseline and follow-up measurements, and a harmonization approach of study methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga D Boer
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Hanan El Marroun
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Erasmus MC, Sophia Children's Hospital, 3000 CB, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ingmar H A Franken
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Science, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Goodwin SR, Moskal D, Marks RM, Clark AE, Squeglia LM, Roche DJO. A Scoping Review of Gender, Sex and Sexuality Differences in Polysubstance Use in Adolescents and Adults. Alcohol Alcohol 2022; 57:292-321. [PMID: 35284931 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polysubstance use is a common, problematic behavior that increases risk of harm to self and others. Research suggests that rates may vary based on gender, sex and sexuality. Understanding the current state of this literature may inform prevention and treatment of polysubstance use, leading to reduced public health burden. OBJECTIVES This review aimed to synthesize research on gender, sex and sexuality differences in polysubstance use in adults and adolescents. METHODS A scoping review was conducted using all EBSCO databases, PubMed and Google Scholar to identify articles examining the effects of gender, sex and sexuality on polysubstance use. Polysubstance use was defined broadly as the use of any combination of substances over any time period and included licit (alcohol, tobacco) and illicit substances, concurrent and simultaneous use, from lifetime to daily use and use at any frequency. Studies were considered if they were published in peer-reviewed journals between January 1990 and October 2020 and were written in English. Publicly available data sources were also utilized to fully capture prevalence data that has not been published elsewhere. RESULTS Findings were mostly inconsistent and often conflicting. Only two findings were generally consistent: adult men were overall more likely to report polysubstance use than adult women, and sexual and gender minorities report more frequent polysubstance use than non-minorities. CONCLUSIONS Research has been unable to clearly elucidate differences in polysubstance use prevalence and patterns according to gender, sex and sexuality. Several recommendations are offered to advance future research and address limitations of current research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby R Goodwin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Dezarie Moskal
- VA Center for Integrated Healthcare, VA Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA.,Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14215, USA
| | - Russell M Marks
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Ashton E Clark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lindsay M Squeglia
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Daniel J O Roche
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Johann D. Perceptions of Scientific Authorship Revisited: Country Differences and the Impact of Perceived Publication Pressure. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2022; 28:10. [PMID: 35199218 PMCID: PMC8866300 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-021-00356-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Relying on data collected by the Zurich Survey of Academics (ZSoA), a unique representative online survey among academics in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland (DACH region), this paper replicates Johann and Mayer's (Minerva 57(2):175-196, 2019) analysis of researchers' perceptions of scientific authorship and expands their scope. The primary goals of the study at hand are to learn more about (a) country differences in perceptions of scientific authorship, as well as (b) the influence of perceived publication pressure on authorship perceptions. The results indicate that academics in Switzerland interpret scientific authorship more leniently than their colleagues in Germany and Austria. The findings further indicate that, as perceived pressure to publish increases, researchers are more likely to belong to a group of academics who hold the view that any type of contribution/task justifies co-authorship, including even those contributions/tasks that do not justify co-authorship according to most authorship guidelines. In summary, the present study suggests that action is required to harmonize regulations for scientific authorship and to improve the research culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Johann
- ETH Library, ETH Zurich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Sociology, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, 8050, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Horváth Z, Király O, Demetrovics Z, Németh Á, Várnai D, Urbán R. Polysubstance Use Is Positively Associated with Gaming Disorder Symptom Severity: A Latent Class Analytical Study. Eur Addict Res 2022; 28:12-22. [PMID: 34284387 DOI: 10.1159/000517042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The link between gaming disorder (GD) and substance use amongst adolescents is not clear. Some studies reported positive associations, whereas others suggested that alcohol and illicit drug use are not related to GD severity. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to identify empirically based latent classes of alcohol and illicit drug use amongst adolescents and explore their associations with GD symptom severity and whether endorsement of specific criteria of GD is linked to the membership of latent classes of alcohol and illicit drug use. METHODS Data of the national sample of Hungarian adolescents from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey (N = 2,768; females: 52.08%; mean age: 16.73 years) were analysed. Measures for frequency of alcohol and illicit drug use, gaming, GD symptom severity, and life satisfaction were included in the analyses. RESULTS Latent class analysis discriminated 4 subgroups of alcohol and illicit drug use: polysubstance users, high-risk alcohol users, moderate alcohol users, and infrequent substance users. Polysubstance users presented significantly higher levels of GD symptom severity and higher odds for endorsement of criteria of "giving up other activities" and "negative consequences." CONCLUSIONS Positive associations were shown between higher GD severity and the polysubstance using class. The roles of criteria of "giving up other activities" and "negative consequences" were highlighted in more severe substance use patterns. However, GD severity and criteria did not differ as a function of the level of alcohol use. These findings may imply common roots of GD and illicit drug use in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Horváth
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar, Gibraltar
| | - Ágnes Németh
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dóra Várnai
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Liu Z, Liu R, Zhang Y, Zhang R, Liang L, Wang Y, Wei Y, Zhu R, Wang F. Latent class analysis of depression and anxiety among medical students during COVID-19 epidemic. BMC Psychiatry 2021; 21:498. [PMID: 34641795 PMCID: PMC8506472 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-021-03459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a global public health emergency that has caused worldwide concern. The mental health of medical students under the COVID-19 epidemic has attracted much attention. This study aims to identify subgroups of medical students based on depression and anxiety and explore the influencing factors during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. METHODS A total of 29,663 medical students were recruited during the epidemic of COVID-19 in China. Depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed using Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD7) respectively. Latent class analysis was performed based on depression and anxiety symptoms in medical students. The latent class subtypes were compared using the chi-square test. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine associations between identified classes and related factors. RESULTS In this study, three distinct subgroups were identified, namely, the poor mental health group, the mild mental health group and the low symptoms group. The number of medical students in each class is 4325, 9321 and 16,017 respectively. The multinomial logistic regression results showed that compared with the low symptoms group, the factors influencing depression and anxiety in the poor mental health group and mild mental health group were sex, educational level, drinking, individual psychiatric disorders, family psychiatric disorders, knowledge of COVID-19, fear of being infected, and participate in mental health education on COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that latent class analysis can be used to categorize different medical students according to their depression and anxiety symptoms during the outbreak of COVID-19. The main factors influencing the poor mental health group and the mild mental health group are basic demographic characteristics, disease history, COVID-19 related factors and behavioural lifestyle. School administrative departments can carry out targeted psychological counseling according to different subgroups to promote the physical and mental health of medical students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Liu
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884School of Public health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Rongxun Liu
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412990.70000 0004 1808 322XSchool of Medical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan China
| | - Yue Zhang
- grid.412449.e0000 0000 9678 1884School of Public health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China
| | - Ran Zhang
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Liang
- grid.412636.4Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning China ,grid.443397.e0000 0004 0368 7493Department of Psychology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan China
| | - Yang Wang
- grid.411907.a0000 0001 0441 5842Psychology Institute, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Huhehaote, Inner Mongolia China
| | - Yange Wei
- grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029 People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongxin Zhu
- Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fei Wang
- Early Intervention Unit, Department of Psychiatry, The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Psychiatry and Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China. .,Nanjing Functional Brain Imaging Institute of Nanjing Medical University, 264 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Göbel K, Cohrdes C. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts: profiles of multiple mental health risk factors using Latent class analysis. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2021; 15:27. [PMID: 34127038 PMCID: PMC8204434 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-021-00380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exposure to an accumulation of various risk factors during childhood and adolescence relative to a single risk is associated with poorer mental health. Identification of distinct constellations of risk factors is an essential step towards the development of effective prevention strategies of mental disorders. A Latent class analysis (LCA) extracts different combinations of risk factors or subgroups and examines the association between profiles of multiple risk and mental health outcomes. METHODS The current study used longitudinal survey data (KiGGS) of 10,853 German children, adolescents and young adults. The LCA included 27 robust risk and protective factors across multiple domains for mental health. RESULTS The LCA identified four subgroups of individuals with different risk profiles: a basic-risk (51.4%), high-risk (23.4%), parental-risk (11.8%) and social-risk class (13.4%). Multiple risk factors of the family domain, in particular family instability were associated with negative mental health outcomes (e.g. mental health problems, depression, ADHD) and predominately comprised late adolescent girls. The social environment represented a more common risk domain for young males. CONCLUSION The understanding of multiple risk and different risk "profiles" helps to understand and adjust targeted interventions with a focus on vulnerable groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Göbel
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Mental Health Unit, Robert Koch Institute, General-Pape-Straße 62-66, 12101 Berlin, Germany
- Present Address: Department of Educational Science and Psychology, Division of Developmental Science and Applied Developmental Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Caroline Cohrdes
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Mental Health Unit, Robert Koch Institute, General-Pape-Straße 62-66, 12101 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Evans BE, Kim Y, Hagquist C. A latent class analysis of changes in adolescent substance use between 1988 and 2011 in Sweden: associations with sex and psychosomatic problems. Addiction 2020; 115:1932-1941. [PMID: 32149444 DOI: 10.1111/add.15040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize changes in patterns of adolescent substance use in Sweden between 1988 and 2011, and to assess whether sex and psychosomatic problems were associated with substance use and whether these associations changed over time. DESIGN Secondary analysis of repeated cross-sectional survey data. Survey data were collected eight times and analyzed as four cohorts (1988-91, 1995-98, 2002-05 and 2008-11). SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The sample included all 15-16-year-olds in Värmland County, Sweden (n = 20 057). MEASUREMENTS Binary-coded substance use measures included life-time use of alcohol and tobacco, getting drunk and past school year use of inhalants. An eight-item scale was used to assess psychosomatic problems. FINDINGS A three-class model fitted the data best (i.e. non/low use, mainly alcohol use and polysubstance use). The patterns of substance use were different among cohorts; most notably, adolescents in the last cohort had lower odds of being included in the alcohol and polysubstance use classes rather than the non/low use class than in the earlier cohorts (all Ps < 0.001). Males had higher odds than females of being in the polysubstance use class rather than the non/low use class among the first three cohorts (all Ps < 0.001) but not the last. Sex was not associated with inclusion in the alcohol use class rather than the non/low use class. Adolescents who reported more psychosomatic problems had higher odds of being included in the alcohol and polysubstance use classes rather than the non/low use class (all Ps < 0.001). The associations of sex and psychosomatic problems with class inclusion did not change during the study period. CONCLUSIONS Between 1988 and 2011, patterns of substance use among adolescents in Sweden shifted away from polysubstance use and alcohol use to non-use or low use. Associations between patterns of substance use and sex and psychosomatic problems remained largely consistent across the study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany E Evans
- Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Yunhwan Kim
- Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Curt Hagquist
- Centre for Research on Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden
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14
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How can primary care practitioners address substance use by adolescents? A position paper of the EUROPEAN academy of PAEDIATRICS. Eur J Pediatr 2020; 179:1297-1305. [PMID: 32076808 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-020-03596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this article is to review how primary care providers - paediatricians, family practitioners, nurse practitioners - could address the use of substances by adolescents and respond to problematic behaviours and situations. Given the highly addictive properties of nicotine, adolescents should be supported in avoiding any consumption of tobacco or quitting if they already do so. Screening and investigation of substance use is usually not difficult, provided that it is processed in a neutral and empathetic atmosphere and securing confidentiality if the adolescent asks for it. Any type of substance use is potentially linked with adverse events such as injuries, violence, unplanned and unsafe sexual experience, alcoholic coma, 'bad trips' or unpleasant psychological experiences. As such, substance use should be identified and openly discussed with the adolescent. Moderate intermittent recreational use of legal and illegal substances (mainly alcohol and cannabis) should be carefully monitored over time, as it can lead to problematic use. Problematic use and substance use disorder require various interventions, including motivational interviewing, family counselling and psychotherapy, especially when substance use is linked with mental health disorders. Despite the importance of confidential care, parents or caregivers should be involved in problematic situations as much as possible. What is known: • While problematic use of substances is transient amongst many adolescents, it may be a threat to health and school/professional functioning • Primary care providers (PCPs) can address queries or offer preventive interventions to adolescents who use substances What is new: • Some interview tools can assist PCPs efficiently to identify problematic users of substances • There are effective approaches that PCPs can use to address problematic use by adolescent patients.
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15
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Mieziene B, Emeljanovas A, Cesnaitiene VJ, Vizbaraite D, Zumbakyte-Sermuksniene R. Health Behaviors and Psychological Distress Among Conscripts of the Lithuanian Military Service: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E783. [PMID: 32012683 PMCID: PMC7037156 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The decline in healthy behavior in young people is a concern for public health in general and for country's defense. The aim of this study is to identify and compare health behaviors and psychological distress between male conscripts enlisted and rejected for military service. This cross-sectional study included 1243 men aged 19-26 years (mean age 22.50 ± 2.43 years). We assessed health behaviors (physical activity, adherence to healthy eating patterns, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption) and psychological distress. Among all conscripts, 44.7% were physically inactive, 50.2% had low adherence to healthy nutrition, 9.6% were heavy drinkers, 62.3% were current smokers, and 9.1% had high psychological distress level. Compared with physically inactive conscripts, physically active conscripts were more likely to be enlisted (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.42; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11-2.03). Compared with current nonsmokers, current smokers were less likely to be enlisted (OR = 0.58; CI 0.39-0.86). Compared with conscripts with a high distress level, those with a low distress level were almost four times more likely to be enlisted (OR = 0.26; 95% CI 0.12-0.55). Adherence to guidelines for healthy eating and alcohol consumption was not significantly related to enlistment. These findings suggest that health behaviors in male conscripts are unsatisfactory. That is, about half are physically inactive, have a poor diet, and smoke, and nearly one in 10 is a heavy drinker and has a high psychological distress level. The enlisted conscripts were more likely to be sufficiently physically active and less likely to be a current smoker or have a high distress level. Early intervention programs to provide a heathier population of young men for conscription should focus on mental well-being and target health-related behaviors such as physical activity and not smoking. Preferably, these should be implemented as health education programs in schools to help prevent the development of adverse health behaviors among young men. Governmental policies and strategies are required to enable intersectional collaboration and shared responsibility among the education, military and health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigita Mieziene
- Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.E.); (V.J.C.); (D.V.)
| | - Arunas Emeljanovas
- Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.E.); (V.J.C.); (D.V.)
| | | | - Daiva Vizbaraite
- Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania; (A.E.); (V.J.C.); (D.V.)
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Grevenstein D, Nikendei C, Nagy E. Alcohol Use, Binge Drinking, and Drunkenness Experience in Adolescence: Complex Associations with Family, Peers, Social Context, and Risk Perceptions. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1834-1845. [PMID: 32449446 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1766504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background: A number of correlates to adolescent substance use have been shown, yet their unique predictive influence is unclear. We investigated the incremental validity of demographics, family background, school variables, risk perception, parental alcohol attitudes, age of first alcohol use, peer group influence, and behavioral variables as they concurrently predicted last month alcohol use, binge drinking, and drunkenness experience frequency. Methods: Hierarchical multiple regression analyses in a sample of N = 743 adolescents (mean age = 15.01). Results: All predictors explained 26-40% of the total variance. Alcohol use was predicted by age, gender, having two working parents, academic family background, relationship to parents, relative risk perception, parental acceptance of alcohol use, age of first use, talking about positive aspects of alcohol, normality of alcohol use among peers, time spent with friends, and going out to clubs. Binge drinking was predicted by age, working parents, school problems, relative risk perception, parental alcohol acceptance, age of first use, talking about positive aspects of alcohol, time spent with friends, and going out to clubs. Drunkenness was predicted by age, relationship to parents, school problems, relative risk perception, age of first use, talking about positive aspects of alcohol, and going out to clubs. Conclusions: Researchers need to take the complexity of adolescent substance use into account when designing studies and interventions. Relative risk perception emerged as the strongest (positive) predictor, indicating that adolescents are able to rather accurately assess their own risk and risk awareness alone does not suffice to engage in protective behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ede Nagy
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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17
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Aresi G, Cleveland MJ, Vieno A, Beccaria F, Turrisi R, Marta E. A Mixed Methods Cross-Cultural Study to Compare Youth Drinking Cultures in Italy and the USA. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2019; 12:231-255. [PMID: 31475478 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To compare the drinking cultures of youth in the USA and in Italy. METHOD Sequential explanatory mixed method design. Phase 1: Multigroup latent class analysis was used to identify subgroups of drinkers from samples of 424 (61.3% female) Italian and 323 American college students (57.3% female). Phase 2: Focus group interviews with 41 Italian and 47 American youth were used to collect narratives on features of the two drinking cultures. RESULTS Four partially invariant subgroups of drinkers were found. Most participants (>75%) in both countries concentrated drinking during weekends. Overall, US drinkers displayed greater probabilities to report risky drinking behaviors and experience negative consequences as compared to comparable subgroups of Italian drinkers. Discrepancies in terms of socialisation processes during childhood (i.e. permissiveness) and underlying cultural assumptions with regard to alcohol consumption (i.e. purposes of alcohol use) may explain differences in how alcohol is used in the two countries. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that there are crucial differences in societal schema of beliefs, informal social norms, practices, and values attached to alcoholic beverages across the USA and Italy. These results demonstrate the need for culturally tailored alcohol preventive interventions and clinical practice targeted to young people that capitalise on such differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Franca Beccaria
- Eclectica, Institute for Research and Training, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Elena Marta
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milano, Italy
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18
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di Luzio SS, Procentese F, Guillet-Descas E. Physical Activity in Adolescence and Substance Use: Factors of Interdependence between Local Community and Relational Micro-systems. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT SUBSTANCE ABUSE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1067828x.2019.1623144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Karlsson P, Ekendahl M, Månsson J, Raninen J. Has illicit drug use become normalised in groups of Swedish youth? A latent class analysis of school survey data from 2012 to 2015. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2019; 36:21-35. [PMID: 32934547 PMCID: PMC7434166 DOI: 10.1177/1455072518814306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: It is often assumed that illicit drug use has become normalised in the
Western world, as evidenced for example by increased prevalence rates and
drug-liberal notions in both socially advantaged and disadvantaged youth
populations. There is accumulating research on the characteristics of young
illicit drug users from high-prevalence countries, but less is known about
the users in countries where use is less common. There is reason to assume
that drug users in low-prevalence countries may be more disadvantaged than
their counterparts in high-prevalence countries, and that the normalisation
thesis perhaps does not apply to the former context. Aim: This article aims to explore to what extent such assertions hold true by
studying the characteristics of young illicit drug users in Sweden, where
prevalence is low and drug policy centres on zero tolerance. Material and Method: We draw on a subsample (n = 3374) of lifetime users of
illicit drugs from four waves of a nationally representative sample of
students in 9th and 11th grade (2012–2015). Latent class analysis (LCA) on
ten indicators pertaining to illicit drug use identified four classes which
we termed “Marijuana testers”, “Marijuana users”, “Cannabinoid users” and
“Polydrug users”. Findings: Indications of social advantage/disadvantage such as peer drug use, early
substance-use debut and truancy varied across groups, particularly between
“Marijuana testers” (low scores) and “Polydrug users” (high scores). Conclusions: Our findings corroborate the idea that the majority of those who have used
illicit drugs in the Swedish youth population have tried marijuana a few
times only. We discuss whether or not the comparably large share of socially
advantaged “Marijuana testers” in a comparably small sample of lifetime
users can be interpreted as a sort of normalisation in a prohibitionist drug
policy context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jonas Raninen
- The Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs (CAN), Sweden
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20
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Assanangkornchai S, Li J, McNeil E, Saingam D. Clusters of alcohol and drug use and other health-risk behaviors among Thai secondary school students: a latent class analysis. BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1272. [PMID: 30453913 PMCID: PMC6245619 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-6205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol and drug use and other health-risk behaviors tend to cluster together among adolescents and contribute a large amount of harm to both themselves and to others. This paper aims to characterize secondary school students based on their clusters of health-risk behaviors and identify factors determining class membership to these behavior-clusters. Methods Data from a national school survey was used to identify clusters of alcohol and drug use and other health-risk behaviors among secondary school students aged 12–15 years using a latent class regression model. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of the cluster membership. Results A total of 25,566 students were included in the analysis, of which 88% were classified as having low-risk behaviors reporting only moderate alcohol use; 11% as having moderate-risk behaviors, such as driving under the influence of alcohol, fighting, carrying a weapon, and alcohol and tobacco use; and 0.6% as having high-risk behaviors, such as use of illicit drugs, particularly kratom and cannabis. Males, older students, those with a poor school performance, not living with parents, drug use by family members and peers, and having a low level of perceived disdain from their friends if they used drugs were significant risk factors for being in the moderate- and high-risk behavior classes. Conclusions Alcohol, tobacco and drug use, as well as other health-risk behaviors such as fighting, are clustered in Thai secondary school students. This result highlights the importance of comprehensive prevention and education strategies, particularly for moderate to high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawitri Assanangkornchai
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Jing Li
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.,Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Edward McNeil
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand.
| | - Darika Saingam
- Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand
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El Kazdouh H, El-Ammari A, Bouftini S, El Fakir S, El Achhab Y. Potential risk and protective factors of substance use among school adolescents in Morocco: A cross-sectional study. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/14659891.2018.1535003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hicham El Kazdouh
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Fez, Morocco
| | - Abdelghaffar El-Ammari
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Fez, Morocco
| | - Siham Bouftini
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Fez, Morocco
| | - Samira El Fakir
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Fez, Morocco
| | - Youness El Achhab
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Fez, Morocco
- Regional Centre for Careers Education and Training of Fez-Meknes, Fez, Morocco
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22
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El Kazdouh H, El-Ammari A, Bouftini S, El Fakir S, El Achhab Y. Adolescents, parents and teachers' perceptions of risk and protective factors of substance use in Moroccan adolescents: a qualitative study. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2018; 13:31. [PMID: 30200998 PMCID: PMC6131737 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-018-0169-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Substance use in adolescents is a global public health concern that continues to draw attention from academics, policy experts, and government officials. In Morocco, few studies have investigated the influencing factors of substance use in adolescents. Here, we aimed to fill this gap and to better understand factors that protect or influence substance use in adolescents. Methods We conducted a qualitative study using focus group discussions. The semi-structured interview guides were based on the socio-ecological model as a theoretical framework to explore perceptions of students, parents, and teachers regarding substance use risks and protective factors in adolescents. Data from each group were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results From May to July 2016, 17 focus group discussions were conducted at two middle schools in Taza city, Morocco, which included 8 groups of 7 adolescents (28 boys and 28 girls) aged 14 to 16 years, 5 groups of parents (5 females and 21 males), and 4 groups of teachers (13 males and 5 females). Thematic analysis resulted in six common themes that represented the most salient perceived risk and protective factors regarding substance use among adolescents: perceived benefits of substance use, awareness and beliefs, family influence, peer influence, easy accessibility of substances, and social norms. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that multilevel prevention programs in adolescents should address influencing factors from the individual to the societal level, including social norms and the government’s policy toward substance use. Health education programs included as part of the school curriculum can contribute to promoting awareness and reducing risky behaviors of Moroccan adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham El Kazdouh
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco.
| | - Abdelghaffar El-Ammari
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Siham Bouftini
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Samira El Fakir
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Youness El Achhab
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Clinical Research and Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Fez, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco.,Regional Centre for Careers Education and Training of Fez-Meknes, Fez, Morocco
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Fernández-Calderón F, Cleland CM, Palamar JJ. Polysubstance use profiles among electronic dance music party attendees in New York City and their relation to use of new psychoactive substances. Addict Behav 2018; 78:85-93. [PMID: 29128711 PMCID: PMC5783759 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic Dance Music (EDM) party attendees are often polysubstance users and are at high risk for use of new psychoactive substances (NPS). We sought to identify patterns of use of common illegal drugs among EDM party attendees, sociodemographic correlates, and use of NPS as a function of patterns of use of more common drugs to inform prevention and harm reduction. METHOD Using time-space-sampling, 1045 individuals aged 18-40 were surveyed entering EDM parties in New York City. We queried past-year use of common illegal drugs and 98 NPS. We conducted latent class analysis to identify polysubstance use profiles of use of eight common drugs (i.e., ecstasy, ketamine, LSD, mushrooms, powder cocaine, marijuana, amphetamine, benzodiazepines). Relationships between drug classification membership and sociodemographics and use of drugs within six NPS categories were examined. RESULTS We identified four profiles of use of common drugs: non-polysubstance use (61.1%), extensive polysubstance use (19.2%), moderate polysubstance use/stimulants (12.8%), and moderate polysubstance use/psychedelics (6.7%). Those in the moderate/psychedelic group were at higher odds of using NPS with psychedelic-type effects (2C, tryptamines, and other "new" psychedelics; Ps<0.05). Extensive polysubstance users were at increased odds of reporting use of 2C drugs, synthetic cathinones ("bath salts"), tryptamines, other new (non-phenethylamine) psychedelics, new dissociatives, and synthetic cannabinoids (Ps<0.05). CONCLUSION NPS preference is linked to the profile of use of common drugs among individuals in the EDM scene. Most participants were identified as non-polysubstance users, but findings may help inform preventive and harm reduction interventions among those at risk in this scene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles M Cleland
- New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA; Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph J Palamar
- Center for Drug Use and HIV Research, New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York, NY, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Kecojevic A, Jun HJ, Reisner SL, Corliss HL. Concurrent polysubstance use in a longitudinal study of US youth: associations with sexual orientation. Addiction 2017; 112:614-624. [PMID: 27790758 PMCID: PMC5339035 DOI: 10.1111/add.13681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To estimate longitudinal associations between self-reported sexual orientation and past-year polysubstance use among youth, and test how gender, age and early onset of tobacco and alcohol use contributed to variation in polysubstance use. DESIGN Longitudinal community-based cohort of US adolescents from the Growing Up Today Study (GUTS 1) (n = 16 873) followed from ages 12-29 years. SETTING United States of America. PARTICIPANTS A total of 13 519 individuals (7839 females; 5680 males) who responded to at least one of five self-administered questionnaires from 1999 to 2010. Ninety-three per cent reported their race/ethnicity as non-Hispanic white. MEASUREMENTS Multivariable repeated measures generalized estimating equations estimated relative risks (RRs) of concurrent polysubstance use (i.e. past 12-month use of three or more substances) comparing sexual orientation minority youth [i.e. mostly heterosexual (MH), bisexual (BI), gay/lesbian (GL)] to their same-gender, completely heterosexual (CH) counterparts. Mediation analyses tested whether early onset of tobacco and/or alcohol use explained relationships between sexual orientation and concurrent polysubstance use. FINDINGS Compared with their same-gender CH peers, sexual minorities evidenced higher risk for concurrent polysubstance use over all repeated measures [risk ratios (RRs) for sexual minority subgroups: from 1.63-2.91, P-values: <0.001] and for all age groups (RRs: from 1.50-4.04, P-values: < 0.05-< 0.001), except GL males aged 18-20 years. Differences between sexual minorities and CHs were larger among females than males (P-values for sexual orientation × gender interactions were < 0.05 for MHs and BIs), and among younger versus older ages (P-values for sexual orientation × age interactions were < 0.05, except for BI males). Sexual minorities' younger age of smoking and/or drinking initiation contributed to their elevated polysubstance use (% of effect explained was between 9.4-24.3, P-values: 0.04-< 0.001), except among GL males. CONCLUSIONS Sexual minority youth in the United States, and in particular younger females, appear to be at disproportionate risk for concurrent past-year polysubstance use. Early onset of smoking and drinking may contribute to elevated risk of polysubstance use among sexual minorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Kecojevic
- William Paterson University New Jersey, Department of Public Health, University Hall 369, 300 Pompton Rd, Wayne, NJ 07470
| | - Hee-Jin Jun
- San Diego State University, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92123
| | - Sari L Reisner
- Boston Children’s Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Division of General Pediatrics, 300 Longwood Ave, BCH3201, Boston, MA 02115,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 677 Huntington Ave, Kresge Room 911, Boston, MA 02115,Fenway Health, The Fenway Institute, 1340 Boylston St, Ansin Building 8 Floor, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Heather L Corliss
- San Diego State University, Graduate School of Public Health, Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, 9245 Sky Park Court, Suite 100, San Diego, CA 92123,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
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