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Adelusi OB, Akakpo JY, Eichenbaum G, Sadaff E, Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. The thrombopoietin mimetic JNJ-26366821 reduces the late injury and accelerates the onset of liver recovery after acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1843-1858. [PMID: 38551724 PMCID: PMC11210275 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03725-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity is comprised of an injury and recovery phase. While pharmacological interventions, such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP), prevent injury there are no therapeutics that promote recovery. JNJ-26366821 (TPOm) is a novel thrombopoietin mimetic peptide with no sequence homology to endogenous thrombopoietin (TPO). Endogenous thrombopoietin is produced by hepatocytes and the TPO receptor is present on liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in addition to megakaryocytes and platelets, and we hypothesize that TPOm activity at the TPO receptor in the liver provides a beneficial effect following liver injury. Therefore, we evaluated the extent to which TPOm, NAC or 4-MP can provide a protective and regenerative effect in the liver when administered 2 h after an APAP overdose of 300 mg/kg in fasted male C57BL/6J mice. TPOm did not affect protein adducts, oxidant stress, DNA fragmentation and hepatic necrosis up to 12 h after APAP. In contrast, TPOm treatment was beneficial at 24 h, i.e., all injury parameters were reduced by 42-48%. Importantly, TPOm enhanced proliferation by 100% as indicated by PCNA-positive hepatocytes around the area of necrosis. When TPOm treatment was delayed by 6 h, there was no effect on the injury, but a proliferative effect was still evident. In contrast, 4MP and NAC treated at 2 h after APAP significantly attenuated all injury parameters at 24 h but failed to enhance hepatocyte proliferation. Thus, TPOm arrests the progression of liver injury by 24 h after APAP and accelerates the onset of the proliferative response which is essential for liver recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide B Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Gary Eichenbaum
- Office of the Chief Medical Officer, Johnson & Johnson, Consumer Health, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Ejaz Sadaff
- Office of the Chief Medical Officer, Johnson & Johnson, Consumer Health, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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2
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Bilinsky LM. A Computational Model of Endogenous Hydrogen Peroxide Metabolism in Hepatocytes, Featuring a Critical Role for GSH. COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 29:100299. [PMID: 38682127 PMCID: PMC11044893 DOI: 10.1016/j.comtox.2024.100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents an ordinary differential equation (ODE) model of endogenous H2O2 production and elimination in hepatocytes that is unique, at the time of writing, in its ability to accurately compute intracellular H2O2 concentration during incidents of oxidative stress and in its usefulness for constructing PBPK/PD models for ROS-generating xenobiotics. Versions of the model are presented for rat hepatocytes in vitro and mouse liver in vivo. A generic method is given for using the model to create PBPK/PD models which predict intracellular H2O2 concentration and oxidative-stress-induced hepatocyte death; these are identifiable from in vitro data sets reporting cell mortality following xenobiotic exposure at various levels. The procedure is demonstrated for the trivalent arsenical dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII), which is produced in liver as part of the arsenic elimination pathway. This is the first model of H2O2 metabolism in hepatocytes to feature values for the endogenous rates of H2O2 production by mitochondria and other organelles which are inferred from the physiology literature, and to feature a detailed, realistic treatment of GSH metabolism; the latter is achieved by incorporating a minimal version of Reed and coworkers' pioneering model of GSH metabolism in liver. Model simulations indicate that critical GSH depletion is the immediate trigger for intracellular H2O2 rising to concentrations associated with apoptosis (> 1 μM), that this may only occur hours after the xenobiotic concentration peaks ("delay effect"), that when critical GSH depletion does occur, H2O2 concentration rises rapidly in a sequence of two boundary layers, characterized by the kinetics of glutathione peroxidase (first boundary layer) and catalase (second boundary layer), and that intracellular H2O2 concentration > 1 μM implies critical GSH depletion. There has been speculation that ROS levels in the range associated with apoptosis simply indicate, rather than cause, an apoptotic milieu. Model simulations are consistent with this view. In a result of interest to the wider physiology community, the delay effect is shown to provide a GSH-based mechanism by which cells can distinguish transient elevations in H2O2 concentration, of use in intracellular signaling, from persistent ones indicative of either pathology or the presence of toxins, the second state of affairs eventually triggering apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Bilinsky
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research (U.S. FDA), 3900 NCTR Rd., Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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3
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Kanamori K, Ahmad SM, Hamid A, Lutfy K. Chronic Exposure to E-Cigarettes Elevates CYP2A5 Activity, Protein Expression, and Cotinine-Induced Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:171-179. [PMID: 38195520 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Coumarin 7'-hydroxylase activity, a specific marker of CYP2A5 activity, and the protein level were measured in liver microsomes of male mice after chronic exposure to e-cigarettes (e-cigs) (2.4% nicotine). After exposure for 240 minutes per day for 5 days, the activity and the protein level in preproenkephalin (ppENK)-heterozygous [ppENK (+/-)] mice were significantly elevated (P <0.05) compared with the untreated control. This elevation was not due to deletion of the ppENK gene because the activity did not differ among untreated ppENK (+/-), ppENK (-/-), and wild-type ppENK (+/+) controls. Hence, the elevation can reasonably be attributed to nicotine exposure. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon incubation of the hepatic microsomes of these mice with cotinine was higher in microsomes from the e-cig-treated mice compared with the untreated controls (P < 0.01). Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry assay showed three oxidation products of cotinine, viz trans 3'-hydroxycotinine (3'-HC), 5'-hydroxycotinine (5'-HC), and cotinine N-oxide (CNO) in the plasma of these mice. The result identifies these three oxidation reactions as the source of the observed ROS and also shows that, in nicotine-treated mice, the appropriate "nicotine metabolite ratio" is (3'-HC + 5'-HC + CNO)/cotinine. The results suggest intriguing possibilities that 1) this metabolite ratio may correlate with plasma nicotine clearance and hence impact nicotine's psychoactive effects and 2) chronic e-cig treatment causes ROS-induced oxidative stress, which may play a major role in the regulation of CYP2A5 expression. Our present results clearly show that both the activity and the protein level of CYP2A5 are elevated by repeated exposure to nicotine. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Nicotine, the psychoactive ingredient of tobacco, is eliminated as the oxidation products of cotinine in reactions catalyzed by the enzymes CYP2A5 in mice and CYP2A6 in humans. This study shows that repeated exposure to e-cigarettes elevates the level of CYP2A5 and the formation of reactive oxygen species. The results suggest an intriguing possibility that CYP2A5 may be upregulated by chronic nicotine exposure due to oxidative stress caused by the oxidation of cotinine in this preclinical model of human smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Kanamori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California (K.K., S.M.A., A.H., K.L.) and Lab Launch, Monrovia, California (K.K.)
| | - Syed M Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California (K.K., S.M.A., A.H., K.L.) and Lab Launch, Monrovia, California (K.K.)
| | - Abdul Hamid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California (K.K., S.M.A., A.H., K.L.) and Lab Launch, Monrovia, California (K.K.)
| | - Kabirullah Lutfy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, California (K.K., S.M.A., A.H., K.L.) and Lab Launch, Monrovia, California (K.K.)
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Etemadi Y, Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Nrf2 as a therapeutic target in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity: A case study with sulforaphane. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23505. [PMID: 37598316 PMCID: PMC10842847 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose can cause severe liver injury and acute liver failure. The only clinically approved antidote, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), is highly effective but has a narrow therapeutic window. In the last 2 decades, activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which regulates acute phase proteins and antioxidant defense genes, has emerged as a putative new therapeutic target against APAP hepatotoxicity. However, virtually all studies that propose Nrf2 activation as mechanism of protection used prolonged pretreatment, which is not a clinically feasible approach to treat a drug overdose. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess if therapeutic activation of Nrf2 is a viable approach to treat liver injury after APAP overdose. We used the water-soluble Nrf2 activator sulforaphane (SFN; 5 mg/kg) in a murine model of APAP hepatotoxicity (300 mg/kg). Our results indicate that short-term treatment (≤3 h) with SFN alone did not activate Nrf2 or its target genes. However, posttreatment with SFN after APAP partially protected at 6 h likely due to more rapid activation of the Nrf2-target gene heme oxygenase-1. A direct comparison of SFN with NAC given at 1 h after APAP showed a superior protection with NAC, which was maintained at 24 h unlike with SFN. Thus, Nrf2 activators have inherent problems like the need to create a cellular stress to activate Nrf2 and delayed adaptive responses which may hamper sustained protection against APAP hepatotoxicity. Thus, compared to the more direct acting antidote NAC, Nrf2 activators are less suitable for this indication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Etemadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
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Aleshin VA, Graf AV, Artiukhov AV, Ksenofontov AL, Zavileyskiy LG, Maslova MV, Bunik VI. Pentylenetetrazole-Induced Seizures Are Increased after Kindling, Exhibiting Vitamin-Responsive Correlations to the Post-Seizures Behavior, Amino Acids Metabolism and Key Metabolic Regulators in the Rat Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12405. [PMID: 37569781 PMCID: PMC10418815 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures due to a perturbed balance between glutamate and GABA neurotransmission. Our goal is to reveal the molecular mechanisms of the changes upon repeated challenges of this balance, suggesting knowledge-based neuroprotection. To address this goal, a set of metabolic indicators in the post-seizure rat brain cortex is compared before and after pharmacological kindling with pentylenetetrazole (PTZ). Vitamins B1 and B6 supporting energy and neurotransmitter metabolism are studied as neuroprotectors. PTZ kindling increases the seizure severity (1.3 fold, p < 0.01), elevating post-seizure rearings (1.5 fold, p = 0.03) and steps out of the walls (2 fold, p = 0.01). In the kindled vs. non-kindled rats, the post-seizure p53 level is increased 1.3 fold (p = 0.03), reciprocating a 1.4-fold (p = 0.02) decrease in the activity of 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDHC) controlling the glutamate degradation. Further, decreased expression of deacylases SIRT3 (1.4 fold, p = 0.01) and SIRT5 (1.5 fold, p = 0.01) reciprocates increased acetylation of 15 kDa proteins 1.5 fold (p < 0.01). Finally, the kindling abrogates the stress response to multiple saline injections in the control animals, manifested in the increased activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, malic enzyme, glutamine synthetase and decreased malate dehydrogenase activity. Post-seizure animals demonstrate correlations of p53 expression to the levels of glutamate (r = 0.79, p = 0.05). The correlations of the seizure severity and duration to the levels of GABA (r = 0.59, p = 0.05) and glutamate dehydrogenase activity (r = 0.58, p = 0.02), respectively, are substituted by the correlation of the seizure latency with the OGDHC activity (r = 0.69, p < 0.01) after the vitamins administration, testifying to the vitamins-dependent impact of the kindling on glutamate/GABA metabolism. The vitamins also abrogate the correlations of behavioral parameters with seizure duration (r 0.53-0.59, p < 0.03). Thus, increased seizures and modified post-seizure behavior in rats after PTZ kindling are associated with multiple changes in the vitamin-dependent brain metabolism of amino acids, linked to key metabolic regulators: p53, OGDHC, SIRT3 and SIRT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily A. Aleshin
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, Trubetskaya, 8, Bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Graf
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Nano-, Bio-, Informational, Cognitive and Socio-Humanistic Sciences and Technologies at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Maximova Street 4, 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V. Artiukhov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, Trubetskaya, 8, Bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander L. Ksenofontov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.A.)
| | - Lev G. Zavileyskiy
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria V. Maslova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria I. Bunik
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (V.A.A.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Sechenov University, Trubetskaya, 8, Bld. 2, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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6
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Huffman AM, Syed M, Rezq S, Anderson CD, Yanes Cardozo LL, Romero DG. Loss of microRNA-21 protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1907-1925. [PMID: 37179516 PMCID: PMC10919897 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03499-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced Acute Liver Failure (ALF) is recognized as the most common cause of ALF in Western societies. APAP-induced ALF is characterized by coagulopathy, hepatic encephalopathy, multi-organ failure, and death. MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) is dynamically expressed in the liver and is involved in the pathophysiology of both acute and chronic liver injury models. We hypothesize that miR-21genetic ablation attenuates hepatotoxicity following acetaminophen intoxication. Eight-week old miR-21knockout (miR21KO) or wild-type (WT) C57BL/6N male mice were injected with acetaminophen (APAP, 300 mg/kg BW) or saline. Mice were sacrificed 6 or 24 h post-injection. MiR21KO mice presented attenuation of liver enzymes ALT, AST, LDH compared with WT mice 24 h post-APAP treatment. Moreover, miR21KO mice had decreased hepatic DNA fragmentation and necrosis than WT mice after 24 h of APAP treatment. APAP-treated miR21KO mice showed increased levels of cell cycle regulators CYCLIN D1 and PCNA, increased autophagy markers expression (Map1LC3a, Sqstm1) and protein (LC3AB II/I, p62), and an attenuation of the APAP-induced hypofibrinolytic state via (PAI-1) compared with WT mice 24 post-APAP treatment. MiR-21 inhibition could be a novel therapeutic approach to mitigate APAP-induced hepatotoxicity and enhance survival during the regenerative phase, particularly to alter regeneration, autophagy, and fibrinolysis. Specifically, miR-21 inhibition could be particularly useful when APAP intoxication is detected at its late stages and the only available therapy is minimally effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Huffman
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Mississippi Center of Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
| | - Maryam Syed
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Mississippi Center of Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Samar Rezq
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Mississippi Center of Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Christopher D Anderson
- Department of Surgery, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Licy L Yanes Cardozo
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Mississippi Center of Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Damian G Romero
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Mississippi Center of Excellence in Perinatal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Women's Health Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
- Cardiovascular-Renal Research Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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7
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Thiel A, Weishaupt AK, Nicolai MM, Lossow K, Kipp AP, Schwerdtle T, Bornhorst J. Simultaneous quantitation of oxidized and reduced glutathione via LC-MS/MS to study the redox state and drug-mediated modulation in cells, worms and animal tissue. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1225:123742. [PMID: 37209457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) levels represent an important marker for oxidative stress and potential disease progression in toxicological research. Since GSH can be oxidized rapidly, using a stable and reliable method for sample preparation and GSH/GSSG quantification is essential to obtain reproducible data. Here we describe an optimised sample processing combined with a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method, validated for different biological matrices (lysates from HepG2 cells, C. elegans, and mouse liver tissue). To avoid autoxidation of GSH, samples were treated with the thiol-masking agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) in a single step. With an analysis time of 5 min, the developed LC-MS/MS method offers simultaneous determination of GSH and GSSG at high sample throughput with high sensitivity. This is especially interesting with respect of screening for oxidative and protective properties of substances in in vitro and in vivo models, e.g. C. elegans. In addition to method validation parameters (linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery, interday, intraday), we verified the method by using menadione and L-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO) as well established modulators of cellular GSH and GSSG concentrations. Thereby menadione proved to be a reliable positive control also in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Thiel
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Weishaupt
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Merle M Nicolai
- Nutritional Toxicology, Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Kristina Lossow
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 24, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna P Kipp
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Str. 24, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Tanja Schwerdtle
- TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Bornhorst
- Food Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119 Wuppertal, Germany; TraceAge-DFG Research Unit on Interactions of Essential Trace Elements in Healthy and Diseased Elderly (FOR 2558), Berlin-Potsdam-Jena-Wuppertal, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
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8
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Nguyen NT, Umbaugh DS, Smith S, Adelusi OB, Sanchez-Guerrero G, Ramachandran A, Jaeschke H. Dose-dependent pleiotropic role of neutrophils during acetaminophen-induced liver injury in male and female mice. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1397-1412. [PMID: 36928416 PMCID: PMC10680445 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the leading cause of acute liver failure in western countries. APAP can cause extensive hepatocellular necrosis, which triggers an inflammatory response involving neutrophil and monocyte recruitment. Particularly the role of neutrophils in the injury mechanism of APAP hepatotoxicity has been highly controversial. Thus, the objective of the current study was to assess whether a potential contribution of neutrophils was dependent on the APAP dose and the sex of the animals. Male and female C57BL/6 J mice were treated with 300 or 600 mg/kg APAP and the injury and inflammatory cell recruitment was evaluated between 6 and 48 h. In both male and female mice, ALT plasma levels and the areas of necrosis peaked at 12-24 h after both doses with more severe injury at the higher dose. In addition, Ly6g-positive neutrophils started to accumulate in the liver at 6 h and peaked at 6-12 h after 300 mg/kg and 12-24 h after 600 mg/kg for both sexes; however, the absolute numbers of hepatic neutrophils in the liver were significantly higher after the 600 mg/kg dose. Neutrophil infiltration correlated with mRNA levels of the neutrophil chemoattractant Cxcl2 in the liver. Treating mice with an anti-Cxcl2 antibody at 2 h after APAP significantly reduced neutrophil accumulation at 24 h after both doses and in both sexes. However, the injury was significantly reduced only after the high overdose. Thus, neutrophils, recruited through Cxcl2, have no effect on APAP-induced liver injury after 300 mg/kg but aggravate the injury only after severe overdoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA
| | - David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA
| | - Sawyer Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA
| | - Olamide B Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA
| | - Giselle Sanchez-Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, Kansas, 66160, USA.
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Sahoo DK, Chainy GBN. Hormone-linked redox status and its modulation by antioxidants. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2023; 121:197-246. [PMID: 36707135 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Hormones have been considered as key factors involved in the maintenance of the redox status of the body. We are making considerable progress in understanding interactions between the endocrine system, redox status, and oxidative stress with the dynamics of life, which encompasses fertilization, development, growth, aging, and various pathophysiological states. One of the reasons for changes in redox states of vertebrates leading to oxidative stress scenario is the disruption of the endocrine system. Comprehending the dynamics of hormonal status to redox state and oxidative stress in living systems is challenging. It is more difficult to come to a unifying conclusion when some hormones exhibit oxidant properties while others have antioxidant features. There is a very limited approach to correlate alteration in titers of hormones with redox status and oxidative stress with growth, development, aging, and pathophysiological stress. The situation is further complicated when considering various tissues and sexes in vertebrates. This chapter discusses the beneficial impacts of hormones with antioxidative properties, such as melatonin, glucagon, insulin, estrogens, and progesterone, which protect cells from oxidative damage and reduce pathophysiological effects. Additionally, we discuss the protective effects of antioxidants like vitamins A, E, and C, curcumin, tempol, N-acetyl cysteine, α-lipoic acid, date palm pollen extract, resveratrol, and flavonoids on oxidative stress triggered by hormones such as aldosterone, glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, and catecholamines. Inflammation, pathophysiology, and the aging process can all be controlled by understanding how antioxidants and hormones operate together to maintain cellular redox status. Identifying the hormonal changes and the action of antioxidants may help in developing new therapeutic strategies for hormonal imbalance-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa States University, Ames, IA, United States.
| | - Gagan B N Chainy
- Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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10
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Umbaugh DS, Soder RP, Nguyen NT, Adelusi O, Robarts DR, Woolbright B, Duan L, Abhyankar S, Dawn B, Apte U, Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Human Wharton's Jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells prevent acetaminophen-induced liver injury in a mouse model unlike human dermal fibroblasts. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:3315-3329. [PMID: 36057886 PMCID: PMC9773902 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of hepatotoxicity induced by N-acetyl-para-aminophenol (Acetaminophen or Paracetamol, abbreviated as APAP) as the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States, despite the availability of N-acetylcysteine, illustrates the clinical relevance of additional therapeutic approaches. While human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown protection in mouse models of liver injury, the MSCs used are generally not cleared for human use and it is unclear whether these effects are due to xenotransplantation. Here we evaluated GMP manufactured clinical grade human Wharton's Jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs), which are currently being investigated in human clinical trials, in a mouse model of APAP hepatotoxicity in comparison to human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) to address these issues. C57BL6J mice were treated with a moderate APAP overdose (300 mg/kg) and WJMSCs were administered 90 min later. Liver injury was evaluated at 6 and 24 h after APAP. WJMSCs treatment reduced APAP-induced liver injury at both time points unlike HDFs, which showed no protection. APAP-induced JNK activation as well as AIF and Smac release from mitochondria were prevented by WJMSCs treatment without influencing APAP bioactivation. Mechanistically, WJMSCs treatment upregulated expression of Gclc and Gclm to enhance recovery of liver GSH levels to attenuate mitochondrial dysfunction and accelerated recovery of pericentral hepatocytes to re-establish liver zonation and promote liver homeostasis. Notably, preventing GSH resynthesis with buthionine sulfoximine prevented the protective effects of WJMSCs. These data indicate that these GMP-manufactured WJMCs could be a clinically relevant therapeutic approach in the management of APAP hepatotoxicity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Rupal P Soder
- Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1075, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Nga T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Olamide Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Dakota R Robarts
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Ben Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Luqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Sunil Abhyankar
- Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1075, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Division of Hematologic Malignancies and Cellular Therapeutics Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Buddhadeb Dawn
- Midwest Stem Cell Therapy Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1075, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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11
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Piao L, Wang Y, Liu X, Sun G, Zhang S, Yan J, Chen Y, Meng Y, Li M, Gu W. Exogenous Hemin alleviated cadmium stress in maize ( Zea mays L.) by enhancing leaf photosynthesis, AsA-GSH cycle and polyamine metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:993675. [PMID: 36160952 PMCID: PMC9493101 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.993675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) stress is one of the principal abiotic stresses that inhibit maize growth. The research was to explore (hemin chloride) Hemin (100 μmol L-1) on photosynthesis, ascorbic acid (AsA)-glutathione (GSH) cycle system, and polyamine metabolism of maize under Cd stress (85 mg L-1) using nutrient solution hydroponics, with Tiannong 9 (Cd tolerant) and Fenghe 6 (Cd sensitive) as experimental materials. The results showed that Hemin can increase leaf photosynthetic pigment content and ameliorate the ratio of Chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b (Chla/Chlb) under Cd stress. The values of ribose 1, 5-diphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBPcase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase), and total xanthophyll cycle pool [(violoxanthin (V), antiflavin (A) and zeaxanthin (Z)] increased, which enhancing xanthophyll cycle (DEPS) de-epoxidation, and alleviating stomatal and non-stomatal limitation of leaf photosynthesis. Hemin significantly increased net photosynthetic rate (Pn ), stomatal conductance (gs ), transpiration rate (Tr ), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), PSII maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm ), and electron transfer rate (ETR), which contributed to the improvement of the PSII photosynthetic system. Compared with Cd stress, Hemin can reduce thiobartolic acid reactant (TBARS) content, superoxide anion radical (O2 -) production rate, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation, and the extent of electrolyte leakage (EL); decreased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT); slowed the decrease in dehydroascorbic acid reductase (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) activity and the increase in glutathione reductase (GR) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity in leaves; promoted the increase in AsA and GSH content, decreased dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and increased AsA/DHA and GSH/GSSG ratios under Cd stress. Hemin promoted the increase of conjugated and bound polyamine content, and the conversion process speed of free putrescine (Put) to free spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) in maize; decreased polyamine oxidase (PAO) activity and increased diamine oxidase (DAO), arginine decarboxylase (ADC), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (SAMDC) enzyme activities in leaves under Cd stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Piao
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Maize Research Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Guangyan Sun
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shiyu Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Junyao Yan
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Heilongjiang Kenfeng Seed Industry Co., Ltd., Harbin, China
| | - Yao Meng
- Heilongjiang Academy of Land Reclamation Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Wanrong Gu
- College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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12
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Adelusi OB, Ramachandran A, Lemasters JJ, Jaeschke H. The role of Iron in lipid peroxidation and protein nitration during acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 445:116043. [PMID: 35513057 PMCID: PMC9843742 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity, a leading cause of acute liver failure in western countries, is characterized by mitochondrial superoxide and peroxynitrite formation. However, the role of iron, especially as facilitator of lipid peroxidation (LPO), has been controversial. Our aim was to determine the mechanism by which iron promotes cell death in this context. Fasted male C57BL/6J mice were treated with the iron chelator deferoxamine, minocycline (inhibitor of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter) or vehicle 1 h before 300 mg/kg APAP. Deferoxamine and minocycline significantly attenuated APAP-induced elevations in serum alanine amino transferase levels and hepatic necrosis at 6 h. This protection correlated with reduced 3-nitro-tyrosine protein adducts; LPO (malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal) was not detected. Activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was not affected but mitochondrial release of intermembrane proteins was reduced suggesting that the effect of iron was at the level of mitochondria. Co-treatment of APAP with FeSO4 exacerbated liver injury and protein nitration and triggered significant LPO; all effects were reversed by deferoxamine. Thus, after APAP overdose, iron imported into mitochondria facilitates protein nitration by peroxynitrite triggering mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. Under these conditions, endogenous defense mechanisms largely prevent LPO. However, after iron overload, protein nitration and LPO contribute to APAP hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olamide B Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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13
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Xu Q, Wei Q, Kong Y, Zhu L, Tian W, Huang J, Pan L, Jin Q, Zhang J, Zhu C. Unearthing the Alleviatory Mechanisms of Brassinolide in Cold Stress in Rice. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12060833. [PMID: 35743864 PMCID: PMC9225285 DOI: 10.3390/life12060833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold stress inhibits rice germination and seedling growth. Brassinolide (BR) plays key roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. In this study, we explored the underlying mechanisms whereby BR helps alleviate cold stress in rice seedlings. BR application to the growth medium significantly increased seed germination and seedling growth of the early rice cultivar “Zhongzao 39” after three days of cold treatment. Specifically, BR significantly increased soluble protein and soluble sugar contents after three days of cold treatment. Moreover, BR stimulated the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase; thereby alleviating cold-induced damage and increasing glutathione content and the GSH/GSSG ratio while concomitantly reducing H2O2 content. BR upregulated the expression levels of cold-response-related genes, including OsICE1, OsFer1, OsCOLD1, OsLti6a, OsSODB, OsMyb, and OsTERF2, and downregulated that of OsWRKY45, overall alleviating cold stress symptoms. Thus, BR not only upregulated cellular osmotic content and the antioxidant enzyme system to maintain the physiological balance of reactive oxygen species under cold but, additionally, it regulated the expression of cold-response-related genes to alleviate cold stress symptoms. These results provide a theoretical basis for rice breeding for cold resistance using young seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingshan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Qianqian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Yali Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Lianfeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Wenhao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Jing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Lin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
- College of Life Sciences and Technology, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang 230039, China
| | - Qianyu Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
| | - Junhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chunquan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China; (Q.X.); (Q.W.); (Y.K.); (L.Z.); (W.T.); (J.H.); (L.P.); (Q.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (C.Z.)
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14
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Abstract
Mitochondria actively participate in oxygenic metabolism and are one of the major sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in plant cells. However, instead of measuring ROS concentrations in organelles it is more worthwhile to observe active ROS generation or downstream oxidation products, because the steady state level of ROS is easily buffered. Here, we describe how to measure the in vitro production of superoxide anion radicals (O2·-) by mitochondria and the release of O2·- into the cytosol. A method to determine glutathione, which is the most abundant mitochondrial low-mass antioxidant, is presented since changes in the redox state of glutathione can be indicative of the oxidative action of ROS. The identification of oxidative damage to mitochondrial components is the ultimate symptom that ROS homeostasis is not under control. We present how to determine the extent of oxidation of membrane lipids and the carbonylation of mitochondrial proteins. In summary, oxidative stress symptoms have to be analyzed at different levels, including ROS production, scavenging capacity, and signs of destruction, which only together can be considered markers of mitochondrial ROS status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ostaszewska-Bugajska
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Podgórska
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bożena Szal
- Department of Plant Bioenergetics, Institute of Experimental Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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15
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Clemens MM, Kennon-McGill S, Vazquez JH, Stephens OW, Peterson EA, Johann DJ, Allard FD, Yee EU, McCullough SS, James LP, Finck BN, McGill MR. Exogenous phosphatidic acid reduces acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice by activating hepatic interleukin-6 signaling through inter-organ crosstalk. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3836-3846. [PMID: 35024310 PMCID: PMC8727922 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that endogenous phosphatidic acid (PA) promotes liver regeneration after acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. Here, we hypothesized that exogenous PA is also beneficial. To test that, we treated mice with a toxic APAP dose at 0 h, followed by PA or vehicle (Veh) post-treatment. We then collected blood and liver at 6, 24, and 52 h. Post-treatment with PA 2 h after APAP protected against liver injury at 6 h, and the combination of PA and N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) reduced injury more than NAC alone. Interestingly, PA did not affect canonical mechanisms of APAP toxicity. Instead, transcriptomics revealed that PA activated interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling in the liver. Consistent with that, serum IL-6 and hepatic signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) phosphorylation increased in PA-treated mice. Furthermore, PA failed to protect against APAP in IL-6-deficient animals. Interestingly, IL-6 expression increased 18-fold in adipose tissue after PA, indicating that adipose is a source of PA-induced circulating IL-6. Surprisingly, however, exogenous PA did not alter regeneration, despite the importance of endogenous PA in liver repair, possibly due to its short half-life. These data demonstrate that exogenous PA is also beneficial in APAP toxicity and reinforce the protective effects of IL-6 in this model.
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16
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Jaeschke H, Adelusi OB, Akakpo JY, Nguyen NT, Sanchez-Guerrero G, Umbaugh DS, Ding WX, Ramachandran A. Recommendations for the use of the acetaminophen hepatotoxicity model for mechanistic studies and how to avoid common pitfalls. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3740-3755. [PMID: 35024303 PMCID: PMC8727921 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and antipyretic drug, which is safe at therapeutic doses but can cause severe liver injury and even liver failure after overdoses. The mouse model of APAP hepatotoxicity recapitulates closely the human pathophysiology. As a result, this clinically relevant model is frequently used to study mechanisms of drug-induced liver injury and even more so to test potential therapeutic interventions. However, the complexity of the model requires a thorough understanding of the pathophysiology to obtain valid results and mechanistic information that is translatable to the clinic. However, many studies using this model are flawed, which jeopardizes the scientific and clinical relevance. The purpose of this review is to provide a framework of the model where mechanistically sound and clinically relevant data can be obtained. The discussion provides insight into the injury mechanisms and how to study it including the critical roles of drug metabolism, mitochondrial dysfunction, necrotic cell death, autophagy and the sterile inflammatory response. In addition, the most frequently made mistakes when using this model are discussed. Thus, considering these recommendations when studying APAP hepatotoxicity will facilitate the discovery of more clinically relevant interventions.
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Key Words
- AIF, apoptosis-inducing factor
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- APAP, acetaminophen
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- ATG, autophagy-related genes
- Acetaminophen hepatotoxicity
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- BSO, buthionine sulfoximine
- CAD, caspase-activated DNase
- CYP, cytochrome P450 enzymes
- DAMPs, damage-associated molecular patterns
- DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide
- Drug metabolism
- EndoG, endonuclease G
- FSP1, ferroptosis suppressing protein 1
- Ferroptosis
- GPX4, glutathione peroxidase 4
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, glutathione disulfide
- Gclc, glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- Gclm, glutamate–cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- HMGB1, high mobility group box protein 1
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- Innate immunity
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- KEAP1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- LAMP, lysosomal-associated membrane protein
- LC3, light chain 3
- LOOH, lipid hydroperoxides
- LPO, lipid peroxidation
- MAP kinase, mitogen activated protein kinase
- MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1
- MDA, malondialdehyde
- MPT, mitochondrial permeability transition
- Mitochondria
- MnSOD, manganese superoxide dismutase
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NAPQI, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine
- NF-κB, nuclear factor κB
- NQO1, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1
- NRF2
- NRF2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PUFAs, polyunsaturated fatty acids
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SMAC/DIABLO, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI
- TLR, toll like receptor
- TUNEL, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
- UGT, UDP-glucuronosyltransferases
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Olamide B Adelusi
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Nga T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Giselle Sanchez-Guerrero
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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17
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Nagana Gowda GA, Pascua V, Raftery D. Extending the Scope of 1H NMR-Based Blood Metabolomics for the Analysis of Labile Antioxidants: Reduced and Oxidized Glutathione. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14844-14850. [PMID: 34704738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione is a ubiquitous cellular antioxidant, which is critically required to protect cells from oxidative damage and free radical injury. It is practically impossible to analyze glutathione in its native form after isolation from biological mixtures since the active form (reduced glutathione, GSH) spontaneously gets converted to the oxidized form (oxidized glutathione, GSSG). To address this challenge, numerous highly sensitive detection methods, including mass spectrometry, have been used in conjunction with derivatization to block the oxidation of GSH. Efforts so far to quantitate GSH and GSSG using the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy method have remained unsuccessful. With a focus on addressing this challenge, in this study, we describe an extension to our recent whole blood analysis method [ Anal. Chem. 2017, 89, 4620-4627] that includes the important antioxidants GSH and GSSG. Fresh and frozen human whole blood specimens as well as standard GSH and GSSG were comprehensively investigated using NMR without and with derivatization using N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). NMR experiments detect two diastereomers, distinctly, for the derivatized GSH and enable the analysis of both GSH and GSSG in human whole blood with an accuracy of >99%. Interestingly, the excess (unreacted) NEM used for blocking the GSH can be removed from the samples during a drying step after extraction, with no need for additional processing. This is an important characteristic that offers an added advantage for simultaneous analysis of the antioxidants (GSH and GSSG), redox coenzymes (oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)), energy coenzymes (adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)), and a large number of other blood metabolites using the same one-dimensional (1D) NMR spectrum. The presented method broadens the scope of global metabolite profiling and adds a new dimension to NMR-based blood metabolomics. Further, the method demonstrated here for human blood can be extended to virtually any biological specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daniel Raftery
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
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18
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A simple and accurate HFCF-UF method for the analysis of homocysteine, cysteine, cysteinyl-glycine, and glutathione in human blood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6225-6237. [PMID: 34406463 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of reduced aminothiols, including homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), cysteinyl-glycine (CG), and glutathione (GSH), is significantly increased in the pathological state. However, there have been no reports on the relationship between reduced aminothiols (Hcy, Cys, CG, and GSH) and different genders, ages, and drug combinations in human blood. The accurate quantification of these reduced thiols in biological fluids is important for monitoring some special pathological conditions of humans. However, the published methods typically not only require cumbersome and technically challenging processing procedures to ensure reliable measurements, but are also laborious and time-consuming, which may disturb the initial physiological balance and lead to inaccurate results. We developed a hollow fiber centrifugal ultrafiltration (HFCF-UF) method for sample preparation coupled with a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method and used it to determine four reduced aminothiols (Hcy, Cys, CG, and GSH) in human blood for the first time. A total of 96 clinical patients were enrolled in our study. The influence of different genders, ages, and drug combinations on the levels of four reduced thiols in human blood was also discussed by SPSS 24.0. The sample preparation was simplified to a single 5 min centrifugation step in a sealed system that did not disturb the physiological environment. The validation parameters for the methodological results were excellent. The procedure was successfully applied to monitoring the concentrations of four reduced aminothiols (Hcy, Cys, CG, and GSH) in 96 clinical blood samples. There were no significant differences in Hcy, Cys, CG, or GSH for the different genders, ages, or combinations with methotrexate or vancomycin (P > 0.05). However, there was a significant increase in Hcy concentration in patients treated with valproic acid who were diagnosed with epilepsy (p=0.0007). It is advisable to measure reduced Hcy level in patients taking valproic acid. The developed HFCF-UF method was simple and accurate. It can be easily applied in clinical research to evaluate oxidative stress in further study.
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Nguyen NT, Du K, Akakpo JY, Umbaugh DS, Jaeschke H, Ramachandran A. Mitochondrial protein adduct and superoxide generation are prerequisites for early activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase within the cytosol after an acetaminophen overdose in mice. Toxicol Lett 2021; 338:21-31. [PMID: 33290831 PMCID: PMC7852579 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States and formation of APAP-protein adducts, mitochondrial oxidant stress and activation of the mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) are critical for APAP-induced cell death. However, direct evidence linking these mechanistic features are lacking and were investigated by examining the early temporal course of these changes in mice after 300 mg/kg APAP. Protein adducts were detectable in the liver (0.05-0.1 nmol/mg protein) by 15 and 30 min after APAP, which increased (>500 %) selectively in mitochondria by 60 min. Cytosolic JNK activation was only evident at 60 min, and was significantly attenuated by scavenging superoxide specifically in the cytosol by TEMPO treatment. Treatment of mouse hepatocytes with APAP revealed mitochondrial superoxide generation within 15 min, accompanied by hydrogen peroxide production without change in mitochondrial respiratory function. The oxidant stress preceded JNK activation and its mitochondrial translocation. Inhibitor studies identified the putative source of mitochondrial superoxide as complex III, which released superoxide towards the intermembrane space after APAP resulting in activation of JNK in the cytosol. Our studies provide direct evidence of mechanisms involved in mitochondrial superoxide generation after NAPQI-adduct formation and its activation of the MAP kinase cascade in the cytosol, which are critical features of APAP hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - David S Umbaugh
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Nguyen NT, Akakpo JY, Weemhoff JL, Ramachandran A, Ding WX, Jaeschke H. Impaired protein adduct removal following repeat administration of subtoxic doses of acetaminophen enhances liver injury in fed mice. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1463-1473. [PMID: 33458793 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02985-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) is a widely used analgesic and is safe at therapeutic doses. However, an overdose of APAP is hepatotoxic and accidental overdoses are increasingly common due to the presence of APAP in several combination medications. Formation of protein adducts (APAP-CYS) is central to APAP-induced liver injury and their removal by autophagy is an essential adaptive response after an acute overdose. Since the typical treatment for conditions such as chronic pain involves multiple doses of APAP over time, this study investigated APAP-induced liver injury after multiple subtoxic doses and examined the role of autophagy in responding to this regimen. Fed male C57BL/6J mice were administered repeated doses (75 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg) of APAP, followed by measurement of adducts within the liver, mitochondria, and in plasma, activation of the MAP kinase JNK, and markers of liver injury. The role of autophagy was investigated by treatment of mice with the autophagy inhibitor, leupeptin. Our data show that multiple treatments at the 150 mg/kg dose of APAP resulted in protein adduct formation in the liver and mitochondria, activation of JNK, and hepatocyte cell death, which was significantly exacerbated by inhibition of autophagy. While repeated dosing with the milder 75 mg/kg dose did not cause mitochondrial protein adduct formation, JNK activation, or liver injury, autophagy inhibition resulted in hepatocyte death even at this lower dose. These data illustrate the importance of adaptive responses such as autophagy in removing protein adducts and preventing liver injury, especially in clinically relevant situations involving repeated dosing with APAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga T Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - James L Weemhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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21
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Bhushan B, Apte U. Acetaminophen Test Battery (ATB): A Comprehensive Method to Study Acetaminophen-Induced Acute Liver Injury. Gene Expr 2020; 20:125-138. [PMID: 32443984 PMCID: PMC7650012 DOI: 10.3727/105221620x15901763757677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the major cause of acute liver failure (ALF) in the Western world. Extensive research is ongoing to identify the mechanisms of APAP-induced ALF. APAP-induced acute liver injury is also one of the most commonly studied drug-induced liver injury models in the field of hepatotoxicity. APAP toxicity is triphasic and includes three mechanistically interlinked but temporally distinct phases of initiation, progression, and recovery/regeneration. Despite how commonly it is studied, the methods to study APAP toxicity differ significantly, often leading to confusing and contradictory data. There are number of reviews on mechanisms of APAP toxicity, but a detailed mechanism-based comprehensive method and list of assays that covers all phases of APAP hepatotoxicity are missing. The goal of this review is to provide a standard protocol and guidelines to study APAP toxicity in mice including a test battery that can help investigators to comprehensively analyze APAP toxicity in the specific context of their hypothesis. Further, we will identify the major roadblocks and common technical problems that can significantly affect the results. This acetaminophen test battery (ATB) will be an excellent guide for scientists studying this most common and clinically relevant drug-induced liver injury and will also be helpful as a roadmap for hypothesis development to study novel mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Bhushan
- *Department of Pathology and Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Udayan Apte
- †Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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4-methylpyrazole protects against acetaminophen-induced acute kidney injury. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 409:115317. [PMID: 33157119 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States, and while a significant percentage of APAP overdose patients develop kidney injury, molecular mechanisms involved in APAP-induced nephrotoxicity are relatively unknown. We have shown that 4-methylpyrazole (4MP, Fomepizole) protects against APAP-induced liver injury by inhibiting reactive metabolite formation through Cyp2E1, and analysis of data from APAP overdose patients indicated that kidney dysfunction strongly correlated with severe liver injury. Since Cyp2E1 is also expressed in the kidney, this study explored protection by 4MP against APAP-induced nephrotoxicity. Male C57BL/6 J mice were treated with either 300 or 600 mg/kg APAP with or without 4MP for 2, 6 or 24 h, followed by measurement of APAP metabolism and tissue injury. Interestingly, levels of APAP and its non-oxidative metabolites were significantly higher in kidneys when compared to the liver. APAP-protein adducts were present in both tissues within 2 h, but were absent in kidney mitochondria, unlike in the liver. While GSH depletion was seen in both tissues, activation of c-jun N-terminal kinase and its translocation to the mitochondria, which is a critical feature of APAP-induced liver injury, was not detected in the kidney. Treatment with 4MP attenuated APAP oxidative metabolite generation, GSH depletion as well as kidney injury indicating its potential use in protection against APAP-induced nephrotoxicity. In conclusion, since reactive metabolite formation seems to be common in both liver and kidney, 4MP mediated inhibition of Cyp2E1 protects against APAP-induced nephrotoxicity. However, downstream mechanisms of APAP-induced nephrotoxicity seem distinct from the liver.
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Safety and Molecular-Toxicological Implications of Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract and Methylsulfonylmethane Co-Administration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207808. [PMID: 33096940 PMCID: PMC7656295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a biologically active, non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa whose popularity has grown exponentially in recent years. Besides a wealth of potential health benefits, ingestion of CBD poses risks for a number of side effects, of which hepatotoxicity and CBD/herb-drug interactions are of particular concern. Here, we investigated the interaction potential between the cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract (CRCE) and methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), a popular dietary supplement, in the mouse model. For this purpose, 8-week-old male C57BL6/J mice received MSM-containing water (80 mg/100 mL) ad libitum for 17 days. During the last three days of treatment, mice received three doses of CRCE administered in sesame oil via oral gavage (123 mg/kg/day). Administration of MSM alone did not result in any evidence of liver toxicity and did not induce expression of mouse cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. Administration of CRCE did produce significant (p < 0.05) increases in Cyp1a2, Cyp2b10, Cyp2c29, Cyp3a4, Cyp3a11, Cyp2c65, and Cyp2c66 messenger RNA, however, this effect was not amplified by MSM/CRCE co-treatment. Similarly, no evidence of liver toxicity was observed in MSM/CRCE dosed mice. In conclusion, short-term MSM/CRCE co-administration did not demonstrate any evidence of hepatotoxicity in the mouse model.
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Measurement of Glutathione as a Tool for Oxidative Stress Studies by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184196. [PMID: 32933160 PMCID: PMC7571047 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Maintenance of the ratio of glutathione in the reduced (GSH) and oxidised (GSSG) state in cells is important in redox control, signal transduction and gene regulation, factors that are altered in many diseases. The accurate and reliable determination of GSH and GSSG simultaneously is a useful tool for oxidative stress determination. Measurement is limited primarily to the underestimation of GSH and overestimation GSSG as a result of auto-oxidation of GSH. The aim of this study was to overcome this limitation and develop, optimise and validate a reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay of GSH and GSSG for the determination of oxidant status in cardiac and chronic kidney diseases. Methods: Fluorescence detection of the derivative, glutathione-O-pthaldialdehyde (OPA) adduct was used. The assay was validated by measuring the stability of glutathione and glutathione-OPA adduct under conditions that could affect the reproducibility including reaction time and temperature. Linearity, concentration range, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), recovery and extraction efficiency and selectivity of the method were assessed. Results: There was excellent linearity for GSH (r2 = 0.998) and GSSG (r2 = 0.996) over concentration ranges of 0.1 µM–4 mM and 0.2 µM–0.4 mM respectively. The extraction of GSH from tissues was consistent and precise. The limit of detection for GSH and GSSG were 0.34 µM and 0.26 µM respectively whilst their limits of quantification were 1.14 µM and 0.88 µM respectively. Conclusion: These data validate a method for the simultaneous measurement of GSH and GSSG in samples extracted from biological tissues and offer a simple determination of redox status in clinical samples.
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Clemens MM, Vazquez JH, Kennon-McGill S, McCullough SS, James LP, McGill MR. Pre-treatment twice with liposomal clodronate protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity through a pre-conditioning effect. LIVER RESEARCH 2020; 4:145-152. [PMID: 33042596 PMCID: PMC7544241 DOI: 10.1016/j.livres.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a major cause of acute liver injury, but the role of macrophages in propagation of the hepatotoxicity is controversial. Early research revealed that macrophage inhibitors protect against APAP injury. However, later work demonstrated that macrophage ablation by acute pre-treatment with liposomal clodronate (LC) exacerbates the toxicity. To our surprise, during other studies, we observed that pre-treatment twice with LC seemed to protect against APAP hepatotoxicity, in contrast to acute pre-treatment. The aim of this study was to confirm that observation and to explore the mechanisms. METHODS We treated mice with empty liposomes (LE) or LC twice per week for 1 week before APAP overdose and collected blood and liver tissue at 0, 2, and 6 h post-APAP. We then measured liver injury (serum ALT activity, histology), APAP bioactivation (total glutathione, APAP-protein adducts), oxidative stress (oxidized glutathione [GSSG]), glutamate cysteine-ligase subunit c (Gclc) mRNA, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) immunofluorescence. We also confirmed ablation of macrophages by F4/80 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Pre-treatment twice with LC dramatically reduced F4/80 staining, protected against liver injury, and reduced oxidative stress at 6 h post-APAP, without affecting APAP bioactivation. Importantly, Gclc mRNA was higher in the LC group at 0 h and total glutathione was higher at 2 h, indicating accelerated glutathione re-synthesis after APAP overdose due to greater basal glutamate-cysteine ligase. Oxidative stress was lower in the LC groups at both time points. Finally, total Nrf2 immunofluorescence was higher in the LC group. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that multiple pre-treatments with LC protect against APAP by accelerating glutathione re-synthesis through glutamate-cysteine ligase. Investigators using two or possibly more LC pre-treatments to deplete macrophages, including peritoneal macrophages, should be aware of this possible confounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M. Clemens
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, USA 72205,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR USA 72205
| | - Joel H. Vazquez
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, USA 72205,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR USA 72205
| | - Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, USA 72205
| | - Sandra S. McCullough
- Dept. of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR USA 72205
| | - Laura P. James
- Dept. of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR USA 72205
| | - Mitchell R. McGill
- Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, USA 72205,Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, USA 72205,Center for Dietary Supplement Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, USA 72205
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26
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Akakpo JY, Ramachandran A, Duan L, Schaich MA, Jaeschke MW, Freudenthal BD, Ding WX, Rumack BH, Jaeschke H. Delayed Treatment With 4-Methylpyrazole Protects Against Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity in Mice by Inhibition of c-Jun n-Terminal Kinase. Toxicol Sci 2020; 170:57-68. [PMID: 30903181 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is the most common cause of hepatotoxicity and acute liver failure in the United States and many western countries. However, the only clinically approved antidote, N-acetylcysteine, has a limited therapeutic window. 4-Methylpyrazole (4MP) is an antidote for methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning, and we have recently shown that cotreatment of 4MP with APAP effectively prevents toxicity by inhibiting Cyp2E1. To evaluate if 4MP can be used therapeutically, C57BL/6J mice were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP followed by 50 mg/kg 4MP 90 min later (after the metabolism phase). In these experiments, 4MP significantly attenuated liver injury at 3, 6, and 24 h after APAP as shown by 80%-90% reduction in plasma alanine aminotransferase activities and reduced areas of necrosis. 4MP prevented c-Jun c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and its mitochondrial translocation, and reduced mitochondrial oxidant stress and nuclear DNA fragmentation. 4MP also prevented JNK activation in other liver injury models. Molecular docking experiments showed that 4MP can bind to the ATP binding site of JNK. These data suggest that treatment with 4MP after the metabolism phase effectively prevents APAP-induced liver injury in the clinically relevant mouse model in vivo mainly through the inhibition of JNK activation. 4MP, a drug approved for human use, is as effective as N-acetylcysteine or can be even more effective in cases of severe overdoses with prolonged metabolism (600 mg/kg). 4MP acts on alternative therapeutic targets and thus may be a novel approach to treatment of APAP overdose in patients that complements N-acetylcysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology Toxicology & Therapeutics
| | - Matthew A Schaich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | | | - Bret D Freudenthal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology Toxicology & Therapeutics
| | - Barry H Rumack
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045
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Shen H, Wang W. Effect of glutathione liposomes on diabetic nephropathy based on oxidative stress and polyol pathway mechanism. J Liposome Res 2020; 31:317-325. [PMID: 32567425 DOI: 10.1080/08982104.2020.1780607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel antioxidant glutathione liposomes (GSH-LIP) were prepared and applied for diabetic nephropathy therapy. GSH-LIP not only improve the bioavailability and antioxidant capacity of glutathione to scavenge redundant ROS inducing by oxidative stress, but also effectively inhibit the activity of AR and sorbitol accumulation in polyol pathway. The imaging in vivo showed that GSH-LIP could target kidney and significantly improve renal pathology. GSH-LIP may become a new AR inhibitor and antioxidant, which provides a new theoretical basis for the study of drugs for therapy diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajuan Shen
- Department of Nephrology, ZheJiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital Of HangZhou Medical College), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Province Tongde Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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28
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Li Y, Pan H, Li X, Jiang N, Huang L, Lu Y, Shi F. Role of intestinal microbiota-mediated genipin dialdehyde intermediate formation in geniposide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 377:114624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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29
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WITHDRAWN: A review of the molecular mechanisms of diabetic complications. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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30
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Ewing LE, McGill MR, Yee EU, Quick CM, Skinner CM, Kennon-McGill S, Clemens M, Vazquez JH, McCullough SS, Williams DK, Kutanzi KR, Walker LA, ElSohly MA, James LP, Gurley BJ, Koturbash I. Paradoxical Patterns of Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome-Like Liver Injury in Aged Female CD-1 Mice Triggered by Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract and Acetaminophen Co-Administration. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122256. [PMID: 31212965 PMCID: PMC6630875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate the potential for a cannabidiol-rich cannabis extract (CRCE) to interact with the most common over-the-counter drug and the major known cause of drug-induced liver injury–acetaminophen (APAP)–in aged female CD-1 mice. Gavaging mice with 116 mg/kg of cannabidiol (CBD) [mouse equivalent dose (MED) of 10 mg/kg of CBD] in CRCE delivered with sesame oil for three consecutive days followed by intraperitoneally (i.p.) acetaminophen (APAP) administration (400 mg/kg) on day 4 resulted in overt toxicity with 37.5% mortality. No mortality was observed in mice treated with 290 mg/kg of CBD+APAP (MED of 25 mg/kg of CBD) or APAP alone. Following CRCE/APAP co-administration, microscopic examination revealed a sinusoidal obstruction syndrome-like liver injury–the severity of which correlated with the degree of alterations in physiological and clinical biochemistry end points. Mechanistically, glutathione depletion and oxidative stress were observed between the APAP-only and co-administration groups, but co-administration resulted in much greater activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Strikingly, these effects were not observed in mice gavaged with 290 mg/kg CBD in CRCE followed by APAP administration. These findings highlight the potential for CBD/drug interactions, and reveal an interesting paradoxical effect of CBD/APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Eric U Yee
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Charles M Quick
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Charles M Skinner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Melissa Clemens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Joel H Vazquez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Sandra S McCullough
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - D Keith Williams
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Kristy R Kutanzi
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS 38677, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Laura P James
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Bill J Gurley
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Ewing LE, Skinner CM, Quick CM, Kennon-McGill S, McGill MR, Walker LA, ElSohly MA, Gurley BJ, Koturbash I. Hepatotoxicity of a Cannabidiol-Rich Cannabis Extract in the Mouse Model. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24091694. [PMID: 31052254 PMCID: PMC6539990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to investigate Cannabidiol (CBD) hepatotoxicity in 8-week-old male B6C3F1 mice. Animals were gavaged with either 0, 246, 738, or 2460 mg/kg of CBD (acute toxicity, 24 h) or with daily doses of 0, 61.5, 184.5, or 615 mg/kg for 10 days (sub-acute toxicity). These doses were the allometrically scaled mouse equivalent doses (MED) of the maximum recommended human maintenance dose of CBD in EPIDIOLEX® (20 mg/kg). In the acute study, significant increases in liver-to-body weight (LBW) ratios, plasma ALT, AST, and total bilirubin were observed for the 2460 mg/kg dose. In the sub-acute study, 75% of mice gavaged with 615 mg/kg developed a moribund condition between days three and four. As in the acute phase, 615 mg/kg CBD increased LBW ratios, ALT, AST, and total bilirubin. Hepatotoxicity gene expression arrays revealed that CBD differentially regulated more than 50 genes, many of which were linked to oxidative stress responses, lipid metabolism pathways and drug metabolizing enzymes. In conclusion, CBD exhibited clear signs of hepatotoxicity, possibly of a cholestatic nature. The involvement of numerous pathways associated with lipid and xenobiotic metabolism raises serious concerns about potential drug interactions as well as the safety of CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Charles M Skinner
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Charles M Quick
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Larry A Walker
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS 38655, USA.
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
- ElSohly Laboratories, Inc. (ELI), Oxford, MS 38655, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Bill J Gurley
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72223, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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Gurley BJ, Miousse IR, Nookaew I, Ewing LE, Skinner CM, Jenjaroenpun P, Wongsurawat T, Kennon-McGill S, Avula B, Bae JY, McGill MR, Ussery D, Khan IA, Koturbash I. Decaffeinated Green Tea Extract Does Not Elicit Hepatotoxic Effects and Modulates the Gut Microbiome in Lean B6C3F₁ Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040776. [PMID: 30987244 PMCID: PMC6521095 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the hepatotoxic potential and effects on the gut microbiome of decaffeinated green tea extract (dGTE) in lean B6C3F1 mice. Gavaging dGTE over a range of 1X–10X mouse equivalent doses (MED) for up to two weeks did not elicit significant histomorphological, physiological, biochemical or molecular alterations in mouse livers. At the same time, administration of dGTE at MED comparable to those consumed by humans resulted in significant modulation of gut microflora, with increases in Akkermansia sp. being most pronounced. Results of this study demonstrate that administration of relevant-to-human-consumption MED of dGTE to non-fasting mice does not lead to hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, dGTE administered to lean mice, caused changes in gut microflora comparable to those observed in obese mice. This study provides further insight into the previously reported weight management properties of dGTE; however, future studies are needed to fully evaluate and understand this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Gurley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Isabelle R Miousse
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Intawat Nookaew
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Laura E Ewing
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Charles M Skinner
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Piroon Jenjaroenpun
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Thidathip Wongsurawat
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Ji-Yeong Bae
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - David Ussery
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Product Research, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Igor Koturbash
- Center for Dietary Supplements Research, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205-7199, USA.
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Kennedy JL, Kurten RC, McCullough S, Panettieri RA, Koziol-White C, Jones SM, Caid K, Gill PS, Roberts D, Jaeschke H, McGill MR, James L. Acetaminophen is both bronchodilatory and bronchoprotective in human precision cut lung slice airways. Xenobiotica 2019; 49:1106-1115. [PMID: 30328361 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1536814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated an association between acetaminophen (APAP) use and the development of asthma symptoms. However, few studies have examined relationships between APAP-induced signaling pathways associated with the development of asthma symptoms. We tested the hypothesis that acute APAP exposure causes airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) in human airways. Precision cut lung slice (PCLS) airways from humans and mice were used to determine the effects of APAP on airway bronchoconstriction and bronchodilation and to assess APAP metabolism in lungs. APAP did not promote AHR in normal or asthmatic human airways ex vivo. Rather, high concentrations mildly bronchodilated airways pre-constricted with carbachol (CCh), histamine (His), or immunoglobulin E (IgE) cross-linking. Further, the addition of APAP prior to bronchoconstrictors protected the airways from constriction. Similarly, in vivo treatment of mice with APAP (200 mg/kg IP) resulted in reduced bronchoconstrictor responses in PCLS airways ex vivo. Finally, in both mouse and human PCLS airways, exposure to APAP generated only low amounts of APAP-protein adducts, indicating minimal drug metabolic activity in the tissues. These findings indicate that acute exposure to APAP does not initiate AHR, that high-dose APAP is protective against bronchoconstriction, and that APAP is a mild bronchodilator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Kennedy
- a Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA.,b Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA.,c Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Richard C Kurten
- a Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA.,c Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute , Little Rock , AR , USA.,d Department of Physiology and Biophysics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Sandra McCullough
- e Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- f Department of Medicine , Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Cynthia Koziol-White
- f Department of Medicine , Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey , New Brunswick , NJ , USA
| | - Stacie M Jones
- a Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA.,c Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute , Little Rock , AR , USA.,d Department of Physiology and Biophysics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Katherine Caid
- g Department of Pediatrics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Pritmohinder S Gill
- c Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute , Little Rock , AR , USA.,g Department of Pediatrics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Dean Roberts
- e Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- h Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- i Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
| | - Laura James
- e Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , AR , USA
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The inhibitor of glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase FSG67 blunts liver regeneration after acetaminophen overdose by altering GSK3β and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 125:279-288. [PMID: 30654094 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Repair mechanisms after acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity are poorly understood. We recently discovered that phosphatidic acid (PA) increases in mice and humans after APAP overdose, and is critical for liver regeneration. Here, we hypothesized that PA inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), a component of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, after APAP overdose. To test that, we treated mice with 300 mg/kg APAP at 0 h followed by vehicle or 20 mg/kg of the glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferase inhibitor FSG67 at 3, 24 and 48 h. Some mice also received the GSK3 inhibitor L803-mts. Blood and liver were collected at multiple time points. Consistent with our earlier results, FSG67 did not affect toxicity (ALT, histology), APAP bioactivation (total glutathione), or oxidative stress (oxidized glutathione), but did reduce expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at 52 h. We then measured GSK3β phosphorylation and found it was dramatically decreased by FSG67 at 24 h, before PCNA dropped. Expression of cyclin D1, downstream of Wnt/β-catenin, was also reduced. To determine if the effect of FSG67 on GSK3β is important, we treated mice with FSG67 and L803-mts after APAP. Importantly, L803-mts rescued hepatocyte proliferation and survival. Our data indicate PA and lysoPA may support recovery after APAP overdose by inhibiting GSK3β.
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Ghallab A. Highlight report: Necrosis-apoptosis conundrum of hepatocytes: mode of hepatocyte death after acetaminophen intoxication. EXCLI JOURNAL 2018; 17:1191-1193. [PMID: 30713480 PMCID: PMC6341448 DOI: 10.17179/excli2018-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ghallab
- Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Ahmed Ghallab, Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt, E-mail:
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Du K, Ramachandran A, Weemhoff JL, Woolbright BL, Jaeschke AH, Chao X, Ding WX, Jaeschke H. Mito-tempo protects against acute liver injury but induces limited secondary apoptosis during the late phase of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:163-178. [PMID: 30324313 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that delayed treatment with Mito-tempo (MT), a mitochondria-targeted superoxide dismutase mimetic, protects against the early phase of acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity by inhibiting peroxynitrite formation. However, whether this protection is sustained to the late phase of toxicity is unknown. To investigate the late protection, C57Bl/6J mice were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP followed by 20 mg/kg MT 1.5 h or 3 h later. We found that both MT treatments protected against the late phase of APAP hepatotoxicity at 12 and 24 h. Surprisingly, MT-treated mice demonstrated a significant increase in apoptotic hepatocytes, while the necrotic phenotype was observed almost exclusively in mice treated with APAP alone. In addition, there was a significant increase in caspase-3 activity and cleavage in the livers of MT-treated mice. Immunostaining for active caspase-3 revealed that the positively stained hepatocytes were exclusively in centrilobular areas. Treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor ZVD-fmk (10 mg/kg) 2 h post-APAP neutralized this caspase activation and provided additional protection against APAP hepatotoxicity. Treatment with N-acetylcysteine, the current standard of care for APAP poisoning, protected but did not induce this apoptotic phenotype. Mechanistically, MT treatment inhibited APAP-induced RIP3 kinase expression, and RIP3-deficient mice showed caspase activation and apoptotic morphology in hepatocytes analogous to MT treatment. These data suggest that while necrosis is the primary cause of cell death after APAP hepatotoxicity, treatment with the antioxidant MT may switch the mode of cell death to secondary apoptosis in some cells. Modulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and RIP3 kinase expression play critical roles in this switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - James L Weemhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Andrew H Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Chao
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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Bu Y, Zhu G, Li S, Qi R, Bhave G, Zhang D, Han R, Sun D, Liu X, Hu Z, Liu X. Silver-Nanoparticle-Embedded Porous Silicon Disks Enabled SERS Signal Amplification for Selective Glutathione Detection. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2018; 1:410-417. [PMID: 31891124 PMCID: PMC6936757 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.7b00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
As the major redox couple and nonprotein thiol source in human tissues, the level of glutathione (GSH) has been a concern for its relation with many diseases. However, the similar physical and chemical properties of interference molecules such as cysteine (Cys) and homocysteine (Hcy) make discriminative detection of GSH in complex biological fluids challenging. Here we report a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platform, based on silver-nanoparticle-embedded porous silicon disks (PSDs/Ag) substrates for highly sensitive and selective detection of GSH in biofluids. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were reductively synthesized and aggregated directly into pores of PSDs, achieving a SERS enhancement factor (EF) up to 2.59 × 107. Ellman's reagent 5,5'-ditho-bis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) was selected as the Raman reactive reporting agent, and the GSH quantification was determined using enzymatic recycling method, and allowed the detection limit of GSH to be down to 74.9 nM using a portable Raman spectrometer. Moreover, the significantly overwhelmed enhancement ratio of GSH over other substances enables the discrimination of GSH detection in complex biofluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bu
- College of Materials Sciences and Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Guixian Zhu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- School of Instrument Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Shengliang Li
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ruogu Qi
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Gauri Bhave
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Dechen Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology & Engineering, The Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Jilin University, Jilin 130012, China
| | - Ruixuan Han
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Dali Sun
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Liu
- College of Materials Sciences and Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongbo Hu
- College of Materials Sciences and Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuewu Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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Willebrords J, Maes M, Pereira IVA, da Silva TC, Govoni VM, Lopes VV, Crespo Yanguas S, Shestopalov VI, Nogueira MS, de Castro IA, Farhood A, Mannaerts I, van Grunsven L, Akakpo J, Lebofsky M, Jaeschke H, Cogliati B, Vinken M. Protective effect of genetic deletion of pannexin1 in experimental mouse models of acute and chronic liver disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:819-830. [PMID: 29246445 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pannexins are transmembrane proteins that form communication channels connecting the cytosol of an individual cell with its extracellular environment. A number of studies have documented the presence of pannexin1 in liver as well as its involvement in inflammatory responses. In this study, it was investigated whether pannexin1 plays a role in acute liver failure and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, being prototypical acute and chronic liver pathologies, respectively, both featured by liver damage, oxidative stress and inflammation. To this end, wild-type and pannexin1-/- mice were overdosed with acetaminophen for 1, 6, 24 or 48h or were fed a choline-deficient high-fat diet for 8weeks. Evaluation of the effects of genetic pannexin1 deletion was based on a number of clinically relevant read-outs, including markers of liver damage, histopathological analysis, lipid accumulation, protein adduct formation, oxidative stress and inflammation. In parallel, in order to elucidate molecular pathways affected by pannexin1 deletion as well as to mechanistically anchor the clinical observations, whole transcriptome analysis of liver tissue was performed. The results of this study show that pannexin1-/- diseased mice present less liver damage and oxidative stress, while inflammation was only decreased in pannexin1-/- mice in which non-alcoholic steatohepatitis was induced. A multitude of genes related to inflammation, oxidative stress and xenobiotic metabolism were differentially modulated in both liver disease models in wild-type and in pannexin1-/- mice. Overall, the results of this study suggest that pannexin1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost Willebrords
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Michaël Maes
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Isabel Veloso Alves Pereira
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tereza Cristina da Silva
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Veronica Mollica Govoni
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Valéria Veras Lopes
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Sara Crespo Yanguas
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Valery I Shestopalov
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1638 NW 10th Avenue, 33136 Miami, FL, United States.
| | - Marina Sayuri Nogueira
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Inar Alves de Castro
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 580, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Anwar Farhood
- Department of Pathology, St. David's North Austin Medical Center, 601E 15th Street, 78701 Austin, United States.
| | - Inge Mannaerts
- Department of Liver Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Leo van Grunsven
- Department of Liver Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jephte Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, 66160 Kansas City, United States.
| | - Margitta Lebofsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, 66160 Kansas City, United States.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, 66160 Kansas City, United States.
| | - Bruno Cogliati
- Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, 05508-270 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Department of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Giustarini D, Colombo G, Garavaglia ML, Astori E, Portinaro NM, Reggiani F, Badalamenti S, Aloisi AM, Santucci A, Rossi R, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Assessment of glutathione/glutathione disulphide ratio and S-glutathionylated proteins in human blood, solid tissues, and cultured cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 112:360-375. [PMID: 28807817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the major non-protein thiol in humans and other mammals, which is present in millimolar concentrations within cells, but at much lower concentrations in the blood plasma. GSH and GSH-related enzymes act both to prevent oxidative damage and to detoxify electrophiles. Under oxidative stress, two GSH molecules become linked by a disulphide bridge to form glutathione disulphide (GSSG). Therefore, assessment of the GSH/GSSG ratio may provide an estimation of cellular redox metabolism. Current evidence resulting from studies in human blood, solid tissues, and cultured cells suggests that GSH also plays a prominent role in protein redox regulation via S -glutathionylation, i.e., the conjugation of GSH to reactive protein cysteine residues. A number of methodologies that enable quantitative analysis of GSH/GSSG ratio and S-glutathionylated proteins (PSSG), as well as identification and visualization of PSSG in tissue sections or cultured cells are currently available. Here, we have considered the main methodologies applied for GSH, GSSG and PSSG detection in biological samples. This review paper provides an up-to-date critical overview of the application of the most relevant analytical, morphological, and proteomics approaches to detect and analyse GSH, GSSG and PSSG in mammalian samples as well as discusses their current limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Astori
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Marcello Portinaro
- Clinica ortopedica e traumatologica, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Reggiani
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Badalamenti
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Aloisi
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Annalisa Santucci
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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40
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Du K, Ramachandran A, McGill MR, Mansouri A, Asselah T, Farhood A, Woolbright BL, Ding WX, Jaeschke H. Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:339-350. [PMID: 28827156 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) is an adaptive response to maintain metabolic homeostasis after mitochondrial dysfunction. Induction of MB during APAP hepatotoxicity has not been studied. To investigate this, mice were treated with toxic doses of APAP and euthanized between 0 and 96 h. At early time points, APAP caused both mitochondrial dysfunction and reduction of mitochondrial mass, indicated by reduced activity of electron transport chain (ETC) complexes I and IV and depletion of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), respectively. Both ETC activity and mtDNA gradually recovered after 12 h, suggesting that MB occurs at late time points after APAP overdose. Immunofluorescent staining of mitochondria with mitochondrial outer membrane protein Tom20 further demonstrated that MB occurs selectively in hepatocytes surrounding necrotic areas. MB signaling mediators including PPARγ co-activator 1-α (Pgc-1α), nuclear respiratory factor-1 (Nrf-1) and mitochondrial fission protein dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp-1) were induced. Pgc-1α was selectively increased in hepatocytes surrounding necrotic areas. In addition, the time course of MB induction coincides with increased liver regeneration. Post-treatment with the known MB inducer SRT1720 increased Pgc-1α expression and liver regeneration, resulting in protection against late liver injury after APAP overdose. Thus, induction of MB is an important feature during APAP hepatotoxicity and liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Abdellah Mansouri
- Hepatology Department, Beaujon Hospital, AP-HP, Clichy, France; INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Denis Diderot, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Tarik Asselah
- Hepatology Department, Beaujon Hospital, AP-HP, Clichy, France; INSERM U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l'Inflammation, Université Denis Diderot, PRES Paris Sorbonne Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Anwar Farhood
- Department of Pathology, St. David's North Austin Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Benjamin L Woolbright
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Wen-Xing Ding
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Microcystin-LR induced liver injury in mice and in primary human hepatocytes is caused by oncotic necrosis. Toxicon 2016; 125:99-109. [PMID: 27889601 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.11.254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are a group of toxins produced by freshwater cyanobacteria. Uptake of microcystin-leucine arginine (MC-LR) by organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B2 in hepatocytes results in inhibition of protein phosphatase 1A and 2A, and subsequent cell death. Studies performed in primary rat hepatocytes demonstrate prototypical apoptosis after MC-LR exposure; however, no study has directly tested whether apoptosis is critically involved in vivo in the mouse, or in human hepatocytes. MC-LR (120 μg/kg) was administered to C57BL/6J mice and cell death was evaluated by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release, caspase-3 activity in the liver, and histology. Mice exposed to MC-LR had increases in plasma ALT values, and hemorrhage in the liver, but no increase in capase-3 activity in the liver. Pre-treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk failed to protect against cell death measured by ALT, glutathione depletion, or hemorrhage. Administration of MC-LR to primary human hepatocytes resulted in significant toxicity at concentrations between 5 nM and 1 μM. There were no elevated caspase-3 activities and pretreatment with z-VAD-fmk failed to protect against cell death in human hepatocytes. MC-LR treated human hepatocytes stained positive for propidium iodide, indicating membrane instability, a marker of necrosis. Of note, both increases in PI positive cells, and increases in lactate dehydrogenase release, occurred before the onset of complete actin filament collapse. In conclusion, apoptosis does not contribute to MC-LR-induced cell death in the in vivo mouse model or in primary human hepatocytes in vitro. Thus, targeting necrotic cell death mechanisms will be critical for preventing microcystin-induced liver injury.
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Du K, Ramachandran A, Weemhoff JL, Chavan H, Xie Y, Krishnamurthy P, Jaeschke H. Editor's Highlight: Metformin Protects Against Acetaminophen Hepatotoxicity by Attenuation of Mitochondrial Oxidant Stress and Dysfunction. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:214-226. [PMID: 27562556 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) causes severe liver injury and even acute liver failure in both mice and human. A recent study by Kim et al. (2015, Metformin ameliorates acetaminophen hepatotoxicity via Gadd45β-dependent regulation of JNK signaling in mice. J. Hepatol. 63, 75-82) showed that metformin, a first-line drug to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus, protected against APAP hepatotoxicity in mice. However, its exact protective mechanism has not been well clarified. To investigate this, C57BL/6J mice were treated with 400 mg/kg APAP and 350 mg/kg metformin was given 0.5 h pre- or 2 h post-APAP. Our data showed that pretreatment with metformin protected against APAP hepatotoxicity, as indicated by the over 80% reduction in plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities and significant decrease in centrilobular necrosis. Metabolic activation of APAP, as indicated by glutathione depletion and APAP-protein adducts formation, was also slightly inhibited. However, 2 h post-treatment with metformin still reduced liver injury by 50%, without inhibition of adduct formation. Interestingly, neither pre- nor post-treatment of metformin inhibited c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation or its mitochondrial translocation. In contrast, APAP-induced mitochondrial oxidant stress and dysfunction were greatly attenuated in these mice. In addition, mice with 2 h post-treatment with metformin also showed significant inhibition of complex I activity, which may contribute to the decreased mitochondrial oxidant stress. Furthermore, the protection was reproduced in JNK activation-absent HepaRG cells treated with 20 mM APAP followed by 0.5 or 1 mM metformin 6 h later, confirming JNK-independent protection mechanisms. Thus, metformin protects against APAP hepatotoxicity by attenuating the mitochondrial oxidant stress and subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction, and may be a potential therapeutic option for APAP overdose patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - James L Weemhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Hemantkumar Chavan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Yuchao Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Partha Krishnamurthy
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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43
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Giustarini D, Tsikas D, Colombo G, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I, Fanti P, Rossi R. Pitfalls in the analysis of the physiological antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and its disulfide (GSSG) in biological samples: An elephant in the room. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, ANALYTICAL TECHNOLOGIES IN THE BIOMEDICAL AND LIFE SCIENCES 2016. [PMID: 26905452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant low-molecular-mass thiol within cells and one of the major antioxidant compounds in body fluids. Under pro-oxidant conditions, two GSH molecules donate one electron each and are converted into glutathione disulfide (GSSG). The GSH/GSSG molar ratio is considered a powerful index of oxidative stress and disease risk. Despite high interest in GSH/GSSG titration as measures of thiol redox balance, no broad agreement has yet been reached as to the best pre-analytical and analytical methods for the quantitation of these molecules in biological samples. Consequently, measured concentrations of GSH and GSSG and calculated GSH/GSSG molar ratios vary widely among laboratories. Here, we describe in detail the main analytical and pre-analytical problems related to the artificial oxidation of the sulfhydryl (SH) group of GSH that occur during sample manipulation. We underline how this aspect has been neglected for long time after its first description more than fifty years ago. Finally, selected reliable procedures and methods to measure GSH and GSSG in biological samples are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-2033 Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-2033 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-2033 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Fanti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, and Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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Du K, Farhood A, Jaeschke H. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-Tempo protects against acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:761-773. [PMID: 27002509 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1692-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity is characterized by an extensive mitochondrial oxidant stress. However, its importance as a drug target has not been clarified. To investigate this, fasted C57BL/6J mice were treated with 300 mg/kg APAP and the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant Mito-Tempo (MT) was given 1.5 h later. APAP caused severe liver injury in mice, as indicated by the increase in plasma ALT activities and centrilobular necrosis. MT dose-dependently reduced the injury. Importantly, MT did not affect APAP-protein adducts formation, glutathione depletion or c-jun N-terminal kinase activation and its mitochondrial translocation. In contrast, hepatic glutathione disulfide and peroxynitrite formation were dose-dependently reduced by MT, indicating its effective mitochondrial oxidant stress scavenging capacity. Consequently, mitochondrial translocation of Bax and release of mitochondrial intermembrane proteins such as apoptosis-inducing factor were prevented, and nuclear DNA fragmentation was eliminated. To demonstrate the importance of mitochondria-specific antioxidant property of MT, we compared its efficacy with Tempo, which has the same pharmacological mode of action as MT but lacks the mitochondria targeting moiety. In contrast to the dramatic protection by MT, the same molar dose of Tempo did not significantly reduce APAP hepatotoxicity. In contrast, even a 3 h post-treatment with MT reduced 70 % of the injury, and the combination of MT with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) provided superior protection than NAC alone. We conclude that MT protects against APAP overdose in mice by attenuating the mitochondrial oxidant stress and preventing peroxynitrite formation and the subsequent mitochondrial dysfunction. MT is a promising therapeutic agent for APAP overdose patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Anwar Farhood
- Department of Pathology, St. David's North Austin Medical Center, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd, MS 1018, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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45
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McGill MR, Kennon-McGill S, Durham D, Jaeschke H. Hearing, reactive metabolite formation, and oxidative stress in cochleae after a single acute overdose of acetaminophen: an in vivo study. Toxicol Mech Methods 2016; 26:104-11. [PMID: 26982240 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2015.1122136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although the liver is the primary target organ in acetaminophen (APAP) toxicity, other organs are affected. Previous data suggested that chronic APAP abuse can be ototoxic and the mechanism involves APAP-induced oxidative stress and reactive metabolite (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine, NAPQI)-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress. However, the effect of a single acute overdose on hearing has not been tested. OBJECTIVES To determine if a single acute APAP overdose causes hearing damage, and to explore possible mechanisms of APAP ototoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male C57BL/6 J mice were treated with a single human-relevant overdose of APAP (300 mg APAP per kg bodyweight). Blood, liver and cochleae were harvested at 0, 2, 6 and 24 h post-APAP. In some mice, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to a range of frequencies were measured at 24 h. The furosemide plus kanamycin (FS/K) model of drug ototoxicity was used as a positive control for hearing loss. NAPQI formation after APAP was assessed by measuring glutathione depletion and covalent protein binding, and oxidative stress was assessed by measuring glutathione disulfide. RESULTS There was no evidence of reactive metabolite formation or hearing loss after a single overdose of APAP at a clinically relevant dose. However, there was a transient increase in oxidative stress. DISCUSSION Although a single acute overdose was not ototoxic, there was evidence of oxidative stress which may support a role for oxidative stress in hearing loss due to chronic APAP abuse. CONCLUSION A single human-relevant acute overdose of APAP causes transient oxidative stress in cochleae but not hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefanie Kennon-McGill
- b Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
| | - Dianne Durham
- b Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery , University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City , KS , USA
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Giustarini D, Tsikas D, Colombo G, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I, Fanti P, Rossi R. Pitfalls in the analysis of the physiological antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and its disulfide (GSSG) in biological samples: An elephant in the room. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1019:21-8. [PMID: 26905452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant low-molecular-mass thiol within cells and one of the major antioxidant compounds in body fluids. Under pro-oxidant conditions, two GSH molecules donate one electron each and are converted into glutathione disulfide (GSSG). The GSH/GSSG molar ratio is considered a powerful index of oxidative stress and disease risk. Despite high interest in GSH/GSSG titration as measures of thiol redox balance, no broad agreement has yet been reached as to the best pre-analytical and analytical methods for the quantitation of these molecules in biological samples. Consequently, measured concentrations of GSH and GSSG and calculated GSH/GSSG molar ratios vary widely among laboratories. Here, we describe in detail the main analytical and pre-analytical problems related to the artificial oxidation of the sulfhydryl (SH) group of GSH that occur during sample manipulation. We underline how this aspect has been neglected for long time after its first description more than fifty years ago. Finally, selected reliable procedures and methods to measure GSH and GSSG in biological samples are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Dimitrios Tsikas
- Centre of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Graziano Colombo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-2033 Milan, Italy
| | - Aldo Milzani
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-2033 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Dalle-Donne
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, I-2033 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Fanti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, and Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
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