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Cheng Q, Duan Y, Fan W, Li D, Zhu C, Ma T, Liu J, Yu M. Cellular uptake, intracellular behavior, and acute/sub-acute cytotoxicity of a PEG-modified quantum dot with promising in-vivo biomedical applications. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20028. [PMID: 37809902 PMCID: PMC10559774 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantum Dots (QDs) modified with branched Polyethylene Glycol-amine (6- or 8-arm PEG-amine) coupled with methoxy PEG (mPEG) hold great promise for in vivo biomedical applications due to a long half-life in blood and negligible toxicity. However, the potential risks regarding their concomitant prolonged co-incubation with cardiovascular and blood cells remains inconclusive. In the present study, the feasible, effective and convenient proliferating-restricted cell line models representing the circulatory system were established to investigate the cellular internalization followed by intracellular outcomes and resulting acute/sub-acute cytotoxicity of the 6-arm PEG-amine/mPEG QDs. We found a dose-, time- and cell type-dependent cellular uptake of the 6-arm PEG-amine/mPEG QDs, which was ten-fold lower compared to the traditional linear PEG-modified counterpart. The QDs entered cells via multiple endocytic pathways and were mostly preserved in Golgi apparatus for at least one week instead of degradation in lysosomes, resulting in a minimal acute cytotoxicity, which is much lower than other types of PEG-modified QDs previously reported. However, a sub-acute cytotoxicity of QDs were observed several days post exposure using the concentrations eliciting no-significant acute cytotoxic effects, which was associated with elevated ROS generation caused by QDs remained inside cells. Finally, a non-cytotoxic concentration of the QDs was identified at the sub-acute cytotoxic level. Our study provided important information for clinical translation of branched PEG-amine/mPEG QDs by elucidating the QDs-cell interactions and toxicity mechanism using the proliferation-restricted cell models representing circulatory system. What's more, we emphasized the indispensability of sub-acute cytotoxic effects in the whole biosafety evaluation process of nanomaterials like QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Andrology/Sichuan Human Sperm Bank, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiping Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Department of Pathology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dongxu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cuiwen Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tiantian Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingxia Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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2
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Fang JM, Basu S, Phu J, Nieh MP, LoTurco JJ. Cellular Localization, Aggregation, and Cytotoxicity of Bicelle-Quantum Dot Nanocomposites. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:566-577. [PMID: 36739562 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bicelles are discoidal lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) in which the planar bilayer and curved rim are, respectively, composed of long- and short-chain lipids. Bicellar LNPs have a hydrophobic core, allowing hydrophobic molecules and large molecular complexes such as quantum dots (QDs) to be encapsulated. In this study, CdSe/ZnS QDs were encapsulated in bicelles made of dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, dihexanoyl phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol, and distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine conjugated with polyethylene glycerol amine 2000 to form a well-defined bicelle-QD nanocomplex (known as NANO2-QD or bicelle-QD). The bicelle-QD was then incubated with Hek293t cells and HeLa cells for different periods of time to determine changes in their cellular localization. Bicelle-QDs readily penetrated Hek293t cell membranes within 15 min of incubation, localized to the cytoplasm, and associated with mitochondria and intracellular vesicles. After 1 h, the bicelle-QDs enter the cell nucleus. Large aggregates form throughout the cell after 2 h and QDs are nearly absent from the nucleus by 4 h. Previous reports have demonstrated that CdSe/ZnS QDs can be toxic to cells, and we have found that encapsulating QDs in bicelles can attenuate but did not eliminate cytotoxicity. The present research outcome demonstrates the time-resolved pathway of bicelle-encapsulated QDs in Hek293t cells, morphological evolution in cells over time, and cytotoxicity of the bicelle-QDs, providing important insight into the potential application of the nanocomplex for cellular imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Fang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
| | - Sayan Basu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
| | - Jak Phu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, SUNY Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York11794, United States
| | - Mu-Ping Nieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States.,Polymer Program, Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
| | - Joseph J LoTurco
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut06269, United States
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3
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Wei T, Zhang T, Tang M. An overview of quantum dots-induced immunotoxicity and the underlying mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119865. [PMID: 35944776 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have bright luminescence and excellent photostability. New synthesis techniques and strategies also enhance QDs properties for specific applications. With the continuous expansion of the applications, QDs-mediated immunotoxicity has become a major concern. The immune system has been confirmed to be an important target organ of QDs and is sensitive to QDs. Herein, review immunotoxic effects caused by QDs and the underlying mechanisms. Firstly, QDs exposure-induced modulation in immune cell maturation and differentiation is summarized, especially pre-exposed dendritic cells (DCs) and their regulatory roles in adaptive immunity. Cytokines are usually recognized as biomarkers of immunotoxicity, therefore, variation of cytokines mediated by QDs is also highlighted. Moreover, the activation of the complement system induced by QDs is discussed. Accumulated results have suggested that QDs disrupt the immune response by regulating intracellular oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species) levels, autophagy formation, and expressions of pro-inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, several signalling pathways play a key role in the disruption. Finally, some difficulties worthy of further consideration are proposed. Because there are still challenges in biomedical and clinical applications, this review hopes to provide information that could be useful in exploring the mechanisms associated with QD-induced immunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Department of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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4
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Gil CJ, Li L, Hwang B, Cadena M, Theus AS, Finamore TA, Bauser-Heaton H, Mahmoudi M, Roeder RK, Serpooshan V. Tissue engineered drug delivery vehicles: Methods to monitor and regulate the release behavior. J Control Release 2022; 349:143-155. [PMID: 35508223 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a rapidly evolving, multidisciplinary field that aims at generating or regenerating 3D functional tissues for in vitro disease modeling and drug screening applications or for in vivo therapies. A variety of advanced biological and engineering methods are increasingly being used to further enhance and customize the functionality of tissue engineered scaffolds. To this end, tunable drug delivery and release mechanisms are incorporated into tissue engineering modalities to promote different therapeutic processes, thus, addressing challenges faced in the clinical applications. In this review, we elaborate the mechanisms and recent developments in different drug delivery vehicles, including the quantum dots, nano/micro particles, and molecular agents. Different loading strategies to incorporate the therapeutic reagents into the scaffolding structures are explored. Further, we discuss the main mechanisms to tune and monitor/quantify the release kinetics of embedded drugs from engineered scaffolds. We also survey the current trend of drug delivery using stimuli driven biopolymer scaffolds to enable precise spatiotemporal control of the release behavior. Recent advancements, challenges facing current scaffold-based drug delivery approaches, and areas of future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen J Gil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lan Li
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Boeun Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Melissa Cadena
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Andrea S Theus
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Tyler A Finamore
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Holly Bauser-Heaton
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Sibley Heart Center at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Morteza Mahmoudi
- Department of Radiology and Precision Health Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48864, USA
| | - Ryan K Roeder
- Bioengineering Graduate Program, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Vahid Serpooshan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University School of Medicine and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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5
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Villalva MD, Agarwal V, Ulanova M, Sachdev PS, Braidy N. Quantum dots as a theranostic approach in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1595-1611. [PMID: 34180261 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Quantum dots (QDs) are nanoparticles that have an emerging application as theranostic agents in several neurodegenerative diseases. The advantage of QDs as nanomedicine is due to their unique optical properties that provide high sensitivity, stability and selectivity at a nanoscale range. Objective: To offer renewed insight into current QD research and elucidate its promising application in Alzheimer's disease (AD) diagnosis and therapy. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar databases that included the following search terms: 'quantum dots', 'blood-brain barrier', 'cytotoxicity', 'toxicity' and 'Alzheimer's disease'; PRISMA guidelines were adhered to. Results: Thirty-four publications were selected to evaluate the ability of QDs to cross the blood-brain barrier, potential toxicity and current AD diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Conclusion: QD's unique optical properties and versatility to conjugate to various biomolecules, while maintaining a nanoscale size, render them a promising theranostic tool in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D Villalva
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Vipul Agarwal
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marina Ulanova
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Aging, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
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6
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Heyne B, Geßner A, Wedel A, Taubert A. Dispersion of InPZnS/ZnSe/ZnS multishell quantum dots (QDs) in water: extension to QDs with different core sizes and identical shell thickness. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heyne
- Functional Materials and Devices Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research Geiselbergstr. 69 D-14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - André Geßner
- Functional Materials and Devices Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research Geiselbergstr. 69 D-14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Armin Wedel
- Functional Materials and Devices Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research Geiselbergstr. 69 D-14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institute of Chemistry University of Potsdam Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24–25 D-14476 Potsdam Germany
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7
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Liu N, Tang M. Toxicity of different types of quantum dots to mammalian cells in vitro: An update review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:122606. [PMID: 32516645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there are a great quantity type of quantum dots (QDs) that has been developed by researchers. Depending on the core material, they can be roughly divided into cadmium, silver, indium, carbon and silicon QDs. And studies on the toxicity of QDs are also increasing rapidly, but in vivo tests in model animals fail to reach a consistent conclusion. Therefore, we review the literatures dealing with the cytotoxicity of QDs in mammalian cells in vitro. After a short summary of the application characteristics of five types of QDs, the fate of QDs in cells will be discussed, ranging from the uptake, transportation, sublocation and excretion. A substantial part of the review will be focused on in vitro toxicity, in which the type of QDs is combined with their adverse effect and toxic mechanism. Because of their different luminescent properties, different subcellular fate, and different degree of cytotoxicity, we provide an overview on the balance of optical stability and biocompatibility of QDs and give a short outlook on future direction of cytotoxicology of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Meng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, 87 Ding Jia Qiao, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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8
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Heyne B, Arlt K, Geßner A, Richter AF, Döblinger M, Feldmann J, Taubert A, Wedel A. Mixed Mercaptocarboxylic Acid Shells Provide Stable Dispersions of InPZnS/ZnSe/ZnS Multishell Quantum Dots in Aqueous Media. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:nano10091858. [PMID: 32957490 PMCID: PMC7557590 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Highly luminescent indium phosphide zinc sulfide (InPZnS) quantum dots (QDs), with zinc selenide/zinc sulfide (ZnSe/ZnS) shells, were synthesized. The QDs were modified via a post-synthetic ligand exchange reaction with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (MUA) in different MPA:MUA ratios, making this study the first investigation into the effects of mixed ligand shells on InPZnS QDs. Moreover, this article also describes an optimized method for the correlation of the QD size vs. optical absorption of the QDs. Upon ligand exchange, the QDs can be dispersed in water. Longer ligands (MUA) provide more stable dispersions than short-chain ligands. Thicker ZnSe/ZnS shells provide a better photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and higher emission stability upon ligand exchange. Both the ligand exchange and the optical properties are highly reproducible between different QD batches. Before dialysis, QDs with a ZnS shell thickness of ~4.9 monolayers (ML), stabilized with a mixed MPA:MUA (mixing ratio of 1:10), showed the highest PLQY, at ~45%. After dialysis, QDs with a ZnS shell thickness of ~4.9 ML, stabilized with a mixed MPA:MUA and a ratio of 1:10 and 1:100, showed the highest PLQYs, of ~41%. The dispersions were stable up to 44 days at ambient conditions and in the dark. After 44 days, QDs with a ZnS shell thickness of ~4.9 ML, stabilized with only MUA, showed the highest PLQY, of ~34%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Heyne
- Fraunhofer IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (B.H.); (K.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Kristin Arlt
- Fraunhofer IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (B.H.); (K.A.); (A.G.)
| | - André Geßner
- Fraunhofer IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (B.H.); (K.A.); (A.G.)
| | - Alexander F. Richter
- Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich and Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany; (A.F.R.); (J.F.)
| | - Markus Döblinger
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Butenandtstraße 5-13 (E), 81377 Munich, Germany;
| | - Jochen Feldmann
- Photonics and Optoelectronics, Nano-Institute Munich and Department of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Königinstraße 10, 80539 Munich, Germany; (A.F.R.); (J.F.)
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (A.W.); Tel.: +49-(0)331-977-5773 (A.T.); +49-(0)331-568-1910 (A.W.)
| | - Armin Wedel
- Fraunhofer IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (B.H.); (K.A.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (A.W.); Tel.: +49-(0)331-977-5773 (A.T.); +49-(0)331-568-1910 (A.W.)
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9
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Thal LB, Mann VR, Sprinzen D, McBride JR, Reid KR, Tomlinson ID, McMahon DG, Cohen BE, Rosenthal SJ. Ligand-conjugated quantum dots for fast sub-diffraction protein tracking in acute brain slices. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:837-845. [PMID: 31790090 PMCID: PMC7002256 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01629e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) have demonstrated utility in long-term single particle tracking of membrane proteins in live cells in culture. To extend the superior optical properties of QDs to more physiologically relevant cell platforms, such as acute brain slices, we examine the photophysics of compact ligand-conjugated CdSe/CdS QDs using both ensemble and single particle analysis in brain tissue media. We find that symmetric core passivation is critical for both photostability in oxygenated media and for prolonged single particle imaging in brain slices. We then demonstrate the utility of these QDs by imaging single dopamine transporters in acute brain slices, achieving 20 nm localization precision at 10 Hz frame rates. These findings detail design requirements needed for new QD probes in complex living environments, and open the door to physiologically relevant studies that capture the utility of QD probes in acute brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas B Thal
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
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10
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Xi WS, Tang H, Liu YY, Liu CY, Gao Y, Cao A, Liu Y, Chen Z, Wang H. Cytotoxicity of vanadium oxide nanoparticles and titanium dioxide-coated vanadium oxide nanoparticles to human lung cells. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 40:567-577. [PMID: 31869448 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Due to excellent metal-insulator transition property, vanadium dioxide nanoparticles (VO2 NPs)-based nanomaterials are extensively studied and applied in various fields, and thus draw safety concerns of VO2 NPs exposure through various routes. Herein, the cytotoxicity of VO2 NPs (N-VO2 ) and titanium dioxide-coated VO2 NPs (T-VO2 ) to typical human lung cell lines (A549 and BEAS-2B) was studied by using a series of biological assays. It was found that both VO2 NPs induced a dose-dependent cytotoxicity, and the two cell lines displayed similar sensitivity to VO2 NPs. Under the same conditions, T-VO2 NPs showed slightly lower cytotoxicity than N-VO2 in both cells, indicating the surface coating of titanium dioxide mitigated the toxicity of VO2 NPs. Titanium dioxide coating changed the surface property of VO2 NPs and reduced the vanadium release of particles, and thus helped lowing the toxicity of VO2 NPs. The induced cell viability loss was attributed to apoptosis and proliferation inhibition, which were supported by the assays of apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane damage, caspase-3 level, and cell cycle arrest. The oxidative stress, i.e., enhanced reactive oxygen species generation and suppressed reduced glutathione , in A549 and BEAS-2B cells was one of the major mechanisms of the cytotoxicity of VO2 NPs. These findings provide safety guidance for the practical applications of vanadium dioxide-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Song Xi
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huan Tang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Aoneng Cao
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanfang Liu
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Li M, Cheng F, Xue C, Wang H, Chen C, Du Q, Ge D, Sun B. Surface Modification of Stöber Silica Nanoparticles with Controlled Moiety Densities Determines Their Cytotoxicity Profiles in Macrophages. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14688-14695. [PMID: 31635450 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties of nanomaterials play important roles in determining their toxicological profiles during nano-biointeraction. Among them, surface modification is one of the most effective manners to tune the cytotoxicity induced by nanomaterials. However, currently, there is no consistency in surface modification including moiety types and quantities considering the conflicting toxicological profiles of particles across different studies. In this study, in order to systematically investigate how the moiety density affects cytotoxicity of NPs, we chose three different types of functional groups, that is, -NH2, -COOH, and -PEG, and further controlled their densities on modified Stöber silica nanoparticles (NPs). We demonstrated that densities of functional groups could significantly affect the cytotoxicities of Stöber silica NPs. Regardless of the types of functional groups, high grafting densities could ameliorate the cytotoxicities induced by Stöber silica NPs in macrophages, for example, J774A.1 and N9 cells. When equal amounts of functional groups were present, the cell viability increased in the order of -COOH < -NH2 < -PEG. Furthermore, it was shown that surface modification could significantly affect the quantities of the surface silanol, which is the determining factor that affects their cytotoxicity. These results show that it is critical to control the surface moiety both quantitatively and qualitatively, which can tune the interaction outcomes at the nano-bio interface. The results found in this article provide useful guidance to adjust nanomaterial cytotoxicity for safer biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering , Dalian University of Technology , 116024 Dalian , China
| | | | - Chen Chen
- School of Bioengineering , Dalian University of Technology , 116024 Dalian , China
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12
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Bilal M, Oh E, Liu R, Breger JC, Medintz IL, Cohen Y. Bayesian Network Resource for Meta-Analysis: Cellular Toxicity of Quantum Dots. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1900510. [PMID: 31207082 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201900510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A web-based resource for meta-analysis of nanomaterials toxicity is developed whereby the utility of Bayesian networks (BNs) is illustrated for exploring the cellular toxicity of Cd-containing quantum dots (QDs). BN models are developed based on a dataset compiled from 517 publications comprising 3028 cell viability data samples and 837 IC50 values. BN QD toxicity (BN-QDTox) models are developed using both continuous (i.e., numerical) and categorical attributes. Using these models, the most relevant attributes identified for correlating IC50 are: QD diameter, exposure time, surface ligand, shell, assay type, surface modification, and surface charge, with the addition of QD concentration for the cell viability analysis. Data exploration via BN models further enables identification of possible association rules for QDs cellular toxicity. The BN models as web-based applications can be used for rapid intelligent query of the available body of evidence for a given nanomaterial and can be readily updated as the body of knowledge expands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7227, USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1496, USA
| | - Eunkeu Oh
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5611, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
- KeyW Corporation, Hanover, MD, 21076, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1496, USA
| | - Joyce C Breger
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 20375, USA
| | - Yoram Cohen
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7227, USA
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1496, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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13
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An In Vitro Investigation of Cytotoxic Effects of InP/Zns Quantum Dots with Different Surface Chemistries. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020135. [PMID: 30678192 PMCID: PMC6409980 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Indium phosphide quantum dots (QDs) passivated with zinc sulphide in a core/shell architecture (InP/ZnS) with different surface chemistries were introduced to RAW 264.7 murine “macrophage-like” cells to understand their potential toxicities. The InP/ZnS quantum dots were conjugated with an oligonucleotide, a carboxylic acid, or an amino-polyethylene glycol ligand, and cell viability and cell proliferation were investigated via a metabolic assay. Membrane integrity was measured through the production of lactate dehydrogenase. Fluorescence microscopy showed cellular uptake. All quantum dots exhibited cytotoxic behaviour less than that observed from cadmium- or lead-based quantum dots; however, this behaviour was sensitive to the ligands used. In particular, the amino-polyethylene glycol conjugated quantum dots proved to possess the highest cytotoxicity examined here. This provides quantitative evidence that aqueous InP/ZnS quantum dots can offer a safer alternative for bioimaging or in therapeutic applications.
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14
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Goreham RV, Schroeder KL, Holmes A, Bradley SJ, Nann T. Demonstration of the lack of cytotoxicity of unmodified and folic acid modified graphene oxide quantum dots, and their application to fluorescence lifetime imaging of HaCaT cells. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:128. [PMID: 29594671 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-018-2679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe the synthesis of water-soluble and fluorescent graphene oxide quantum dots via acid exfoliation of graphite nanoparticles. The resultant graphene oxide quantum dots (GoQDs) were then modified with folic acid. Folic acid receptors are overexpressed in cancer cells and hence can bind to functionalized graphene oxide quantum dots. On excitation at 305 nm, the GoQDs display green fluorescence with a peak wavelength at ~520 nm. The modified GoQDs are non-toxic to macrophage cells even after prolonged exposure and high concentrations. Fluorescence lifetime imaging and multiphoton microscopy was used (in combination) to image HeCaT cells exposed to GoQDs, resulting in a superior method for bioimaging. Graphical abstract Schematic representation of graphene oxide quantum dots, folic acid modified graphene oxide quantum dots (red), and the use of fluorescence lifetime to discriminate against green auto-fluorescence of HeCaT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee V Goreham
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Science, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
| | - Kathryn L Schroeder
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Science, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Amy Holmes
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, Australia
| | - Siobhan J Bradley
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Science, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Nann
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, School of Chemical and Physical Science, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
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15
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Grabowska-Jadach I, Drozd M, Biegala J, Pietrzak M, Mazurkiewicz-Pawlicka M, Parzuchowski PG, Brzózka Z. Studies on influence of polymer modifiers for fluorescent nanocrystals’ cytotoxicity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 127:193-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Oh E, Liu R, Nel A, Gemill KB, Bilal M, Cohen Y, Medintz IL. Meta-analysis of cellular toxicity for cadmium-containing quantum dots. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 11:479-86. [PMID: 26925827 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relationships between the physicochemical properties of engineered nanomaterials and their toxicity is critical for environmental and health risk analysis. However, this task is confounded by material diversity, heterogeneity of published data and limited sampling within individual studies. Here, we present an approach for analysing and extracting pertinent knowledge from published studies focusing on the cellular toxicity of cadmium-containing semiconductor quantum dots. From 307 publications, we obtain 1,741 cell viability-related data samples, each with 24 qualitative and quantitative attributes describing the material properties and experimental conditions. Using random forest regression models to analyse the data, we show that toxicity is closely correlated with quantum dot surface properties (including shell, ligand and surface modifications), diameter, assay type and exposure time. Our approach of integrating quantitative and categorical data provides a roadmap for interrogating the wide-ranging toxicity data in the literature and suggests that meta-analysis can help develop methods for predicting the toxicity of engineered nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkeu Oh
- Optical Sciences Division, Code 5611, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, Washington DC 20375, USA
- Sotera Defense Solutions, Columbia, Maryland 21046, USA
| | - Rong Liu
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1496, USA
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-7227, USA
| | - Andre Nel
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-7227, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of NanoMedicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Kelly Boeneman Gemill
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, US Naval Research Laboratory, SW Washington, Washington DC 20375, USA
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-7227, USA
| | - Yoram Cohen
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1496, USA
- Center for Environmental Implications of Nanotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-7227, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1592, USA
| | - Igor L Medintz
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Code 6900, US Naval Research Laboratory, SW Washington, Washington DC 20375, USA
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17
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Wang X, Tian J, Yong KT, Zhu X, Lin MCM, Jiang W, Li J, Huang Q, Lin G. Immunotoxicity assessment of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots in macrophages, lymphocytes and BALB/c mice. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:10. [PMID: 26846666 PMCID: PMC4743154 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0162-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The toxicity of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) in the environment and biological systems has become a major concern for the nanoparticle community. However, the potential toxicity of QDs on immune cells and its corresponding immune functions remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the immunotoxicity of CdSe/ZnS QDs using the in vitro in macrophages and lymphocytes and in vivo in BALB/c mice. RESULTS Our results indicated that macrophages treated with 1.25 or 2.5 nM QDs exhibited decreased cell viability, increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), elevated apoptotic events, altered phagocytic ability, and decreased release of TNF-α and IL-6 by upon subsequent stimulation with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In contrast, lymphocytes exposed to QDs exhibited enhanced cell viability, increased release of TNF-α and IL-6 following exposure with CpG-ODN, and decreased transformation ability treatment in response to LPS. To study the in vivo effects in mice, we showed that QDs injection did not cause significant changes to body weight, hematology, organ histology, and phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages in QDs-treated mice. In addition, the QDs formulation accumulated in major immune organs for more than 42 days. Lymphocytes from QDs-treated mice showed reduced cell viability, changed subtype proportions, increased TNF-α and IL-6 release, and reduced transformation ability in response to LPS. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggested that exposures to CdSe/ZnS QDs could suppress immune-defense against foreign stimuli, which in turn could result in increased susceptibility of hosts to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Wang
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China. .,Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China. .,The Institute of Urinary and Reproductive, Shenzhen Key lab of Translational Medicine of Tumor, The Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinglin Tian
- College of Life Science and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China. .,Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Xuedan Zhu
- Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Marie Chia-Mi Lin
- Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenxiao Jiang
- Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiefeng Li
- Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qijun Huang
- Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guimiao Lin
- Key Lab of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China. .,The Institute of Urinary and Reproductive, Shenzhen Key lab of Translational Medicine of Tumor, The Engineering Lab of Synthetic Biology, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Fan J, Sun Y, Wang S, Li Y, Zeng X, Cao Z, Yang P, Song P, Wang Z, Xian Z, Gao H, Chen Q, Cui D, Ju D. Inhibition of autophagy overcomes the nanotoxicity elicited by cadmium-based quantum dots. Biomaterials 2016; 78:102-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Kendall M, Hodges NJ, Whitwell H, Tyrrell J, Cangul H. Nanoparticle growth and surface chemistry changes in cell-conditioned culture medium. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140100. [PMID: 25533102 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When biomolecules attach to engineered nanoparticle (ENP) surfaces, they confer the particles with a new biological identity. Physical format may also radically alter, changing ENP stability and agglomeration state within seconds. In order to measure which biomolecules are associated with early ENP growth, we studied ENPs in conditioned medium from A549 cell culture, using dynamic light scattering (DLS) and linear trap quadrupole electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry. Two types of 100 nm polystyrene particles (one uncoated and one with an amine functionalized surface) were used to measure the influence of surface type. In identically prepared conditioned medium, agglomeration was visible in all samples after 1 h, but was variable, indicating inter-sample variability in secretion rates and extracellular medium conditions. In samples conditioned for 1 h or more, ENP agglomeration rates varied significantly. Agglomerate size measured by DLS was well correlated with surface sequestered peptide number for uncoated but not for amine coated polystyrene ENPs. Amine-coated ENPs grew much faster and into larger agglomerates associated with fewer sequestered peptides, but including significant sequestered lactose dehydrogenase. We conclude that interference with extracellular peptide balance and oxidoreductase activity via sequestration is worthy of further study, as increased oxidative stress via this new mechanism may be important for cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Kendall
- School of Metallurgy and Materials, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Child Health, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Nikolas J Hodges
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Harry Whitwell
- Child Health, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Jess Tyrrell
- European Centre of Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall, UK
| | - Hakan Cangul
- Centre for Rare Diseases and Personalised Medicine, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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20
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Du T, Cai K, Han H, Fang L, Liang J, Xiao S. Probing the interactions of CdTe quantum dots with pseudorabies virus. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16403. [PMID: 26552937 PMCID: PMC4639764 DOI: 10.1038/srep16403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) have become one of the most promising luminescent materials for tracking viral infection in living cells. However, several issues regarding how QDs interact with the virus remain unresolved. Herein, the effects of Glutathione (GSH) capped CdTe QDs on virus were investigated by using pseudorabies virus (PRV) as a model. One-step growth curve and fluorescence colocalization analyses indicate that CdTe QDs inhibit PRV multiplication in the early stage of virus replication cycle by suppressing the invasion, but have no significant effect on the PRV penetration. Fluorescence spectrum analysis indicates that the size of QDs is reduced gradually after the addition of PRV within 30 min. Release of Cd2+ was detected during the interaction of QDs and PRV, resulting in a decreased number of viruses which can infect cells. Further Raman spectra and Circular Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy analyses reveal that the structure of viral surface proteins is altered by CdTe QDs adsorbed on the virus surface, leading to the inhibition of virus replication. This study facilitates an in-depth understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of viruses and provides a basis for QDs-labeled virus research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Du
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.,College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Kaimei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Heyou Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.,College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jiangong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.,College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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21
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Peng L, He M, Chen B, Qiao Y, Hu B. Metallomics Study of CdSe/ZnS Quantum Dots in HepG2 Cells. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10324-10334. [PMID: 26389814 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of quantum dots (QDs) has been a hot research concern in the past decade, and there is a lot of challenge in this field. The physicochemical characteristics of QDs can affect their toxicity, while little is known about the specific chemical form of QDs in living cells after incubation so far. In this work, speciation of four CdSe/ZnS QDs in HepG2 cells was carried out from the metallomics' point of view for the first time by using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). On the basis of the signal of Cd, two kinds of chemical forms, named as QD-1 and QD-2, were observed in HepG2 cells incubated with CdSe/ZnS QDs. QD-1 was demonstrated to be a kind of QD-like nanoparticles, confirmed by chromatographic retention time, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization, and fluorescence detection. QD-2 was demonstrated to be cadmium-metallothioneins complex (Cd-MTs) by reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) synchronously coupled with ICP-MS and electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-Q-TOF-MS) analysis. Meanwhile, speciation of QDs in HepG2 cells incubated with different conditions was analyzed. With the variation of QDs incubation concentration/time, and elimination time, the species of QD-1 and QD-2 were also observed without other obvious species, and both the amount of QD-1 and QD-2 increased with incubation concentration and time. The obtained results provide valuable information and a strategy for the study of existing chemical form of QDs, greatly benefiting the understanding of QDs toxicity in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Man He
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Bin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, PR China
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22
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Bridle H, Balharry D, Gaiser B, Johnston H. Exploitation of Nanotechnology for the Monitoring of Waterborne Pathogens: State-of-the-Art and Future Research Priorities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:10762-77. [PMID: 26301863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated drinking water is one of the most important environmental contributors to the human disease burden. Monitoring of water for the presence of pathogens is an essential part of ensuring drinking water safety. In order to assess water quality it is essential to have methods available to sample and detect the type, level and viability of pathogens in water which are effective, cheap, quick, sensitive, and where possible high throughput. Nanotechnology has the potential to drastically improve the monitoring of waterborne pathogens when compared to conventional approaches. To date, there have been no reviews that outline the applications of nanotechnology in this area despite increasing exploitation of nanotechnology for this purpose. This review is therefore the first overview of the state-of-the-art in the application of nanotechnology to waterborne pathogen sampling and detection schemes. Research in this field has been centered on the use of engineered nanomaterials. The effectiveness and limitations of nanomaterial-based approaches is outlined. A future outlook of the advances that are likely to emerge in this area, as well as recommendations for areas of further research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Bridle
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, Heriot-Watt University , Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Balharry
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
- Centre for Genomics and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh , Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kingdom
| | - Birgit Gaiser
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Helinor Johnston
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University , Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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23
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Tian F, Clift MJ, Casey A, Del Pino P, Pelaz B, Conde J, Byrne HJ, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Estrada G, de la Fuente JM, Stoeger T. Investigating the role of shape on the biological impact of gold nanoparticles in vitro. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 10:2643-57. [PMID: 26377045 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the influence of gold nanoparticle geometry on the biochemical response of Calu-3 epithelial cells. MATERIALS & METHODS Spherical, triangular and hexagonal gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were used. The GNP-cell interaction was assessed via atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The biochemical impact of GNPs was determined over 72 h at (0.0001-1 mg/ml). RESULTS At 1 mg/ml, hexagonal GNPs reduced Calu-3 viability below 60%, showed increased reactive oxygen species production and higher expression of proapoptotic markers. A cell mass burden of 1:2:12 as well as number of GNPs per cell (2:1:3) was observed for spherical:triangular:hexagonal GNPs. CONCLUSION These findings do not suggest a direct shape-toxicity effect. However, do highlight the contribution of shape towards the GNP-cell interaction which impacts upon their intracellular number, mass and volume dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furong Tian
- Comprehensive Pneumology Centre, Institute of Lung Biology & Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.,Nanolab Research Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Camden Row, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Jd Clift
- BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alan Casey
- Nanolab Research Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Camden Row, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Beatriz Pelaz
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - João Conde
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering & Science, Harvard-MIT Division for Health Sciences & Technology, E25-449 Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hugh J Byrne
- Nanolab Research Centre, FOCAS Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Camden Row, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Giovani Estrada
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jesús M de la Fuente
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragon CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Comprehensive Pneumology Centre, Institute of Lung Biology & Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
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24
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Lai L, Jin JC, Xu ZQ, Mei P, Jiang FL, Liu Y. Necrotic cell death induced by the protein-mediated intercellular uptake of CdTe quantum dots. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 135:240-249. [PMID: 25965003 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of CdTe QDs with nearly identical maximum emission wavelength but modified with four different ligands (MPA, NAC, GSH and dBSA) to HEK293 and HeLa cells were investigated using flow cytometry, spectroscopic and microscopic methods. The results showed that the cytotoxicity of QDs increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. No appreciable fraction of cells with sub-G1 DNA content, the loss of membrane integrity, and the swelling of nuclei clearly indicated that CdTe QDs could lead to necrotic cell death in HEK293 cells. JC-1 staining and TEM images confirmed that QDs induced MPT, which resulted in mitochondrial swelling, collapse of the membrane potential. MPT is an important step in QDs-induced necrosis. Moreover, QDs induced MPT through the elevation of ROS. The fluorimetric assay and theoretical analysis demonstrated ROS production has been associated with the internalization of QDs with cells. Due to large surface/volume ratios of QDs, when QDs added in the culture medium, serum proteins in the culture medium will be adsorbed on the surface of QDs. This adsorption of serum protein will change the surface properties and size, and then mediate the cellular uptake of QDs via the clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. After entering into cells, the translocation of QDs in cells is usually via endosomal or lysosomal vesicles. The rapid degradation of QDs in lysosome and the lysosomal destabilization induce cell necrosis. This study provides a basis for understanding the cytotoxicity mechanism of CdTe QDs, and valuable information for safe use of QDs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China; College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, PR China
| | - Jian-Cheng Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zi-Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Ping Mei
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, PR China
| | - Feng-Lei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecule Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, PR China; College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Hubei Engineering University, Xiaogan 432000, PR China.
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25
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Manshian BB, Soenen SJ, Brown A, Hondow N, Wills J, Jenkins GJS, Doak SH. Genotoxic capacity of Cd/Se semiconductor quantum dots with differing surface chemistries. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:97-106. [PMID: 26275419 PMCID: PMC4696518 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QD) have unique electronic and optical properties promoting biotechnological advances. However, our understanding of the toxicological structure–activity relationships remains limited. This study aimed to determine the biological impact of varying nanomaterial surface chemistry by assessing the interaction of QD with either a negative (carboxyl), neutral (hexadecylamine; HDA) or positive (amine) polymer coating with human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells. Following QD physico-chemical characterisation, cellular uptake was quantified by optical and electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity was evaluated and genotoxicity was characterised using the micronucleus assay (gross chromosomal damage) and the HPRT forward mutation assay (point mutagenicity). Cellular damage mechanisms were also explored, focusing on oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage. Cell uptake, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity were found to be dependent on QD surface chemistry. Carboxyl-QD demonstrated the smallest agglomerate size and greatest cellular uptake, which correlated with a dose dependent increase in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Amine-QD induced minimal cellular damage, while HDA-QD promoted substantial induction of cell death and genotoxicity. However, HDA-QD were not internalised by the cells and the damage they caused was most likely due to free cadmium release caused by QD dissolution. Oxidative stress and induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species were only partially associated with cytotoxicity and genotoxicity induced by the QD, hence were not the only mechanisms of importance. Colloidal stability, nanoparticle (NP) surface chemistry, cellular uptake levels and the intrinsic characteristics of the NPs are therefore critical parameters impacting genotoxicity induced by QD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella B Manshian
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK, Biomedical NMR Unit-MoSAIC, Department of Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Stefaan J Soenen
- Biomedical NMR Unit-MoSAIC, Department of Medicine, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium and
| | - Andy Brown
- Institute for Materials Research, SCaPE, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nicole Hondow
- Institute for Materials Research, SCaPE, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - John Wills
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gareth J S Jenkins
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Shareen H Doak
- Institute of Life Science, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK,
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Lai L, Jin JC, Xu ZQ, Ge YS, Jiang FL, Liu Y. Spectroscopic and Microscopic Studies on the Mechanism of Mitochondrial Toxicity Induced by CdTe QDs Modified with Different Ligands. J Membr Biol 2015; 248:727-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-015-9785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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PEGylation of ORMOSIL nanoparticles differently modulates the in vitro toxicity toward human lung cells. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:607-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1273-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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McMahan RS, Lee V, Parks WC, Kavanagh TJ, Eaton DL. In vitro approaches to assessing the toxicity of quantum dots. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1199:155-163. [PMID: 25103807 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1280-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology have produced a new class of fluorescent nanoparticles known as quantum dots (Qdots). Compared with organic dyes and fluorescent proteins, Qdots offer several unique advantages in terms of spectral range, brightness, and photostability. Relative to other imaging modalities, optical imaging with Qdots is highly sensitive, quantitative, and capable of multiplexing. Thus, Qdots are being developed for a wide range of applications, including biomedical imaging. Qdot production has also emerged in a number of industrial applications, such as optoelectronic devices and photovoltaic cells. This widespread development and use of Qdots has outpaced research progress on their potential cytotoxicity, engendering major concerns surrounding occupational, environmental, and diagnostic exposures. Given the extensive physicochemical heterogeneity of Qdots (size, charge, chemical composition, solubility, etc.), high-throughput in vitro cytotoxicity assays represent a feasible means of determining effects of multiple variables and can inform design of lower-throughput in vivo cytotoxicity studies. Here, we describe the application of two commonly used assays, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS), for detection of Qdot-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S McMahan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 100, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
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Giannaccini M, Cuschieri A, Dente L, Raffa V. Non-mammalian vertebrate embryos as models in nanomedicine. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 10:703-19. [PMID: 24103306 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Various in vivo biological models have been proposed for studying the interactions of nano-materials in biological systems. Unfortunately, the widely used small mammalian animal models (rodents) are costly and labor intensive and generate ethical issues and antagonism from the anti-vivisectionist movement. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the scientific community in the interactions between nano-materials and non-mammalian developmental organisms, which are now being recognized as valid models for the study of human disease. This review examines and discusses the biomedical applications and the interaction of nano-materials with embryonic systems, focusing on non-mammalian vertebrate models, such as chicken, zebrafish and Xenopus. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Animal models are critical components of preclinical biomedical research. This review discusses the feasibility and potential applications of non-mammalian vertebral animals, such as zebrafish, xenopus, and chicken as animal models in nanomedicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Giannaccini
- Department of Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Unit, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Alfred Cuschieri
- Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luciana Dente
- Department of Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Unit, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Vittoria Raffa
- Department of Biology, Cell and Developmental Biology Unit, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy; Institute of Life Science, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
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Tang Y, Han S, Liu H, Chen X, Huang L, Li X, Zhang J. The role of surface chemistry in determining in vivo biodistribution and toxicity of CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots. Biomaterials 2013; 34:8741-55. [PMID: 23932294 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To examine the effect of surface chemistry and surface charge on in vivo biodistribution and toxicity of CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots (QDs), QDs with positive, negative, or PEG coating are used in this study for in vivo evaluation in a mouse model. The results suggest that QDs coated with cationic polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) preferentially deposit in the lung other than in the liver, while the negative and PEGylated QDs render abundant accumulation in the liver. At higher doses positive QDs with PDDA coating show severe acute toxicity due to pulmonary embolism. Independent of their surface coatings, all QDs cause injuries in specific tissues like liver, spleen, lung, and kidney, after acute and long-term exposure, and the degree of injuries is dominated by their surface properties. For the positively charged QDs, the acute phase toxicity is primarily contributed by the coating material PDDA, while coating on QDs may amplify both in vitro and in vivo toxicity of PDDA. PEGylated QDs display the slightest chronic injuries in the long-term toxicity examination in comparison to positive or negative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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Cuahtecontzi-Delint R, Mendez-Rojas MA, Bandala ER, Quiroz MA, Recillas S, Sanchez-Salas JL. Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of CeO2 Nanoparticles by Surfactants. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/ijcre-2012-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were tested to assess their toxicity on Escherichia coli strain in the presence of non-ionic surfactants. The NPs were dispersed in water by sonication at different pH values and times then mixed with three different surfactants (i.e., Triton X-100, Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) and Tween 80) with a concentration of 0.001% v/v. It was found that sonication favored dispersion of the material and produced particles having 100 nm sizes in average. The material show toxicity to E. coli at pH 7 when growth using only minimal M9 media; no toxic response was observed for bacteria growth in rich media. The toxic effect in minimal media was enhanced by adding any of the non-ionic surfactants to the media. The use of CeO2 plus surfactant decreased the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of E. coli. The highest effect was observed for addition of Tween 80, in this case MIC value was 0.150 mg mL–1 compared to 3 mg mL–1 of CeO2 alone (almost 20 times improvement). These findings suggest the importance of different substances that can interact with NPs, like surfactants, usually present in wastewater systems that may lead to undesirable unexpected toxic characteristics in materials usually considered as innocuous.
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Luo YH, Wu SB, Wei YH, Chen YC, Tsai MH, Ho CC, Lin SY, Yang CS, Lin P. Cadmium-Based Quantum Dot Induced Autophagy Formation for Cell Survival via Oxidative Stress. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:662-73. [DOI: 10.1021/tx300455k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Hsia Luo
- Division of Environmental Health
and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shi-Bei Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- School of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan,
Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ching Chen
- Center
for Nanomedicine Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan,
Republic of China
| | - Ming-Hsien Tsai
- Division of Environmental Health
and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Chi Ho
- Division of Environmental Health
and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shu-Yi Lin
- Center
for Nanomedicine Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan,
Republic of China
| | - Chung-Shi Yang
- Center
for Nanomedicine Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan,
Republic of China
| | - Pinpin Lin
- Division of Environmental Health
and Occupational Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Roberts JR, Antonini JM, Porter DW, Chapman RS, Scabilloni JF, Young SH, Schwegler-Berry D, Castranova V, Mercer RR. Lung toxicity and biodistribution of Cd/Se-ZnS quantum dots with different surface functional groups after pulmonary exposure in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2013; 10:5. [PMID: 23497258 PMCID: PMC3599433 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-10-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential use of quantum dots (QD) in biomedical applications, as well as in other systems that take advantage of their unique physiochemical properties, has led to concern regarding their toxicity, potential systemic distribution, and biopersistence. In addition, little is known about workplace exposure to QD in research, manufacturing, or medical settings. The goal of the present study was to assess pulmonary toxicity, clearance, and biodistribution of QD with different functional groups in rats after pulmonary exposure. METHODS QD were composed of a cadmium-selenide (CdSe) core (~5nm) with a zinc sulfide (ZnS) shell functionalized with carboxyl (QD-COOH) or amine (QD-NH2) terminal groups. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally-instilled (IT) with saline, QD-COOH, or QD-NH2 (12.5, 5.0, or 1.25 μg/rat). On days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 28 post-IT, the left lung, lung-associated lymph nodes (LALN), heart, kidneys, spleen, liver, brain, and blood were collected for metal analysis of Cd content by neutron activation to evaluate clearance and biodistribution. One right lobe was ligated and fixed for microscopy and histopathological analysis. The remaining right lobes from rats in each group were subjected to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) to retrieve BAL fluid and cells for analysis of injury and inflammation. RESULTS Lung injury and inflammation was found to be dose-dependent and peaked at days 7 and 14 post-exposure for both forms of QD, with slight variations in degree of toxicity at early and later time points. Both QD appeared to lose their fluorescent properties and destabilize after 1 week in the lung. Cd persisted up to 28 days for both forms of QD; however, clearance rate was slightly greater for QD-COOH over time. No Cd was detected in the liver, spleen, heart, brain, or blood at any time point. Cd appeared in the LALN and kidneys beginning at 1-2 weeks post-exposure. CONCLUSIONS QD-COOH and QD-NH2 differed in clearance rate and differed slightly in degree of toxicity at different time points; however, the overall pattern of toxicity and biodistribution was similar between the two particles. Toxicity may be dependent on the dissolution rate and bioavailability of free Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny R Roberts
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - James M Antonini
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Dale W Porter
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Rebecca S Chapman
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - James F Scabilloni
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Shih-Houng Young
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Diane Schwegler-Berry
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Vincent Castranova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Robert R Mercer
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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Zheng H, Mortensen LJ, DeLouise LA. Thiol antioxidant-functionalized CdSe/ZnS quantum dots: synthesis, characterization, cytotoxicity. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2013; 9:382-92. [PMID: 23620993 PMCID: PMC4749031 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2013.1561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a growing industry with wide ranging applications in consumer product and technology development. In the biomedical field, nanoparticles are finding increasing use as imaging agents for biomolecular labeling and tumor targeting. The nanoparticle physiochemical properties must be tailored for the specific application. For example, nanoparticle chemical and physical stability in the biological milieu (no oxidation, aggregation, agglomeration or toxicity) are often required. Nanoparticles used for biomolecular fluorescent imaging should also have high quantum yield (QY). The aim of this paper is to examine the QY, stability, and cell toxicity of a series of positive, negative and neutral surface charge quantum dot (QD) nanoparticles. Simple protocols are described to prepare water soluble QDs by modifying the surface with thiol containing antioxidant ligands and polymers keeping the QD core/shell composition constant. The ligands used to produce negatively charged QDs include glutathione (GSH), N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA), tiopronin (TP), bucilliamine (BUC), and mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA). Ligands used to produce positively charged QDs include cysteamine (CYS) and polyethylenimine (PEI). Dithiothreitol (DTT) was used to produce neutral charged QDs. Commercially available nonaqueous octadecylamine (ODA) capped QDs served as the starting material. Our results suggest that QD uptake and cytotoxicity are both dependent on surface ligand coating composition. The negative charged GSH coated QDs show superior performance exhibiting low cytotoxicity, high stability, high QY and therefore are best suited for bioimaging applications. PEI coated QD also show superior performance exhibiting high QY and stability. However, they are considerably more cytotoxic due to their high positive charge which is an advantageous property that can be exploited for gene transfection and/or tumor targeting applications. The synthetic procedures described are straightforward and can be easily adapted in most laboratory settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester NY, 14642, USA
| | - Luke J. Mortensen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester NY, 14642, USA
| | - Lisa A. DeLouise
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester, Rochester NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester NY, 14642, USA
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Griffete N, Clift MJ, Lamouri A, Digigow RG, Mihut AM, Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Dietsch H. Amino covalent binding approach on iron oxide nanoparticle surface: Toward biological applications. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Konarski P, Zawada A, Kowalczyk D, Juda-Rezler K. Core-shell structure of fly ash particles - SIMS depth profile analysis. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Konarski
- Tele and Radio Research Institute; Ratuszowa 11 03-450 Warszawa Poland
| | - A. Zawada
- Tele and Radio Research Institute; Ratuszowa 11 03-450 Warszawa Poland
| | - D. Kowalczyk
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering; Warsaw University of Technology; Nowowiejska 20 00-653 Warszawa Poland
| | - K. Juda-Rezler
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering; Warsaw University of Technology; Nowowiejska 20 00-653 Warszawa Poland
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Clift MJD, Stone V. Quantum dots: an insight and perspective of their biological interaction and how this relates to their relevance for clinical use. Theranostics 2012; 2:668-80. [PMID: 22896769 PMCID: PMC3418927 DOI: 10.7150/thno.4545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their novel physico-chemical characteristics, semi-conductor nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) provide an advantageous perspective towards numerous different consumer and medical applications. The most notable potential application of QDs is their use as therapeutic and diagnostic tools in nanomedicine. Despite the many benefits posed by QDs, the proposed, intentional exposure to humans has raised concerns towards their potential impact upon human health. These concerns are predominantly based upon the heterogeneous composition of QDs, which most commonly comprises of a cadmium-based core and zinc sulphide shell. Whilst other nanoparticle (NP) types possess a similar structure to QDs (i.e. core-shell technology (e.g. Fe(2)O(3), Au and superparamagnetic iron oxide NPs)), the importance of the concerns surrounding human exposure to QDs is amplified further since, due to the sophisticated chemical and light-emitting properties of QDs, the use of these NPs within any (nano)medical setting/application could be suggested as realistic, rather than simply an advantageous possibility. It is therefore imperative that a thorough understanding of how QDs interact with various biological systems, predominantly those relative to humans and what the consequences of such interactions are is gained with extreme alacrity. It is the aim of this review to highlight the current knowledge base of QD-biological system interactions, where the knowledge gaps (still) remain and how the understanding of this interaction relates to the most notable of applications for QDs; their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. D. Clift
- 1. Bionanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Rte de l'Ancienne Papeterie, Marly 1, 1723, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Vicki Stone
- 2. Nanosafety Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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Rak-Raszewska A, Marcello M, Kenny S, Edgar D, Sée V, Murray P. Quantum dots do not affect the behaviour of mouse embryonic stem cells and kidney stem cells and are suitable for short-term tracking. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32650. [PMID: 22403689 PMCID: PMC3293847 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are small nanocrystals widely used for labelling cells in order to enable cell tracking in complex environments in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo. They present many advantages over traditional fluorescent markers as they are resistant to photobleaching and have narrow emission spectra. Although QDs have been used effectively in cell tracking applications, their suitability has been questioned by reports showing they can affect stem cell behaviour and can be transferred to neighbouring cells. Using a variety of cellular and molecular biology techniques, we have investigated the effect of QDs on the proliferation and differentiation potential of two stem cell types: mouse embryonic stem cells and tissue-specific stem cells derived from mouse kidney. We have also tested if QDs released from living or dead cells can be taken up by neighbouring cells, and we have determined if QDs affect the degree of cell-cell fusion; this information is critical in order to assess the suitability of QDs for stem cell tracking. We show here that QDs have no effect on the viability, proliferation or differentiation potential of the two stem cell types. Furthermore, we show that the extent of transfer of QDs to neighbouring cells is <4%, and that QDs do not increase the degree of cell-cell fusion. However, although the QDs have a high labelling efficiency (>85%), they are rapidly depleted from both stem cell populations. Taken together, our results suggest that QDs are effective cell labelling probes that are suitable for short-term stem cell tracking.
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Minami SS, Sun B, Popat K, Kauppinen T, Pleiss M, Zhou Y, Ward ME, Floreancig P, Mucke L, Desai T, Gan L. Selective targeting of microglia by quantum dots. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:22. [PMID: 22272874 PMCID: PMC3292839 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, have been implicated in brain injury and various neurological disorders. However, their precise roles in different pathophysiological situations remain enigmatic and may range from detrimental to protective. Targeting the delivery of biologically active compounds to microglia could help elucidate these roles and facilitate the therapeutic modulation of microglial functions in neurological diseases. Methods Here we employ primary cell cultures and stereotaxic injections into mouse brain to investigate the cell type specific localization of semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) in vitro and in vivo. Two potential receptors for QDs are identified using pharmacological inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies. Results In mixed primary cortical cultures, QDs were selectively taken up by microglia; this uptake was decreased by inhibitors of clathrin-dependent endocytosis, implicating the endosomal pathway as the major route of entry for QDs into microglia. Furthermore, inhibiting mannose receptors and macrophage scavenger receptors blocked the uptake of QDs by microglia, indicating that QD uptake occurs through microglia-specific receptor endocytosis. When injected into the brain, QDs were taken up primarily by microglia and with high efficiency. In primary cortical cultures, QDs conjugated to the toxin saporin depleted microglia in mixed primary cortical cultures, protecting neurons in these cultures against amyloid beta-induced neurotoxicity. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that QDs can be used to specifically label and modulate microglia in primary cortical cultures and in brain and may allow for the selective delivery of therapeutic agents to these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sakura Minami
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, 1650 Owens St., San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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McConnachie LA, White CC, Botta D, Zadworny ME, Cox DP, Beyer RP, Hu X, Eaton DL, Gao X, Kavanagh TJ. Heme oxygenase expression as a biomarker of exposure to amphiphilic polymer-coated CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:181-91. [PMID: 22264017 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.648224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Because of their unique optical properties, quantum dots (QDs) have become a preferred system for ultrasensitive detection and imaging. However, since QDs commonly contain Cd and other heavy metals, concerns have been raised regarding their toxicity. QDs are thus commonly synthesised with a ZnS cap structure and/or coated with polymeric stabilisers. We recently synthesised amphiphilic polymer-coated tri-n-octylphosphine oxide - poly(maleic anhydride-alt-1-tetradecene (TOPO-PMAT) QDs, which are highly stable in aqueous environments. The effects of these QDs on viability and stress response in five cell lines of mouse and human origins are reported here. Human and mouse macrophages and human kidney cells readily internalised these QDs, resulting in modest toxicity. TOPO-PMAT QD exposure was highly correlated with the induction of the stress response protein heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1). Other stress biomarkers (glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit, NAD(P)H, necrosis) were only moderately affected. HMOX1 may thus be a useful biomarker of TOPO-QDOT QD exposure across cell types and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A McConnachie
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Nguyen KC, Seligy VL, Tayabali AF. Cadmium telluride quantum dot nanoparticle cytotoxicity and effects on model immune responses to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nanotoxicology 2012; 7:202-11. [PMID: 22264036 PMCID: PMC3581059 DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2011.648667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study examines dose effects of cadmium telluride quantum dots (CdTe-QDs) from two commercial sources on model macrophages (J774A.1) and colonic epithelial cells (HT29). Effects on cellular immune signalling responses were measured following sequential exposure to QDs and Pseudomonasaeruginosa strain PA01. At CdTe-QD concentrations between 10-2 and 10 µg/ml, cells exhibited changes in metabolism and morphology. Confocal imaging revealed QD internalisation and changes in cell–cell contacts, shapes and internal organisations. QD doses below 10-2 µg/ml caused no observed effects. When QD exposures at 10-7 to 10-3 µg/ml preceded PA01 (107 bacteria/ml) challenges, there were elevated cytotoxicity (5–22%, p < 0.05) and reduced levels (two- to fivefold, p < 0.001) of nitric oxide (NO), TNF-α, KC/CXC−1 and IL-8, compared with PA01 exposures alone. These results demonstrate that exposures to sub-toxic levels of CdTe-QDs can depress cell immune-defence functions, which if occurred in vivo would likely interfere with normal neutrophil recruitment for defence against bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy C Nguyen
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Mechanistic Studies Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau , Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario , Canada
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Clift MJD, Brandenberger C, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Brown DM, Stone V. The uptake and intracellular fate of a series of different surface coated quantum dots in vitro. Toxicology 2011; 286:58-68. [PMID: 21619910 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are potentially beneficial semi-conductor nanocrystals for use in diagnostics and therapeutics. The chemical composition of QDs however, has raised concerns as to their potential toxicity. Although a thorough examination using specific biochemical endpoints is necessary to assess QD toxicity, an understanding of the interaction of QDs, specifically their uptake and intracellular fate, with biological systems is also essential in determining their potential hazardous effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the uptake and intracellular fate of a series of different surface coated QDs (organic, carboxylated (COOH) and amino (NH₂) polyethylene glycol (PEG)) in J774.A1 'murine macrophage-like' cells. Model 20 nm and 200 nm COOH polystyrene beads (PBs) were also studied. Results showed that COOH and NH₂ (PEG) QDs, as well as 20 nm and 200 nm PBs were located within lysosomes and the mitochondria of macrophages after 2 h. Additionally, elemental transmission electron microscopy confirmed both COOH and NH₂ (PEG) QDs to be located within membrane-bound compartments at this time point. The data from this study combined with current knowledge, indicates that the intracellular localisation of QDs could be directly related to their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J D Clift
- Department of Clinical Research, Division of Pneumology, Inselspital University Hospital, University of Bern, Postfach 44, Bern 3008, Switzerland.
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