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Egan CA, Mercia CB, Bond L, Vella CA, Paul DR. Development of a Fitness Surveillance System to Track and Evaluate Obesity in North Idaho. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2024; 94:259-266. [PMID: 37475468 PMCID: PMC10799189 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internationally 18% of youth are obese. Fitness testing can be used to establish fitness surveillance, which can inform policy and targeted interventions aimed at addressing obesity. The purpose of this study was to estimate the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and low fitness in Idaho school-aged youth through a pilot study. METHODS A convenience sample of 13 teachers from 11 north Idaho rural schools collected FitnessGram fitness data: body composition (body mass index [BMI]), aerobic capacity (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run [PACER] test), muscular endurance (curl up), strength (pushup), and flexibility (sit and reach). RESULTS A total of 761 students (aged 9-18 years) from grades 3&5, 7, and 9 to 12 participated in the study. Approximately 24% of 3&5 and 22% of 7th, and 12% of 9 to 12th-grade students were categorized as Needs Improvement/Health Risk by FitnessGram standards for BMI. Similarly, approximately 25% of 3&5, and 22% of 7 and 9 to 12th-grade students were considered Needs Improvement/Health Risk for PACER. IMPLICATIONS FOR SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY, PRACTICE, AND EQUITY Results from fitness testing can provide school and public health representatives with a "needs assessment" of student health that can be used to help develop policies and practices to improve student health and wellbeing. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a model for statewide annual fitness testing surveillance and reporting within K-12 public school physical education classrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cate A Egan
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - Christopher B Mercia
- School of Health and Applied Human Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC
| | - Laura Bond
- Biomolecular Research Center, Boise State University, Boise, ID
| | - Chantal A Vella
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
| | - David R Paul
- Department of Movement Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID
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Is cardiorespiratory fitness a moderator of the relationship between sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and insulin resistance in schoolchildren? Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:213-220. [PMID: 35941230 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02965-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine whether cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) decreases the association between insulin resistance and sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption in a population-based sample of Spanish schoolchildren. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study including 430 schoolchildren (51.4% girls), aged 8-12 years, from 10 schools in Cuenca (Spain). Blood samples were drawn to measure fasting insulin levels. Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) was also assessed. Data on SSB consumption were gathered using the Children's Eating Habits Questionnaire, which was completed by parents. The CRF level was determined by the 20 m Shuttle Run test and a curvilinear allometric model. RESULTS Our conditional regression estimates showed that CRF moderated the association of SSB consumption on insulin levels or HOMA-IR. In children who had levels of CRF < 34.4 ml/kg/min ml/kg/min (for insulin levels) or < 33.6 ml/kg/min (for HOMA-IR), the association between SSB consumption and fasting insulin levels or HOMA-IR raised. Among children with CRF levels between 34.4 and 52.1 ml/kg/min (for insulin levels) or 33.6-55.4 ml/kg/min (for HOMA-IR), the association of SSB consumption on insulin level or HOMA-IR neither increased nor decreased. Among children with CRF levels > 52.1 ml/kg/min (for insulin levels) or > 55.4 ml/kg/min (for HOMA-IR), the association of SSB consumption on fasting insulin levels or HOMA-IR decreased. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that certain levels of CRF moderate the association between SSB consumption and insulin resistance in a population-based sample of Spanish schoolchildren.
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Kutac P, Bunc V, Sigmund M, Buzga M, Krajcigr M. Changes in the body composition of boys aged 11-18 years due to COVID-19 measures in the Czech Republic. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:2254. [PMID: 36463114 PMCID: PMC9719114 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-14605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lockdown measures related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID) impacted the health of adolescents by reducing physical activity (PA). The physical changes in response to decreases in PA can be measured with full body composition analysis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of long-term PA restrictions on body fat (BF), fat-free mass (FFM) and skeletal muscle mass (SMM) in adolescents. METHODS A total of 1669 boys (before PA restriction (G1): 998; after PA restrictions ended (G2): 671; between the ages of 11 and 18 were included. The measured parameters were body mass (BM), visceral fat area (VFA), BF, FFM and SMM. The whole-body composition was evaluated using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). RESULTS Compared to G1, G2 exhibited an increase in BF between 1.2 and 5.1%. This difference was significant in boys aged 13 to 18 years (p < 0.05). VFA increased between 5.3 and 20.5 cm2; this increase was significant in boys aged 13 to 18 years (p < 0.05). SMM decreased between 2.6 and 3.8%, and this decrease was significant in all age groups (p < 0.05). Changes in body composition were not accompanied by any significant changes in BM. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 restrictions reduced PA, resulting in a significant decrease in SMM. This decrease may impact boys' ability to engage in sufficiently varied PA, which may lead to a further decline in PA and subsequent medical consequences in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Kutac
- grid.412684.d0000 0001 2155 4545Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - V. Bunc
- grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XFaculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Praha 6, 162 52 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - M. Sigmund
- grid.10979.360000 0001 1245 3953Application Centre BALUO, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - M. Buzga
- grid.412684.d0000 0001 2155 4545Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - M. Krajcigr
- grid.412684.d0000 0001 2155 4545Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Videira-Silva A, Sardinha LB, Fonseca H. Atherosclerosis Prevention in Adolescents with Obesity: The Role of Moderate-Vigorous Physical Activity. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15537. [PMID: 36497620 PMCID: PMC9738804 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) is a subclinical marker of atherosclerotic development, which is impaired in adolescents with obesity. This study aimed to analyze the impact of physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), body mass index (BMI), and body composition changes on the cIMT of adolescents with obesity. Longitudinal data (6 months) from adolescents aged 12-18 years, with a BMI ≥97th percentile, previously recruited for the non-randomized controlled trial PAC-MAnO (Clinicaltrials.gov-NCT02941770) were analyzed using partial correlations controlling for sex and pubertal status and multiple regressions. A total of 105 adolescents (51.4% girls, 86.7% Caucasian), 14.8 ± 1.8 years old, with a BMI z-score of 3.09 ± 0.74 were included. Total body fat mass (TBFM) (F(1,91) = 23.11, p < 0.001), moderate-vigorous PA (MVPA) (F(1,91) = 7.93, p = 0.0006), and CRF (mL/kg/min) (F(1,90) = 19.18, p < 0.001) predicted cIMT variance with an R2 of 0.24, 0.09, and 0.23, respectively. MVPA changes showed a high correlation with CRF variation (r(91) = 0.0661, p < 0.001). This study suggests that although cIMT is impaired in overweight adolescents, improvements in TBFM, MVPA, and CRF are associated with cIMT improvement. Although both energy intake and MVPA may influence TBFM, MVPA plays the most relevant role in cIMT development due to its direct association with CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Videira-Silva
- Pediatric University Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
- CIDEFES (Centro de Investigação em Desporto, Educação Física, Exercício e Saúde), Universidade Lusófona, 1749-024 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis B. Sardinha
- Exercise and Health Laboratory, CIPER, Faculty of Human Kinetics, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-004 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Helena Fonseca
- Pediatric University Clinic, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
- Pediatric Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Santa Maria, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal
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Galan-Lopez P, Gísladóttir T, Pihu M, Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Ries F, Domínguez R. Health-Related Physical Fitness in Adolescents from Spain, Estonia and Iceland: A Cross-Sectional, Quantitative Study. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:188. [PMID: 36548485 PMCID: PMC9788329 DOI: 10.3390/sports10120188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The benefits of physical fitness (PF) for health are well-known. Low PF significantly contributes to the prevalence of obesity in adolescents, with an increased risk of developing chronic diseases. The objectives of the present study were to explore the health-related PF components and body composition levels in adolescents in three European cities, and their differences. The present study is a cross-sectional, descriptive, and quantitative research effort with 1717 participants aged between 13−16 years (48% girls), enrolled in public and private secondary schools in Seville (Spain), Reykjavik (Iceland) and Tartu (Estonia). The ALPHA fitness battery test was used with the following tests: handgrip strength, standing broad jump, 4 × 10 m speed-agility, 20 m shuttle run, and anthropometric variables. Regarding body composition, differences were detected for city and gender in height (p < 0.001), weight (p < 0.001), body fat percentage (p < 0.001), and waist circumference (p < 0.001); but no differences were reported for BMI for both city (p = 0.150) and gender (p = 0.738). Similarly, concerning PF, it was detected statistically significant differences between cities and gender in handgrip strength (p < 0.001), jump test (p < 0.001), speed-agility test (p < 0.001), and cardiovascular endurance in both variables (p < 0.001). In total, 26.8% of the boys and 27.3% of the girls were categorized as overweight; 18.1% of the boys and 31.2% of the girls had an excessive percentage of fat mass; and 22.7% of the boys and 22.2% of the girls showed an excessive waist circumference. The participants from Seville presented the lowest results in PF tests. In contrast, Reykjavik, with the highest results in the endurance and speed-agility tests, and Tartu, with higher results in the manual grip strength and long jump tests, shared the highest results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Galan-Lopez
- Department of Communication and Education, Universidad Loyola Andalucía, 41704 Dos Hermanas, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Thordis Gísladóttir
- Research Center for Sport and Health Sciences, School of Education, University of Iceland, 105 Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Maret Pihu
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Antonio J. Sánchez-Oliver
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francis Ries
- Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Seville, 41013 Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Raúl Domínguez
- Departamento de Motricidad Humana y Rendimiento Deportivo, Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Kidokoro T, Tomkinson GR, Noi S, Suzuki K. Japanese physical fitness surveillance: a greater need for international publications that utilize the world’s best physical fitness database. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL FITNESS AND SPORTS MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.7600/jpfsm.11.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Kidokoro
- Research Institute for Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University
| | - Grant R. Tomkinson
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia
| | - Shingo Noi
- Research Institute for Health and Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University
| | - Koya Suzuki
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University
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Independent and Combined Association of Lifestyle Behaviours and Physical Fitness with Body Weight Status in Schoolchildren. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14061208. [PMID: 35334863 PMCID: PMC8953615 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Lifestyle behaviours and physical fitness play a critical role in the development of childhood obesity. It has been demonstrated in this study that self-reported physical fitness is representative of a healthy lifestyle and thus is associated with a lower incidence of overweight/obesity. The objective of this study was to analyse the independent and combined association of lifestyles (physical activity, screen time, diet and hours of sleep) and self-reported physical fitness with body weight in schoolchildren. (2) Methods: This study performed a descriptive and cross-sectional analysis. The study sample consisted of 864 schoolchildren between 8−9 years old from 26 schools of the province of Cádiz. To measure lifestyles and self-reported physical fitness, questionnaires were administered to both schoolchildren and families. To obtain the body weight status, the children were measured by body mass index (BMI). To verify the influence of lifestyles and self-reported physical fitness on the body weight status of schoolchildren, a combined score of lifestyles and self-reported physical fitness was calculated. (3) Results: Schoolchildren who followed healthier lifestyles and presented good physical fitness had a better body weight status (p < 0.001). Schoolchildren who had less healthful lifestyles and bad physical fitness had a 10.34 times higher risk of being overweight or obese (p = 0.004). (4) Conclusions: It has been shown that there is an independent and combined association between lifestyles and physical fitness on the body weight of the schoolchildren. We have suggested strategies to get children to adopt healthy lifestyles and good physical fitness to maintain a healthy body weight and prevent obesity.
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Gonçalves ECDA, Fernandes R, Alves Junior CAS, Silva DAS, Trindade EBSDM. OXYGEN UPTAKE AND INDICATORS OF OBESITY: META-ANALYSIS INCLUDING 17,604 ADOLESCENTS. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127062021_0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Low aerobic fitness levels are associated with excess body adiposity in adolescents. However, studies that have analyzed this association in adolescents have used different methods and measures to evaluate aerobic fitness, making it difficult to compare the results. Objective: To conduct a systematic review with meta-analysis of studies that have analyzed the association between aerobic fitness and anthropometric body adiposity indicators in adolescents aged 10-19 years. Methods: A systematic search was performed in May 2016, updated in March 2017, in the following electronic databases: LILACS (BIREME), Embase, MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science (Web of Knowledge), Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. Results: Twenty-three studies were selected. The meta-analysis indicated that as the aerobic fitness levels increased, the BMI, waist circumference and body fat percentage values of the adolescents decreased. Conclusion: There is a negative association between aerobic fitness (evaluated by measuring maximum oxygen uptake in the 20-meter Shuttle Run test) and the body fat percentage, BMI and waist circumference of adolescents and a negative association between aerobic fitness (assessed by measuring the number of laps in the 20-meter Shuttle Run test) and body fat percentage. However, caution is required in the interpretation of data due to the heterogeneity of the studies analyzed. Level of Evidence II; Systematic review of studies with level II of evidence.
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Association between Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Physical Fitness with Body Composition Parameters in 1717 European Adolescents: The AdolesHealth Study. Nutrients 2019; 12:nu12010077. [PMID: 31892139 PMCID: PMC7019378 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity, low levels of physical fitness, and unhealthy eating patterns are responsible for part of the health problems of adolescents today. The current study aimed at examining the association between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), through each answer to the items of the Adherence to the MD Questionnaire (KIDMED), and physical fitness with body composition parameters (body mass index (BMI), percentage of body fat, and waist circumference) in 1717 European adolescents (N = 900 boys, N = 817 girls). Data of body composition, physical fitness results, and the answers to KIDMED were analyzed by the Student’s t-test. Additionally, the effect size (ES) was calculated and a Chi-square test analyzed the proportion of participants with and without over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight in each KIDMED question. The relative risk of suffering over waist circumference, overfat and overweight in relation to the responses was calculated by Odd-Ratio. Adherence to the MD did not influence the condition of over waist circumference, overfat and overweight, although certain dietary habits were identified as risk factors for their development. Over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight boys and girls presented higher levels of body mass, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and BMI (p < 0.001; ES = 1.73–3.38), as well as lower levels of all the parameters of the physical fitness analyzed (p < 0.001; ES = 0.45–1.08), except the handgrip test. A direct relationship between fitness and over waist circumference, overfat, and overweight was found.
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Seibert T, Allen DB, Carrel AL, Eickhoff JC. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Based Physical Activity Recommendations Do Not Improve Fitness in Real-World Settings. THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2019; 89:159-164. [PMID: 30632155 PMCID: PMC6347480 DOI: 10.1111/josh.12724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) promotes school-based strategies to increase physical activity (PA). Implementation feasibility and effect of these interventions on cardiovascular fitness (CVF) is unknown. METHODS Forty-nine low-SES schools were randomly assigned to either (1) continue routine PA programs (N = 24 schools, 2399 students) or (2) implement 4 CDC-based PA strategies (N = 25 schools, 2495 students). CVF assessed by PACER (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run) was obtained at the beginning and end of the school year. A post-study questionnaire was administered at each school to assess adherence. RESULTS Overall, PACER z-scores were not augmented by CDC-based PA strategies. In boys, PACER z-scores increased similarly in both intervention and control schools. In girls, increased mean PACER z-score was greater in control schools (p < .01). Fifty-two percent of intervention school's staff reported inability to implement or sustain 4 CDC-based PA strategies. CONCLUSIONS Planned implementation of school-based CDC PA strategies did not increase CVF compared to routine PA programming. Lack of efficacy in girls suggests need for sex-specific targeted strategies. These findings highlight limited efficacy of CDC-based PA recommendations alone in low-SES schools. Schools may require additional support to successfully implement recommendations and meaningfully affect health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasa Seibert
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals-Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 11100 Euclid Avenue, RBC 737, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, Phone: 216-844-3661, Fax: 216-844-8900
| | - David B. Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC H4/407, Madison WI 53792, Phone: 608-263-9059, Fax: 608-265-7957,
| | - Aaron L. Carrel
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC H4/407, Madison WI 53792, Phone: 608-265-8182, Fax: 608-265-7957,
| | - Jens C. Eickhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Avenue, CSC H4/407, Madison WI 53792, Phone: (608) 265-5376,
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Werneck AO, Agostinete RR, Cayres SU, Urban JB, Wigna A, Chagas LGDM, Torres W, Fernandes RA. Association between Cluster of Lifestyle Behaviors and HOMA-IR among Adolescents: ABCD Growth Study. Medicina (B Aires) 2018. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.3390/medicina54060096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the association of potential risk factors to health with body fatness and insulin resistance. Baseline measures of the ongoing longitudinal Analysis of Behaviors of Children During (ABCD) Growth Study. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 280 adolescents of both sexes (198 boys and 82 girls) aged from 10 to 18 years. Four risk factors were considered, as follows: no sports practice, skipping breakfast, poor sleep quality, and TV viewing. The outcomes considered were insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and body fatness (densitometer scanner). Age, sex, maturity offset, and ethnicity were treated as covariates. Results: No sports practice and skipping breakfast were associated with higher body fatness (Sports practice: Wald: 8.786; p = 0.003. Breakfast: Wald: 9.364; p = 0.002). Poor sleep quality was related to a greater HOMA-IR index (Wald: 6.013; p = 0.014). Adolescents with ≥3 risk factors presented a higher risk of high HOMA-IR (OR = 4.89 (95%CI: 1.61 to 14.84)) than their counterparts with no risk factors. Conclusion: Lifestyle risk factors seem relevant to affect obesity and insulin resistance, while the aggregation of these risk factors affects insulin resistance, independent of adiposity.
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Werneck AO, Agostinete RR, Cayres SU, Urban JB, Wigna A, Chagas LGDM, Torres W, Fernandes RA. Association between Cluster of Lifestyle Behaviors and HOMA-IR among Adolescents: ABCD Growth Study. Medicina (B Aires) 2018. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina54060096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the association of potential risk factors to health with body fatness and insulin resistance. Baseline measures of the ongoing longitudinal Analysis of Behaviors of Children During (ABCD) Growth Study. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 280 adolescents of both sexes (198 boys and 82 girls) aged from 10 to 18 years. Four risk factors were considered, as follows: no sports practice, skipping breakfast, poor sleep quality, and TV viewing. The outcomes considered were insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and body fatness (densitometer scanner). Age, sex, maturity offset, and ethnicity were treated as covariates. Results: No sports practice and skipping breakfast were associated with higher body fatness (Sports practice: Wald: 8.786; p = 0.003. Breakfast: Wald: 9.364; p = 0.002). Poor sleep quality was related to a greater HOMA-IR index (Wald: 6.013; p = 0.014). Adolescents with ≥3 risk factors presented a higher risk of high HOMA-IR (OR = 4.89 (95%CI: 1.61 to 14.84)) than their counterparts with no risk factors. Conclusion: Lifestyle risk factors seem relevant to affect obesity and insulin resistance, while the aggregation of these risk factors affects insulin resistance, independent of adiposity.
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Association between Cluster of Lifestyle Behaviors and HOMA-IR among Adolescents: ABCD Growth Study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 54:medicina54060096. [PMID: 30513771 PMCID: PMC6306888 DOI: 10.3390/medicina54060096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To analyze the association of potential risk factors to health with body fatness and insulin resistance. Baseline measures of the ongoing longitudinal Analysis of Behaviors of Children During (ABCD) Growth Study. Materials and Methods: The sample was composed of 280 adolescents of both sexes (198 boys and 82 girls) aged from 10 to 18 years. Four risk factors were considered, as follows: no sports practice, skipping breakfast, poor sleep quality, and TV viewing. The outcomes considered were insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and body fatness (densitometer scanner). Age, sex, maturity offset, and ethnicity were treated as covariates. Results: No sports practice and skipping breakfast were associated with higher body fatness (Sports practice: Wald: 8.786; p = 0.003. Breakfast: Wald: 9.364; p = 0.002). Poor sleep quality was related to a greater HOMA-IR index (Wald: 6.013; p = 0.014). Adolescents with ≥3 risk factors presented a higher risk of high HOMA-IR (OR = 4.89 (95%CI: 1.61 to 14.84)) than their counterparts with no risk factors. Conclusion: Lifestyle risk factors seem relevant to affect obesity and insulin resistance, while the aggregation of these risk factors affects insulin resistance, independent of adiposity.
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Lätt E, Mäestu J, Jürimäe J. Longitudinal associations of android and gynoid fat mass on cardiovascular disease risk factors in normal weight and overweight boys during puberty. Am J Hum Biol 2018; 30:e23171. [PMID: 30099806 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this longitudinal study was to assess associations between android and gynoid fat distribution and different cardiovascular disease risk factors in normal weight as well as overweight/obese boys during the pubertal period. METHODS In total, 146 boys (baseline age 11.9 ±0.6 years) were recruited for a 2-year longitudinal study. Total body fat percentage and android-gynoid fat distribution were measured using DXA. In addition, waist and hip circumference was measured and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, insulin and glucose were measured, and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was calculated. Tanner stage and physical activity were assessed as covariates. RESULTS Overweight subjects had worse values for most of the measured blood parameters (P <0.05). Higher android, gynoid fat mass (FM), and android/gynoid FM ratio were longitudinally associated with higher insulin and HOMA-IR values in both normal weight and overweight boys (P <0.05). In addition, higher android FM and gynoid FM were associated with worse values in HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in overweight boys (P <0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that higher android as well as gynoid fat have a strong impact on cardiovascular disease risk factors in both normal weight and overweight boys during the pubertal period. It can be suggested that measurement of fat distribution as android and gynoid fat is important for the assessment of the development or burden of metabolic diseases in boys with different weight statuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lätt
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Mäestu
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - J Jürimäe
- Institute of Sport Sciences and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
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Agostinis-Sobrinho CA, Ramírez-Vélez R, García-Hermoso A, Moreira C, Lopes L, Oliveira-Santos J, Abreu S, Mota J, Santos R. Low-grade inflammation and muscular fitness on insulin resistance in adolescents: Results from LabMed Physical Activity Study. Pediatr Diabetes 2018; 19:429-435. [PMID: 29171185 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low muscular fitness (MF) and low-grade inflammation has been linked to insulin resistance (IR). OBJECTIVE To evaluate the associations between MF and a clustered score of inflammatory biomarkers on IR and to investigate the combined impact of MF and inflammation on IR in adolescents. METHODS This is a cross-sectional analysis with 529 adolescents (267 girls) aged 12 to 18 years. Pubertal stage, socioeconomic status, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, cardiorespiratory fitness, and waist circumference were assessed. Standing long-jump and isometric handgrip dynamometry were used as indicators of MF. Continuous score of clustered inflammatory biomarkers (InflaScore) (sum of Z-scores of C-reactive protein, C3, C4, fibrinogen, and leptin) and IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR] estimated from fasting serum insulin and glucose) were assessed. RESULTS HOMA-IR and fasting insulin were positively associated with InflaScore and negatively associated with MF, independently of age, sex, pubertal stage, socioeconomic status, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, cardiorespiratory fitness, and waist circumference. Adolescents classified as High InflaScore/Unfit showed significantly higher HOMA-IR when compared than those with High InflaScore/Fit and those with Low InflaScore/Fit (F(3,519) = 4.761, P < .003), after adjustments for potential confounders. Unfit adolescents with high InflaScore had the highest odds of expressing high HOMA-IR (odds ratio, OR = 2.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2-5.6) and insulin risk (2.53 95% CI, 1.5-5.9) when compared to those of the Low InflaScore/Fit group, after adjustments for potential confounders. CONCLUSION Higher levels of MF seem to minimize the deleterious effect of inflammation on IR.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A Agostinis-Sobrinho
- Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for the Study of Physical Activity Measurement (CEMA), Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Antonio García-Hermoso
- Physical Activity, Sport and Health Sciences Laboratory, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Carla Moreira
- Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Lopes
- Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Oliveira-Santos
- Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Abreu
- Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge Mota
- Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rute Santos
- Faculty of Sport, Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,School of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, Early Start Research Institute. University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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16
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17
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Lang JJ, Tremblay MS, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Tomkinson GR. Review of criterion-referenced standards for cardiorespiratory fitness: what percentage of 1 142 026 international children and youth are apparently healthy? Br J Sports Med 2017; 53:953-958. [PMID: 28254744 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify criterion-referenced standards for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF); to estimate the percentage of children and youth that met each standard; and to discuss strategies to help improve the utility of criterion-referenced standards for population health research. METHODS A search of four databases was undertaken to identify papers that reported criterion-referenced CRF standards for children and youth generated using the receiver operating characteristic curve technique. A pseudo-dataset representing the 20-m shuttle run test performance of 1 142 026 children and youth aged 9-17 years from 50 countries was generated using Monte Carlo simulation. Pseudo-data were used to estimate the international percentage of children and youth that met published criterion-referenced standards for CRF. RESULTS Ten studies reported criterion-referenced standards for healthy CRF in children and youth. The mean percentage (±95% CI) of children and youth that met the standards varied substantially across age groups from 36%±13% to 95%±4% among girls, and from 51%±7% to 96%±16% among boys. There was an age gradient across all criterion-referenced standards where younger children were more likely to meet the standards compared with older children, regardless of sex. Within age groups, mean percentages were more precise (smaller CI) for younger girls and older boys. CONCLUSION There are several CRF criterion-referenced standards for children and youth producing widely varying results. This study encourages using the interim international criterion-referenced standards of 35 and 42 mL/kg/min for girls and boys, respectively, to identify children and youth at risk of poor health-raising a clinical red flag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin J Lang
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark S Tremblay
- Healthy Active Living and Obesity (HALO) Research Group, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Francisco B Ortega
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity research group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Grant R Tomkinson
- Department of Kinesiology and Public Health Education, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), School of Health Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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18
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Thota P, Perez-Lopez FR, Benites-Zapata VA, Pasupuleti V, Hernandez AV. Obesity-related insulin resistance in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Gynecol Endocrinol 2017; 33:179-184. [PMID: 28102091 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2016.1273897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is common among obese adolescents; however, the extent of this problem is not clear. We conducted a systematic review of PubMed-Medline, CINAHL, The Web of Science, EMBASE and Scopus for observational studies evaluating components defining insulin resistance (insulin, C-peptide and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]) in obese adolescents (12-18 years) versus non-obese adolescents. Our systematic review and meta-analysis followed the PRISMA guidelines. Data were combined using a random-effects model and summary statistics were calculated using the mean differences (MDs). 31 studies were included (n = 8655). In 26 studies, fasting insulin levels were higher in obese adolescents when compared to non-obese adolescents (MD = 64.11 pmol/L, 95%CI 49.48-78.75, p < 0.00001). In three studies, fasting C-peptide levels were higher in obese adolescents when compared to non-obese adolescents (MD = 0.29 nmol/L, 95%CI 0.22-0.36, p < 0.00001). In 24 studies, HOMA-IR values were higher in obese adolescents when compared to non-obese adolescents (MD = 2.22, 95%CI 1.78-2.67, p < 0.00001). Heterogeneity of effects among studies was moderate to high. Subgroup analyses showed similar results to the main analyses. Circulating insulin and C-peptide levels and HOMA-IR values were significantly higher in obese adolescents compared to those non-obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Thota
- a School of Medicine , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - F R Perez-Lopez
- b Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , University of Zaragoza Faculty of Medicine and Lozano Blesa University Hospital , Domingo Miral s/n, Zaragoza , Spain
| | - V A Benites-Zapata
- c Center for Public Health Research, Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of San Martin de Porres , Lima , Peru
| | - V Pasupuleti
- a School of Medicine , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - A V Hernandez
- d School of Medicine , Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) , Lima , Peru , and
- e Department of Quantitative Health Sciences , Health Outcomes and Clinical Epidemiology Section, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH , USA
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19
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Beghin L, Vanhelst J, Deplanque D, Gonzales-Gross M, De Henauw S, Moreno LA, Gottrand F. [From the influence of genes to the influence of family and urban environment on the nutritional status, activity, and physical condition of european urban adolescents]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:746-51. [PMID: 27615183 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163208023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HELENA was a cross-sectional study carried out from 2006 to 2007 in more than 3500 adolescents aged from 12.5 to 17.5 years old through 10 Europeans towns from 9 countries. Its objective was to assess adolescent nutritional status including: body composition, biological markers, physical activity and fitness. This study shown the high impact of socio-economic condition, life style and personal and collective environment, dietary pattern (including breastfeeding), some genetic mutations involved in adiposity and metabolism, physical activity level and fitness on adolescent nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Beghin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC 1403 - Centre d'investigation clinique, F-59000 Lille, France - Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jérémy Vanhelst
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC 1403 - Centre d'investigation clinique, F-59000 Lille, France - Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Dominique Deplanque
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC 1403 - Centre d'investigation clinique, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Marcela Gonzales-Gross
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Espagne
| | - Stefaan De Henauw
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgique
| | - Luis A Moreno
- Escuela universitaria de ciencas de la Salud, universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Espagne
| | - Frédéric Gottrand
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, CIC 1403 - Centre d'investigation clinique, F-59000 Lille, France - Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995 - LIRIC - Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
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20
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Pan SY, de Groh M, Aziz A, Morrison H. Relation of insulin resistance with social-demographics, adiposity and behavioral factors in non-diabetic adult Canadians. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2016; 15:31. [PMID: 27525252 PMCID: PMC4982003 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-016-0253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance is a pathogenic factor for type II diabetes and has been associated with metabolic abnormalities and adverse clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between insulin resistance and socio-demographics, adiposity and behavioral factors in the general, non-diabetic adult Canadian population. METHODS Data for 3515 non-diabetic adults aged 18 to 79 years from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (cycles 1 and 2, 2007-2011) were analyzed. Insulin resistance index was measured by the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and insulin resistance (IR) was defined as individuals in the highest quartile of the HOMA-IR index. Logistic regression models were used to examine the effect of demographics, lifestyle factors and adiposity measurements on HOMA-IR. RESULTS The risk of IR increased with age, particularly in men. Individuals had adjusted odds ratio (OR) (with corresponding 95 % confidence interval) of 5.97 (2.90-8.52) and 25.12 (15.20-41.51) associated with a body-mass-index (BMI) between 25.0 and < 30.0, or ≥30.0, of 9.23 (6.52-13.07) with abdominal obesity (waist circumstance ≥102 cm for men and ≥ 88 cm for women), of 8.72 (6.13-12.39) with a high waist-to-height ratio (>0.57), and of 6.30 (4.33-9.16) with a high waist-to-hip ratio (>0.90 for men and >0.85 for women). Physically inactive people and non-alcohol consumer also had a significantly higher odd of IR. CONCLUSIONS This study found that men and older, obese and physically inactive people were at increased risk for IR. Adiposity indices including BMI, waist circumstance, waist-to-height ratio and waist-to-hip ratio were highly associated with IR with similar magnitude of association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Yi Pan
- Science Integration and Social Determinant Directorate, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, AL 6809B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9 Canada
| | - Margaret de Groh
- Science Integration and Social Determinant Directorate, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, AL 6809B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9 Canada
| | - Alfred Aziz
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Howard Morrison
- Science Integration and Social Determinant Directorate, Public Health Agency of Canada, 785 Carling Avenue, AL 6809B, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9 Canada
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21
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Obesity and Insulin Resistance Screening Tools in American Adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 to 2010. Can J Diabetes 2016; 40:311-7. [PMID: 27103108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcjd.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify which feasible obesity and insulin resistance (IR) screening tools are most strongly associated in adolescents by using a nationally representative sample. METHODS Adolescents aged 12.0 to 18.9 years who were participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) (n=3584) and who were measured for height, weight, waist circumference (WC), triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, glycated hemoglobin, fasting glucose (FG) and fasting insulin (FI) level were included. Adolescents were split by gender and grouped by body mass index (BMI) percentile. Age- and gender-specific classifications were constructed for each obesity screening tool measure to account for growth and maturation. General linear models were used to establish groups objectively for analysis based on when IR began to increase. Additional general linear models were used to identify when IR significantly increased for each IR measure as obesity group increased and to identify the variance accounted for among each obesity-IR screening tool relationship. RESULTS As the obesity group increased, homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and FI significantly increased, while FG increased only (above the referent) in groups with BMI percentiles ≥95.0, and glycated hemoglobin level did not vary across obesity groups. The most strongly associated screening tools were WC and FI in boys (R(2)=0.253) and girls (R(2)=0.257). FI had the strongest association with all of the obesity measures. BMI associations were slightly weaker than WC in each in relation to IR. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that WC and FI are the most strongly associated obesity and IR screening tool measures in adolescents. These feasible screening tools should be utilized in screening practices for at-risk adolescents.
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22
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Labayen I, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Davis CL, Rodríguez G, González-Gross M, Breidenassel C, Dallongeville J, Marcos A, Widhalm K, Kafatos A, Molnar D, DeHenauw S, Gottrand F, Moreno LA. Liver enzymes and clustering cardiometabolic risk factors in European adolescents: the HELENA study. Pediatr Obes 2015; 10:361-70. [PMID: 25515703 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore the associations of liver biomarkers with cardiometabolic risk factors and their clustering, and to provide reference values (percentiles) and cut-off points for liver biomarkers associated with high cardiometabolic risk in European adolescents. METHODS Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase to ALT ratio (AST/ALT), waist circumference, blood pressure, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and insulin were measured in 1084 adolescents. We computed a continuous cardiometabolic risk score and defined the high cardiometabolic risk. RESULTS Higher ALT and GGT and lower AST/ALT were associated with adiposity and with the number of adverse cardiometabolic risk factors (Ps < 0.05). Higher GGT and lower AST/ALT were associated with higher cardiometabolic risk score (Ps < 0.001) in males and females, and ALT only in males (Ps < 0.001). Gender- and age-specific percentiles for liver biomarkers were provided. Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed a significant discriminatory accuracy of AST/ALT in identifying the low/high cardiometabolic risk (Ps < 0.01) and thresholds were provided. CONCLUSIONS Higher GGT and lower AST/ALT are associated with higher cardiometabolic risk factors and their clustering in male and female European adolescents, whereas the associations of ALT were gender dependent. Our results suggest the usefulness of AST/ALT as a screening test in the assessment of adolescents with high cardiometabolic risk and provide gender- and age-specific thresholds that might be of clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Labayen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Vitoria, Spain
| | - J R Ruiz
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity' Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - F B Ortega
- PROFITH 'PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity' Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Biosciences and Nutrition at NOVUM, Unit for Preventive Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - C L Davis
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - G Rodríguez
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Health Research Institute of Aragon (IIS Aragón), Aragon, Spain
| | - M González-Gross
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Breidenassel
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Dallongeville
- INSERM, U744, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UDSL, Lille, France
| | - A Marcos
- Immunonutrition Research Group, Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - K Widhalm
- Division of Nutrition and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Kafatos
- University of Crete School of Medicine, Greece
| | - D Molnar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - S DeHenauw
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - F Gottrand
- Inserm U995, Pediatric Department, Lille University Hospital and University Lille 2, France
| | - L A Moreno
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Jiménez-Pavón D. METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS TO ANALYZE THE RELATION OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY WITH LEPTIN LEVELS IN CHILDREN: COMMENT ON CICCHELLA, ET AL. (2013). Percept Mot Skills 2015; 121:26-30. [PMID: 26226288 DOI: 10.2466/06.10.pms.121c12x2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A positive correlation was found between self-reported physical activity, leptin level, and Tanner stage 2 in children aged 10 to 12 years. However, several methodological considerations on the accuracy for assessing physical activity, misclassification of physical activity levels and weight status, the inclusion of possible confounds, and interpretation of the current findings should be examined to clarify the final interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiménez-Pavón
- 1 GALENO Research Group, Department of Physical Education, School of Education, University of Cádiz
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24
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Hanifah RA, Majid HA, Jalaludin MY, Al-Sadat N, Murray LJ, Cantwell M, Su TT, Nahar AM. Fitness level and body composition indices: cross-sectional study among Malaysian adolescent. BMC Public Health 2014; 14 Suppl 3:S5. [PMID: 25436933 PMCID: PMC4251133 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-s3-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The importance of fitness level on the well-being of children and adolescent has long been recognised. The aim of this study was to investigate the fitness level of school-going Malaysian adolescent, and its association with body composition indices. METHODS 1071 healthy secondary school students participated in the fitness assessment for the Malaysian Health and Adolescents Longitudinal Research Team (MyHEART) study. Body composition indices such as body mass index for age, waist circumference and waist height ratio were measured. Fitness level was assessed with Modified Harvard Step Test. Physical Fitness Score was calculated using total time of step test exercise and resting heart rates. Fitness levels were divided into 3 categories - unacceptable, marginally acceptable, and acceptable. Partial correlation analysis was used to determine the association between fitness score and body composition, by controlling age, gender, locality, ethnicity, smoking status and sexual maturation. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine which body composition was the strongest predictor for fitness. RESULTS 43.3% of the participants were categorised into the unacceptable fitness group, 47.1% were considered marginally acceptable, and 9.6% were acceptable. There was a significant moderate inverse association (p < 0.001) between body composition with fitness score (r = -0.360, -0.413 and -0.403 for body mass index for age, waist circumference and waist height ratio, respectively). Waist circumference was the strongest and significant predictor for fitness (ß = -0.318, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION Only 9.6% of the students were fit. There was also an inverse association between body composition and fitness score among apparently healthy adolescents, with waist circumference indicated as the strongest predictor. The low fitness level among the Malaysian adolescent should necessitate the value of healthy lifestyle starting at a young age.
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Raab J, Haupt F, Kordonouri O, Scholz M, Wosch A, Ried C, Aschemeier B, Danne T, Ziegler AG, Winkler C. Continuous rise of insulin resistance before and after the onset of puberty in children at increased risk for type 1 diabetes - a cross-sectional analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2013; 29:631-5. [PMID: 23861173 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance has been postulated to be linked to the frequent onset of type 1 diabetes (T1D) during puberty. Very few studies have investigated the time course of insulin resistance in childhood. To address the question of how insulin resistance develops with age and how this is related to puberty onset, we examined insulin resistance and pubertal development over time in children at increased risk for T1D. METHODS Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was measured in 1848 fasting samples of 1177 children (aged 5-15 years) in a cross-sectional analysis. All children had a first degree relative with T1D, 120 developed islet autoantibodies. Pubertal development was determined by Tanner staging. RESULTS Insulin resistance rose continuously from age 5 to 13 years in girls and from age 5 to 14 years in boys with an average increase of 0.09 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.08-0.10) per year for girls and 0.07 (95 % CI: 0.06-0.08) for boys. The rise preceded the onset of puberty (Tanner stage 2), which was reported between 10 and 12 years of age in 80.4 % of the children (mean age: 11.2 ± 0.06 years). No difference was seen between children with or without islet autoantibodies. CONCLUSIONS There was a constant age-dependent rise of insulin resistance during childhood without observed associations to the onset of puberty or the presence of islet autoimmunity in children at increased risk for T1D. Our data show that insulin resistance emerges well before the initiation of physical changes of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Raab
- Forschergruppe Diabetes e.V., Neuherberg, Germany; Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Zentrum München, and Forschergruppe Diabetes, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Neuherberg, Germany
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Jiménez-Pavón D, Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Martínez-Gómez D, Moreno S, Urzanqui A, Gottrand F, Molnár D, Castillo MJ, Sjöström M, Moreno LA. Physical activity and markers of insulin resistance in adolescents: role of cardiorespiratory fitness levels--the HELENA study. Pediatr Diabetes 2013; 14:249-58. [PMID: 23301989 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the association between objectively assessed physical activity (PA) and markers of insulin resistance (IR) in European adolescents and to examine whether the association of objectively assessed PA and markers of IR is modified by cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). METHODS A cross-sectional study at school setting was conducted in 1053 (554 girls) adolescents (12.5-17.5 yr). Weight, height, waist circumference, total body fat, PA (accelerometry), and CRF (20-m shuttle run test) were measured. Fasting insulin and glucose concentrations were measured, and homeostasis model assessment as well as quantitative insulin sensitivity check index were computed. RESULTS In males, vigorous PA (VPA) was negatively associated with markers of IR after adjusting for confounders including waist circumference (all p < 0.05). In females, moderate PA, moderate to vigorous PA, and average PA were negatively associated with markers of IR after adjusting for confounders (all p < 0.05). Moreover, when the sample was segmented by CRF levels all the PA intensities were significantly associated with the markers of IR in females with low CRF but not in those with middle-high CRF after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that PA is negatively associated with markers of IR after adjusting for confounders including total and central body fat in both sexes, but this relationship is modified by the CRF levels being especially important in those females with low CRF. Preventive strategies should focus not only on increasing the volume of PA but also on enhancing CRF through VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Jiménez-Pavón
- GENUD (Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development) Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Moore JB, Beets MW, Barr-Anderson DJ, Evenson KR. Sedentary time and vigorous physical activity are independently associated with cardiorespiratory fitness in middle school youth. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:1520-5. [PMID: 23713515 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2013.793378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to examine the relationship between objectively measured physical activity, sedentary time, and cardiorespiratory fitness in a diverse sample of youth. Participants were recruited from three middle schools and completed assessments of height, weight, cardiorespiratory fitness, and wore an accelerometer for a minimum of four days. Hierarchical general linear models controlling for age, body mass index (BMI) percentile, and sex were used to evaluate the association of time (minutes per day) spent sedentary, and in moderate physical activity and vigorous physical activity with cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., heart rate response [beats per minute], dependent variable). Results indicated age (β = -0.16, P < 0.05), BMI percentile (β = 0.33, P <0.05), being male (β = 0.17, P < 0.05), sedentary time (β = 0.11, P <0.05), moderate (β = -0.03, P > 0.05) and vigorous (β = -0.22, P < 0.05) physical activity explained 29% of the variance in cardiorespiratory fitness. Evaluation of fitness among high sedentary/high vigorous, high sedentary/low vigorous, low sedentary/low vigorous, and low sedentary/high vigorous groups (defined by the median split) showed that high levels of vigorous activity removed the detrimental effect of high levels of sedentary time on cardiorespiratory fitness. These analyses suggest that the negative impact of sedentary time can be mitigated by engaging in vigorous activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin B Moore
- a University of South Carolina , Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior , Columbia , South Carolina , 29208 , United States
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Lewitt MS, Baker JS, Mooney GP, Hall K, Thomas NE. Pubertal stage and measures of adiposity in British schoolchildren. Ann Hum Biol 2012; 39:440-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03014460.2012.704070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Muscular strength and markers of insulin resistance in European adolescents: the HELENA Study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2455-65. [PMID: 22052103 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2216-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to examine the association of muscular strength with markers of insulin resistance in European adolescents. The study comprised a total of 1,053 adolescents (499 males; 12.5-17.5 years) from ten European cities participating in the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) Cross-Sectional Study. Muscular strength was measured by the handgrip strength and standing long jump tests. Cardiorespiratory fitness was measured by the 20-m shuttle run test. Fasting insulin and glucose were measured and the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI) indices were calculated. Weight, height, waist circumference and skinfold thickness were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. In males, the handgrip strength and standing long jump tests were negatively associated with fasting insulin and HOMA (all P < 0.05) after controlling for pubertal status, country and BMI or waist circumference. When skinfold thickness was included in the model, the association became non-significant. In females, the standing long jump test was negatively associated with fasting insulin and HOMA (all P < 0.001) after controlling for pubertal status, country and surrogate markers of total or central body fat (BMI, waist circumference or skinfold thickness). Findings were retained in males, but not in females after controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness. The findings of the present study suggest that preventive strategies should focus not only on decreasing fatness and increasing cardiorespiratory fitness but also on enhancing muscular strength.
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