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Wang X, Zhang T, Li W, Zhang M, Zhao L, Wang N, Zhang X, Zhang B. Dietary supplementation with Macleaya cordata extract alleviates intestinal injury in broiler chickens challenged with lipopolysaccharide by regulating gut microbiota and plasma metabolites. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1414869. [PMID: 39100674 PMCID: PMC11294198 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1414869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The prevention and mitigation of intestinal immune challenge is crucial for poultry production. This study investigated the effects of dietary Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) supplementation on the prevention of intestinal injury in broiler chickens challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Methods A total of 256 one-day-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups using a 2×2 factorial design with 2 MCE supplemental levels (0 and 400 mg/kg) and 2 LPS challenge levels (0 and 1 mg/kg body weight). The experiment lasted for 21 d. Results and discussion The results showed that MCE supplementation increased the average daily feed intake during days 0-14. MCE supplementation and LPS challenge have an interaction on the average daily gain during days 15-21. MCE supplementation significantly alleviated the decreased average daily gain of broiler chickens induced by LPS. MCE supplementation increased the total antioxidant capacity and the activity of catalase and reduced the level of malondialdehyde in jejunal mucosa. MCE addition elevated the villus height and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth of the ileum. MCE supplementation decreased the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in the jejunum. MCE addition mitigated LPS-induced mRNA up-expression of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β and IL-17 in the jejunum. MCE supplementation increased the abundance of probiotic bacteria (such as Lactobacillus and Blautia) and reduced the abundance of pathogenic bacteria (such as Actinobacteriota, Peptostretococcaceae, and Rhodococcus), leading to alterations in gut microbiota composition. MCE addition altered several metabolic pathways such as Amino acid metabolism, Nucleotide metabolism, Energy metabolism, Carbohydrate metabolism, and Lipid metabolism in broilers. In these pathways, MCE supplementation increased the levels of L-aspartic acid, L-Glutamate, L-serine, etc., and reduced the levels of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, thromboxane B2, 13-(S)-HODPE, etc. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 400 mg/kg MCE effectively improved the growth performance and intestinal function in LPS-challenged broiler chickens, probably due to the modulation of gut microbiota and plasma metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Beibei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Niu B, Pan T, Xiao Y, Wang H, Zhu J, Tian F, Lu W, Chen W. The therapeutic potential of dietary intervention: based on the mechanism of a tryptophan derivative-indole propionic acid on metabolic disorders. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-20. [PMID: 38189263 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2299744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Tryptophan (TRP) contributes to individual immune homeostasis and good condition via three complex metabolism pathways (5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), kynurenine (KP), and gut microbiota pathway). Indole propionic acid (IPA), one of the TRP derivatives of the microbiota pathway, has raised more attention because of its impact on metabolic disorders. Here, we retrospect increasing evidence that TRP metabolites/IPA derived from its proteolysis impact host health and disease. IPA can activate the immune system through aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and/or Pregnane X receptor (PXR) as a vital mediator among diet-caused host and microbe cross-talk. Different levels of IPA in systemic circulation can predict the risk of NAFLD, T2DM, and CVD. IPA is suggested to alleviate cognitive impairment from oxidative damage, reduce gut inflammation, inhibit lipid accumulation and attenuate the symptoms of NAFLD, putatively enhance the intestinal epithelial barrier, and maintain intestinal homeostasis. Now, we provide a general description of the relationships between IPA and various physiological and pathological processes, which support an opportunity for diet intervention for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Tong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jinlin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Fengwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenwei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Polizel GHG, Fernandes AC, Furlan É, Prati BCT, Ferraz JBS, Santana MHDA. Impacts of Different Prenatal Supplementation Strategies on the Plasma Metabolome of Bulls in the Rearing and Finishing Phase. Metabolites 2023; 13:259. [PMID: 36837878 PMCID: PMC9960736 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of maternal nutrition on the plasma metabolome of Nellore bulls in the rearing and finishing phases, and metabolic differences between these phases. For this study, three nutritional approaches were used in 126 cows during pregnancy: NP-(control) mineral supplementation; PP-protein-energy supplementation in the final third; and FP-protein-energy supplementation during the entire pregnancy. We collected blood samples from male offspring in the rearing (450 ± 28 days old) and finishing phases (660 ± 28 days old). The blood was processed, and from plasma samples, we performed the targeted metabolome analysis (AbsoluteIDQ® p180 Kit). Multiple linear regression, principal component analysis (PCA), repeated measures analysis over time, and an enrichment analysis were performed. PCA showed an overlap of treatments and time clusters in the analyses. We identified significant metabolites among the treatments (rearing phase = six metabolites; finishing phase = three metabolites) and over time (21 metabolites). No significant metabolic pathways were found in the finishing phase, however, we found significant pathways in the rearing phase (Arginine biosynthesis and Histidine metabolism). Thus, prenatal nutrition impacted on plasma metabolome of bulls during the rearing and finishing phase and the different production stages showed an effect on the metabolic levels of bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Henrique Gebim Polizel
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering—USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Arícia Christofaro Fernandes
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering—USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Édison Furlan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering—USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Barbara Carolina Teixeira Prati
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering—USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - José Bento Sterman Ferraz
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering—USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Miguel Henrique de Almeida Santana
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering—USP, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
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Early Stepdown Weaning of Dairy Calves with Glutamine and Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementations. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121474. [PMID: 35739810 PMCID: PMC9219432 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary We demonstrated previously that supplementation of glutamine (Gln) at 2.0% of dry matter intake (DMI) increased the rate at which dairy calves achieved ≥1.0 kg/d starter feed intake (SFI) during weaning. Because Gln supplements at <1.0% of DMI or branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplements have been shown to improve the performance of weaning piglets, we examined the effects of a lower dose of Gln (8.0 g/d equivalent to 1% of DMI) alone or in combination with BCAA supplementations on SFI and average daily gain (ADG) in this study. Amino acids did not affect SFI or ADG during the supplementations but decreased post-weaning SFI in an additive manner even though the ADG was not affected. The blood analysis on the last day of supplementations revealed a possibility for the Gln and BCAA supplementations to suppress SFI through leptin and serotonin secreted by the gastrointestinal tract. Abstract The study objective was to examine the effects of supplementing Gln and BCAA on the SFI and ADG of weaning dairy calves. Holstein heifer calves (11 calves /treatment) at 35 d of age were assigned to: (1) no amino acids (CTL), (2) Gln (8.0 g/d) alone (GLN), or (3) Gln (8.0 g/d) and BCAA (GLNB; 17.0, 10.0, and 11.0 g/d leucine, isoleucine, and valine, respectively) supplementations in whole milk during a stepdown weaning scheme. Calves were weaned completely once they achieved ≥1.0 kg/d SFI. Neither GLN nor GLNB affected SFI or ADG in the first week during weaning. The GLNB decreased SFI compared to CTL, but the SFI was similar between CTL and GLN in the remainder of the weaning scheme. All calves were weaned at 50 d of age. The SFI of GLNB was lower than that of GLN, and the SFI of both GLN and GLNB were lower than CTL post-weaning. The decreased SFI did not alter ADG during weaning or post-weaning. The GLNB tended to have higher plasma leptin and lower plasma serotonin concentrations compared to CTL. Glutamine and BCAA seem to affect the SFI of calves by modulating the secretions of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Zhang Z, Du W, Liu W, Wong BT, Zheng H. Increasing serotonin concentrations alter calcium metabolism in periparturient dairy goats. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6541332. [PMID: 35235945 PMCID: PMC9030229 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the large amounts of calcium transferred to milk from mammary glands, periparturient dairy goats face challenges with calcium metabolism disorder and hypocalcemia. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), the product of 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-HTP) catalyzed by tryptophan hydroxylase 1, is a multifunctional monoamine thought to be a homeostatic regulator of the animal. The objective of the current study was to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of intramuscular 5-HTP injections on calcium homeostasis in the goat mammary glands. In the in vivo experiment, 30 multiparous Guanzhong dairy goats were randomly assigned to 2 groups, one group was injected with 5-HTP intramuscularly and the other group was injected with normal saline. From the first 10 d of the expected date for delivery, 5-HTP or saline was injected into goats through the shoulder muscle every morning before feeding, with a dose of 1 mg/kg per body weight. In the in vitro experiment, goat mammary epithelial cells (GMEC) were treated with 100 μM 5-HT for the evaluation of 5-HT in calcium transportation. The results demonstrated that 5-HTP treatment had no effect on the basic composition of colostrum (P > 0.05) but increased the serum 5-HT concentrations on days -5, -4, -3, and 5 relative to parturition (P < 0.05). The 5-HTP injection group had greater serum calcium concentration on day 4 and greater serum parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) on days -5, -4, -1, 3, 4, and 5 compared with the saline injection group (P < 0.05). It was further confirmed that 5-HT could increase intracellular calcium levels by increasing PTHrP and decreasing plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPases1 (PMCA1) in GMEC (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 5-HTP treatment in multiparous goats during the transition period from pregnancy to lactation is a feasible way to protect goats from calcium metabolism disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhiFei Zhang
- Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding of Dairy Goats, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Du
- Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding of Dairy Goats, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - WenYi Liu
- Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding of Dairy Goats, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Braden T Wong
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - HuiLing Zheng
- Laboratory of Genetic Improvement and Healthy Breeding of Dairy Goats, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, People’s Republic of China,Corresponding author:
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Zhang X, Ma T, Cheng C, Lv J, Bai H, Jiang X, Zhang Y, Xin H. Effects of waste milk on growth performance, immunity, and gut health of dairy calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Connelly M, Hernandez L. Elevated serotonin alters whole-blood expression of serotonin receptor and metabolism genes in the lactating dairy cow. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:289-294. [PMID: 36338386 PMCID: PMC9623722 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2021-0108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin's role as a hormone has been demonstrated through modulating calcium metabolism, energy homeostasis, and immune function in the preweaned and lactating bovine. Recently, manipulation of the serotonergic axis in calves via administration of 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-HTP), the serotonin precursor, elicited immunomodulatory effects and regulated serotonin transport and metabolism genes in leukocytes. However, serotonin's ability to modulate whole-blood gene expression in lactating dairy cows is unknown. Our objective was to explore the effect of infusing 5-HTP on whole-blood expression of genes regulating serotonin transport (reuptake transporter), signaling (receptors), metabolism (synthesis and degradation), and cytokines in dairy cows. Twelve lactating multiparous Holstein dairy cows were blocked by parity, milk production, and days in milk in a randomized complete block design and randomly assigned to intravenous infusion of either 1 L of 1.5 mg/kg 5-HTP dissolved in saline (n = 6) or 1 L of saline solution (n = 6) for 3 consecutive days. Whole blood was collected at 48, 56, and 72 h relative to termination of first infusion to analyze whole-blood gene expression. Infusion of 5-HTP increased whole-blood mRNA expression of monoamine oxidase-A and serotonin receptor 7 across the experimental period. Forty-eight hours from termination of first infusion, the mRNA of monoamine oxidase-A, serotonin reuptake transporter, and serotonin receptor 7 were increased in blood relative to the control. Interleukin-8 concentrations and mRNA were unchanged in response to 5-HTP infusion. Collectively, these data suggest that infusion of 5-HTP may alter mRNA of serotonin metabolism, transport, and signaling genes in whole blood of lactating dairy cows.
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Samarasinghe M, van der Heide M, Weisbjerg M, Sehested J, Sloth J, Bruhn A, Vestergaard M, Nørgaard J, Hernández-Castellano L. A descriptive chemical analysis of seaweeds, Ulva sp., Saccharina latissima and Ascophyllum nodosum harvested from Danish and Icelandic waters. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Valente EEL, Damasceno ML, Klotz JL, Harmon DL. Residual effects of abomasal 5-hydroxytryptophan administration on serotonin metabolism in cattle. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 76:106627. [PMID: 33882449 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2021.106627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies of serotonin in animal husbandry has received growing interest. However, there is limited information about serotonin manipulation using 5-HTP administered postruminally and its residual effects in cattle. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of 5-HTP infused into the abomasum for enhancing circulating serotonin in cattle. Four Holstein steers (487 ± 7.6 kg) fitted with ruminal cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design experiment. The treatments were intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/kg BW. Blood was collected from the jugular vein of each steer at -60, -30, 0, 30, 60, 120, 240, and 480 min from 5-HTP infusion for basal and short term evaluation and, at 1, 2, 4, and 7 d after 5-HTP infusion for long term evaluation. Dry matter intake was not affected (P > 0.05) by intra-abomasal infusions. The half-life of 5-HTP was dose-independent (128 min). The serum 5-HTP, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid area under the curve increased (P < 0.05) linearly with an increased dose of 5-HTP. Serum 5-HTP reached peak concentration in approximately 30 min after dosing while serum and plasma serotonin peaked after 240 min postinfusion. Serotonin was greater than control for all 5-HTP doses 1 d and 2 d after infusion in serum and plasma, respectively. Intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP at doses up to 1 mg/ kg BW increases circulating serotonin for up 2 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E L Valente
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Brazil
| | - M L Damasceno
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Brazil
| | - J L Klotz
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY
| | - D L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY.
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Beaver A, Petersen C, Weary DM, Finlay BB, von Keyserlingk MA. Differences in the fecal microbiota of dairy calves reared with differing sources of milk and levels of maternal contact. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:200-206. [PMID: 36338447 PMCID: PMC9623638 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2020-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We compared fecal microbiota in dam-reared and conventionally reared dairy calves, which were fed whole milk and waste milk, respectively. Dairy calves reared with dam contact had higher relative abundance of Lactobacillus. Conventionally reared calves had higher concentrations of taxa such as Bacteroides. Dam-reared calves were predicted to have higher levels of l-tryptophan biosynthesis.
The practice of rearing cows and calves together is gaining popularity on dairy farms, with different systems currently under assessment in mainland Europe, the United Kingdom, and Oceania. Research into the effects of cow–calf rearing has primarily focused on direct health and welfare implications, and little work has examined the role of different rearing paradigms on calf microbiota. We trialed a cow–calf rearing system on a Canadian dairy farm and compared fecal microbiota of these calves with the microbiota of calves reared according to the conventional practice of the same farm (separated from the dam and fed waste milk). At 4 wk, the conventionally reared calves had reduced relative abundance of Lactobacillus and higher relative abundance of other taxa, including Sutterella, Prevotella, and Bacteroides. We also detected predicted functional differences, such as reduced l-tryptophan biosynthesis in conventionally reared calves. These results suggest that maternal contact may influence the calf microbiota, but the observed differences are also likely related to other aspects of the rearing environment independent of maternal contact (e.g., potential exposure to antibiotic residues in waste milk). These findings provide preliminary evidence of the effects of early rearing environments on the establishment of the dairy calf fecal microbiota. This research is needed, given the critical role of the bovine gut microbiome in behavioral, metabolic, and immune development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Beaver
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Department of Veterinary Health and Animal Sciences, Harper Adams University, Shropshire, United Kingdom, TF10 8NB
| | - Charisse Petersen
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Daniel M. Weary
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - B. Brett Finlay
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Marina A.G. von Keyserlingk
- Animal Welfare Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
- Corresponding author
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Ayrle H, Mevissen M, Bruckmaier RM, Wellnitz O, Kaske M, Bieber A, Vögtlin A, Fricker R, Walkenhorst M. Effects of an oral hydro-ethanolic purple coneflower extract on performance, clinical health and immune parameters in calves. Res Vet Sci 2021; 138:148-160. [PMID: 34144282 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded field trial was to investigate the effects of oral administration of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea L. (EP)) on performance, health and immune parameters in calves. Calves (n = 27) were enrolled to three groups (9 calves per group): 0.5 g EP/calf per day (ECL), 5 g EP/calf per day (ECH) or placebo. Calves were vaccinated with Bluetongue-Virus (BTV) serotype 4 vaccine to investigate EPs effects on seroconversion. Clinical and performance parameters, inter alia body weight, health and milk intake were recorded for 57 days. Blood samples were analyzed for BTV antibodies and IgG by ELISA, white and red blood cell counts by flow cytometry and mRNA abundance of various inflammatory markers in leukocytes (IL-1β, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox-2) and prostaglandin E synthase) was studied. The findings demonstrated no differences between groups regarding performance parameters. In all groups, calves suffered from diarrhea for a minimum of 2 days, but EP reduced the number of diarrhea days by 44% in ECL and increased the body temperature. Interestingly, ECL resulted in an increased number of respiratory disease days during the follow-up period. EP did not change blood cell and IgG counts, whereas eosinophil granulocytes were reduced in ECL. Decreased levels of hemoglobin and hematocrit were found in ECH. Prostaglandin E synthase levels in leukocytes were higher in ECL and ECH, whereas no differences were obtained for IL-1β, IL-8, TNFα and Cox-2. Due to the unexpected occurrence of BTV seropositive calves before the first vaccination, 13 calves were excluded from the evaluation on seroconversion and no statistical analyses could be performed regarding antibody production. BTV-4 antibodies were not produced in 4 placebo-calves, whereas 4 of 5 and 1 of 6 ECL- and ECH-calves produced antibodies. Further investigations are needed to draw final conclusions on mode of action and efficacy of EP in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Ayrle
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, Frick 5070, Switzerland; Division Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Meike Mevissen
- Division Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 124, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Olga Wellnitz
- Veterinary Physiology, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Kaske
- Swiss Calf Health Service, Department of Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Anna Bieber
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, Frick 5070, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Vögtlin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Raffael Fricker
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, Bern 3012, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Walkenhorst
- Department of Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, Frick 5070, Switzerland.
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Histological and transcriptomic analysis of adipose and muscle of dairy calves supplemented with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9665. [PMID: 33958639 PMCID: PMC8102591 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88443-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, peripheral serotonin is involved in regulating energy balance. Herein, we characterized the transcriptomic profile and microstructure of adipose and muscle in pre-weaned calves with increased circulating serotonin. Holstein bull calves (21 ± 2 days old) were fed milk replacer supplemented with saline (CON, 8 mL/day n = 4) or 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, 90 mg/day, n = 4) for 10 consecutive days. Calves were euthanized on d10 to harvest adipose and muscle for RNA-Sequencing and histological analyses. Twenty-two genes were differentially expressed in adipose, and 33 in muscle. Notably, Interferon gamma inducible protein-47 was highly expressed and upregulated in muscle and adipose (avg. log FC = 6.5). Enriched pathways in adipose tissue revealed serotonin’s participation in lipid metabolism and PPAR signaling. In muscle, enriched pathways were related to histone acetyltransferase binding, Jak-STAT signaling, PI3K-Akt signaling and cell proliferation. Supplementation of 5-HTP increased cell proliferation and total cell number in adipose and muscle. Adipocyte surface area was smaller and muscle fiber area was not different in the 5-HTP group. Manipulating the serotonin pathway, through oral supplementation of 5-HTP, influences signaling pathways and cellular processes in adipose and muscle related to endocrine and metabolic functions which might translate into improvements in calf growth and development.
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Keivani Rad N, Mohri M, Seifi HA, Haghparast A. Supplementation of overripe pulp extract and green peel extract or powder of banana fruit peel (musa. cavendish) to diets of neonatal dairy calves: Effects on haematological, immunological and performance characteristics. Vet Med Sci 2021; 7:876-887. [PMID: 33502117 PMCID: PMC8136936 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of overripe pulp and green peel extract and powder of banana fruit (Musa. cavendish) on haematological, biochemical, immunological, health, and performance of Holstein dairy calves. In all, 40 newborn calves were randomly divided into four groups of 10 animals. In the control group, animals received no banana meal. In group 1, calves were supplemented with 2 g (dry matter)/kg body weight/day of overripe banana pulp extract. The calves in group 2 were supplemented with 1 g (dry matter) of overripe banana pulp extract/kg body weight/day and 1 g (dry matter) of green banana peel extract/kg body weight/day. The animals in group 3 were supplemented with 2 g/kg body weight/day of green banana peel powder. The feeding period of calves on the tested supplements was 5 days. Blood samples and other evaluations were taken on day 0 (at birth, before supplementation) and on days 7, 15 and 30. Just a trend towards better average daily weight gain was seen in groups 2 and 3 than others (p = 0.073). Significant group and sampling time interactions were seen for the quantities of RBC (group 1 was lower than other groups at day 30), MCV (group 3 was lower than other groups at day 30) and MCH (group 1 was higher than other groups at day 30) (p < 0.05). A trend towards significance in values of IgG (group 1 was lower than other groups at days 15 and 30) and bilirubin (higher values at day 7 in groups 1 and 2 than control, higher amounts at days 15 and 30 in groups 3 and 2 than control, respectively) was also observed. In conclusion, banana supplementation in neonatal calves had beneficial effects on the values of RBC, MCV, MCH, bilirubin, IgG and average daily weight gain in dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Keivani Rad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Mohri
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Center of Excellence on Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hesam A Seifi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.,Center of Excellence on Ruminant Abortion and Neonatal Mortality, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Haghparast
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Samarasinghe MB, Sehested J, Weisbjerg MR, Vestergaard M, Hernández-Castellano LE. Milk supplemented with dried seaweed affects the systemic innate immune response in preweaning dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:3575-3584. [PMID: 33455754 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Intact seaweed or seaweed extracts are used as feed supplements to improve the gut microbiome in young animals. Seaweeds provide functional polysaccharides, and they are a good source of vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds, all of which are relevant for immune system development. However, literature on the effects of dried seaweed supplementation on immune system development is limited, especially in calves. This experiment aimed to study the effect of feeding milk supplemented with Ulva lactuca, Ascophyllum nodosum, or Saccharina latissima on the systemic immune status of preweaning dairy calves. Forty male Holstein calves with birth body weight 41 ± 4 kg and plasma Brix percentage ≥8.7% at d 2 after birth were used in this study. Calves were fed 4 L of cow milk twice a day (total 8 L/d). From d 2 to d 28, calves in the control group (n = 10) received milk without seaweed supplementation. Over the same period, experimental calves received milk supplemented with Ulva lactuca (SW1; n = 10), Ascophyllum nodosum (SW2; n = 10), or Saccharina latissima (SW3, n = 10). Dried and ground seaweeds were offered at a daily allowance of 50 g/8 L of milk (i.e., approximately 5% inclusion rate on a dry matter basis). Blood samples were collected from a jugular vein on d 2, 4, 7, 14, 21, and 28 after birth. Plasma concentrations of total protein, albumin, immunoglobulins, and acute-phase proteins (i.e., serum amyloid A, fibrinogen, and haptoglobin) were measured. We detected no differences in average daily gain, plasma immunoglobulins, albumin, or total protein. However, the contrast analysis revealed that plasma concentrations of fibrinogen (SW1 and SW2) and serum amyloid A (SW2 and SW3) were significantly higher in the seaweed groups compared with the control group. We also found a tendency for high plasma haptoglobin in the seaweed groups (SW1 and SW2) compared with the control group. Differences in acute-phase protein concentrations could be partially explained by the large differences in micromineral intake between control and seaweed-supplemented calves. Feeding milk supplemented with dried seaweed increased plasma concentrations of variables related to the innate immune response in preweaning dairy calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Samarasinghe
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - J Sehested
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M Vestergaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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15
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Alexandre G, Rodriguez L, Arece J, Delgadillo J, Garcia GW, Habermeier K, Almeida AM, Fanchone A, Gourdine JL, Archimède H. Agroecological practices to support tropical livestock farming systems: a Caribbean and Latin American perspective. Trop Anim Health Prod 2021; 53:111. [PMID: 33432505 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
With global climate changes currently occurring, and particularly given the severe energy and food shortages occurring throughout tropical regions, agroecological (AE) systems are drawing renewed attention as an efficient alternative to intensive models of production, particularly unsuitable in regions of the world such as the Caribbean or Latin America. There is a pressing need to focus on livestock farming systems (LFS) and characterize their potential contributions to global sustainability. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to address these multiple and complex problems. Traditionally, LFS have shown their sustainability high potential. The purpose of this work is to highlight solutions to minimize inputs, by describing some success and diverse case studies through the Caribbean. These systems were analyzed at different levels: animal/function, farm/family, and territory/society. This produced a set of guidelines that help to increase the efficiency of tropical systems, particularly those concerned with (1) choosing the best-suited genotypes, while enhancing population biodiversity; (2) matching the farming system to the available resources, feed, and by-products; (3) steering the whole farming system through reproduction management with no hormonal treatment, while facilitating system reproducibility and increasing performances; (4) controlling health constraints instead of annihilating risks and implement an integrated management design to reduce chemical treatments or increase the use of nutraceuticals; and (5) mitigating climate constraints by using soft techniques. In the second part of this work, some integrated systems are described. The Tosoly farm of Colombia, for instance, is conceived as a totally integrated crop-livestock system, allowing the additional production of energy at the farm level. Thus, it epitomizes the positive impact that livestock can exert upon the environment. The case study of Haiti indicates how AE practices can help in designing a pro-poor sustainable milk production system. It concerns an entire dairy sector built all over the country on the basis of micro-units of milk production and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisele Alexandre
- INRA, UR143, Unité de Recherches Zootechniques, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies, France.
| | | | - Javier Arece
- Estación Experimental de Pastos y Forrajes "Indio Hatuey", Universidad de Matanzas "Camilo Cienfuegos", CP 44280, Matanzas, Cuba
| | - José Delgadillo
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Caprina, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, C.P. 27054, Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico
| | - Gary Wayne Garcia
- The Open Tropical Forage-Animal Production Laboratory, Department of Food Production, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Kurt Habermeier
- Plateforme d'Agroécologie et de Développement Durable (PADED)-Misereor, 10, impasse Basilic, Delmas 65, Haiti
| | - André M Almeida
- LEAF, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Audrey Fanchone
- INRA, UR143, Unité de Recherches Zootechniques, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gourdine
- INRA, UR143, Unité de Recherches Zootechniques, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies, France
| | - Harry Archimède
- INRA, UR143, Unité de Recherches Zootechniques, 97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, French West Indies, France
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16
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Valente EEL, Klotz JL, Harmon DL. 5-Hydroxytryptophan strongly stimulates serotonin synthesis in Holstein steers. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106560. [PMID: 33035847 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although serotonin has been extensively studied in many species, there is a lack of information in ruminants, and no research has been evaluated if its precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), administered into the abomasum may be used as a means to manipulate serotonin metabolism. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate if intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP increases circulating serotonin in the steer. Eight Holstein steers (471 ± 8.9 kg) were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin Square design experiment. The treatments were intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP at 0.5, 1, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg BW. Blood was collected at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 24 h after infusion. The serum concentration of 5-HTP increased quadratically (P = 0.005) with a peak at 2 h after administration. The 5-HTP administration increased (P < 0.05) serum serotonin in comparison with baseline with no difference (P > 0.05) between the doses of 5-HTP. When 5-HTP was dosed at 2.5 mg/kg BW or higher, intake decreased, and there was an altered manure consistency. The serum 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid concentrations followed the same pattern as 5-HTP. Plasma glucose content was not affected (P > 0.05) by 5-HTP dosing. However, free fatty acids concentration in the plasma was lower (P > 0.05) compared with baseline for the infusion levels of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg BW. Intra-abomasal infusion of 5-HTP efficiently increases serum serotonin cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E L Valente
- Animal Science Department, State University of Western Parana, Marechal Cândido, Rondon 85960-000, Brazil
| | - J L Klotz
- USDA-ARS, Forage-Animal Production Research Unit, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - D L Harmon
- Department of Animal and Food Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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17
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Kumar N, Goyal RN. Simultaneous determination of melatonin and 5-hydroxytrptophan at the disposable poly-(melamine)/poly-(o-aminophenol) composite modified screen printed sensor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Priatno W, Jo YH, Nejad JG, Lee JS, Moon JO, Lee HG. "Dietary supplementation of L-tryptophan" increases muscle development, adipose tissue catabolism and fatty acid transportation in the muscles of Hanwoo steers. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020; 62:595-604. [PMID: 33089225 PMCID: PMC7553846 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2020.62.5.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary rumen-protected L-tryptophan (TRP)
supplementation (43.4 mg of L-tryptophan kg−1 body weigt [BW])
for 65 days in Hanwoo steers on muscle development related to gene expressions
and adipose tissue catabolism and fatty acid transportation in
longissimus dorsi muscles. Eight Hanwoo steers (initial BW
= 424.6 kg [SD 42.3]; 477 days old [SD 4.8]) were randomly allocated to two
groups (n = 4) of control and treatment and were supplied with total mixed
ration (TMR). The treatment group was fed with 15 g of rumen-protected TRP (0.1%
of TMR as-fed basis equal to 43.4 mg of TRP kg−1 BW) once a
day at 0800 h as top-dressed to TMR. Blood samples were collected 3 times, at 0,
5, and 10 weeks of the experiment, for assessment of hematological and
biochemical parameters. For gene study, the longissimus dorsi
muscle samples (12 to 13 ribs, approximately 2 g) were collected from each
individual by biopsy at end of the study (10 weeks). Growth performance
parameters including final BW, average daily gain, and gain to feed ratio, were
not different (p > 0.05) between the two groups.
Hematological parameters including granulocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte, platelet,
red blood cell, hematocrit, and white blood cell showed no difference
(p > 0.05) between the two groups except for
hemoglobin (p = 0.025), which was higher in the treatment than
in the control group. Serum biochemical parameters including total protein,
albumin, globulin, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine phosphokinase, glucose,
nonesterified fatty acids, and triglyceride also showed no differences between
the two groups (p > 0.05). Gene expression related to
muscle development (Myogenic factor 6 [MYF6], myogenine
[MyoG]), adipose tissue catabolism (lipoprotein lipase
[LPL]), and fatty acid transformation indicator (fatty acid
binding protein 4 [FABP4]) were increased in the treatment
group compared to the control group (p < 0.05).
Collectively, supplementation of TRP (65 days in this study) promotes muscle
development and increases the ability of the animals to catabolize and transport
fat in muscles due to an increase in expressions of MYF6,
MyoG, FABP4, and LPL
gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahyu Priatno
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Jo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Team of an Educational Program for Specialists in Global Animal Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jalil Ghassemi Nejad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Team of an Educational Program for Specialists in Global Animal Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jun-Ok Moon
- Institute of Biotechnology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16471, Korea
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,Team of an Educational Program for Specialists in Global Animal Science, Brain Korea 21 Plus Project, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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19
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Connelly MK, Marshall AM, Crump PM, Hernandez LL. Short communication: The effect of ruminal administration of 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan on circulating serotonin concentrations. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10850-10855. [PMID: 32952021 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The monoamine serotonin has been shown to regulate peripartal calcium homeostasis in multiparous cows and be a possible mitigation tool for hypocalcemia. Increasing circulating serotonin concentrations via prepartum intravenous (IV) administration of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP) increases postpartum calcium concentrations. However, the ability of 5-HTP to be used orally or ruminally to alter circulating serotonin concentrations has not been established. Hence, our objective was to determine if ruminal administration of 5-HTP altered circulating serotonin concentrations. Four ruminally cannulated, nonlactating, nonpregnant multiparous Holstein dairy cows were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments in a 4 × 4 replicated Latin square with 4-d periods separated by a 7-d washout. On d 1 and 2 of each period, cows were dosed with 1 of 4 experimental treatments as follows: (1) 0 mg/kg of body weight (BW) of 5-HTP, (2) 1 mg/kg of BW of intraruminal 5-HTP, (3) 2 mg/kg of BW of intraruminal 5-HTP, or (4) 1 mg/kg of BW of IV 5-HTP. Infusions were administered over a 1-h period, and all groups not receiving 5-HTP IV were infused with an equal volume of IV saline to that of IV 1 mg/kg of BW of 5-HTP treatment. Continuous serial blood samples were collected beginning after d 2 of treatment administration. Whole blood serotonin concentrations were higher in cows dosed with 2 mg/kg of BW of intraruminal 5-HTP immediately after dosing when compared with cows dosed with 0 mg/kg of BW of 5-HTP on d 2, but were similar on d 3 and 4 of the experimental period. Cows receiving IV 5-HTP had the highest circulating serotonin concentrations relative to all other treatments. These findings demonstrated that 2 intraruminal dosings of 5-HTP at 2 mg/kg of BW resulted in elevated circulating serotonin concentrations relative to the control immediately after dosing. This supports the potential for 5-HTP to be used orally to manipulate circulating serotonin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Connelly
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | | | - P M Crump
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - L L Hernandez
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706.
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20
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Moreno-Indias I, Hernández-Castellano LE, Sánchez-Macías D, Morales-delaNuez A, Torres A, Argüello A, Castro N. Milk Replacer Supplementation with Docosahexaenoic Acid from Microalgae Does Not Affect Growth and Immune Status in Goat Kids. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071233. [PMID: 32698513 PMCID: PMC7401510 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The consumption of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has beneficial effects on human health. Meat from suckling goat kids is highly valuable, especially in Mediterranean countries. Based on this, several strategies have been implemented to increase the content of DHA in foodstuffs such as meat and meat products. Several studies have observed how feeding diverse sources of DHA can improve the fatty acid profile in goat kid meat. However, few studies have focused on the effect of using these DHA supplements on growth and the immune system development in these animals. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different levels of DHA supplementation on growth and the immune system development in newborn goat kids. The current study showed that the DHA supplementation did not affect either growth or the immune status of goat kids during the first 35 days of life. Abstract Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has beneficial effects for consumers’ health. Consequently, there is an increased interest in enhancing meat fatty acid profiles (i.e., PUFA and DHA content) through diverse nutritional strategies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of supplementing a microalgae-derived product rich in DHA on growth and immune system development in newborn goat kids. In this experiment, newborn goat kids were fed milk replacer (MR) supplemented with three levels of a microalgae-derived product rich in DHA (DHA-Gold®, Martek Biosciences, MD, USA). Groups were designed as follows: MR-NS (milk replacer without DHA-Gold® supplementation; n = 10), MR-DHA-9 (9 g of DHA-Gold®/L milk replacer; n = 10) and MR-DHA-18 (18 g of DHA-Gold®/L milk replacer; n = 10). The immune status of the kids was evaluated by the plasma IgG and IgM concentrations, as well as by the complement system and chitotriosidase activities. Dietary supplementation with DHA did not affect either growth or innate and humoral immunity (p > 0.05). This study concludes that supplementation with DHA does not cause negative effects on growth and immune status in newborn goat kids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Moreno-Indias
- Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (I.M.-I.); (A.A.); (N.C.)
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorenzo E. Hernández-Castellano
- Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (I.M.-I.); (A.A.); (N.C.)
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, AU-Foulum, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
- Correspondence:
| | - Davinia Sánchez-Macías
- Animal Production and Industrialization Unit, Department of Agroindustrial Engineering, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, 060150 Riobamba, Ecuador;
| | - Antonio Morales-delaNuez
- Agrobiotechnology Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 38206 La Laguna, Spain;
| | - Alexandr Torres
- Unit of Animal Production, Pasture, and Forage in Arid and Subtropical Areas. Canary Islands Institute for Agricultural Research, 38200 La Laguna, Spain;
| | - Anastasio Argüello
- Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (I.M.-I.); (A.A.); (N.C.)
| | - Noemí Castro
- Animal Production and Biotechnology group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (I.M.-I.); (A.A.); (N.C.)
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21
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Hromádková J, Suzuki Y, Pletts S, Pyo J, Ma T, Chen Y, Steele MA, Guan LL. Effect of colostrum feeding strategies on the expression of neuroendocrine genes and active gut mucosa-attached bacterial populations in neonatal calves. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:8629-8642. [PMID: 32622610 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Colostrum feeding is vital for the development of the immune system and gastrointestinal tract in neonatal calves; however, it is currently unknown whether different colostrum feeding strategies affect their neuroendocrine system and potentially the gut-brain axis. The present study investigated the effect of 3 different colostrum feeding regimens on the expression of neuroendocrine genes in adrenal glands and gastrointestinal tissues and on the abundance of intestinal commensal bacteria. Holstein bull calves were fed colostrum immediately after birth and randomly assigned to 3 groups: whole milk (n = 8), mixture of 50% colostrum and 50% whole milk (n = 8), and colostrum (CF; n = 8) for 72 h with 12-h intervals. Adrenal glands, ileum, and colon tissues were collected at 75 h and were subjected to the expression of 11 targeted neuroendocrine genes and the abundance of tissue mucosa-associated bacteria measurement using quantitative real-time PCR and quantitative PCR, respectively. The expressions of all targeted genes were detected, and the expression of α-adrenergic receptor (ADRA1A) gene was affected by CF in adrenal glands and gut tissues. In addition, CF upregulated the expression of HTR4 (serotonin receptor) and SLC4A4 (serotonin transporter) genes in the ileum and increased the abundance of active Lactobacillus spp. and Escherichia coli (as detected at RNA level) associated with ileum and colon tissue. Furthermore, there were positive correlations between the abundance of active Lactobacillus spp. and E. coli with expression of HTR2B and HTR4 genes in the colon, suggesting that extended colostrum feeding strategies may affect the interaction between gut microbiota and host endocrine functions in neonatal calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Hromádková
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Laboratory of Animal Function and Nutrition, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan 060-8589
| | - Sarah Pletts
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Jade Pyo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Tao Ma
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China 100081
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5
| | - Michael A Steele
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5; Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Le Luo Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5.
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22
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Marrero MG, Field SL, Skibiel AL, Dado-Senn B, Driver JP, Laporta J. Increasing serotonin bioavailability alters gene expression in peripheral leukocytes and lymphoid tissues of dairy calves. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9712. [PMID: 32546841 PMCID: PMC7297988 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66326-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy calves are born with a naïve immune system, making the pre-weaning phase a critical window for immune development. In the U.S., 40-60% of dairy farms feed milk replacer to pre-weaned calves, which are devoid of bioactive factors with immunological roles. Serotonin is a bioactive factor with immunoregulatory properties naturally produced by the calf and present in milk. Human and rodent immune cells express the serotonin machinery, but little is known about the role of serotonin in the bovine immune system. Supplementing milk replacer with 5-hydroxytryptophan (serotonin precursor) or fluoxetine (reuptake inhibitor) increases serotonin bioavailability. We hypothesized that increased serotonin bioavailability promotes serotonergic signaling and modulates the expression of immune related genes in peripheral leukocytes and immune-related tissues of dairy calves. The present experiment targeted candidate genes involved in serotonin production, metabolism, transport, signaling and immune regulation. We established that bovine peripheral leukocytes express all known serotonin receptors, and can synthesize, uptake and degrade serotonin due to the expression of serotonin metabolism-related genes. Indeed, we showed that increasing serotonin bioavailability alters gene expression of serotonin receptors and immune-related genes. Further research will determine whether manipulation of the serotonin pathway could be a feasible approach to bolster dairy calves' immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Marrero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - S L Field
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - A L Skibiel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Florida, USA
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, University of Idaho, Idaho, USA
| | - B Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - J P Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Florida, USA.
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The influence of dietary supplementation with the leucine metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) on the chemotaxis, phagocytosis and respiratory burst of peripheral blood granulocytes and monocytes in calves. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:171. [PMID: 32487098 PMCID: PMC7268378 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02389-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A healthy immune system plays a particularly important role in newborns, including in calves that are far more susceptible to infections (viral, bacterial and other) than adult individuals. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the influence of HMB on the chemotactic activity (MIGRATEST® kit), phagocytic activity (PHAGOTEST® kit) and oxidative burst (BURSTTEST® kit) of monocytes and granulocytes in the peripheral blood of calves by flow cytometry. Results An analysis of granulocyte and monocyte chemotactic activity and phagocytic activity revealed significantly higher levels of phagocytic activity in calves administered HMB than in the control group, expressed in terms of the percentage of phagocytising cells and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI). HMB also had a positive effect on the oxidative metabolism of monocytes and granulocytes stimulated with PMA (4-phorbol-12-β-myristate-13-acetate) and Escherichia coli bacteria, expressed as MFI values and the percentage of oxidative metabolism. Conclusion HMB stimulates non-specific cell-mediated immunity, which is a very important consideration in newborn calves that are exposed to adverse environmental factors in the first weeks of their life. The supplementation of animal diets with HMB for both preventive and therapeutic purposes can also reduce the use of antibiotics in animal production.
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Yeste N, Bassols A, Vidal M, Bach A, Terré M. Evaluating the potential role of tryptophan in calf milk replacers to facilitate weaning. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:7009-7017. [PMID: 32475660 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophan is a precursor of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that participates in the control of the affective state of an animal. We hypothesized that Trp supplementation could help dairy calves to cope with weaning stress. Twenty-seven Holstein male calves (48 ± 0.8 d old; 82 ± 2.6 kg of body weight) were used to evaluate the effects of Trp supplementation at a rate of 4.5 g/d via milk replacer (MR) on performance and behavioral parameters around weaning. All calves received the same feeding program (6 L/d at 15% dry matter from d 1 to 7, 4 L/d at 15% dry matter from d 8 to 14, and 2 L/d at 15% dry matter in one feeding until d 21 of study) and were completely weaned 22 d after the beginning of the study (around 70 d of life). Calves were fed a starter feed (19.3% crude protein and 16.2% neutral detergent fiber, on a dry matter basis) and chopped straw ad libitum. Animals were weighed weekly, dry matter intakes were recorded daily, lying behavior was recorded using accelerometers throughout the study, and scan sampling was performed twice a week, 1 h after the morning feeding, to record behavioral activity (nonnutritive oral behaviors, suckling a neighbor calf, standing, resting, rumination, vocalizations, eating, and drinking). Tryptophan supplementation did not affect calf performance or concentrate and MR intake, but straw intake tended to be greater in nonsupplemented compared with Trp-supplemented calves (153 vs. 129 ± 9.0 g/d, respectively). Lying time, lying bouts, and lying duration decreased when changes in the MR feeding program occurred, independent of treatment. Similarly, differences in behavioral observations occurred along days of study, with no effect of Trp supplementation. The main changes observed in calf behavior were an increase in vocalizations and standing time 1 h after the morning feeding at weaning, but again these changes were independent of treatment. Parameters measured in serum and plasma indicated an increase in Trp, kynurenine, and the kynurenine/Trp ratio after feeding in the Trp calves. A tendency for lower plasma glucose concentration after feeding was observed in the Trp group. No changes in stress markers such as cortisol and haptoglobin in serum were detected. In conclusion, supplementing 4.5 g/d of Trp via MR between 48 and 62 d of life had no effect on performance or behavior in calves around weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yeste
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Bassols
- Department de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Vidal
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - A Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Terré
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain.
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Morales-delaNuez A, Hernández-Castellano LE, Moreno-Indias I, Sánchez-Macías D, Argüello A, Castro N. Use of glycerol and propylene glycol as additives in heat-treated goat colostrum. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:2756-2761. [PMID: 31882214 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This experiment aimed to evaluate the suitability of glycerol and propylene glycol to reduce microbial count and preserve immune properties in heat-treated goat colostrum. Colostrum samples from 11 goats were each divided into 9 aliquots. Different concentrations (2, 6, 10, and 14%; vol/vol) of either glycerol or propylene glycol were added to the aliquots. Phosphate buffer solution was added to one aliquot, which was set as the control (CG). After the respective additions, all colostrum samples were heat treated at 56°C for 1 h. After cooling, aerobic mesophilic bacteria were cultured. The samples were frozen until free fatty acid, IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations and chitotriosidase activity were measured. No differences were found in aerobic mesophilic bacteria counts between either 10 or 14% glycerol and propylene glycol additives. These additions reduced bacterial count to a greater extent than CG, and 2 or 6% additions. Colostrum IgG concentration was not affected by either of the additives or their concentrations. The propylene glycol additive reduced IgA and IgM concentrations and chitotriosidase activity, compared with CG. Conversely, glycerol did not affect any of the studied immune variables. In conclusion, glycerol addition to goat colostrum before heat treatment is suitable to enhance bacterial reduction, whereas colostrum immune properties were not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morales-delaNuez
- Agrobiotechnology Group, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología (IPNA), Spanish Research Council (CSIC), 38206, San Cristobal de la Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain; Animal Production and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | | | - I Moreno-Indias
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Complejo Hospitalario de Málaga (Virgen de la Victoria) Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; CIBER Pathophysiology of Obesity and Nutrition (CB06/03), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - D Sánchez-Macías
- Agroindustrial Engineering Department, Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Riobamba, 060150, Ecuador
| | - A Argüello
- Animal Production and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain
| | - N Castro
- Animal Production and Biotechnology Group, Institute of Animal Health and Food Safety, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35413 Arucas, Spain.
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Horst EA, Kvidera SK, Abuajamieh M, Mayorga EJ, Al-Qaisi M, Baumgard LH. Short communication: Ketosis, feed restriction, and an endotoxin challenge do not affect circulating serotonin in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:11736-11743. [PMID: 31606210 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Circulating serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT) appears to be associated with various energetic disorders and hypocalcemia during the transition period. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ketosis, feed restriction (FR), and endotoxin challenge (models in which energetic and calcium metabolism are markedly altered) on circulating 5-HT in lactating Holstein cows. Blood samples were obtained from 3 separate experiments; circulating β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), and glucose were measured in all 3 experiments, whereas ionized calcium (iCa2+) was measured only in the endotoxin challenge. In the ketosis study, blood samples from cows clinically diagnosed with ketosis (n = 9) or classified as healthy (n = 9) were obtained from a commercial dairy farm at d -7, 3, and 7 relative to calving. Ketosis was diagnosed using a urine-based test starting at 5 d in milk. There was no effect of health status on circulating 5-HT and no association between 5-HT and BHB, NEFA, or glucose; however, 5-HT concentrations progressively decreased following calving. In the FR experiment, mid-lactation cows were either fed ad libitum (n = 3) or restricted to 20% of their ad libitum intake (n = 5) for 5 d. There were no FR effects on circulating 5-HT, nor was FR correlated with energetic metabolites. In the immune activation model, mid-lactation cows were intravenously challenged with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 1.5 µg/kg of BW; n = 6) or sterile saline (control; n = 6). Administering LPS decreased (56%) blood iCa2+ but had no effect on circulating 5-HT, nor was there a correlation between circulating 5-HT and NEFA, BHB, or iCa2+. Circulating 5-HT tended to be positively correlated (r = 0.54) with glucose in Holstein cows administered LPS. In summary, in contrast to expectations, circulating 5-HT was unaffected in models of severely disturbed energetic and Ca2+ homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Horst
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - S K Kvidera
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M Abuajamieh
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - E J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - M Al-Qaisi
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011
| | - L H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011.
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Marrero MG, Dado-Senn B, Field SL, da Silva DR, Skibiel AL, Laporta J. Increasing serotonin bioavailability in preweaned dairy calves impacts hematology, growth, and behavior. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 69:42-50. [PMID: 31280025 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral serotonin has been shown to regulate important physiological functions such as energy homeostasis and immunity, particularly in rodent and humans, but its role is poorly understood in livestock species. Herein, we tested the safety and effectiveness of increasing serotonin bioavailability in preweaned dairy calves by oral supplementation of a serotonin precursor (5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-HTP) or a serotonin reuptake inhibitor (fluoxetine, FLX). Bull Holstein calves (21 ± 2 d old; N = 24) were fed milk replacer (8 L/d) supplemented with either saline as control (CON, 8 mL/d, n = 8), FLX (40 mg/d, approx. 0.8 mg/kg; n = 8), or 5-HTP (90 mg/d, approx. 1.8 mg/kg; n = 8) for 10 consecutive days in a complete randomized block design. Heart rate (HR), respiration rate, rectal temperature, and health scores were recorded daily. Hip height and body weight were measured at d 1, 5, and 10 relative to initiation of supplementation. Blood samples were collected once before the supplementation period (d 1), during the 10-d supplementation period (daily), and during a 14-d withdrawal period (d 2, 3, 4, 7, and 14 relative to initiation of withdrawal). Cerebrospinal fluid and muscle tissue were collected from a subset of calves (n = 12) that were euthanized after the 10-d supplementation or 14-d withdrawal period. Whole blood serotonin concentrations increased in 5-HTP calves and decreased in FLX calves compared with CON (P < 0.001), indicating that serotonin bioavailability was increased in both groups. Whole blood serotonin concentrations of 5-HTP and FLX calves returned to CON levels after 7 d of withdrawal. All calves grew and were considered healthy throughout the study. In fact, calves fed 5-HTP had higher average daily gain compared with CON (0.87 vs 0.66 ± 0.12 kg/d, P = 0.05). Calves fed FLX had lower HR (P = 0.02) and greater red blood cells and hemoglobin counts on d 10 of supplementation compared with CON (P < 0.01). After the 14-d withdrawal period, FLX was not detected in circulation of FLX calves, but was still present in the muscle tissue. Our results demonstrate that manipulation of the serotonin pathway by supplementing FLX or 5-HTP is a feasible and safe approach in preweaned dairy calves; however, it takes more than 14 d for FLX to be completely withdrawn from the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Marrero
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - B Dado-Senn
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S L Field
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - D R da Silva
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - A L Skibiel
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Review: Endocrine pathways to regulate calcium homeostasis around parturition and the prevention of hypocalcemia in periparturient dairy cows. Animal 2019; 14:330-338. [PMID: 31337460 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119001605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis is crucial for the normal function of the organism. Parathyroid hormone, calcitriol and calcitonin play critical roles in the homeostatic regulation of calcium. Serotonin and prolactin have also been shown to be involved in the regulation of calcium homeostasis. In modern dairy cows, the endocrine pathways controlling calcium homeostasis during non-lactating and non-pregnant physiological states are unable to fully support the increased demand of calcium required for milk synthesis at the onset of lactation. This review describes different endocrine systems associated with the regulation of calcium homeostasis in mammalian species around parturition with special focus on dairy cows. Additionally, classic and novel strategies to reduce the incidence of hypocalcemia in parturient dairy cows are discussed.
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Boschetti E, Hernández-Castellano LE, Righetti PG. Progress in farm animal proteomics: The contribution of combinatorial peptide ligand libraries. J Proteomics 2019; 197:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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