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Sanami S, Shamsabadi S, Dayhimi A, Pirhayati M, Ahmad S, Pirhayati A, Ajami M, Hemati S, Shirvani M, Alagha A, Abbarin D, Alizadeh A, Pazoki-Toroudi H. Association between cytomegalovirus infection and neurological disorders: A systematic review. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2532. [PMID: 38549138 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) belongs to the Herpesviridae family and is also known as human herpesvirus type 5. It is a common virus that usually doesn't cause any symptoms in healthy individuals. However, once infected, the virus remains in the host's body for life and can reactivate when the host's immune system weakens. This virus has been linked to several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Autism spectrum disorder, Huntington's disease (HD), ataxia, Bell's palsy (BP), and brain tumours, which can cause a wide range of symptoms and challenges for those affected. CMV may influence inflammation, contribute to brain tissue damage, and elevate the risk of moderate-to-severe dementia. Multiple studies suggest a potential association between CMV and ataxia in various conditions, including Guillain-Barré syndrome, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, acute cerebellitis, etc. On the other hand, the evidence regarding CMV involvement in BP is conflicting, and also early indications of a link between CMV and HD were challenged by subsequent research disproving CMV's presence. This systematic review aims to comprehensively investigate any link between the pathogenesis of CMV and its potential role in neurological disorders and follows the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis checklist. Despite significant research into the potential links between CMV infection and various neurological disorders, the direct cause-effect relationship is not fully understood and several gaps in knowledge persist. Therefore, continued research is necessary to gain a better understanding of the role of CMV in neurological disorders and potential treatment avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Sanami
- Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Shahnam Shamsabadi
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Dayhimi
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Pirhayati
- Psychiatric Department, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Department of Computer Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Marjan Ajami
- National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Hemati
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Masoud Shirvani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Salamat-Farda Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Alagha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Salamat-Farda Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Abbarin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Salamat-Farda Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Alizadeh
- Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Pazoki-Toroudi
- Department of Physiology, Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Sabouni N, Marzouni HZ, Palizban S, Meidaninikjeh S, Kesharwani P, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Role of curcumin and its nanoformulations in the treatment of neurological diseases through the effects on stem cells. J Drug Target 2023; 31:243-260. [PMID: 36305097 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2141755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Curcumin from turmeric is a natural phenolic compound with a promising potential to regulate fundamental processes involved in neurological diseases, including inflammation, oxidative stress, protein aggregation, and apoptosis at the molecular level. In this regard, employing nanoformulation can improve curcumin efficiency by reducing its limitations, such as low bioavailability. Besides curcumin, growing data suggest that stem cells are a noteworthy candidate for neurodegenerative disorders therapy due to their anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and neuronal-differentiation properties, which result in neuroprotection. Curcumin and stem cells have similar neurogenic features and can be co-administered in a cell-drug delivery system to achieve better combination therapeutic outcomes for neurological diseases. Based on the evidence, curcumin can induce the neuroprotective activity of stem cells by modulating their related signalling pathways. The present review is about the role of curcumin and its nanoformulations in the improvement of neurological diseases alone and through the effect on different categories of stem cells by discussing the underlying mechanisms to provide a roadmap for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Sabouni
- Department of Immunology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Zare Marzouni
- Qaen School of Nursing and Midwifery, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Sepideh Palizban
- Semnan Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Sepideh Meidaninikjeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Biomedical Center (CBC) Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Surgical Oncology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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3
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Kang H, Kang MW, Kashiwagi S, Choi HS. NIR fluorescence imaging and treatment for cancer immunotherapy. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:e004936. [PMID: 35858710 PMCID: PMC9305898 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as one of the most powerful anticancer therapies. However, the details on the interaction between tumors and the immune system are complicated and still poorly understood. Optical fluorescence imaging is a technique that allows for the visualization of fluorescence-labeled immune cells and monitoring of the immune response during immunotherapy. To this end, near-infrared (NIR) light has been adapted for optical fluorescence imaging because it is relatively safe and simple without hazardous ionizing radiation and has relatively deeper tissue penetration into living organisms than visible fluorescence light. In this review, we discuss state-of-the-art NIR optical imaging techniques in cancer immunotherapy to observe the dynamics, efficacy, and responses of the immune components in living organisms. The use of bioimaging labeling techniques will give us an understanding of how the immune system is primed and ultimately developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homan Kang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Min-Woong Kang
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Satoshi Kashiwagi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hak Soo Choi
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging for Regenerative Medicine. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2019; 16:433-442. [PMID: 31624699 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-019-00219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine over the last three decades have made great progress in the development of diagnostic and therapeutic methodologies for damaged tissues. However, regenerative medicine is still not the first line of treatment for patients due to limited understanding of the tissue regeneration process. Therefore, it is prerequisite to develop molecular imaging strategies combined with appropriate contrast agents to validate the therapeutic progress of damaged tissues. Methods The goal of this review is to discuss the progress in the development of near-infrared (NIR) contrast agents and their biomedical applications for labeling cells and scaffolds, as well as monitoring the treatment progress of native tissue in living organisms. We also discuss the design consideration of NIR contrast agents for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in terms of their physicochemical and optical properties. Results The use of NIR imaging system and targeted contrast agents can provide high-resolution and high sensitivity imaging to track/monitor the in vivo fate of administered cells, the degradation rate of implanted scaffolds, and the tissue growth and integration of surrounding cells during the therapeutic period. Conclusion NIR fluorescence imaging techniques combined with targeted contrast agents can play a significant role in regenerative medicine by monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of implanted cells and scaffolds which would enhance the development of cell therapies and promote their successful clinical translations.
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5
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Park GK, Lee JH, Levitz A, Fakhri GE, Hwang NS, Henary M, Choi HS. Lysosome-Targeted Bioprobes for Sequential Cell Tracking from Macroscopic to Microscopic Scales. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1806216. [PMID: 30740778 PMCID: PMC6574216 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal tracking of living cells is crucial to understanding the mechanism of action and toxicity of cell-based therapeutics. To quantify the presence of administered cells in the host tissue without sacrifice of animals, labeling of the target cells with a nontoxic and stable contrast agent is a prerequisite. However, such long-term live cell tracking is currently limited by the lack of fluorophores with steady optical and physicochemical properties in the near-infrared (NIR) window. Herein, for the first time, the design of fixable cell-tracking NIR fluorophores (CTNFs) with high optical properties, excellent cell permeation and retention, and high stability against chemical treatments is reported. Efficient cellular labeling and tracking of CTNFs using intraoperative optical fluorescence imaging by following the fate of NIR-labeled cells from the time of injection into animals to ex vivo cellular analysis after resection of the target tissue is demonstrated. Due to the lipophilic cationicity and primary amine docking group, CTNF126 outperforms the other tested fluorophores with rapid diffusion into the cytoplasmic membrane and sequestration inside the lysosomes, which prevents cellular efflux and improves cellular retention. Thus, CTNF126 will be useful to track cells in living organisms for the mechanism of action at the single cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nathaniel S. Hwang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
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6
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Song CG, Zhang YZ, Wu HN, Cao XL, Guo CJ, Li YQ, Zheng MH, Han H. Stem cells: a promising candidate to treat neurological disorders. Neural Regen Res 2018; 13:1294-1304. [PMID: 30028342 PMCID: PMC6065243 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.235085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurologic impairments are usually irreversible as a result of limited regeneration in the central nervous system. Therefore, based on the regenerative capacity of stem cells, transplantation therapies of various stem cells have been tested in basic research and preclinical trials, and some have shown great prospects. This manuscript overviews the cellular and molecular characteristics of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, neural stem cells, retinal stem/progenitor cells, mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, and their derivatives in vivo and in vitro as sources for regenerative therapy. These cells have all been considered as candidates to treat several major neurological disorders and diseases, owing to their self-renewal capacity, multi-directional differentiation, neurotrophic properties, and immune modulation effects. We also review representative basic research and recent clinical trials using stem cells for neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and age-related macular degeneration, as well as traumatic brain injury and glioblastoma. In spite of a few unsuccessful cases, risks of tumorigenicity, and ethical concerns, most results of animal experiments and clinical trials demonstrate efficacious therapeutic effects of stem cells in the treatment of nervous system disease. In summary, these emerging findings in regenerative medicine are likely to contribute to breakthroughs in the treatment of neurological disorders. Thus, stem cells are a promising candidate for the treatment of nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Geng Song
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hai-Ning Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiu-Li Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chen-Jun Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Min-Hua Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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7
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Yang J, Menges S, Gu P, Tongbai R, Samuel M, Prather RS, Klassen H. Porcine Neural Progenitor Cells Derived from Tissue at Different Gestational Ages Can Be Distinguished by Global Transcriptome. Cell Transplant 2017; 26:1582-1595. [PMID: 29113465 PMCID: PMC5524599 DOI: 10.1177/0963689717723015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of gestational age on mammalian neural progenitor cells is potentially important for both an understanding of neural development and the selection of donor cells for novel cell-based treatment strategies. In terms of the latter, it can be problematic to rely entirely on rodent models in which the gestational period is significantly shorter and the brain much smaller than is the case in humans. Here, we analyzed pig brain progenitor cells (pBPCs) harvested at 2 different gestational ages (E45 and E60) using gene expression profiles, obtained by microarray analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), across time in culture. Comparison of the global transcriptome of pBPCs from age-matched transgenic green flourescent protein (GFP)-expressing fetuses versus non-GFP-expressing fetuses did not reveal significant differences between the 2 cell types, whereas comparison between E45 and E60 pBPCs did show separation between the data sets by principle component analysis. Further examination by qPCR showed evidence of relative downregulation of proliferation markers and upregulation of glial markers in the gestationally older (E60) cells. Additional comparisons were made. This study provides evidence of age-related changes in the gene expression of cultured fetal porcine neural progenitors that are potentially relevant to the role of these cells during development and as donor cells for transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Steven Menges
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ping Gu
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,3 Present Address: Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ronald Tongbai
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,4 Present Address: Huntington Beach Eye Consultants, Huntington Beach, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Samuel
- 5 National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Randall S Prather
- 5 National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Henry Klassen
- 1 Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,2 Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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8
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Wei L, Wei ZZ, Jiang MQ, Mohamad O, Yu SP. Stem cell transplantation therapy for multifaceted therapeutic benefits after stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 157:49-78. [PMID: 28322920 PMCID: PMC5603356 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the exciting advances in modern medicine and life science is cell-based neurovascular regeneration of damaged brain tissues and repair of neuronal structures. The progress in stem cell biology and creation of adult induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has significantly improved basic and pre-clinical research in disease mechanisms and generated enthusiasm for potential applications in the treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases including stroke. Endogenous neural stem cells and cultured stem cells are capable of self-renewal and give rise to virtually all types of cells essential for the makeup of neuronal structures. Meanwhile, stem cells and neural progenitor cells are well-known for their potential for trophic support after transplantation into the ischemic brain. Thus, stem cell-based therapies provide an attractive future for protecting and repairing damaged brain tissues after injury and in various disease states. Moreover, basic research on naïve and differentiated stem cells including iPS cells has markedly improved our understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurological disorders, and provides a platform for the discovery of novel drug targets. The latest advances indicate that combinatorial approaches using cell based therapy with additional treatments such as protective reagents, preconditioning strategies and rehabilitation therapy can significantly improve therapeutic benefits. In this review, we will discuss the characteristics of cell therapy in different ischemic models and the application of stem cells and progenitor cells as regenerative medicine for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wei
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurology, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Zheng Z Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michael Qize Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Osama Mohamad
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shan Ping Yu
- Laboratories of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neurology, Experimental Research Center and Neurological Disease Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China; Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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9
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Arnhold S, Hilgers M, Lenartz D, Semkova I, Kochanek S, Voges J, Andressen C, Addicks K. Neural Precursor Cells as Carriers for a Gene Therapeutical Approach in Tumor Therapy. Cell Transplant 2017; 12:827-37. [PMID: 14763502 DOI: 10.3727/000000003771000174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional therapeutical approaches such as surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy have been shown to be rather unsuccessful in the treatment of infiltrative growing tumors such as the malignant glioblastoma multiforme. Thus, new therapeutical strategies have to be developed that are suitable for inducing cell death also in migrating tumor cells. These new therapeutical stategies include cell and/or gene therapeutical approaches. We demonstrate that glial-restricted progenitor cells as well as embryonic stem cell-derived neural stem cells belong to cell populations applicable to such therapeutical concepts. Both cell types can be efficiently transduced using a third-generation high-capacity “gutless” adenoviral vector, and show a tropism for the F98 glioma cells by migrating towards a spheroid of F98 glioma cells with a tendency to form a barrier around the tumor spheroid in an in vitro tumor confrontation model. Moreover, in a migration assay, secretion products of glial-restricted precursor cells have shown a potency to inhibit the migratory activity of glioma cells in vitro. In vivo, F98 glioma cell-derived tumor formation in the right striatum resulted in migration of glial as well as neural precursor cells towards the tumor area when cotransplanted in the corpus callosum of the contralateral hemisphere. After arrival, both cell types surround the tumor mass and even invade the experimentally induced tumor. These data indicate that glial-restricted as well as embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells are good candidates as carriers for an ex vivo gene therapeutical approach in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arnhold
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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10
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Schraermeyer U, Thumann G, Luther T, Kociok N, Arnhold S, Kruttwig K, Andressen C, Addicks K, Bartz-Schmidt KU. Subretinally Transplanted Embryonic Stem Cells Rescue Photoreceptor Cells from Degeneration in the RCS Rats. Cell Transplant 2017. [DOI: 10.3727/000000001783986215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Schraermeyer
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Thumann
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Luther
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Norbert Kociok
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Arnhold
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Klaus Kruttwig
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Andressen
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Klaus Addicks
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Karl Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt
- Department of Vitreoretinal Surgery, University of Cologne, Joseph Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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11
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Yu L, Ding Y, Spencer A, Ma J, Lu R, Rudkin BB, Yuan C. Dorsal root ganglion progenitors differentiate to gamma-aminobutyric acid- and choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:485-91. [PMID: 25745432 PMCID: PMC4348992 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the isolation and differentiation of dorsal root ganglion progenitor cells for therapeutic use in neurodegenerative diseases. Rat embryonic dorsal root ganglia progenitors were isolated and purified using the differential adhesion method combined with cytosine arabinoside treatment. After culture in serum-free medium supplemented with B27, basic fibroblast growth factor and epidermal growth factor, these cells remained viable and survived for more than 18 months in vitro. Most cells differentiated to neurons that were immunoreactive for gamma-aminobutyric acid and choline acetyltransferase as detected by immunohistochemical staining. In addition, nerve growth factor and neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor expression were also observed in dorsal root ganglion progenitors and differentiated cells. K252a, an inhibitor that blocks nerve growth factor-induced signaling, inhibited cell survival, suggesting the possible existence of a nerve growth factor autocrine loop in these proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurophysiology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China ; Differentiation & Cell Cycle Group, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Science, UMR 5239 CNRS/ENS Lyon/University of Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 "Biosciences Lyon-Gerland" Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Yindi Ding
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurophysiology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China ; Differentiation & Cell Cycle Group, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Science, UMR 5239 CNRS/ENS Lyon/University of Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 "Biosciences Lyon-Gerland" Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Ambre Spencer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurophysiology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China ; Differentiation & Cell Cycle Group, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Science, UMR 5239 CNRS/ENS Lyon/University of Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 "Biosciences Lyon-Gerland" Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Ji Ma
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurophysiology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Ruisheng Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurophysiology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Brian B Rudkin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurophysiology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China ; Differentiation & Cell Cycle Group, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Science, UMR 5239 CNRS/ENS Lyon/University of Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, IFR128 "Biosciences Lyon-Gerland" Lyon, 69007, France
| | - Chonggang Yuan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurophysiology, School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
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12
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Molcanyi M, Mehrjardi NZ, Schäfer U, Haj-Yasein NN, Brockmann M, Penner M, Riess P, Reinshagen C, Rieger B, Hannes T, Hescheler J, Bosche B. Impurity of stem cell graft by murine embryonic fibroblasts - implications for cell-based therapy of the central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:257. [PMID: 25249934 PMCID: PMC4155790 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been demonstrated to possess a therapeutic potential in experimental models of various central nervous system disorders, including stroke. The types of implanted cells appear to play a crucial role. Previously, groups of the stem cell network NRW implemented a feeder-based cell line within the scope of their projects, examining the implantation of stem cells after ischemic stroke and traumatic brain injury. Retrospective evaluation indicated the presence of spindle-shaped cells in several grafts implanted in injured animals, which indicated potential contamination by co-cultured feeder cells (murine embryonic fibroblasts - MEFs). Because feeder-based cell lines have been previously exposed to a justified criticism with regard to contamination by animal glycans, we aimed to evaluate the effects of stem cell/MEF co-transplantation. MEFs accounted for 5.3 ± 2.8% of all cells in the primary FACS-evaluated co-culture. Depending on the culture conditions and subsequent purification procedure, the MEF-fraction ranged from 0.9 to 9.9% of the cell suspensions in vitro. MEF survival and related formation of extracellular substances in vivo were observed after implantation into the uninjured rat brain. Impurity of the stem cell graft by MEFs interferes with translational strategies, which represents a threat to the potential recipient and may affect the graft microenvironment. The implications of these findings are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Molcanyi
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany ; Clinic of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Narges Zare Mehrjardi
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Ute Schäfer
- Research Unit for Experimental Neurotraumatology, Medical University of Graz , Graz , Austria
| | - Nadia Nabil Haj-Yasein
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Michael Brockmann
- Department of Pathology, Kliniken der Stadt Köln, Cologne-Merheim Hospital, University of Witten/Herdecke , Cologne , Germany
| | - Marina Penner
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Peter Riess
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, HELIOS Klinik Bad Berleburg , Bad Berleburg , Germany
| | - Clemens Reinshagen
- Molecular Neurotherapy and Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Tobias Hannes
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany ; Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Heart Center Cologne, Medical Faculty, University Hospital of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Jürgen Hescheler
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne , Cologne , Germany
| | - Bert Bosche
- Division of Neurosurgery, St Michael's Hospital, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON , Canada ; Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen , Essen , Germany
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13
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Molcanyi M, Bosche B, Kraitsy K, Patz S, Zivcak J, Riess P, El Majdoub F, Hescheler J, Goldbrunner R, Schäfer U. Pitfalls and fallacies interfering with correct identification of embryonic stem cells implanted into the brain after experimental traumatic injury. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 215:60-70. [PMID: 23454685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell-therapy was proposed to be a promising tool in case of death or impairment of specific cell types. Correct identification of implanted cells became crucial when evaluating the success of transplantation therapy. Various methods of cell labeling have been employed in previously published studies. The use of intrinsic signaling of green fluorescent protein (GFP) has led to a well known controversy in the field of cardiovascular research. We encountered similar methodological pitfalls after transplantation of GFP-transfected embryonic stem cells into rat brains following traumatic brain injury (TBI). As the identification of implanted graft by intrinsic autofluorescence failed, anti-GFP labeling coupled to fluorescent and conventional antibodies was needed to visualize the implanted cells. Furthermore, different cell types with strong intrinsic autofluorescence were found at the sites of injury and transplantation, thus mimicking the implanted stem cells. GFP-positive stem cells were correctly localized, using advanced histological techniques. The activation of microglia/macrophages, accompanying the transplantation post TBI, was shown to be a significant source of artefacts, interfering with correct identification of implanted stem cells. Dependent on the strategy of stem cell tracking, the phagocytosis of implanted cells as observed in this study, might also impede the interpretation of results. Critical appraisal of previously published data as well as a review of different histological techniques provide tools for a more accurate identification of transplanted stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Molcanyi
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937 Köln, Germany
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14
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Toward personalized cell therapies by using stem cells: seven relevant topics for safety and success in stem cell therapy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:758102. [PMID: 23226945 PMCID: PMC3514047 DOI: 10.1155/2012/758102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells, both embryonic and adult, due to the potential for application in tissue regeneration have been the target of interest to the world scientific community. In fact, stem cells can be considered revolutionary in the field of medicine, especially in the treatment of a wide range of human diseases. However, caution is needed in the clinical application of such cells and this is an issue that demands more studies. This paper will discuss some controversial issues of importance for achieving cell therapy safety and success. Particularly, the following aspects of stem cell biology will be presented: methods for stem cells culture, teratogenic or tumorigenic potential, cellular dose, proliferation, senescence, karyotyping, and immunosuppressive activity.
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15
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Emdad L, D'Souza SL, Kothari HP, Qadeer ZA, Germano IM. Efficient differentiation of human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells into functional astrocytes. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 21:404-10. [PMID: 21631388 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human high-grade gliomas (hHGG) remain a therapeutic challenge in neuro-oncology despite current multimodality treatments. We recently demonstrated that murine embryonic stem cell (mESC)-derived astrocytes conditionally expressing proapoptotic genes can successfully be used to induce apoptosis and tumor shrinkage of hHGG tumor in vitro and in an in vivo mouse model. The first step in the translation of these results to the clinical settings, however, requires availability of human embryonic stem cells (hESC)- and/or induced pluripotent cell (hiPSC)-derived astrocytes engineered to express proapoptotic genes. The potential for directed differentiation of hESCs and hiPSCs to functional postmitotic astrocytes is not fully characterized. In this study, we show that once specified to neuro-epithelial lineage, hiPSC could be differentiated to astrocytes with a similar efficiency as hESC. However, our analyses of 2 hESC and 2 hiPSC cell lines showed some variability in differentiation potential into astrocytic lineages. Both the hESC- and hiPSC-derived astrocytes appeared to follow the functional properties of mESC-derived astrocytes, namely, migration and tropism for hHGG. This work provides evidence that hESC- and hiPSC-derived cells are able to generate functionally active astrocytes. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using iPSC-derived astrocytes, a new potential source for therapeutic use for brain tumors and other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luni Emdad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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16
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Migliorini E, Grenci G, Ban J, Pozzato A, Tormen M, Lazzarino M, Torre V, Ruaro ME. Acceleration of neuronal precursors differentiation induced by substrate nanotopography. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 108:2736-46. [PMID: 21656711 DOI: 10.1002/bit.23232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation in specific cell lineages is a major issue in cell biology particularly in regenerative medicine. Differentiation is usually achieved by using biochemical factors and it is not clear whether mechanical properties of the substrate over which cells are grown can affect proliferation and differentiation. Therefore, we produced patterns in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) consisting of groove and pillar arrays of sub-micrometric lateral resolution as substrates for cell cultures. We analyzed the effect of different nanostructures on differentiation of ES-derived neuronal precursors into neuronal lineage without adding biochemical factors. Neuronal precursors adhered on PDMS more effectively than on glass coverslips. We demonstrated that neuronal yield was enhanced by increasing pillars height from 35 to 400 nm. On higher pillar neuronal differentiation reaches ∼80% 96 h after plating and the largest differentiation enhancement of pillars over flat PDMS was observed during the first 6 h of culture. We conclude that PDMS nanopillars accelerate and increase neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Migliorini
- CNR-IOM Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
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17
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Lodi D, Iannitti T, Palmieri B. Stem cells in clinical practice: applications and warnings. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2011; 30:9. [PMID: 21241480 PMCID: PMC3033847 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells are a relevant source of information about cellular differentiation, molecular processes and tissue homeostasis, but also one of the most putative biological tools to treat degenerative diseases. This review focuses on human stem cells clinical and experimental applications. Our aim is to take a correct view of the available stem cell subtypes and their rational use in the medical area, with a specific focus on their therapeutic benefits and side effects. We have reviewed the main clinical trials dividing them basing on their clinical applications, and taking into account the ethical issue associated with the stem cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Lodi
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia Medical School, Modena, Italy
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18
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Bottai D, Cigognini D, Madaschi L, Adami R, Nicora E, Menarini M, Di Giulio AM, Gorio A. Embryonic stem cells promote motor recovery and affect inflammatory cell infiltration in spinal cord injured mice. Exp Neurol 2010; 223:452-63. [PMID: 20100476 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 12/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the fate and the effects of undifferentiated embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in mice after contusive lesion of the spinal cord (SCI). Reproducible traumatic lesion to the cord was performed at T8 level by means of the Infinite Horizon Device, and was followed by intravenous injection of one million of undifferentiated ESCs through the tail vein within 2 h from the lesion. The ESCs-treated animals showed a significant improvement of the recovery of motor function 28 days after lesion, with an average score of 4.61+/-0.13 points of the Basso Mouse Scale (n=14), when compared to the average score of vehicle treated mice, 3.58+/-0.23 (n=10). The number of identified ESCs found at the lesion site was 0.6% of the injected cells at 1 week after transplantation, and further reduced to 0.04% at 1 month. It is, thus, apparent that the promoted hind-limb recovery cannot be correlated to a substitution of the lost tissue performed by the exogenous ESC. The extensive evaluation of production of several neuroprotective and inflammatory cytokines did not reveal any effect by ESC-treatment, but unexpectedly the number of invading macrophages and neutrophils was greatly reduced. This may explain the improved preservation of lesion site ventral myelin, at both 1 week (29+/-11%) and 1 month (106+/-14%) after injury. No teratoma formation was observed, although an inappropriate colonization of the sacral cord by differentiated nestin- and beta-tubulin III-positive ESCs was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bottai
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan Via A. di Rudinì 8, 20142 Milan, Italy
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19
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Maegele M, Schaefer U. Stem cell‐based cellular replacement strategies following traumatic brain injury (TBI). MINIM INVASIV THER 2009; 17:119-31. [DOI: 10.1080/13645700801970087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Enzmann V, Yolcu E, Kaplan HJ, Ildstad ST. Stem cells as tools in regenerative therapy for retinal degeneration. ARCHIVES OF OPHTHALMOLOGY (CHICAGO, ILL. : 1960) 2009; 127:563-71. [PMID: 19365041 PMCID: PMC3192438 DOI: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2009.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the use of stem cells (SCs) for regeneration of retinal degenerations. Regenerative medicine intends to provide therapies for severe injuries or chronic diseases where endogenous repair does not sufficiently restore the tissue. Pluripotent SCs, with their capacity to give rise to specialized cells, are the most promising candidates for clinical application. Despite encouraging results, a combination with up-to-date tissue engineering might be critical for ultimate success. DESIGN The focus is on the use of SCs for regeneration of retinal degenerations. Cell populations include embryonic, neural, and bone marrow-derived SCs, and engineered grafts will also be described. RESULTS Experimental approaches have successfully replaced damaged photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium using endogenous and exogenous SCs. CONCLUSIONS Stem cells have the potential to significantly impact retinal regeneration. A combination with bioengineering may bear even greater promise. However, ethical and scientific issues have yet to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Enzmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Esma Yolcu
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Henry J. Kaplan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
| | - Suzanne T. Ildstad
- Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY USA
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21
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Amariglio N, Hirshberg A, Scheithauer BW, Cohen Y, Loewenthal R, Trakhtenbrot L, Paz N, Koren-Michowitz M, Waldman D, Leider-Trejo L, Toren A, Constantini S, Rechavi G. Donor-derived brain tumor following neural stem cell transplantation in an ataxia telangiectasia patient. PLoS Med 2009; 6:e1000029. [PMID: 19226183 PMCID: PMC2642879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 619] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Accepted: 12/24/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cells are currently being investigated as potential therapies for neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, and trauma. However, concerns have been raised over the safety of this experimental therapeutic approach, including, for example, whether there is the potential for tumors to develop from transplanted stem cells. METHODS AND FINDINGS A boy with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) was treated with intracerebellar and intrathecal injection of human fetal neural stem cells. Four years after the first treatment he was diagnosed with a multifocal brain tumor. The biopsied tumor was diagnosed as a glioneuronal neoplasm. We compared the tumor cells and the patient's peripheral blood cells by fluorescent in situ hybridization using X and Y chromosome probes, by PCR for the amelogenin gene X- and Y-specific alleles, by MassArray for the ATM patient specific mutation and for several SNPs, by PCR for polymorphic microsatellites, and by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing. Molecular and cytogenetic studies showed that the tumor was of nonhost origin suggesting it was derived from the transplanted neural stem cells. Microsatellite and HLA analysis demonstrated that the tumor is derived from at least two donors. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of a human brain tumor complicating neural stem cell therapy. The findings here suggest that neuronal stem/progenitor cells may be involved in gliomagenesis and provide the first example of a donor-derived brain tumor. Further work is urgently needed to assess the safety of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninette Amariglio
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Hematology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Abraham Hirshberg
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Bernd W Scheithauer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yoram Cohen
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ron Loewenthal
- Tissue Typing Laboratory, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Nurit Paz
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Dalia Waldman
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Amos Toren
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Shlomi Constantini
- Pediatric Neurosurgery, Dana Children's Hospital, Tel-Aviv Medical Center, and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gideon Rechavi
- Cancer Research Center, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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22
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Husseini L, Schmandt T, Scheffler B, Schröder W, Seifert G, Brüstle O, Steinhäuser C. Functional Analysis of Embryonic Stem Cell–Derived Glial Cells after Integration into Hippocampal Slice Cultures. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 17:1141-52. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Husseini
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tanja Schmandt
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Björn Scheffler
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schröder
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Present address: Department of Pharmacology, Grünenthal GmbH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gerald Seifert
- Institute of Cellular Neurosciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Küstermann E, Himmelreich U, Kandal K, Geelen T, Ketkar A, Wiedermann D, Strecker C, Esser J, Arnhold S, Hoehn M. Efficient stem cell labeling for MRI studies. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2008; 3:27-37. [PMID: 18335477 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide particles are especially suited for cell tracking experiments due to their extraordinarily molar relaxivity as compared with other paramagnetic nuclei. We have compared different iron oxide particles (Sinerem, Endorem and magnetic microspheres) for their suitability to label embryonic stem cells (D3 cell line). In addition to detectability thresholds, particular attention has been paid to the evaluation of long-term stability of the labelling procedure (up to 4 weeks) as well as to toxic and other adverse effects on cell viability. Comparative studies were performed using neural progenitor cells (C17.2) and dendritic cells. The present study indicates strong dependence of the label efficiency and stability on the iron oxide particles and cell lines in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Küstermann
- Max-Planck-Insitute for Neurological Research with Klaus-Joachim-Zülch-Laboratories of the Max-Planck-Society and the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Cologne, Germany
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24
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Li JY, Christophersen NS, Hall V, Soulet D, Brundin P. Critical issues of clinical human embryonic stem cell therapy for brain repair. Trends Neurosci 2008; 31:146-53. [PMID: 18255164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) provide hope as a potential regenerative therapy for neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease and spinal cord injury. Currently, ESC-based nervous system repair faces several problems. One major hurdle is related to problems in generating large and defined populations of the desired types of neurons from human ESCs (hESCs). Moreover, survival of grafted hESC-derived cells has varied and functional recovery in recipient animals has often been disappointing. Importantly, in clinical trials, adverse effects after surgery, including tumors or vigorous immune reactions, must be avoided. Here we highlight attempts to overcome these hurdles with hESCs intended for central nervous system repair. We focus on hESC-derived dopamine-producing neurons that can be grafted in Parkinson's disease and identify critical experiments that need to be conducted before clinical trials can occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Li
- Neuronal Survival Unit, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, BMC A10, 221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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25
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Molcanyi M, Riess P, Bentz K, Maegele M, Hescheler J, Schäfke B, Trapp T, Neugebauer E, Klug N, Schäfer U. Trauma-associated inflammatory response impairs embryonic stem cell survival and integration after implantation into injured rat brain. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:625-37. [PMID: 17439346 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells were shown to survive and differentiate into mature neuronal cells after implantation in experimental models of Parkinson disease and cerebral ischemia. Embryonic stem cell transplantation has also been proposed as a potential therapy for cerebral trauma, characteristic of massive loss of multiple cell types due to primary insult and secondary sequelae. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transfected murine embryonic stem cells were implanted into the ipsi or contralateral cortex of male Sprague-Dawley rats 72 h after fluid-percussion injury. Animals were sacrificed at day 5 or week 7 postimplantation. Brain sections were examined using conventional and fluorescent double-labelling immunohistochemistry. Five days after implantation, clusters of GFP-positive cells undergoing partial differentiation along neuronal pathway, were detected at the implantation site. However, after 7 weeks, only a few GFP-positive cells were found, indicating an extensive loss of stem cells during this time period. For the first time, we proved the observed cell loss to be mediated via phagocytosis of implanted cells by activated macrophages. Cerebral trauma, induced 3 days prior to implantation, has activated the inflammatory potential of otherwise immunologically privileged tissue. Subsequent cell implantation was accompanied by reactive astrogliosis, activation of microglia, as well as a massive invasion of macrophages into transplantation sites even if the grafts were placed into contralateral healthy hemispheres, remote from the traumatic lesion. Our results demonstrate a significant post-traumatic inflammatory response, which impairs survival and integration of implanted stem cells and has generally not been taken into account in designs of previous transplantation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Molcanyi
- Clinic of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
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26
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Riess P, Molcanyi M, Bentz K, Maegele M, Simanski C, Carlitscheck C, Schneider A, Hescheler J, Bouillon B, Schäfer U, Neugebauer E. Embryonic stem cell transplantation after experimental traumatic brain injury dramatically improves neurological outcome, but may cause tumors. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:216-25. [PMID: 17263685 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of embryonic stem (ES) cells may provide cures for the damaged nervous system. Pre-differentiated ES or neuronal precursor cells have been investigated in various animal models of neurodegenerative diseases including traumatic brain injury (TBI). To our knowledge, no study has yet examined the effects of undifferentiated, murine ES cells on functional recovery and tumorigenity following implantation into injured rat brains. We evaluated the effect of transplantation of undifferentiated, murine embryonic cells on the recovery of motor function following lateral fluid percussion brain injury in Sprague-Dawley rats. At 3 days post-injury, animals received stereotactic injections of either embryonic stem cell suspension or injections of phosphate buffered saline without cells (control) into the injured cortex. Neurological motor function assessments were performed before injury, 72 h, 1, 3, and 6 weeks after transplantation using a Rotatrod and a Composite Neuroscore test. During this time period brain injured animals receiving ES cell transplantation showed a significant improvement in the Rotarod Test and in the Composite Neuroscore Test as compared to phosphate buffered saline (PBS)-treated animals. At 1 week post-transplantation, ES cells were detectable in 100% of transplanted animals. At 7 weeks following transplantation, EScells were detectable in only one animal. Two of 10 xenotransplanted animals revealed tumor formation over the observation period. These findings provide evidence for therapeutic potency of embryonic stem cell transplantation after TBI in rat, but also raise serious safety concerns about the use of such cells in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Riess
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center, Ostmerheimerstrasse 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany
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27
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Bentz K, Molcanyi M, Hess S, Schneider A, Hescheler J, Neugebauer E, Schaefer U. Neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells is induced by signalling from non-neural niche cells. Cell Physiol Biochem 2007; 18:275-86. [PMID: 17167232 DOI: 10.1159/000097674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Embryonic stem cell (ESC) transplantation offers new therapeutic strategies for neurodegenerative diseases and injury. However, the mechanisms underlying integration and differentiation of engrafted ESCs are poorly understood. This study elucidates the influence of exogenous signals on ESC differentiation using in vitro modelling of non-stem/stem cell interactions. METHODS Murine ESCs were co-cultured with endothelial cells and astrocytes or conditioned medium obtained from endothelial or astrocyte cultures. After 7 days of co-culture isolated RNA was analysed using RT-PCR for the expression of pluripotency marker oct-4, neural progenitor marker nestin, and neurofilament (NFL), an early marker of neuronal lineage commitment. The presence of the glial cell surface marker A2B5 was determined in ESCs by flow cytometry. RESULTS Neuronal differentiation was inhibited in ESCs when grown in close vicinity to cerebral endothelial or glial cells. Under these conditions, ESC differentiation was predominantly directed towards a glial fate. However, treatment of ESCs with endothelial cell- or astrocyte-conditioned medium promoted neuronal as well as glial differentiation. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that ESC fate is determined by endothelial and glial cells that comprise the environmental niche of these stem cells in vivo. The direction of differentiation processes appears to be dependent on humoral factors secreted by adjacent cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Bentz
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, GSF - National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Munich/Neuherberg, Germany
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28
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Bentz K, Molcanyi M, Riess P, Elbers A, Pohl E, Sachinidis A, Hescheler J, Neugebauer E, Schäfer U. Embryonic stem cells produce neurotrophins in response to cerebral tissue extract: Cell line-dependent differences. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1057-64. [PMID: 17335079 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we compare the capacity of two different embryonic stem (ES) cell lines to secrete neurotrophins in response to cerebral tissue extract derived from healthy or injured rat brains. The intrinsic capacity of the embryonic cell lines BAC7 (feeder cell-dependent cultivation) to release brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) exceeded the release of these factors by CGR8 cells (feeder cell-free growth) by factors of 10 and 4, respectively. Nerve growth factor (NGF) was secreted only by BAC7 cells. Conditioning of cell lines with cerebral tissue extract derived from healthy or fluid percussion-injured rat brains resulted in a significant time-dependent increase in BDNF release in both cell lines. The increase in BDNF release by BAC7 cells was more pronounced when cells were incubated with brain extract derived from injured brain. However, differences in neurotrophin release associated with the origin of brain extract were at no time statistically significant. Neutrophin-3 and NGF release was inhibited when cell lines were exposed to cerebral tissue extract. The magnitude of the response to cerebral tissue extract was dependent on the intrinsic capacity of the cell lines to release neurotrophins. Our results clearly demonstrate significant variations in the intrinsic capability of different stem cell lines to produce neurotrophic factors. Furthermore, a significant modulation of neurotrophic factor release was observed following conditioning of cell lines with tissue extract derived from rat brains. A significant modulation of neurotrophin release dependent on the source of cerebral tissue extract used was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Bentz
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, GSF-National Research Centre for Environment and Health, Munich, Germany
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Samadikuchaksaraei A, Cohen S, Isaac K, Rippon HJ, Polak JM, Bielby RC, Bishop AE. Derivation of distal airway epithelium from human embryonic stem cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:867-75. [PMID: 16674299 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The pluripotency of embryonic stem cells (ESC) is offering new opportunities in tissue engineering and cell therapy. We have shown previously that alveolar epithelial cells, specifically type II pneumocytes, can be derived from murine ESC and hypothesized that a similar protocol could be used successfully on human ESC. Undifferentiated human ESC were induced to form embryoid bodies that were transferred into adherent culture conditions and grown in a medium designed for the maintenance of mature small airway epithelium. On inverted microscopy, the generated cells showed the cobblestone-like morphology of epithelium. The presence of surfactant protein C, a specific marker of type II pneumocytes, and its corresponding RNA were demonstrated by immunostaining and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Electron microscopy revealed frequent cells with the typical ultrastructure of type II pneumocytes. This study provides evidence for in vitro induction of the differentiation from human ESC of alveolar type II cells, which have the potential for therapeutic use or construction of an in vitro model of human lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Samadikuchaksaraei
- Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine Centre, Imperial College Faculty of Medicine, Chelsea & Westminster Campus, London, UK.
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Uzzaman M, Benveniste RJ, Keller G, Germano IM. Embryonic stem cell–derived astrocytes: a novel gene therapy vector for brain tumors. Neurosurg Focus 2005; 19:E6. [PMID: 16190605 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2005.19.3.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Object
For gene therapy strategies currently in clinical trials, viral vectors are used to deliver transgenes directly to normal and tumor cells within the central nervous system (CNS). The use of viral vectors is limited by several factors. The aim of this study was to assess whether embryonic stem cell (ESC)–derived astrocytes expressing a doxycycline-inducible transgene can be used as a vector for gene therapy.
Methods
The authors generated a pure population of ESC-derived astrocytes carrying a transgene, tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), inserted in the chromosome under the control of a highly regulated doxycycline-inducible expression system. Fully differentiated ESC-derived astrocytes were stereotactically transplanted in the mouse brain, and then cell migration and transgene expression were studied.
Results
The ESC-derived astrocytes started to migrate from the transplant site 48 hours after the procedure. They were found to have migrated throughout the brain tissue by 6 weeks. Transplanted ESC-derived astrocytes expressed the TRAIL transgene after doxycycline induction throughout the duration of the experiment. Teratoma formation was not observed in long-term experiments (12 weeks).
Conclusions
These data show that ESC-derived astrocytes can be used as delivery vectors for CNS tumors. This technique might have a major impact on the treatment of patients with malignant gliomas and a wide spectrum of other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmud Uzzaman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029, USA
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31
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Regala C, Duan M, Zou J, Salminen M, Olivius P. Xenografted fetal dorsal root ganglion, embryonic stem cell and adult neural stem cell survival following implantation into the adult vestibulocochlear nerve. Exp Neurol 2005; 193:326-33. [PMID: 15869935 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2004] [Revised: 12/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/20/2004] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Sensorineural hearing loss is a disabling condition. In the post-embryonic and adult mammalian inner ear, the regeneration of auditory hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons or their axons does not occur naturally. This decrease in excitable neurons limits the success of auditory rehabilitation. Allografts and xenografts have shown promise in the treatment of a variety of neurological diseases. Fetal dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons can extend functional connections in the rat spinal cord. Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) and adult neural stem cells (ANSC) have the potential to differentiate into neurons. We have implanted embryonic days (E) 13-16 fetal mouse DRGs from transgenic mouse lines that express Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein (EGFP) or lacZ reporter genes, EGFP-expressing ES cells or lacZ-expressing ANSC into the injured vestibulocochlear nerve of adult rats and guinea pigs. Survival of the implants was assessed 2 to 4 weeks postoperatively. For further evaluation of the differentiation of the implanted ES-cells, we double labeled with the mouse-specific neuronal antibody Thy 1.2. The rats implanted with EGFP- or lacZ-expressing DRGs showed labeled DRGs after sacrifice. In addition, EGFP-positive nerve fibers were seen growing within the proximal nerve. The results from the EGFP ES cells and lacZ ANSC revealed reporter-expressing cells at the site of injection in the vestibulocochlear nerve of the host rats and guinea pigs but also within the brain stem. Thy 1.2 profiles were seen among the EGFP ES cells within the 8th cranial nerve. The findings of this study indicate that the vestibulocochlear nerve of adult rats and guinea pigs will support xenotransplants of embryonic DRG, ES cells and ANSC. This may have future clinical applicability in recreating a neuronal conduit following neuronal injury between the inner ear and the central nervous system (CNS).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Regala
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska Hospital, PO Box SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
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Vadivelu S, Platik MM, Choi L, Lacy ML, Shah AR, Qu Y, Holekamp TF, Becker D, Gottlieb DI, Gidday JM, McDonald JW. Multi-germ layer lineage central nervous system repair: nerve and vascular cell generation by embryonic stem cells transplanted in the injured brain. J Neurosurg 2005; 103:124-35. [PMID: 16121983 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.103.1.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT To restore proper function to a damaged central nervous system (CNS) through transplantation, it is necessary to replace both neural and nonneural elements that arise from different germ layers in the embryo. Mounting evidence indicates the importance of signals related to vasculogenesis in governing neural proliferation and differentiation in early CNS development. Here, the authors examined whether embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived progenitors can selectively generate both neural and endothelial cells after transplantation in the damaged CNS. METHODS Injections of 20 nmol N-methyl-D-aspartate created a unilateral striatal injury in 7-day-old rats. One week postinjury, murine ESCs, neural-induced with retinoic acid, were transplanted into the injured striatum. Histological staining, laser confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy of grafted ESCs were performed 1 week posttransplantation. CONCLUSIONS Transplanted ESCs differentiated into neural cells, which segregated into multiple pools and formed neurons that conformed to host cytoarchitecture. The ESCs also generated endothelial cells, which integrated with host cells to form chimeric vasculature. The combination of ESC pluripotentiality and multiple germ layer differentiation provides a new conceptual framework for CNS repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Vadivelu
- Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury and the Restorative Treatment and Research Program, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
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Cazillis M, Lelièvre V, Gressens P. Différenciation neurale des cellules souches embryonnaires. Med Sci (Paris) 2005; 21:484-90. [PMID: 15885197 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2005215484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent murine embryonic stem (ES) cells can differentiate into all cell types both in vivo and in vitro. Based on their capability to proliferate and differentiate, these ES cells appear as a very promising tool for cell therapy. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the neural differentiation of the ES cells is a pre-requisite for selecting adequately the cells and conditions which will be able to correctly repair damaged brain and restore altered cognitive functions. Different methods allow obtaining neural cells from ES cells. Most of the techniques differentiate ES cells by treating embryoid bodies in order to keep an embryonic organization. More recent techniques, based on conditioned media, induce a direct differentiation of ES cells into neural cells, without going through the step of embryonic bodies. Beyond the fact that these techniques allow obtaining large numbers of neural precursors and more differentiated neural cells, these approaches also provide valuable information on the process of differentiation of ES cells into neural cells. Indeed, sequential studies of this process of differentiation have revealed that globally ES cells differentiating into neural cells in vitro recapitulate the molecular events governing the in vivo differentiation of neural cells. Altogether these data suggest that murine ES cells remain a highly valuable tool to obtain large amounts of precursor and differentiated neural cells as well as to get a better understanding of the mechanisms of neural differentiation, prior to a potential move towards the use of human ES cells in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Cazillis
- Inserm U.676, Physiopathologie et neuroprotection des atteintes du cerveau en développement, Hôpital Robert-Debré, 48, boulevard Sérurier, 75935 Paris Cedex 19, France.
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34
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Wobus AM, Boheler KR. Embryonic stem cells: prospects for developmental biology and cell therapy. Physiol Rev 2005; 85:635-78. [PMID: 15788707 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00054.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 531] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells represent natural units of embryonic development and tissue regeneration. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, in particular, possess a nearly unlimited self-renewal capacity and developmental potential to differentiate into virtually any cell type of an organism. Mouse ES cells, which are established as permanent cell lines from early embryos, can be regarded as a versatile biological system that has led to major advances in cell and developmental biology. Human ES cell lines, which have recently been derived, may additionally serve as an unlimited source of cells for regenerative medicine. Before therapeutic applications can be realized, important problems must be resolved. Ethical issues surround the derivation of human ES cells from in vitro fertilized blastocysts. Current techniques for directed differentiation into somatic cell populations remain inefficient and yield heterogeneous cell populations. Transplanted ES cell progeny may not function normally in organs, might retain tumorigenic potential, and could be rejected immunologically. The number of human ES cell lines available for research may also be insufficient to adequately determine their therapeutic potential. Recent molecular and cellular advances with mouse ES cells, however, portend the successful use of these cells in therapeutics. This review therefore focuses both on mouse and human ES cells with respect to in vitro propagation and differentiation as well as their use in basic cell and developmental biology and toxicology and presents prospects for human ES cells in tissue regeneration and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Wobus
- In Vitro Differentiation Group, IPK Gatersleben, Germany.
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35
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Klein C, Fishell G. Neural Stem Cells: Progenitors or Panacea? Dev Neurosci 2005; 26:82-92. [PMID: 15711052 DOI: 10.1159/000082129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Are neural stem cells (NSCs) maintained as totipotent precursors by the specialized environment within the stem cell niche or are they simply progenitors, which, while retaining their ability to proliferate, are parcellated and restricted along with their postmitotic brethren? In this review, we focus on what has been learned in recent years about endogenous populations of NSCs in the embryonic and adult brain. We compare the data garnered from in vitro analysis to what has been learned from the transplantation of NSCs into the developing, adult or lesioned brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Klein
- Developmental Genetics Program, The Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine and Department of Cell Biology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
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36
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Walsh K, Megyesi J, Hammond R. Human central nervous system tissue culture: a historical review and examination of recent advances. Neurobiol Dis 2005; 18:2-18. [PMID: 15649692 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2004] [Revised: 06/09/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue culture has been and continues to be widely used in medical research. Since the beginning of central nervous system (CNS) tissue culture nearly 100 years ago, the scientific community has contributed innumerable protocols and materials leading to the current wide variety of culture systems. While nonhuman cultures have traditionally been more widely used, interest in human CNS tissue culture techniques has accelerated since the middle of the last century. This has been fueled largely by the desire to model human physiology and disease in vitro with human cells. We review the history of human CNS tissue culture summarizing advances that have led to the current breadth of options available. The review addresses tissue sources, culture initiation, formats, culture ware, media, supplements and substrates, and maintenance. All of these variables have been influential in the development of culturing options and the optimization of culture survival and propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley Walsh
- Department of Pathology, London Health Sciences Centre and the University of Western Ontario, Canada
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37
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Czyz J, Wiese C, Rolletschek A, Blyszczuk P, Cross M, Wobus AM. Potential of embryonic and adult stem cells in vitro. Biol Chem 2004; 384:1391-409. [PMID: 14669982 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2003.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in the field of stem cell research indicate their enormous potential as a source of tissue for regenerative therapies. The success of such applications will depend on the precise properties and potentials of stem cells isolated either from embryonic, fetal or adult tissues. Embryonic stem cells established from the inner cell mass of early mouse embryos are characterized by nearly unlimited proliferation, and the capacity to differentiate into derivatives of essentially all lineages. The recent isolation and culture of human embryonic stem cell lines presents new opportunities for reconstructive medicine. However, important problems remain; first, the derivation of human embryonic stem cells from in vitro fertilized blastocysts creates ethical problems, and second, the current techniques for the directed differentiation into somatic cell populations yield impure products with tumorigenic potential. Recent studies have also suggested an unexpectedly wide developmental potential of adult tissue-specific stem cells. Here too, many questions remain concerning the nature and status of adult stem cells both in vivo and in vitro and their proliferation and differentiation/transdifferentiation capacity. This review focuses on those issues of embryonic and adult stem cell biology most relevant to their in vitro propagation and differentiation. Questions and problems related to the use of human embryonic and adult stem cells in tissue regeneration and transplantation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Czyz
- In Vitro Differentiation Group, IPK Gatersleben, Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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38
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Belicchi M, Pisati F, Lopa R, Porretti L, Fortunato F, Sironi M, Scalamogna M, Parati EA, Bresolin N, Torrente Y. Human skin-derived stem cells migrate throughout forebrain and differentiate into astrocytes after injection into adult mouse brain. J Neurosci Res 2004; 77:475-86. [PMID: 15264217 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that neural stem cell properties can be found among a mammalian skin-derived multipotent population. A major barrier in the further characterization of the human skin-derived neural progenitors is the inability to isolate this population based on expression of cell surface markers. Our work has been devoted to purified human skin-derived stem cells that are capable of neural differentiation, based on the presence or absence of the AC133 cell surface marker. The enriched skin-derived AC133(+) cells express the CD34 and Thy-1 antigens. These cells cultured in a growth medium containing epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) proliferate, forming spheres, and differentiate in vitro into neurons, astrocytes, and rarely into oligodendrocytes. Single cells from sphere cultures initiated from human purified AC133(+) cells were replated as single cells and were able to generate new spheres, demonstrating the self-renewing ability of these stem cell populations. Brain engraftment of cells obtained from human purified AC133(+)-derived spheres generated different neural phenotypes: immature neurons and a most abundant population of well differentiated astrocytes. The AC133-derived astrocytes assumed perivascular locations in the frontal cortex. No donor-derived oligodendrocytes were found in the transplanted mouse brains. Several donor small, rounded cells that expressed endothelial markers were found close to the host vessel and near the subventricular zone. Thus, mammalian skin AC133-derived cells behave as a multipotent population with the capacity to differentiate into neural lineages in vitro and, prevalently, endothelium and astrocytes in vivo, demonstrating the great plasticity of these cells and suggesting potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Belicchi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Stem Cell Laboratory, Centro Dino Ferrari, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Lang KJD, Rathjen J, Vassilieva S, Rathjen PD. Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to a neural fate: A route to re-building the nervous system? J Neurosci Res 2004; 76:184-92. [PMID: 15048916 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The many and varied proposed applications of cell replacement therapies in the treatment of human disease states, particularly those arising from cell loss or dysfunction, have been discussed widely in both the scientific and popular press. Although an attractive concept, cell therapies require the development of a readily available source of donor cells suitable for transplantation. Embryonic stem (ES) cells, with proven ability to differentiate to all cell populations of the embryo and adult in vitro, provide a potential source of therapeutic cells. The differentiation capability of mouse ES cells in vitro has been studied extensively over the last 20 years and the formation of neural precursors and neural cell lineages from mouse ES cells is well established. Cell populations highly enriched/homogenous in neural precursors have been achieved using a variety of chemical or biological inducing agents coupled with selective growth conditions. Preliminary reports suggest that similar neural enrichment is seen when these methodologies are applied to primate and human ES cells. ES cell-derived neural precursors have been analyzed in vitro and in vivo and found to be functionally normal and, after introduction into rodent models of human neurodegenerative diseases, capable of effecting measurable disease recovery. We review progress in the formation of neural precursors from mouse ES cells, particularly the recent reports of directed differentiation of ES in response to biological inductive factors, and assess the transfer of these approaches to human ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth J D Lang
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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40
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Kramer J, Hegert C, Rohwedel J. In vitro differentiation of mouse ES cells: bone and cartilage. Methods Enzymol 2004; 365:251-68. [PMID: 14696351 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)65018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kramer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, D-23538, Germany
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Zou
- Department of Internal Medicine and VA Medical Center, Iowa City, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52246, USA
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42
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Erdö F, Bührle C, Blunk J, Hoehn M, Xia Y, Fleischmann B, Föcking M, Küstermann E, Kolossov E, Hescheler J, Hossmann KA, Trapp T. Host-dependent tumorigenesis of embryonic stem cell transplantation in experimental stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2003; 23:780-5. [PMID: 12843782 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000071886.63724.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutical potential of transplantation of undifferentiated and predifferentiated murine embryonic stem cells for the regeneration of the injured brain was investigated in two rodent stroke models. Undifferentiated embryonic stem cells xenotransplanted into the rat brain at the hemisphere opposite to the ischemic injury migrated along the corpus callosum towards the damaged tissue and differentiated into neurons in the border zone of the lesion. In the homologous mouse brain, the same murine embryonic stem cells did not migrate, but produced highly malignant teratocarcinomas at the site of implantation, independent of whether they were predifferentiated in vitro to neural progenitor cells. The authors demonstrated a hitherto unrecognized inverse outcome after xenotransplantation and homologous transplantation of embryonic stem cells, which raises concerns about safety provisions when the therapeutical potential of human embryonic stem cells is tested in preclinical animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franciska Erdö
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Max-Planck Institute for Neurological Research, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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43
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Arnhold S, Kreppel F, Kandirali S, Lenartz D, Klinz FJ, Sturm V, Kochanek S, Andressen C, Addicks K. Intracerebral transplantation and successful integration of astrocytes following genetic modification with a high-capacity adenoviral vector. Cell Transplant 2003; 11:663-70. [PMID: 12518893 DOI: 10.3727/000000002783985341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the ability of genetically modified astrocytes to integrate into adult rat brain, two spontaneously immortalized cell lines and the allogenic nontumorigenic glioma cell line F98 were transduced with a high-capacity adenoviral vector (HC-Adv) expressing the EGFP gene from the hCMV promoter. In organotypic slice cultures the transduced astrocytes were shown to integrate into the brain tissue. Following transplantation of the transduced astrocytes into the striatum of adult rats, the transplanted cells survived at least for 6 weeks, continuously expressed the EGFP transgene, in close neighborhood with cells of the recipient tissue executing their differentiation capacity along the glial lineage. Thus, HC-Adv transduced astrocytes are promising vehicles to locally deliver therapeutic proteins for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Astrocytes/cytology
- Astrocytes/metabolism
- Astrocytes/transplantation
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Transformed/cytology
- Cell Line, Transformed/metabolism
- Cell Line, Transformed/transplantation
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Size/genetics
- Cell Survival/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Viral/genetics
- Cell Transplantation/methods
- Cell Transplantation/trends
- Cells, Cultured
- Corpus Striatum/cytology
- Corpus Striatum/growth & development
- Corpus Striatum/transplantation
- Fetus
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Genetic Vectors/therapeutic use
- Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein/metabolism
- Graft Survival/genetics
- Green Fluorescent Proteins
- Luminescent Proteins
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Rats
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/cytology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arnhold
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Str. 9, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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44
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von Unge M, Dirckx JJJ, Olivius NP. Embryonic stem cells enhance the healing of tympanic membrane perforations. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2003; 67:215-9. [PMID: 12633919 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5876(02)00371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tympanic membrane perforations may cause hearing impairment and otorhea. It is a common indication for ear surgery. The aim of the study was to test whether stem cells may enhance the healing of fresh tympanic membrane perforations. METHODS In a first assay, the status of the tympanic membrane at 5 days after myringotomy was tested in five Mongolian gerbils that were treated on one side with embryonic stem cells and on the other side with control substance. In a second assay, nine gerbils were treated in the same way, except that fluorescent-labeled embryonic stem cells were used. The integration of the stem cells into the surface layer of the healing tympanic membrane was assessed with fluorescence microscopy, as well as the differentiation of these cells. RESULTS In the first assay, all perforations in the treated ears were closed, whereas only two of the untreated ears were closed. The strength of the healed perforation was greater in the stem cell treated tympanic membranes (mean rupture pressure 120 daPa in three treated ears compared to 60 daPa in the one control ear). Two stem cell-treated tympanic membranes remained intact throughout the whole sequence of pressures, whereas only one control tympanic membrane remained intact. In three tympanic membranes in the second assay, a group of fluorescence-doped cells was detected in the region of the perforation. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that stem cells enhance the healing of tympanic membrane perforations, possibly by differentiation and integration into the tympanic membrane tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus von Unge
- Department of ENT, Karolinska Institute and Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden.
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45
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Yu YA, Szalay AA, Wang G, Oberg K. Visualization of molecular and cellular events with green fluorescent proteins in developing embryos: a review. LUMINESCENCE 2003; 18:1-18. [PMID: 12536374 DOI: 10.1002/bio.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During the past 5 years, green fluorescent protein (GFP) has become one of the most widely used in vivo protein markers for studying a number of different molecular processes during development, such as promoter activation, gene expression, protein trafficking and cell lineage determination. GFP fluorescence allows observation of dynamic developmental processes in real time, in both transiently and stably transformed cells, as well as in live embryos. In this review, we include the most up-to-date use of GFP during embryonic development and point out the unique contribution of GFP visualization, which resulted in novel discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong A Yu
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Hegert C, Kramer J, Hargus G, Müller J, Guan K, Wobus AM, Müller PK, Rohwedel J. Differentiation plasticity of chondrocytes derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. J Cell Sci 2002; 115:4617-28. [PMID: 12415006 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence exists that cells of mesenchymal origin show a differentiation plasticity that depends on their differentiation state. We used in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells through embryoid bodies as a model to analyze chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation because embryonic stem cells recapitulate early embryonic developmental phases during in vitro differentiation. Here, we show that embryonic stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes, which progressively develop into hypertrophic and calcifying cells. At a terminal differentiation stage, cells expressing an osteoblast-like phenotype appeared either by transdifferentiation from hypertrophic chondrocytes or directly from osteoblast precursor cells. Chondrocytes isolated from embryoid bodies initially dedifferentiated in culture but later re-expressed characteristics of mature chondrocytes. The process of redifferentiation was completely inhibited by transforming growth factor beta3. In clonal cultures of chondrocytes isolated from embryoid bodies, additional mesenchymal cell types expressing adipogenic properties were observed, which suggests that the subcultured chondrocytes indeed exhibit a certain differentiation plasticity. The clonal analysis confirmed that the chondrogenic cells change their developmental fate at least into the adipogenic lineage. In conclusion, we show that chondrocytic cells are able to transdifferentiate into other mesenchymal cells such as osteogenic and adipogenic cell types. These findings further strengthen the view that standardized selection strategies will be necessary to obtain defined cell populations for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hegert
- Department of Medical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lübeck, D-23538 Lübeck, Germany
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Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have great potential as a therapeutic tool for the repair of a number of CNS disorders. NSCs can either be isolated from embryonic and adult brain tissue or be induced from both mouse and human ES cells. These cells proliferate in vitro through many passages without losing their multipotentiality. Following engraftment into the adult CNS, NSCs differentiate mainly into glia, except in neurogenic areas. After engraftment into the injured and diseased CNS, their differentiation is further retarded. In vitro manipulation of NSC fate prior to transplantation and/or modification of the host environment may be necessary to control the terminal lineage of the transplanted cells to obtain functionally significant numbers of neurons. NSCs and a few types of glial precursors have shown the capability to differentiate into oligodendrocytes and to remyeliate the demyelinated axons in the CNS, but the functional extent of remyelination achieved by these transplants is limited. Manipulation of endogenous neural precursors may be an alternative therapy or a complimentary therapy to stem cell transplantation for neurodegenerative disease and CNS injury. However, this at present is challenging and so far has been unsuccessful. Understanding mechanisms of NSC differentiation in the context of the injured CNS will be critical to achieving these therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Cao
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Arnhold S, Fassbender A, Klinz FJ, Kruttwig K, Löhnig B, Andressen C, Addicks K. NOS-II is involved in early differentiation of murine cortical, retinal and ES cell-derived neurons-an immunocytochemical and functional approach. Int J Dev Neurosci 2002; 20:83-92. [PMID: 12034139 DOI: 10.1016/s0736-5748(02)00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), a cell-derived highly diffusible and unstable gas is regarded to be involved in inter- and intracellular communication in the nervous system. Based on findings about the expression of the inducible NO synthase (NOS) isoform during development of early mouse olfactory as well as vestibulocochlear receptor neurons, we intended to prove a general role of this isoform for neuronal differentiation. Using immunohistochemical techniques, an exclusive expression of the inducible NOS-II isoform in early post-mitotic neurons of the developing mouse cortex and retina can be detected. In a pharmacological approach using cultures of the mouse cortex as well as embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells, we investigated the functional role of NO on initial neuronal differentiation. Effects of NOS inhibitors and NO donors on the morphological differentiation were correlated with developmentally regulated calcium current densities, focusing on the effects of the specific NOS-II inhibitor GW 274150. Furthermore, involvement of the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)/cGMP signaling cascade was pharmacologically investigated. Our data indicate that while a specific block of NOS-II provokes a clear inhibition of neurite outgrowth formation as well as a decrease of calcium current densities, the inverse is true for exogenous NO donation. In line with lacking immunoreactivity for the sGC and cGMP there are only minor effects of compounds manipulating the sGC/cGMP pathway, suggesting the downstream sGC/cGMP pathway not to be essential in these early differentiation steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Arnhold
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann Strasse 9, 50931 Köln, Germany.
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Poltavtseva RA, Marey MV, Aleksandrova MA, Revishchin AV, Korochkin LI, Sukhikh GT. Evaluation of progenitor cell cultures from human embryos for neurotransplantation. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2002; 134:149-54. [PMID: 11947945 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(02)00274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human neural stem cells (HNSCs) are used in studies of neural development and differentiation, and are regarded as an alternative source of tissue for neural transplantation in degenerative diseases. Selection and standardization of HNSC samples is an important task in research and clinical approaches. We evaluated embryonal brain matter obtained from human 8-12-week-old fetuses by means of flow cytometry on a panel including: nestin; vimentin; NeuN; GFAP; beta-tubulin III; CD56; N-Cad; OB-Cad; HLA-ABC; HLA-DR; CD34, and annexin. Samples from embryos of even the same gestation differ dramatically regarding neural cell development, their phenotype and viability. The samples containing the highest proportion of stem cells and multipotent progenitors of neural types, and the least of definitive cells and antigens of histocompatibility, were selected for further expansion in serum-free medium. Secondary phenotyping 14 days later revealed again a marked heterogeneity of the cultures. For the final culturing for 24 h in a serum-containing medium we selected only samples having following phenotype: nestin+, and vimentin+ no less than 25%; HLA-DR+ and CD34+ no more than 5%; GFAP+ no more than 10%; beta-tubulin+ no more than 20%; CD56+, N-Cad+, OB-Cad+, HLA-A,B,C+, and annexin+ no more than 15%; cell viability no less than 60%. Immunocytochemical study of selected samples proved that numerous neural stem cells, and neuro- and glioblasts necessary for transplantation were present. Our results demonstrate that the flow cytometry phenotyping allows the screening and standardization of HNSC samples for further expansion and transplantation.
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Andressen C, Stöcker E, Klinz FJ, Lenka N, Hescheler J, Fleischmann B, Arnhold S, Addicks K. Nestin-specific green fluorescent protein expression in embryonic stem cell-derived neural precursor cells used for transplantation. Stem Cells 2002; 19:419-24. [PMID: 11553850 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.19-5-419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under control of a thymidine kinase promoter/nestin second intron was specifically detected in nestin immunoreactive neural precursor cells after selection of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells in chemically defined medium. Allowing differentiation in vitro, the capacity of these cells to give rise to astroglia, oligodendroglia, and neurones was investigated. After intracerebral transplantation, long-lasting integration of precursor cells into the host tissue was observed, serving as a pool for successive neuronal and glial differentiation. EGFP expression by ES cell-derived neural precursor cells may be a valuable tool to optimize protocols for maintenance and expansion of these cells in vitro as well as in vivo after intracerebral transplantation. In addition, preparative fluorescence-activated cell sorting of EGFP-labeled neural precursor cells should be useful for standardization of a donor cell population for cell replacement therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Andressen
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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