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Mian M, Tahiri J, Eldin R, Altabaa M, Sehar U, Reddy PH. Overlooked cases of mild cognitive impairment: Implications to early Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 98:102335. [PMID: 38744405 PMCID: PMC11180381 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) marks the initial phase of memory decline or other cognitive functions like language or spatial perception, while individuals typically retain the capacity to carry out everyday tasks independently. Our comprehensive article investigates the intricate landscape of cognitive disorders, focusing on MCI and Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Alzheimer's disease-related dementias (ADRD). The study aims to understand the signs of MCI, early Alzheimer's disease, and healthy brain aging while assessing factors influencing disease progression, pathology development and susceptibility. A systematic literature review of over 100 articles was conducted, emphasizing MCI, AD and ADRD within the elderly populations. The synthesis of results reveals significant findings regarding ethnicity, gender, lifestyle, comorbidities, and diagnostic tools. Ethnicity was found to influence MCI prevalence, with disparities observed across diverse populations. Gender differences were evident in cognitive performance and decline, highlighting the need for personalized management strategies. Lifestyle factors and comorbidities were identified as crucial influencers of cognitive health. Regarding diagnostic tools, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) emerged as superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in early MCI detection. Overall, our article provides insights into the multifaceted nature of cognitive disorders, emphasizing the importance of tailored interventions and comprehensive assessment strategies for effective cognitive health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maamoon Mian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Jihane Tahiri
- School of Biology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Ryan Eldin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
| | - Mohamad Altabaa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Ujala Sehar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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Jiménez-Maldonado A, Rentería I, Johnson DK, Moncada-Jiménez J, García-Suárez PC. Physical exercise and cognition in older adults, a scientific approach scanty reported in Latin America and Caribbean populations. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1368593. [PMID: 38606115 PMCID: PMC11007137 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1368593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The advancement of public services, including the increased accessibility of health services, has led to a rise in life expectancy globally. As a result, aging populations are becoming more prevalent, raising concerns about cognitive decline. Fortunately, non-pharmacological methods, such as physical exercise, have been shown to mitigate the effects of aging on the brain. In this perspective article, we examined meta-analyses on the impact of physical exercise on cognition in older adults. The results indicate that combined exercise (i.e., aerobic plus strength training), has a significant positive effect on overall cognition and executive function. However, we found a lack of scientific studies on this topic in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Therefore, there is a pressing need for research to identify the feasibility of physical exercise interventions to improve cognitive skills in older adults from these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Rentería
- Facultad de Deportes, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, México
| | - David K. Johnson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - José Moncada-Jiménez
- Human Movement Sciences Research Center (CIMOHU), University of Costa Rica, San Jose, Costa Rica
| | - Patricia C. García-Suárez
- Facultad de Deportes, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Ensenada, México
- Department of Health, Sports and Exercise Sciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, United States
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3
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Kau YL, Lin IH, Juang CL, Chang CK, Ho WH, Wen HC. Metabolite Variations in the Hippocampus and Corpus Callosum of Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment Using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy with Three-Dimensional Chemical Shift Images. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1244. [PMID: 37759845 PMCID: PMC10526271 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study compared the metabolites in the brain regions of hippocampus and corpus callosum between patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls using no-radiation and high-sensitivity magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) with three-dimensional chemical shift images (3D-CSI). Twenty volunteers (seven patients with MCI and 13 healthy controls) aged 50-71 years were recruited for this prospective study. MRS with 3D-CSI images of a variety of metabolites was collected from the hippocampus and corpus callosum. Sex and weight showed no significant differences between the two groups. The metabolite levels in the hippocampus and corpus callosum of the MCI group were generally lower than in those of the healthy group, especially for creatine (p < 0.001 in the hippocampus and p = 0.020 in the corpus callosum) and N-acetyl aspartate/creatine (p < 0.001 in the hippocampus and p = 0.020 in the corpus callosum); however, choline/creatine showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) only in the hippocampus, and myo-inositol/creatine showed a significant difference (p < 0.001) only in the corpus callosum. Our study demonstrated that MRS with 3D-CSI can be used to measure these metabolite levels to determine the differences between patients with MCI and healthy individuals. This would aid early diagnosis of MCI in clinical practice, and patients could receive prompt intervention to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Lon Kau
- Department of Medical Imaging, Camillian St. Mary’s Hospital, Luodong, Yilan 265502, Taiwan; (Y.-L.K.); (W.-H.H.)
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan;
| | - I-Hung Lin
- Nobel Eye Institute, Taipei 100008, Taiwan;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Juang
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan;
| | - Chao-Kai Chang
- Nobel Eye Institute, Taipei 100008, Taiwan;
- Department of Optometry, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu 30015, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Hsiang Ho
- Department of Medical Imaging, Camillian St. Mary’s Hospital, Luodong, Yilan 265502, Taiwan; (Y.-L.K.); (W.-H.H.)
| | - Hsiao-Chuan Wen
- Department of Pet Healthcare, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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Jun YK, Lee SW, Kim KW, Moon JM, Koh SJ, Lee HJ, Kim JS, Han K, Im JP. Positive Results from the Fecal Immunochemical Test Can Be Related to Dementia: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in South Korea. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:1515-1525. [PMID: 36641669 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fecal immunochemical test (FIT) is widely used in screening for colorectal cancer (CRC), but FIT results can be positive for diseases other than CRC. OBJECTIVE We investigated the association between positive results of FIT and the incidence of dementia using a nationwide database. METHODS FIT-positive participants were collected from a database provided by the Korean National Health Insurance Service. RESULTS The incidence of all kinds of dementia was higher in FIT-positive than FIT-negative subjects (p < 0.0001). FIT-positive participants had a higher risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) (p < 0.0001) and vascular dementia (p = 0.0002), compared to participants with FIT negativity. The risk of all kinds of dementia or AD in FIT-positive participants was higher in younger (age < 65 years) than older participants (p < 0.0001 for all kinds of dementia; p = 0.0002 for AD). CONCLUSION FIT positivity was correlated with an increased risk of dementia, especially in participants under 65 years of age. The study suggests that clinicians can consider dementia when FIT-positive participants fail to show any malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kyung Jun
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedicine & Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung Min Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Pil Im
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Flores J, Fillion ML, LeBlanc AC. Caspase-1 inhibition improves cognition without significantly altering amyloid and inflammation in aged Alzheimer disease mice. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:864. [PMID: 36220815 PMCID: PMC9553979 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05290-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human genetic and animal model studies indicate that brain microglial inflammation is a primary driver of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer Disease (AD). Inflammasome-activated Caspase-1 (Casp1) is associated with both AD microglial inflammation and neuronal degeneration. In mice, Casp1 genetic ablation or VX-765 small molecule inhibition of Casp1 given at onset of cognitive deficits strongly supports the association between microglial inflammation and cognitive impairment. Here, VX-765 significantly improved episodic and spatial memory impairment eight months after the onset of cognitive impairment in aged AD mice with significant amyloid beta peptide (Aβ) accumulation and microglial inflammation. Unexpectedly, while cognitive improvement was associated with dendritic spine density and hippocampal synaptophysin level recovery, VX-765 only slightly decreased Aβ deposition and did not alter biochemically-measured Aβ levels. Furthermore, increased hippocampal Iba1+-microglia, GFAP+-astrocytes, IL-1β, and TNF-α levels were unaltered by VX-765. These results support the hypothesis that neuronal degeneration, not Aβ or microglial inflammation, drives cognitive impairment in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Flores
- grid.414980.00000 0000 9401 2774Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Marie-Lyne Fillion
- grid.414980.00000 0000 9401 2774Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC Canada
| | - Andréa C. LeBlanc
- grid.414980.00000 0000 9401 2774Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research at Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC Canada ,grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC Canada
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6
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Thrush KL, Bennett DA, Gaiteri C, Horvath S, van Dyck CH, Higgins-Chen AT, Levine ME. Aging the brain: multi-region methylation principal component based clock in the context of Alzheimer's disease. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:5641-5668. [PMID: 35907208 PMCID: PMC9365556 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk increases exponentially with age and is associated with multiple molecular hallmarks of aging, one of which is epigenetic alterations. Epigenetic age predictors based on 5' cytosine methylation (DNAm), or epigenetic clocks, have previously suggested that epigenetic age acceleration may occur in AD brain tissue. Epigenetic clocks are promising tools for the quantification of biological aging, yet we hypothesize that investigation of brain aging in AD will be assisted by the development of brain-specific epigenetic clocks. Therefore, we generated a novel age predictor termed PCBrainAge that was trained solely in cortical samples. This predictor utilizes a combination of principal components analysis and regularized regression, which reduces technical noise and greatly improves test-retest reliability. To characterize the scope of PCBrainAge's utility, we generated DNAm data from multiple brain regions in a sample from the Religious Orders Study and Rush Memory and Aging Project. PCBrainAge captures meaningful heterogeneity of aging: Its acceleration demonstrates stronger associations with clinical AD dementia, pathologic AD, and APOE ε4 carrier status compared to extant epigenetic age predictors. It further does so across multiple cortical and subcortical regions. Overall, PCBrainAge's increased reliability and specificity makes it a particularly promising tool for investigating heterogeneity in brain aging, as well as epigenetic alterations underlying AD risk and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra L. Thrush
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - David A. Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Christopher Gaiteri
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Christopher H. van Dyck
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Albert T. Higgins-Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Morgan E. Levine
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
- Altos Labs, San Diego Institute of Science, San Diego, CA 92114, USA
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7
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Corbo I, Casagrande M. Higher-Level Executive Functions in Healthy Elderly and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11051204. [PMID: 35268294 PMCID: PMC8911402 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11051204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a clinical syndrome characterized by a moderate decline in one or more cognitive functions with a preserved autonomy in daily life activities. MCI exhibits cognitive, behavioral, psychological symptoms. The executive functions (EFs) are key functions for everyday life and physical and mental health and allow for the behavior to adapt to external changes. Higher-level executive functions develop from basic EFs (inhibition, working memory, attentional control, and cognitive flexibility). They are planning, reasoning, problem solving, and fluid intelligence (Gf). This systematic review investigates the relationship between higher-level executive functions and healthy and pathological aging, assuming the role of executive functions deficits as a predictor of cognitive decline. The systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA Statement. A total of 73 studies were identified. The results indicate that 65.8% of the studies confirm significant EFs alterations in MCI (56.8% planning, 50% reasoning, 100% problem solving, 71.4% fluid intelligence). These results seem to highlight a strong prevalence of higher-level executive functions deficits in MCI elderly than in healthy elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Corbo
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Dinamica, Clinica e Salute, Università di Roma Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Du Preez A, Lefèvre-Arbogast S, Houghton V, de Lucia C, Low DY, Helmer C, Féart C, Delcourt C, Proust-Lima C, Pallàs M, Ruigrok SR, Altendorfer B, González-Domínguez R, Sánchez-Pla A, Urpi-Sardà M, Andres-Lacueva C, Aigner L, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A, Manach C, Samieri C, Thuret S. The serum metabolome mediates the concert of diet, exercise, and neurogenesis, determining the risk for cognitive decline and dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:654-675. [PMID: 34402599 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diet and exercise influence the risk of cognitive decline (CD) and dementia through the food metabolome and exercise-triggered endogenous factors, which use the blood as a vehicle to communicate with the brain. These factors might act in concert with hippocampal neurogenesis (HN) to shape CD and dementia. METHODS Using an in vitro neurogenesis assay, we examined the effects of serum samples from a longitudinal cohort (n = 418) on proxy HN readouts and their association with future CD and dementia across a 12-year period. RESULTS Altered apoptosis and reduced hippocampal progenitor cell integrity were associated with exercise and diet and predicted subsequent CD and dementia. The effects of exercise and diet on CD specifically were mediated by apoptosis. DISCUSSION Diet and exercise might influence neurogenesis long before the onset of CD and dementia. Alterations in HN could signify the start of the pathological process and potentially represent biomarkers for CD and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Du Preez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sophie Lefèvre-Arbogast
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vikki Houghton
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Chiara de Lucia
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dorrain Y Low
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catherine Helmer
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Catherine Féart
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Delcourt
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Proust-Lima
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mercè Pallàs
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacy and Food Sciences, and Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvie R Ruigrok
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Altendorfer
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Austria
| | - Raúl González-Domínguez
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Sánchez-Pla
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Urpi-Sardà
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Andres-Lacueva
- Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy Department, Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ludwig Aigner
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Austria
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aniko Korosi
- Brain Plasticity Group, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Claudine Manach
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR1019, Human Nutrition Unit, France
| | - Cécilia Samieri
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Grässler B, Herold F, Dordevic M, Gujar TA, Darius S, Böckelmann I, Müller NG, Hökelmann A. Multimodal measurement approach to identify individuals with mild cognitive impairment: study protocol for a cross-sectional trial. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046879. [PMID: 34035103 PMCID: PMC8154928 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), that is, the transitory phase between normal age-related cognitive decline and dementia, remains a challenging task. It was observed that a multimodal approach (simultaneous analysis of several complementary modalities) can improve the classification accuracy. We will combine three noninvasive measurement modalities: functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), electroencephalography and heart rate variability via ECG. Our aim is to explore neurophysiological correlates of cognitive performance and whether our multimodal approach can aid in early identification of individuals with MCI. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study will be a cross-sectional with patients with MCI and healthy controls (HC). The neurophysiological signals will be measured during rest and while performing cognitive tasks: (1) Stroop, (2) N-back and (3) verbal fluency test (VFT). Main aims of statistical analysis are to (1) determine the differences in neurophysiological responses of HC and MCI, (2) investigate relationships between measures of cognitive performance and neurophysiological responses and (3) investigate whether the classification accuracy can be improved by using our multimodal approach. To meet these targets, statistical analysis will include machine learning approaches.This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study that applies simultaneously these three modalities in MCI and HC. We hypothesise that the multimodal approach improves the classification accuracy between HC and MCI as compared with a unimodal approach. If our hypothesis is verified, this study paves the way for additional research on multimodal approaches for dementia research and fosters the exploration of new biomarkers for an early detection of nonphysiological age-related cognitive decline. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval was obtained from the local Ethics Committee (reference: 83/19). Data will be shared with the scientific community no more than 1 year following completion of study and data assembly. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04427436, registered on 10 June 2020, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT04427436.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Grässler
- Institute of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Herold
- Department of Neuroprotection, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases Site Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Milos Dordevic
- Department of Neuroprotection, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases Site Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tariq Ali Gujar
- Institute of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Darius
- Occupational Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Irina Böckelmann
- Occupational Medicine, Otto von Guericke University Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Department of Neuroprotection, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases Site Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Otto von Guericke University Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anita Hökelmann
- Institute of Sport Science, Faculty of Humanities, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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10
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Walker JM, Fudym Y, Farrell K, Iida MA, Bieniek KF, Seshadri S, White CL, Crary JF, Richardson TE. Asymmetry of Hippocampal Tau Pathology in Primary Age-Related Tauopathy and Alzheimer Disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 80:436-445. [PMID: 33860327 PMCID: PMC8054137 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlab032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary age-related tauopathy (PART) is a neurodegenerative entity defined as neurofibrillary degeneration generally restricted to the medial temporal region (Braak stage I-IV) with complete or near absence of diffuse and neuritic plaques. Symptoms range in severity but are generally milder and later in onset than in Alzheimer disease (AD). Recently, an early predilection for neurofibrillary degeneration in the hippocampal CA2 subregion has been demonstrated in PART, whereas AD neuropathologic change (ADNC) typically displays relative sparing of CA2 until later stages. In this study, we utilized a semiquantitative scoring system to evaluate asymmetry of neurofibrillary degeneration between left and right hippocampi in 67 PART cases and 17 ADNC cases. 49% of PART cases demonstrated asymmetric findings in at least one hippocampal subregion, and 79% of the asymmetric cases displayed some degree of CA2 asymmetry. Additionally, 19% of cases revealed a difference in Braak score between the right and left hippocampi. There was a significant difference in CA2 neurofibrillary degeneration (p = 0.0006) and CA2/CA1 ratio (p < 0.0001) when comparing the contralateral sides, but neither right nor left was more consistently affected. These data show the importance of analyzing bilateral hippocampi in the diagnostic evaluation of PART and potentially of other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Walker
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Yelena Fudym
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kurt Farrell
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Megan A Iida
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kevin F Bieniek
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- The Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles L White
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - John F Crary
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
- Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer’s Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Timothy E Richardson
- From the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s & Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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11
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Pike KE, Chong MS, Hume CH, Keech BJ, Konjarski M, Landolt KA, Leslie BE, Russo A, Thai C, Vilsten JS, Kinsella GJ. Providing Online Memory Interventions for Older Adults: A Critical Review and Recommendations for Development. AUSTRALIAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ap.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mei San Chong
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University,
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adrian Russo
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University,
| | - Christine Thai
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University,
| | | | - Glynda Jane Kinsella
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University,
- Department of Psychology, Caulfield Hospital,
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12
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Evidence for Decreased Nucleolar PARP-1 as an Early Marker of Cognitive Impairment. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:4383258. [PMID: 31827497 PMCID: PMC6885846 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4383258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a nuclear protein that regulates gene expression through poly(ADP)-ribosylation, resulting in the loosening of chromatin structure. PARP-1 enzymatic activity has been shown to be necessary for the expression of several genes required for memory formation and consolidation. Previously, we showed that nucleolar PARP-1 is significantly decreased in hippocampal pyramidal cells in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We proposed that the displacement of PARP-1 from the nucleolus results in downregulation of new rRNA expression and ribosome biogenesis, leading to cognitive impairment. To further investigate the relationship between nucleolar PARP-1 and memory impairment, we examined PARP-1 expression in the hippocampi of individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to control and AD cases. We used immunohistochemical techniques to examine the nucleolar distribution of PARP-1 in the Cornu Ammonis (CA region) of the hippocampus. PARP-1 positive cells were then scored for the presence or absence of PARP-1 in the nucleolus. We found a significant decrease of PARP-1 staining in the nucleolar compartment of hippocampal pyramidal cells in MCI compared with Control and AD. When the four CA (CA1-4) regions were considered separately, only the CA1 region showed significant differences in nucleolar PARP-1 with Control > AD > MCI cases. Categorization of nucleolar PARP-1 into “distinct” and “diffuse” groups suggest that most of the changes occur within the distinct group. In addition, measurements of the nucleolar diameter of nucleolar PARP-1 positive cells in CA2 and CA4 showed Control > MCI. Thus, MCI cases had a lower percentage of PARP-1 nucleolar positive cells in CA1 and smaller nucleolar diameters in CA2 and CA4, compared to Control. Our data suggest that disruption of nucleolar form and function is an early and important step in the progression of cognitive impairment.
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13
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Kinsella GJ, Pike KE, Cavuoto MG, Lee SD. Mild cognitive impairment and prospective memory: translating the evidence into neuropsychological practice. Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 32:960-980. [PMID: 29708011 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1468926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There has been a recent rapid development of research characterizing prospective memory performance in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in older age. However, this body of literature remains largely separated from routine clinical practice in neuropsychology. Furthermore, there is emerging evidence of effective interventions to improve prospective memory performance. Therefore, our objective in this article was to offer a clinical neuropsychological perspective on the existing research in order to facilitate the translation of the evidence-base into clinical practice. METHOD By conducting a critical review of the existing research related to prospective memory and MCI, we highlight how this data can be introduced into clinical practice, either within diagnostic assessment or clinical management. CONCLUSIONS Prospective memory is impaired in older adults with MCI, with a pattern of performance that helps with differential diagnosis from healthy aging. Clinical neuropsychologists are encouraged to add prospective memory assessment to their toolbox for diagnostic evaluation of clients with MCI. Preliminary findings of prospective memory interventions in MCI are promising, but more work is required to determine how different approaches translate to increasing independence in everyday life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glynda J Kinsella
- a School of Psychology & Public Health , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia.,b Caulfield Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Kerryn E Pike
- a School of Psychology & Public Health , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Marina G Cavuoto
- a School of Psychology & Public Health , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia.,b Caulfield Hospital , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Stephen D Lee
- a School of Psychology & Public Health , La Trobe University , Melbourne , Australia
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14
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Sutherland GT, Lim J, Srikanth V, Bruce DG. Epidemiological Approaches to Understanding the Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 59:393-403. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-161194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Greg T. Sutherland
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Lim
- Discipline of Pathology, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Medicine, Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David G. Bruce
- School of Medicine & Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
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15
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LeBlanc ES, Rizzo JH, Pedula KL, Yaffe K, Ensrud KE, Cauley J, Cawthon PM, Cummings S, Hillier TA. Weight Trajectory over 20 Years and Likelihood of Mild Cognitive Impairment or Dementia Among Older Women. J Am Geriatr Soc 2017; 65:511-519. [PMID: 27991654 PMCID: PMC5685172 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The association between weight change and cognition is controversial. We examined the association between 20-year weight change and cognitive function in late life. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF). PARTICIPANTS One thousand two hundred eighty-nine older, community-dwelling women (mean baseline age 68 (65-81) and 88 (82-102) at cognitive testing). MEASUREMENTS Study of Osteoporotic Fractures participants had body weight measured repeatedly over 20 years (mean 8 weights). Adjudicated cognitive status was classified as normal (n = 775) or mild cognitive impairment (MCI)/dementia (n = 514) at Year 20. Logistic models were used to evaluate whether absolute weight change, rate of weight loss per year, presence of abrupt, unrecovered weight loss, and weight variability were associated with MCI or dementia. RESULTS Women with greater rate of weight loss over 20 years had increased chance of developing MCI or dementia. In age/education/clinic-adjusted "base" models, each 0.5 kg/yr decrease resulted in 30% increased odds of MCI/dementia (OR = 1.30 [95% CI: 1.14, 1.49]). After adjustment for age, education, clinic, depression, and walking speed, there was 17% (OR = 1.17 [95% CI: 1.02, 1.35]) increased odds of MCI/dementia for each 0.5 kg/yr decrease in weight. In base models, variability in weight was significant. Each 1% average deviation from each woman's predicted weight curve was associated with 11% increased odds of MCI/dementia (OR = 1.11 [95% CI: 1.04, 1.18]). The estimate was attenuated after full adjustment (OR = 1.06 [95% CI: 0.99, 1.14]). The presence of an abrupt weight decline was not associated with MCI/dementia. CONCLUSIONS Rate of weight loss over 20 years was associated with development of MCI or dementia in women surviving past 80 years, suggesting that nutritional status, social-environmental factors, and/or adipose tissue function and structure may affect cognitive function with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin S. LeBlanc
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joanne H. Rizzo
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kathryn L. Pedula
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco School of Medicine and San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristine E. Ensrud
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota; University of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota; Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Jane Cauley
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peggy M. Cawthon
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Cummings
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Teresa A. Hillier
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR, USA
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
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16
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Atrophy of amygdala and abnormal memory-related alpha oscillations over posterior cingulate predict conversion to Alzheimer's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31859. [PMID: 27546195 PMCID: PMC4992828 DOI: 10.1038/srep31859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction, a key pathophysiological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), may account for abnormal memory-related EEG patterns in prodromal AD. Here, we investigate to what extent oscillatory EEG changes during memory encoding and/or retrieval enhance the accuracy of medial temporal lobe (MTL) atrophy in predicting conversion from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) to AD. As expected, aMCI individuals that, within a 2-year follow-up period, developed dementia (N = 16) compared to healthy older (HO) (N = 26) and stable aMCI (N = 18) showed poorer associative memory, greater MTL atrophy, and lower capacity to recruit alpha oscillatory cortical networks. Interestingly, encoding-induced abnormal alpha desynchronized activity over the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) at baseline showed significantly higher accuracy in predicting AD than the magnitude of amygdala atrophy. Nevertheless, the best accuracy was obtained when the two markers were fitted into the model (sensitivity = 78%, specificity = 82%). These results support the idea that synaptic integrity/function in the PCC is affected during prodromal AD and has the potential of improving early detection when combined with MRI biomarkers.
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17
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Chen SQ, Cai Q, Shen YY, Xu CX, Zhou H, Zhao Z. Hydrogen Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Multidomain Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Vascular Cognitive Impairment Without Dementia. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2016; 31:422-9. [PMID: 26980718 PMCID: PMC10852783 DOI: 10.1177/1533317515628052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the value of hydrogen proton magnet resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) in the differential diagnosis of multiple-domain amnestic mild cognitive impairment (M-aMCI) and vascular cognitive impairment with no dementia (VCIND); (1)H-MRS was performed in patients with M-aMCI and VCIND. The level was determined for N-acetylaspartate (NAA), glutamate (Glu), inositol (mI), choline (Cho), and creatine (Cr). Compared with the normal control group, the NAA-Cr ratio in all regions studied was significantly lower in the M-aMCI and VCIND groups. The Glu-Cr ratio in the posterior cingulate gyrus of the M-aMCI group was significantly lower than in the VCIND. The mI-Cr ratio in the frontal white matter of the VCIND was significantly higher than in the M-aMCI group. In the white matter adjacent to the lateral ventricles, the Cho-Cr ratio was significantly higher in the VCIND than the M-aMCI. Our results suggested (1)H-MRS is an effective method in the differential diagnosis of M-aMCI and VCIND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Qing Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qing Cai
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ying Shen
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chuan-Xiao Xu
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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18
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Increased apoptosis in the platelets of patients with Alzheimer's disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2016; 143:46-50. [PMID: 26895209 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2016.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a progressive, incurable neurodegenerative disorder. Platelet is a suitable source of human peripheral tissue to study pathological mechanisms occurring in the brain. The present study aims to investigate (1) whether abnormal apoptotic events besides involved in AD within the central neurologic system, could also occur at peripheral platelet level; (2) whether apoptosis at peripheral platelet level starts at the early stage of AD. PATIENTS AND METHODS Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), AD, and age-matched healthy individuals were recruited, and each group had 50 person. In the present study, we investigate whether alterations of caspase family and Bcl2 family could be found in the platelets in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients. The platelet levels of caspase protein and Bcl2 family were analyzed by western blot. RESULTS The results show that the platelet levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, Bad, and Bax significantly increased in AD and amnestic MCI. The increased apoptosis proteins levels in amnestic MCI were found between AD and normal controls. The anti-apoptosis protein Bcl2 increased in amnestic MCI, while decreased in AD. CONCLUSION We suggest that increased apoptosis exist in the platelet and might mirror apoptosis within the brain. Abnormal apoptosis may appear in the early of AD, and the ratio between pro- and anti-apoptotic protein levels partially determines the susceptibility of platelet to a death signal. In conclusion, platelet may be a good model to study apoptotic pathways of AD.
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19
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Iverson GL, Gardner AJ, McCrory P, Zafonte R, Castellani RJ. A critical review of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 56:276-93. [PMID: 26183075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) has been described in the literature as a neurodegenerative disease with: (i) localized neuronal and glial accumulations of phosphorylated tau (p-tau) involving perivascular areas of the cerebral cortex, sulcal depths, and with a preference for neurons within superficial cortical laminae; (ii) multifocal axonal varicosities and axonal loss involving deep cortex and subcortical white matter; (iii) relative absence of beta-amyloid deposits; (iv) TDP-43 immunoreactive inclusions and neurites; and (v) broad and diverse clinical features. Some of the pathological findings reported in the literature may be encountered with age and other neurodegenerative diseases. However, the focality of the p-tau cortical findings in particular, and the regional distribution, are believed to be unique to CTE. The described clinical features in recent cases are very similar to how depression manifests in middle-aged men and with frontotemporal dementia as the disease progresses. It has not been established that the described tau pathology, especially in small amounts, can cause complex changes in behavior such as depression, substance abuse, suicidality, personality changes, or cognitive impairment. Future studies will help determine the extent to which the neuropathology is causally related to the diverse clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant L Iverson
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sports Concussion Program, & Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrew J Gardner
- Hunter New England Local Health District Sports Concussion Program; & Centre for Translational Neuroscience and Mental Health, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul McCrory
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Melbourne Brain Centre - Austin Campus, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Zafonte
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School; Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital; Brigham and Women's Hospital; & Red Sox Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Home Base Program, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rudy J Castellani
- Division of Neuropathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, USA
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20
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Kim SA, Jung H. Prevention of cognitive impairment in the midlife women. J Menopausal Med 2015; 21:19-23. [PMID: 26046033 PMCID: PMC4452809 DOI: 10.6118/jmm.2015.21.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Forgetfulness is common symptom with age. Especially for midlife women, hormonal cessation by menopausal change is one of the causes in cognitive disorders. And neuropathological changes in brain can lead to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and eventually dementia. Prevention of MCI is important for decreasing progression to dementia. This article presents therapeutic approaches based on pathophysiologic changes in brain for preventing cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Ah Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyuk Jung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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21
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Relationship between Serum and Brain Carotenoids, α-Tocopherol, and Retinol Concentrations and Cognitive Performance in the Oldest Old from the Georgia Centenarian Study. J Aging Res 2013; 2013:951786. [PMID: 23840953 PMCID: PMC3690640 DOI: 10.1155/2013/951786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in age-related cognitive decline. The dietary antioxidants, carotenoids, tocopherols, and vitamin A may play a role in the prevention or delay in cognitive decline. In this study, sera were obtained from 78 octogenarians and 220 centenarians from the Georgia Centenarian Study. Brain tissues were obtained from 47 centenarian decedents. Samples were analyzed for carotenoids, α-tocopherol, and retinol using HPLC. Analyte concentrations were compared with cognitive tests designed to evaluate global cognition, dementia, depression and cognitive domains (memory, processing speed, attention, and executive functioning). Serum lutein, zeaxanthin, and β-carotene concentrations were most consistently related to better cognition (P < 0.05) in the whole population and in the centenarians. Only serum lutein was significantly related to better cognition in the octogenarians. In brain, lutein and β-carotene were related to cognition with lutein being consistently associated with a range of measures. There were fewer significant relationships for α-tocopherol and a negative relationship between brain retinol concentrations and delayed recognition. These findings suggest that the status of certain carotenoids in the old may reflect their cognitive function. The protective effect may not be related to an antioxidant effect given that α-tocopherol was less related to cognition than these carotenoids.
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22
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Sutherland GT, Chami B, Youssef P, Witting PK. Oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: Primary villain or physiological by-product? Redox Rep 2013; 18:134-41. [PMID: 23849337 PMCID: PMC6837641 DOI: 10.1179/1351000213y.0000000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is increasing rapidly worldwide due to an ageing population and largely ineffective treatments. In AD cognitive decline is due to progressive neuron loss that begins in the medial temporal lobe and spreads through many brain regions. Despite intense research the pathogenesis of the common sporadic form of AD remains largely unknown. The popular amyloid cascade hypothesis suggests that the accumulation of soluble oligomers of beta amyloid peptides (Aβ) initiates a series of events that cause neuronal loss. Among their putative toxic effects, Aβ oligomers are thought to act as pro-oxidants combining with redox-active metals to produce excessive reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. However, to date the experimental therapies that reduce Aβ load in AD have failed to halt cognitive decline. Another hypothesis proposed by the late Mark Smith and colleagues is that oxidative stress, rather than Aβ, precipitates the pathogenesis of AD. That is, Aβ and microtubule-associated protein tau are upregulated to address the redox imbalance in the AD brain. As the disease progresses, excess Aβ and tau oligomerise to further accelerate the disease process. Here, we discuss redox balance in the human brain and how this balance is affected by ageing. We then discuss where oxidative stress is most likely to act in the disease process and the potential for intervention to reduce its effects.
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Abstract
Whether mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has a distinct neuropathological profile that reflects an intermediate state between no cognitive impairment and dementia is not clear. Identifying which biological events occur at the earliest stage of progressive disease and which are secondary to the neuropathological process is important for understating pathological pathways and for targeted disease prevention. Many studies have now reported on the neurobiology of this intermediate stage. In this systematic review, we synthesize current evidence on the neuropathological profile of MCI. A total of 162 studies were identified with varied definition of MCI, settings ranging from population to specialist clinics and a wide range of objectives. From these studies, it is clear that MCI is neuropathologically complex and cannot be understood within a single framework. Pathological changes identified include plaque and tangle formation, vascular pathologies, neurochemical deficits, cellular injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial changes, changes in genomic activity, synaptic dysfunction, disturbed protein metabolism and disrupted metabolic homeostasis. Determining which factors primarily drive neurodegeneration and dementia and which are secondary features of disease progression still requires further research. Standardization of the definition of MCI and reporting of pathology would greatly assist in building an integrated picture of the clinical and neuropathological profile of MCI.
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Nelson PT, Alafuzoff I, Bigio EH, Bouras C, Braak H, Cairns NJ, Castellani RJ, Crain BJ, Davies P, Del Tredici K, Duyckaerts C, Frosch MP, Haroutunian V, Hof PR, Hulette CM, Hyman BT, Iwatsubo T, Jellinger KA, Jicha GA, Kövari E, Kukull WA, Leverenz JB, Love S, Mackenzie IR, Mann DM, Masliah E, McKee AC, Montine TJ, Morris JC, Schneider JA, Sonnen JA, Thal DR, Trojanowski JQ, Troncoso JC, Wisniewski T, Woltjer RL, Beach TG. Correlation of Alzheimer disease neuropathologic changes with cognitive status: a review of the literature. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2012; 71:362-81. [PMID: 22487856 PMCID: PMC3560290 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31825018f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1356] [Impact Index Per Article: 113.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinicopathologic correlation studies are critically important for the field of Alzheimer disease (AD) research. Studies on human subjects with autopsy confirmation entail numerous potential biases that affect both their general applicability and the validity of the correlations. Many sources of data variability can weaken the apparent correlation between cognitive status and AD neuropathologic changes. Indeed, most persons in advanced old age have significant non-AD brain lesions that may alter cognition independently of AD. Worldwide research efforts have evaluated thousands of human subjects to assess the causes of cognitive impairment in the elderly, and these studies have been interpreted in different ways. We review the literature focusing on the correlation of AD neuropathologic changes (i.e. β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles) with cognitive impairment. We discuss the various patterns of brain changes that have been observed in elderly individuals to provide a perspective for understanding AD clinicopathologic correlation and conclude that evidence from many independent research centers strongly supports the existence of a specific disease, as defined by the presence of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Although Aβ plaques may play a key role in AD pathogenesis, the severity of cognitive impairment correlates best with the burden of neocortical neurofibrillary tangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40536-0230, USA.
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25
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Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease: heterogenous mechanisms. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:157-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0771-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Mufson EJ, Binder L, Counts SE, DeKosky ST, de Toledo-Morrell L, Ginsberg SD, Ikonomovic MD, Perez SE, Scheff SW. Mild cognitive impairment: pathology and mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123:13-30. [PMID: 22101321 PMCID: PMC3282485 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-011-0884-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is rapidly becoming one of the most common clinical manifestations affecting the elderly. The pathologic and molecular substrate of people diagnosed with MCI is not well established. Since MCI is a human specific disorder and neither the clinical nor the neuropathological course appears to follow a direct linear path, it is imperative to characterize neuropathology changes in the brains of people who came to autopsy with a well-characterized clinical diagnosis of MCI. Herein, we discuss findings derived from clinical pathologic studies of autopsy cases who died with a clinical diagnosis of MCI. The heterogeneity of clinical MCI imparts significant challenges to any review of this subject. The pathologic substrate of MCI is equally complex and must take into account not only conventional plaque and tangle pathology but also a wide range of cellular, biochemical and molecular deficits, many of which relate to cognitive decline as well as compensatory responses to the progressive disease process. The multifaceted nature of the neuronal disconnection syndrome associated with MCI suggests that there is no single event which precipitates this prodromal stage of AD. In fact, it can be argued that neuronal degeneration initiated at different levels of the central nervous system drives cognitive decline as a final common pathway at this stage of the dementing disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott J Mufson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St., Suite 300, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Atienza M, Atalaia-Silva KC, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Gil-Neciga E, Suarez-Gonzalez A, Cantero JL. Associative memory deficits in mild cognitive impairment: the role of hippocampal formation. Neuroimage 2011; 57:1331-42. [PMID: 21640840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathological events featuring early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD) appear in the entorhinal cortex (EC), subiculum (SB) and cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) of hippocampus, which may account for associative memory deficits in non-demented people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). To test this hypothesis in vivo, we investigated whether volume changes in these regions are related to failures in associative memory in MCI as compared to cognitively normal (CN) elderly subjects. Volume changes in EC and hippocampal subfields were determined by using deformation-based morphometry techniques applied to probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps derived from post mortem human brains. CN subjects were distinguished from MCI patients by firstly identifying local volume differences in EC and hippocampus, and then evaluating the way in which these anatomical changes correlated with performance in a non-intentional face-location association task. MCI patients not only performed worse than CN elders in building new associations, but they were further unable to benefit from semantic encoding to improve episodic binding. According to our initial hypothesis, local volume reductions in both EC and hippocampal CA accounted for group differences in associative memory whereas atrophy in CA, but not in EC, accounted for semantic encoding of associations. Two main conclusions can be drawn from the present study: i) access to semantic information during encoding does not reduce the episodic deficit in MCI; and ii) EC and hippocampal CA, two regions early affected by AD neuropathology, are responsible, at least partially, for associative memory deficits observed in MCI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Atienza
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Spanish Network of Excellence for Research on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
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Osorio RS, Berti V, Mosconi L, Li Y, Glodzik L, De Santi S, de Leon MJ. Evaluation of Early Dementia (Mild Cognitive Impairment). PET Clin 2010; 5:15-31. [PMID: 27157481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the major challenges for the prevention of this dementia. The pathologic lesions associated with AD develop many years before the clinical manifestations of the disease become evident, during a likely transitional period between normal aging and the appearance of first cognitive symptoms. AD biomarkers are needed not only to reveal these early pathologic changes but also to monitor progression in cognitive and behavioral decline and brain lesions. PET neuroimaging can reliably assess indirect and direct aspects of the molecular biology and neuropathology of AD. This article reviews the use of [18F] 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose-PET and amyloid PET imaging in the early detection of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Osorio
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, Silberstein Alzheimer's Institute, Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, NYU Langone Medical Center, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Pathology and Psychiatry, Alzheimer's Disease Center, Silberstein Alzheimer's Institute, Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, NYU Langone Medical Center, 145 East 32nd Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA; Alzheimer's Disease Research Unit, CIEN Foundation-Reina Sofia Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Valderrebollo 5, (Complejo Alzheimer), PAU de Vallecas, Madrid 28031, Spain
| | - V Berti
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, Silberstein Alzheimer's Institute, Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, NYU Langone Medical Center, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Nuclear Medicine Unit, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 85, Florence 50134, Italy
| | - L Mosconi
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, Silberstein Alzheimer's Institute, Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, NYU Langone Medical Center, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Y Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, Silberstein Alzheimer's Institute, Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, NYU Langone Medical Center, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - L Glodzik
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, Silberstein Alzheimer's Institute, Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, NYU Langone Medical Center, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - S De Santi
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, Silberstein Alzheimer's Institute, Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, NYU Langone Medical Center, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - M J de Leon
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Brain Health, Silberstein Alzheimer's Institute, Center of Excellence on Brain Aging, NYU Langone Medical Center, 145 East 32nd Street, 5th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA; Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
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Le Bastard N, Aerts L, Leurs J, Blomme W, De Deyn PP, Engelborghs S. No correlation between time-linked plasma and CSF Abeta levels. Neurochem Int 2009; 55:820-5. [PMID: 19695299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Plasma beta-amyloid protein (Abeta) isoforms are considered potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia. The relation between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of Abeta isoforms remains unclear. In order to identify possible correlations between Abeta levels in plasma and CSF we determined Abeta levels in time-linked plasma and CSF samples. Abeta concentrations in plasma (Abeta(1-42) and Abeta(N-42)) and CSF (Abeta(1-42)) samples from 49 AD patients, 47 non-Alzheimer's disease dementia (NONAD) patients, 39 MCI patients and 29 controls were determined using a multi-parameter fluorimetric bead-based immunoassay using xMAP((R)) technology (for plasma) and a conventional single-parameter ELISA (for CSF). Plasma Abeta(1-42) concentrations did not correlate with CSF Abeta(1-42) concentrations in the total study population, or in the different diagnostic groups. No correlations between plasma Abeta(N-42) and CSF Abeta(1-42) levels were found either. The CSF/serum albumin index did not show any significant differences between AD, NONAD, MCI and controls. These results suggest that the Abeta levels in plasma are independent of the Abeta levels in CSF both in dementia and controls. The fact that CSF and plasma Abeta do not correlate in patients as well as controls and no significant differences in plasma Abeta(1-42) or Abeta(N-42) between patients and controls can be detected hampers the diagnostic utility of the plasma Abeta levels as biomarkers for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Le Bastard
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behavior, Reference Center for Biological Markers of Memory Disorders, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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