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Sacristán C, Rodríguez A, Iglesias I, de la Torre A. Campylobacter assessment along the Spanish food chain: Identification of key points. Zoonoses Public Health 2024. [PMID: 38982628 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Campylobacteriosis, caused by Campylobacter spp., is one of the most important foodborne zoonotic diseases in the world and a common cause of gastroenteritis. In the European Union, campylobacteriosis is considered the most common zoonotic disease, with over 10,000 cases in 2020 alone. This high occurrence highlights the need of more efficient surveillance methods and identification of key points. METHODS AND RESULTS Herein, we evaluated and identified key points of Campylobacter spp. occurrence along the Spanish food chain during 2015-2020, based on the following variables: product, stage and region. We analysed a dataset provided by the Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition using a machine learning algorithm (random forests). Campylobacter presence was influenced by the three selected explanatory variables, especially by product, followed by region and stage. Among the studied products, meat, especially poultry and sheep, presented the highest probability of occurrence of Campylobacter, where the bacterium was present in the initial, intermediate and final stages (e.g., wholesale, retail) of the food chain. The presence in final stages may represent direct consumer exposure to the bacteria. CONCLUSSIONS By using the random forest method, this study contributes to the identification of Campylobacter key points and the evaluation of control efforts in the Spanish food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sacristán
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, Spain
- Université Clermont Auververgne, INRAE, VetAgro Sup, UREP, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INRAE, URP3F, Lusignan, France
| | - Irene Iglesias
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, Spain
| | - Ana de la Torre
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), CSIC, Valdeolmos, Spain
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Flores Y, Chaves A, Suzán G. Prediction of edapho-climatic parameters in the incidence of Campylobacter spp. in northwestern Mexico. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2024; 4:e0002812. [PMID: 38662656 PMCID: PMC11045143 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0002812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is one of the main causes of enteric zoonotic infections worldwide. In Mexico, although a commonly detected pathogen in both children and adults, there is limited surveillance and few studies. The northern part of Mexico stands out for an unnoticed outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni due to contaminated drinking water, which caused an abrupt increase in Guillain-Barré syndrome in the local population. Although it is suggested that its distribution in nature is related to edaphic and climatic factors, this relationship is scarcely known. To understand abiotic factors driving the occurrence and prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in three municipalities from three states in northwestern Mexico (Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California), we used the kriging interpolation method of unsampled areas and the correspondence analysis of 23 environmental variables. Of the three municipalities evaluated, Janos in Chihuahua (CHIH), has the highest number of geographic areas classified as high and medium incidence, followed by Santa Cruz, Sonora (SON) and Mexicali, Baja California (BC). Mexicali (BC) edaphic variables limit the potential incidence of the bacterium, mainly due to the lack of soil moisture and its difficulty of surviving on dry surfaces, related to electrical conductivity and salinity. Janos (CHIH) presents limitations in terms of soil water availability, although its presence is more heterogeneous (2 to 8 months). Santa Cruz (SON) has the highest soil water availability (4 to 5 months), and presents pH, texture and low percentage of salinity conditions for the potential incidence of Campylobacter spp. Mexicali (BC) reports a temperature in the warmest month of up to 43°C, which could influence the presence of thermophilic species. The annual precipitation is another limiting factor for the potential incidence of Campylobacter spp. since it does not exceed 509.5 mm, contributing to Janos (CHIH) as the municipality with the highest potential incidence of this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasiri Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Andrea Chaves
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Gerardo Suzán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
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3
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Rama EN, Bailey M, Kumar S, Leone C, den Bakker H, Thippareddi H, Singh M. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter in Conventional and No Antibiotics Ever Broiler Farms. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100238. [PMID: 38331218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Campylobacter is a leading cause of enteric disease worldwide. No antibiotics ever (NAE) poultry has become increasingly popular, yet little is known about the incidence and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) of Campylobacter in this production system. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence, concentration, and AMR of Campylobacter in conventional (CV) and NAE-raised broilers. Two CV and two NAE commercial broiler flocks were included in this study. Cecum (n = 420) and ileum (n = 420) of chickens were collected at different stages during the broiler grow-out phase and following transportation to the processing plant. Samples of litter (n = 24), feed (n = 24), and water (n = 24) were also collected. Screening for Campylobacter was conducted using real-time PCR assay, and enumeration was performed by direct plating on Campy Cefex agar. Campylobacter isolates were confirmed by real-time PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated following the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) methods. Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) was used to identify AMR genes carried by the resistant isolates. Campylobacter prevalence reached 100% within the first 3 weeks of summer production under both NAE and CV rearing. A lower Campylobacter prevalence was detected in conventionally raised broilers during fall (P ≤ 0.05), yet no change in prevalence was observed in NAE birds (P > 0.05). Populations were high in the cecum, carrying an average of 6.6 Log10 CFU/g after transportation, and antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter was isolated from CV broilers during the fall. Three isolates (1.2%), identified as C. coli, carrying the gyrA and tet(O) genes, exhibited simultaneous resistance to ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, and nalidixic acid. Results from this study can help identify important shifts in gut microbial community dynamics and Campylobacter prevalence associated with antibiotic administration within commercial poultry operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Novoa Rama
- University of Georgia, Department of Food Science and Technology, 100 Cedar St, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Matthew Bailey
- Auburn University, Department of Poultry Science, 260 Lem Morrison Dr., Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- University of Georgia, Department of Poultry Science, 110 Cedar St, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Cortney Leone
- University of Georgia, Department of Food Science and Technology, 100 Cedar St, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Hendrik den Bakker
- University of Georgia, Department of Food Science and Technology, 100 Cedar St, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Manpreet Singh
- University of Georgia, Department of Food Science and Technology, 100 Cedar St, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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Lo Iacono G, Cook AJC, Derks G, Fleming LE, French N, Gillingham EL, Gonzalez Villeta LC, Heaviside C, La Ragione RM, Leonardi G, Sarran CE, Vardoulakis S, Senyah F, van Vliet AHM, Nichols G. A mathematical, classical stratification modeling approach to disentangling the impact of weather on infectious diseases: A case study using spatio-temporally disaggregated Campylobacter surveillance data for England and Wales. PLoS Comput Biol 2024; 20:e1011714. [PMID: 38236828 PMCID: PMC10796013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Disentangling the impact of the weather on transmission of infectious diseases is crucial for health protection, preparedness and prevention. Because weather factors are co-incidental and partly correlated, we have used geography to separate out the impact of individual weather parameters on other seasonal variables using campylobacteriosis as a case study. Campylobacter infections are found worldwide and are the most common bacterial food-borne disease in developed countries, where they exhibit consistent but country specific seasonality. We developed a novel conditional incidence method, based on classical stratification, exploiting the long term, high-resolution, linkage of approximately one-million campylobacteriosis cases over 20 years in England and Wales with local meteorological datasets from diagnostic laboratory locations. The predicted incidence of campylobacteriosis increased by 1 case per million people for every 5° (Celsius) increase in temperature within the range of 8°-15°. Limited association was observed outside that range. There were strong associations with day-length. Cases tended to increase with relative humidity in the region of 75-80%, while the associations with rainfall and wind-speed were weaker. The approach is able to examine multiple factors and model how complex trends arise, e.g. the consistent steep increase in campylobacteriosis in England and Wales in May-June and its spatial variability. This transparent and straightforward approach leads to accurate predictions without relying on regression models and/or postulating specific parameterisations. A key output of the analysis is a thoroughly phenomenological description of the incidence of the disease conditional on specific local weather factors. The study can be crucially important to infer the elusive mechanism of transmission of campylobacteriosis; for instance, by simulating the conditional incidence for a postulated mechanism and compare it with the phenomenological patterns as benchmark. The findings challenge the assumption, commonly made in statistical models, that the transformed mean rate of infection for diseases like campylobacteriosis is a mere additive and combination of the environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Lo Iacono
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Institute for Sustainability, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- People-Centred Artificial Intelligence Institute, University of Surrey, Guilford, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, University of Surrey, Guilford, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair J. C. Cook
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Gianne Derks
- Centre for Mathematical and Computational Biology, University of Surrey, Guilford, United Kingdom
- Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Lora E. Fleming
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel French
- New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Centre, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | | | - Laura C. Gonzalez Villeta
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Heaviside
- Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto M. La Ragione
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, University of Surrey, Guilford, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Leonardi
- UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, United Kingdom
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sotiris Vardoulakis
- Healthy Environments And Lives (HEAL) National Research Network, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Francis Senyah
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, United Kingdom
- Médicines Sans Frontièrs, London, United Kingdom
| | - Arnoud H. M. van Vliet
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Nichols
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- European Centre for Environment and Human Health, University of Exeter Medical School, Truro, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- UK Health Security Agency, Chilton, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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5
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Lindqvist R, Cha W, Dryselius R, Lahti E. The temporal pattern and relationship of Campylobacter prevalence in broiler slaughter batches and human campylobacteriosis cases in Sweden 2009–2019. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 378:109823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Greening SS, Zhang J, Midwinter AC, Wilkinson DA, Fayaz A, Williamson DA, Anderson MJ, Gates MC, French NP. Transmission dynamics of an antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter jejuni lineage in New Zealand's commercial poultry network. Epidemics 2021; 37:100521. [PMID: 34775297 DOI: 10.1016/j.epidem.2021.100521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relative contribution of different between-farm transmission pathways is essential in guiding recommendations for mitigating disease spread. This study investigated the association between contact pathways linking poultry farms in New Zealand and the genetic relatedness of antimicrobial resistant Campylobacter jejuni Sequence Type 6964 (ST-6964), with the aim of identifying the most likely contact pathways that contributed to its rapid spread across the industry. Whole-genome sequencing was performed on 167C. jejuni ST-6964 isolates sampled from across 30 New Zealand commercial poultry enterprises. The genetic relatedness between isolates was determined using whole genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST). Permutational multivariate analysis of variance and distance-based linear models were used to explore the strength of the relationship between pairwise genetic associations among the C. jejuni isolates and each of several pairwise distance matrices, indicating either the geographical distance between farms or the network distance of transportation vehicles. Overall, a significant association was found between the pairwise genetic relatedness of the C. jejuni isolates and the parent company, the road distance and the network distance of transporting feed vehicles. This result suggests that the transportation of feed within the commercial poultry industry as well as other local contacts between flocks, such as the movements of personnel, may have played a significant role in the spread of C. jejuni. However, further information on the historical contact patterns between farms is needed to fully characterise the risk of these pathways and to understand how they could be targeted to reduce the spread of C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina S Greening
- Epicentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
| | - Ji Zhang
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anne C Midwinter
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - David A Wilkinson
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Ahmed Fayaz
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Deborah A Williamson
- Microbiological Diagnostic Unit and Public Health Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marti J Anderson
- New Zealand Institute for Advanced Study, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - M Carolyn Gates
- Epicentre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nigel P French
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand; New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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7
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Semenza JC, Paz S. Climate change and infectious disease in Europe: Impact, projection and adaptation. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2021; 9:100230. [PMID: 34664039 PMCID: PMC8513157 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Europeans are not only exposed to direct effects from climate change, but also vulnerable to indirect effects from infectious disease, many of which are climate sensitive, which is of concern because of their epidemic potential. Climatic conditions have facilitated vector-borne disease outbreaks like chikungunya, dengue, and West Nile fever and have contributed to a geographic range expansion of tick vectors that transmit Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. Extreme precipitation events have caused waterborne outbreaks and longer summer seasons have contributed to increases in foodborne diseases. Under the Green Deal, The European Union aims to support climate change health policy, in order to be better prepared for the next health security threat, particularly in the aftermath of the traumatic COVID-19 experience. To bolster this policy process we discuss climate change-related hazards, exposures and vulnerabilities to infectious disease and describe observed impacts, projected risks, with policy entry points for adaptation to reduce these risks or avoid them altogether.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan C. Semenza
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shlomit Paz
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
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8
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Course CE, Boerlin P, Slavic D, Vaillancourt JP, Guerin MT. Factors associated with Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli during downtime in commercial broiler chicken barns in Ontario. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101065. [PMID: 33765489 PMCID: PMC8008170 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli are bacteria of concern to veterinary public health and poultry health. Our research aimed to determine the factors associated with S. enterica and E. coli in commercial broiler chicken barns during the rest period between flocks to identify the best methods of sanitation for bacterial load reduction. This involved collecting samples from September 2015 to July 2016 from the floors of 36 barns before sanitation (baseline) and at 2 time intervals after sanitation, followed by microbiological and molecular analysis. A priori variables of interest included sanitation procedure (dry cleaning, wet cleaning, disinfection), sampling point (baseline, 2 d after sanitation, 6 d after sanitation), and flooring type (concrete, wood). The odds of detecting S. enterica were higher on wooden floors that were wet-cleaned than on concrete floors that were dry-cleaned, lower in the winter and spring than in the fall, and lower when samples were collected 2 d and 6 d after sanitation than at baseline. For E. coli, the concentration was higher on wooden floors than on concrete floors and in the summer than in the fall, and it was lower in postsanitation samples from disinfected barns than in presanitation samples from dry-cleaned barns and in the winter than in the fall. Among E. coli isolates, factors associated with the presence of qacEΔ1, a gene associated with resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds, included sanitation procedure, flooring type, cycle length, and the number of times per yr the barn is disinfected. Our findings highlight the importance of cleaning after litter removal, although the sanitation procedure chosen might differ depending on which pathogen is present and causing disease issues; dry cleaning appears to be preferable for S. enterica control, especially in barns with wooden floors, whereas disinfection appears to be preferable for E. coli reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea E Course
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| | - Patrick Boerlin
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Durda Slavic
- Animal Health Laboratory, Laboratory Services Division, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1H 6R8
| | - Jean-Pierre Vaillancourt
- Département de Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada J2S 2M2
| | - Michele T Guerin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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9
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Williams MS, Ebel ED, Nyirabahizi E. Comparative history of Campylobacter contamination on chicken meat and campylobacteriosis cases in the United States: 1994-2018. Int J Food Microbiol 2021; 342:109075. [PMID: 33550153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In many countries campylobacteriosis ranks as one of the most frequently reported foodborne illnesses and poultry is the commodity that is most often associated with these illnesses. Nevertheless, efforts to reduce the occurrence of pathogen contamination on poultry are often more focused on Salmonella. While some control measures are pathogen specific, such as pre-harvest vaccination for Salmonella, improvements in sanitary dressing and interventions applied during the slaughter process can be effective against all forms of microbial contamination. To investigate the potential effectiveness of these non-specific pathogen reduction strategies in the United States, it is helpful to assess if, and by how much, Campylobacter contamination of chicken meat has changed across time. This study assesses change considering data collected in both slaughter and retail establishments and comparing observed trends in contamination with trends in human surveillance data. The results support the assertion that substantial reductions in Campylobacter contamination of chicken meat in the late 1990s and early 2000s contributed to a reduction in the human case rate of campylobacteriosis. Further reductions in chicken meat contamination between 2013 and 2018 are more difficult to associate with trends in human illnesses, with one contributing factor being the inclusion of culture independent diagnostic test results in the official case counts during that time. Other contributing factors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Williams
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA.
| | - Eric D Ebel
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
| | - Epiphanie Nyirabahizi
- National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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10
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Oberheim J, Höser C, Lüchters G, Kistemann T. Small-scaled association between ambient temperature and campylobacteriosis incidence in Germany. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17191. [PMID: 33057048 PMCID: PMC7560705 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73865-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is the leading bacterial cause of human diarrheal illness worldwide. Campylobacteriosis incidence exhibits seasonality and has been attributed to ambient temperature. However, the role of ambient temperature on campylobacteriosis remains poorly understood. To examine the impact of ambient temperature on local campylobacteriosis in Germany, weekly incidences on NUTS-3 level were analysed using a novel small-scaled approach, regression and time lags. Campylobacteriosis incidence correlated positively with temperatures between - 5 and 28 °C. The sigmoid regression model estimated an incidence increase of 0.52 per 5 °C temperature rise in the observation period. The weekly average of daily minimum temperature was most significant at a time lag of two weeks and showed the steepest incidence increase of 0.13 per 1 °C temperature increase in a temperature corridor of 5.1 to 12.2 °C. The impact of average minimum temperatures on campylobacteriosis incidence is crucial, likely to be indirect and especially relevant in the recent part of the infection chain. Vectors or human behaviour are presumably more directly linked with temperature than the pathogen's microbiology and should be examined. These variables outweigh the direct temperature-pathogen relationship when the whole chain of infection is considered. In the context of climate change, campylobacteriosis is likely to increase in Germany due to an increased temperature effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oberheim
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, GeoHealth Centre, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christoph Höser
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, GeoHealth Centre, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Guido Lüchters
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Genscherallee 3, 53113, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Kistemann
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital Bonn, GeoHealth Centre, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Lu T, Marmion M, Ferone M, Wall P, Scannell AGM. On farm interventions to minimise Campylobacter spp. contamination in chicken. Br Poult Sci 2020; 62:53-67. [PMID: 32835499 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1813253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
1. This review explores current and proposed on-farm interventions and assess the potential of these interventions against Campylobacter spp. 2. Interventions such as vaccination, feed/water-additives and, most importantly, consistent biosecurity, exhibit potential for the effective control of this pathogen and its dissemination within the food chain. 3. Due to the extensive diversity in the Campylobacter spp. genome and surface-expressed proteins, vaccination of poultry is not yet regarded as a completely effective strategy. 4. The acidification of drinking water through the addition of organic acids has been reported to decrease the risk of Campylobacter spp. colonisation in broiler flocks. Whilst this treatment alone will not completely protect birds, use of water acidification in combination with in-feed measures to further reduce the level of Campylobacter spp. colonisation in poultry may be an option meriting further exploration. 5. The use of varied types of feed supplements to reduce the intestinal population and shedding rate of Campylobacter spp. in poultry is an area of growing interest in the poultry industry. Such supplements include pro - and pre-biotics, organic acids, bacteriocins and bacteriophage, which may be added to feed and water. 6. From the literature, it is clear that a distinct, albeit not unexpected, difference between the performance of in-feed interventions exists when examined in vitro compared to those determined in in vivo studies. It is much more likely that pooling some of the discussed approaches in the in-feed tool kit will provide an answer. 7. Whilst on-farm biosecurity is essential to maintain a healthy flock and reduce disease transmission, even the most stringent biosecurity measures may not have sufficient, consistent and predictable effects in controlling Campylobacter spp. Furthermore, the combination of varied dietary approaches and improved biosecurity measures may synergistically improve control.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lu
- UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Marmion
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agricultural & Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Ferone
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agricultural & Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland
| | - P Wall
- UCD School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Institute of Food and Health O'Brien Science Centre South, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland
| | - A G M Scannell
- UCD Centre for Food Safety, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, Agricultural & Food Science Centre, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland.,UCD Institute of Food and Health O'Brien Science Centre South, University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Omitola OO, Taylor-Robinson AW. Emerging and re-emerging bacterial zoonoses in Nigeria: current preventive measures and future approaches to intervention. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04095. [PMID: 32510001 PMCID: PMC7262526 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A characteristic of bacterial zoonoses, diseases caused by bacteria that can be transmitted to humans from animals, is a propensity to re-emerge. Several studies demonstrate their ongoing transmission in Nigeria, the most populous country in Africa. However, as local epidemiological data on bacterial zoonoses are inadequate the extent and impact of these infectious diseases is under-reported. Consequently, they are not a targeted priority of national public health policies. This limited recognition is despite indications of their possible roles in the widespread prevalence of non-malarial undifferentiated fever in Nigeria. While a number of animal reservoirs and arthropod vectors have been identified in the transmission routes of these diseases, an escalation of cases of undiagnosed febrile illness highlights the urgent need for a comprehensive assessment of other potential reservoirs, vectors and transmission cycles that may increase the local risk of infection with bacterial zoonoses. Animal health interventions have been proposed as a cost-effective strategy. Here, we present a broad overview of bacterial zoonotic infections of humans in Nigeria in the context of evolving epidemiological patterns. Further, we propose that facilitating the operation of a community-based One Health program is essential to providing the comprehensive epidemiological information that is required to improve prioritization of bacterial zoonoses. This would provide a driver for much needed investment in relevant public health interventions in Africa's most populous country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaitan O. Omitola
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Andrew W. Taylor-Robinson
- Infectious Diseases Research Group, School of Health, Medical & Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Brisbane, Australia
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13
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Cousins M, Sargeant JM, Fisman DN, Greer AL. Identifying the environmental drivers of Campylobacter infection risk in southern Ontario, Canada using a One Health approachs. Zoonoses Public Health 2020; 67:516-524. [PMID: 32363811 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter bacteria infect both humans and animals. Sources of human exposure include contaminated food and water, contact with animals and/or their faeces, and contact with infected individuals. The objectives of this study were to: (a) identify environmental conditions associated with the occurrence of Campylobacter in humans in four regions of Ontario, and (b) identify pooled measures of effect across all four regions and potential sources of heterogeneity. METHODS To address objective 1, human Campylobacter cases from four health regions of Ontario, Canada were analysed using negative binomial regression and case cross-over analysis to identify relationships between environmental factors (temperature, precipitation and hydrology of the local watershed) and the risk of human infection. To address objective 2, meta-analytic models were used to explore pooled measures of effect and when appropriate, meta-regression models were used to explore potential sources of heterogeneity. RESULTS Human incidence exhibited strong seasonality with cases peaking in the late spring and summer. There was a decreasing yearly effect in three of the four health regions. A significant pooled effect was found for mean temperature after a 1-week lag (OR = 1.03, 95% CI 1.02, 1.04). No significant pooled effects were found for precipitation or water flow. However, increased precipitation was associated with lower odds of campylobacteriosis in Wellington and York regions at 2- and 3-week lags, respectively, from the case cross-over analysis. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that a climatic factor (specifically, mean temperature in the week prior) was associated with human case occurrence after a biologically plausible time period, but hydrologic factors are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Cousins
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Jan M Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - David N Fisman
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amy L Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada.,Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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14
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Phung C, Vezina B, Anwar A, Wilson T, Scott PC, Moore RJ, Van TTH. Campylobacter hepaticus, the Cause of Spotty Liver Disease in Chickens: Transmission and Routes of Infection. Front Vet Sci 2020; 6:505. [PMID: 32010715 PMCID: PMC6974796 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of Spotty Liver Disease (SLD) was investigated by assaying 1,840 samples collected from layer chickens and the environment in poultry farms across Australia for the presence of Campylobacter hepaticus, the agent responsible SLD in chickens. A C. hepaticus specific PCR and bacterial culture were used. Results showed that birds could be infected with C. hepaticus up to 8 weeks before clinical SLD was manifested. In addition, birds could be infected long before laying starts, as young as 12 weeks old, but the peak period for SLD outbreaks was when the birds were 26-27 weeks old. Campylobacter hepaticus DNA was detected in motile organisms such as wild birds and rats and so these organisms may be vectors for C. hepaticus dissemination. Moreover, water, soil, mites, flies, and dust samples from SLD infected farms were also found to be PCR-positive for C. hepaticus DNA. However, it still remains to be determined whether these environmental sources carry any viable C. hepaticus. The indications from this study are that environmental sources are a likely transmission source of C. hepaticus. Therefore, biosecurity practices need to be strictly followed to prevent the spread of SLD amongst and between flocks. Also, a rapid, molecular detection method such as PCR should be used as to monitor for C. hepaticus presence in flocks before clinical disease is apparent, and therefore inform the use of biosecurity and therapeutic measures to help prevent SLD outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canh Phung
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben Vezina
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Arif Anwar
- Scolexia Pty Ltd., Moonee Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Robert J Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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15
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Abstract
Two areas of research that have greatly increased in attention are: dipterans as vectors and the microbes they are capable of vectoring. Because it is the front-end of the fly that first encounters these microbes, this review focuses on the legs, mouthparts, and foregut, which includes the crop as major structures involved in dipteran vectoring ability. The legs and mouthparts are generally involved in mechanical transmission of microbes. However, the crop is involved in more than just mechanical transmission, for it is within the lumen of the crop that microbes are taken up with the meal of the fly, stored, and it is within the lumen that horizontal transmission of bacterial resistance has been demonstrated. In addition to storage of microbes, the crop is also involved in depositing the microbes via a process known as regurgitation. Various aspects of crop regulation are discussed and specific examples of crop involvement with microorganisms are discussed. The importance of biofilm and biofilm formation are presented, as well as, some physical parameters of the crop that might either facilitate or inhibit biofilm formation. Finally, there is a brief discussion of dipteran model systems for studying crop microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John G Stoffolano
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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16
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17
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18
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Lake IR, Colón-González FJ, Takkinen J, Rossi M, Sudre B, Dias JG, Tavoschi L, Joshi A, Semenza JC, Nichols G. Exploring Campylobacter seasonality across Europe using The European Surveillance System (TESSy), 2008 to 2016. Euro Surveill 2019; 24:1800028. [PMID: 30940318 PMCID: PMC6446507 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.13.180028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundCampylobacteriosis is the most commonly reported food-borne infection in the European Union, with an annual number of cases estimated at around 9 million. In many countries, campylobacteriosis has a striking seasonal peak during early/mid-summer. In the early 2000s, several publications reported on campylobacteriosis seasonality across Europe and associations with temperature and precipitation. Subsequently, many European countries have introduced new measures against this food-borne disease.AimTo examine how the seasonality of campylobacteriosis varied across Europe from 2008-16, to explore associations with temperature and precipitation, and to compare these results with previous studies. We also sought to assess the utility of the European Surveillance System TESSy for cross-European seasonal analysis of campylobacteriosis.MethodsWard's Minimum Variance Clustering was used to group countries with similar seasonal patterns of campylobacteriosis. A two-stage multivariate meta-analysis methodology was used to explore associations with temperature and precipitation.ResultsNordic countries had a pronounced seasonal campylobacteriosis peak in mid- to late summer (weeks 29-32), while most other European countries had a less pronounced peak earlier in the year. The United Kingdom, Ireland, Hungary and Slovakia had a slightly earlier peak (week 24). Campylobacteriosis cases were positively associated with temperature and, to a lesser degree, precipitation.ConclusionAcross Europe, the strength and timing of campylobacteriosis peaks have remained similar to those observed previously. In addition, TESSy is a useful resource for cross-European seasonal analysis of infectious diseases such as campylobacteriosis, but its utility depends upon each country's reporting infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- IR Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, UEA, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - J Takkinen
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Rossi
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B Sudre
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Gomes Dias
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L Tavoschi
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Joshi
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - JC Semenza
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Nichols
- School of Environmental Sciences, UEA, Norwich, United Kingdom,European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden,Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom,Centre for Infections, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom,University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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19
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Djennad A, Lo Iacono G, Sarran C, Lane C, Elson R, Höser C, Lake IR, Colón-González FJ, Kovats S, Semenza JC, Bailey TC, Kessel A, Fleming LE, Nichols GL. Seasonality and the effects of weather on Campylobacter infections. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:255. [PMID: 30866826 PMCID: PMC6417031 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3840-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacteriosis is a major public health concern. The weather factors that influence spatial and seasonal distributions are not fully understood. Methods To investigate the impacts of temperature and rainfall on Campylobacter infections in England and Wales, cases of Campylobacter were linked to local temperature and rainfall at laboratory postcodes in the 30 days before the specimen date. Methods for investigation included a comparative conditional incidence, wavelet, clustering, and time series analyses. Results The increase of Campylobacter infections in the late spring was significantly linked to temperature two weeks before, with an increase in conditional incidence of 0.175 cases per 100,000 per week for weeks 17 to 24; the relationship to temperature was not linear. Generalized structural time series model revealed that changes in temperature accounted for 33.3% of the expected cases of Campylobacteriosis, with an indication of the direction and relevant temperature range. Wavelet analysis showed a strong annual cycle with additional harmonics at four and six months. Cluster analysis showed three clusters of seasonality with geographic similarities representing metropolitan, rural, and other areas. Conclusions The association of Campylobacteriosis with temperature is likely to be indirect. High-resolution spatial temporal linkage of weather parameters and cases is important in improving weather associations with infectious diseases. The primary driver of Campylobacter incidence remains to be determined; other avenues, such as insect contamination of chicken flocks through poor biosecurity should be explored. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3840-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmajid Djennad
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Richard Elson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK.,NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Gastrointestinal Infections, London, UK
| | - Christoph Höser
- Institute for Hygiene and Public Health, GeoHealth Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Sari Kovats
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jan C Semenza
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Anthony Kessel
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Gordon L Nichols
- Statistics, Modelling and Economics Department, National Infection Service, Public Health England, 61, Colindale Avenue, London, NW9 5EQ, UK.,University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.,University of Thessaly, Larissa, Thessaly, Greece
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20
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Cousins M, Sargeant JM, Fisman D, Greer AL. Modelling the transmission dynamics of Campylobacter in Ontario, Canada, assuming house flies, Musca domestica, are a mechanical vector of disease transmission. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181394. [PMID: 30891269 PMCID: PMC6408420 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter's complicated dynamics and multiple transmission routes have made it difficult to describe using a mathematical framework. Vector-borne disease transmission has been proposed as a potential transmission route of Campylobacter with house flies acting as a mechanical vector. This study aimed to (i) determine if a basic SIR compartment model that included flies as a mechanical vector and incorporated a seasonally forced environment compartment could be used to capture the observed disease dynamics in Ontario, Canada, and (ii) use this model to determine potential changes to campylobacteriosis incidence using predicted changes to fly population size and fly activity under multiple climate change scenarios. The model was fit to 1 year of data and validated against 8 and 12 years of data. It accurately captured the observed incidence. We then explored changes in human disease incidence under multiple climate change scenarios. When fly activity levels were at a 25% increase, our model predicted a 28.15% increase in incidence by 2050 using the medium-low emissions scenario and 30.20% increase using the high emissions scenario. This model demonstrates that the dynamics of Campylobacter transmission can be captured by a model that assumes that the primary transmission of the pathogen occurs via insect vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Cousins
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan M. Sargeant
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Fisman
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy L. Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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A spatial and temporal analysis of risk factors associated with sporadic Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 infection in England between 2009 and 2015. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1928-1939. [PMID: 30205851 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881800256x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with STEC O157 is relatively rare but has potentially serious sequelae, particularly for children. Large outbreaks have prompted considerable efforts designed to reduce transmission primarily from food and direct animal contact. Despite these interventions, numbers of infections have remained constant for many years and the mechanisms leading to many sporadic infections remain unclear.Here, we show that two-thirds of all cases reported in England between 2009 and 2015 were sporadic. Crude rates of infection differed geographically and were highest in rural areas during the summer months. Living in rural areas with high densities of cattle, sheep or pigs and those served by private water supplies were associated with increased risk. Living in an area of lower deprivation contributed to increased risk but this appeared to be associated with reported travel abroad. Fresh water coverage and residential proximity to the coast were not risk factors.To reduce the overall burden of infection in England, interventions designed to reduce the number of sporadic infections with STEC should focus on the residents of rural areas with high densities of livestock and the effective management of non-municipal water supplies. The role of sheep as a reservoir and potential source of infection in humans should not be overlooked.
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22
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Khamesipour F, Lankarani KB, Honarvar B, Kwenti TE. A systematic review of human pathogens carried by the housefly (Musca domestica L.). BMC Public Health 2018; 18:1049. [PMID: 30134910 PMCID: PMC6104014 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5934-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The synanthropic house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae), is a mechanical vector of pathogens (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites), some of which cause serious diseases in humans and domestic animals. In the present study, a systematic review was done on the types and prevalence of human pathogens carried by the house fly. METHODS Major health-related electronic databases including PubMed, PubMed Central, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were searched (Last update 31/11/2017) for relevant literature on pathogens that have been isolated from the house fly. RESULTS Of the 1718 titles produced by bibliographic search, 99 were included in the review. Among the titles included, 69, 15, 3, 4, 1 and 7 described bacterial, fungi, bacteria+fungi, parasites, parasite+bacteria, and viral pathogens, respectively. Most of the house flies were captured in/around human habitation and animal farms. Pathogens were frequently isolated from body surfaces of the flies. Over 130 pathogens, predominantly bacteria (including some serious and life-threatening species) were identified from the house flies. Numerous publications also reported antimicrobial resistant bacteria and fungi isolated from house flies. CONCLUSIONS This review showed that house flies carry a large number of pathogens which can cause serious infections in humans and animals. More studies are needed to identify new pathogens carried by the house fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faham Khamesipour
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Kamran Bagheri Lankarani
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behnam Honarvar
- Health Policy Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health science, University of Buea, Buea, Southwest Region, Cameroon
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Carev M, Tonkić M, Boban N. A six-year epidemiological surveillance study in Split-Dalmatia County, Croatia: urban versus rural differences in human campylobacteriosis incidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:407-418. [PMID: 29869522 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1481497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Data from population-based laboratory surveillance were used to examine the epidemiological pattern of campylobacteriosis in a sentinel site, Split-Dalmatia County (SDC),Croatia, from 2007 to 2012, and to evaluate the association between disease incidence and demographic, geographical, climatic, agricultural, and microbiological factors. A total of 2658 laboratory-confirmed Campylobacter infections were recorded. Overall mean incidence was 96/100,000, ranging from 61/100,000 in rural to 131/100,000 in urban areas; rates were highest in the age group 0-4 years. Overall mean and age- and sex-specific incidences were significantly higher in urban versus rural areas (p < 0.01). The number of infections peaked in early summer, and was correlated with higher average monthly temperature (r = 0.58) and lower humidity (r = - 0.27), but not with precipitation. Incidence was not associated with agricultural activities. A distinct campylobacteriosis pattern with consistently higher urban versus rural incidence was observed, which may help formulate further preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merica Carev
- a Department of Clinical Microbiology , Public Health Institute of Split-Dalmatia County , Split , Croatia
- b Department of Microbiology , University of Split School of Medicine , Split , Croatia
| | - Marija Tonkić
- b Department of Microbiology , University of Split School of Medicine , Split , Croatia
- c Department of Clinical Microbiology , University Hospital Centre Split , Split , Crotia
| | - Nataša Boban
- d Department of Clinical Epidemiology , University Hospital Centre Split , Split , Croatia
- e Department of Public Health , University of Split School of Medicine , Split , Croatia
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Beyond Climate Change and Health: Integrating Broader Environmental Change and Natural Environments for Public Health Protection and Promotion in the UK. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9070245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly, the potential short and long-term impacts of climate change on human health and wellbeing are being demonstrated. However, other environmental change factors, particularly relating to the natural environment, need to be taken into account to understand the totality of these interactions and impacts. This paper provides an overview of ongoing research in the Health Protection Research Unit (HPRU) on Environmental Change and Health, particularly around the positive and negative effects of the natural environment on human health and well-being and primarily within a UK context. In addition to exploring the potential increasing risks to human health from water-borne and vector-borne diseases and from exposure to aeroallergens such as pollen, this paper also demonstrates the potential opportunities and co-benefits to human physical and mental health from interacting with the natural environment. The involvement of a Health and Environment Public Engagement (HEPE) group as a public forum of “critical friends” has proven useful for prioritising and exploring some of this research; such public involvement is essential to minimise public health risks and maximise the benefits which are identified from this research into environmental change and human health. Research gaps are identified and recommendations made for future research into the risks, benefits and potential opportunities of climate and other environmental change on human and planetary health.
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Weather correlates of Campylobacter prevalence in broilers at slaughter under tropical conditions in Sri Lanka. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:972-979. [PMID: 29655394 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the primary agent of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In contrast to temperate zones, weather effects on Campylobacter prevalence in broilers under tropical conditions are under-researched. We examined the association between weather and Campylobacter prevalence in slaughtered broilers in Sri Lanka, a tropical country with weather variations led by monsoons. Each month (October 2009-July 2011), 20-30 broiler batches referring to two semi-automated slaughterhouses from five Sri Lankan provinces were tested for Campylobacter contamination and analysed in relation to temperature, humidity and rainfall. Overall prevalence was 63.8% (95% CI 59.6-67.9%, n = 542), peaking in September-November. Each 1 °C increase in monthly mean temperature up to 26 °C increased Campylobacter-positive batches by 16.4% (95% CI 0.4-35.1%). For each 10 mm increase in monthly total rainfall up to 300 mm, Campylobacter-positive batches increased significantly by 0.8% (0.1-1.5%) at 1-month lag. For each 1% increase in relative humidity up to 80% at 1- and 2-month lags, Campylobacter-positive batches increased of respectively 4.2% (1.9-6.7%) and 4.0% (1.5-6.5), and decreased by 3.6% (2.6-4.6%) and 4.0% (2.6-5.4%) for unit increases above 80%. These results suggest that even in tropical countries without marked seasons, there are weather effects possibly reflecting Campylobacter potential to colonise its preferred host and/or survive in the environment.
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Gölz G, Kittler S, Malakauskas M, Alter T. Survival of Campylobacter in the Food Chain and the Environment. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40588-018-0092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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DAVID JM, POLLARI F, PINTAR KDM, NESBITT A, BUTLER AJ, RAVEL A. Do contamination of and exposure to chicken meat and water drive the temporal dynamics of Campylobacter cases? Epidemiol Infect 2017; 145:3191-3203. [PMID: 29022517 PMCID: PMC9148771 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268817002199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis, the most frequent bacterial enteric disease, shows a clear yet unexplained seasonality. The study purpose was to explore the influence of seasonal fluctuation in the contamination of and in the behaviour exposures to two important sources of Campylobacter on the seasonality of campylobacteriosis. Time series analyses were applied to data collected through an integrated surveillance system in Canada in 2005-2010. Data included sporadic, domestically-acquired cases of Campylobacter jejuni infection, contamination of retail chicken meat and of surface water by C. jejuni, and exposure to each source through barbequing and swimming in natural waters. Seasonal patterns were evident for all variables with a peak in summer for human cases and for both exposures, in fall for chicken meat contamination, and in late fall for water contamination. Time series analyses showed that the observed campylobacteriosis summer peak could only be significantly linked to behaviour exposures rather than sources contamination (swimming rather than water contamination and barbequing rather than chicken meat contamination). The results indicate that the observed summer increase in human cases may be more the result of amplification through more frequent risky exposures rather than the result of an increase of the Campylobacter source contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. M. DAVID
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
- Anses, Ploufragan-Plouzané Laboratory, Ploufragan, France
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique et Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - F. POLLARI
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - K. D. M. PINTAR
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. NESBITT
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. J. BUTLER
- Centre for Food-borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A. RAVEL
- Groupe de recherche en épidémiologie des zoonoses et santé publique et Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Hudson JA, Frewer LJ, Jones G, Brereton PA, Whittingham MJ, Stewart G. The agri-food chain and antimicrobial resistance: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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29
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Gill C, Bahrndorff S, Lowenberger C. Campylobacter jejuni in Musca domestica: An examination of survival and transmission potential in light of the innate immune responses of the house flies. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:584-598. [PMID: 27134186 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The house fly, Musca domestica, has been implicated as a vector of Campylobacter spp., a major cause of human disease. Little is known whether house flies serve as biological amplifying hosts or mechanical vectors for Campylobacter jejuni. We investigated the period after C. jejuni had been ingested by house flies in which viable C. jejuni colonies could be isolated from whole bodies, the vomitus and the excreta of adult M. domestica and evaluated the activation of innate immune responses of house flies to ingested C. jejuni over time. C. jejuni could be cultured from infected houseflies soon after ingestion but no countable C. jejuni colonies were observed > 24 h postingestion. We detected viable C. jejuni in house fly vomitus and excreta up to 4 h after ingestion, but no viable bacteria were detected ≥ 8 h. Suppression subtractive hybridization identified pathogen-induced gene expression in the intestinal tracts of adult house flies 4-24 h after ingesting C. jejuni. We measured the expression of immune regulatory (thor, JNK, and spheroide) and effector (cecropin, diptericin, attacin, defensing, and lysozyme) genes in C. jejuni-infected and -uninfected house flies using quantitative real time PCR. Some house fly factor, or combination of factors, eliminates C. jejuni within 24 h postingestion. Because C. jejuni is not amplified within the body of the housefly, this insect likely serves as a mechanical vector rather than as a true biological, amplifying vector for C. jejuni, and adds to our understanding of insect-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson Gill
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Simon Bahrndorff
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, BC, Canada
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Jones NR, Millman C, van der Es M, Hukelova M, Forbes KJ, Glover C, Haldenby S, Hunter PR, Jackson K, O'Brien SJ, Rigby D, Strachan NJC, Williams N, Lake IR. Novel Sampling Method for Assessing Human-Pathogen Interactions in the Natural Environment Using Boot Socks and Citizen Scientists, with Application to Campylobacter Seasonality. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:e00162-17. [PMID: 28500040 PMCID: PMC5494624 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00162-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper introduces a novel method for sampling pathogens in natural environments. It uses fabric boot socks worn over walkers' shoes to allow the collection of composite samples over large areas. Wide-area sampling is better suited to studies focusing on human exposure to pathogens (e.g., recreational walking). This sampling method is implemented using a citizen science approach: groups of three walkers wearing boot socks undertook one of six routes, 40 times over 16 months in the North West (NW) and East Anglian (EA) regions of England. To validate this methodology, we report the successful implementation of this citizen science approach, the observation that Campylobacter bacteria were detected on 47% of boot socks, and the observation that multiple boot socks from individual walks produced consistent results. The findings indicate higher Campylobacter levels in the livestock-dominated NW than in EA (55.8% versus 38.6%). Seasonal differences in the presence of Campylobacter bacteria were found between the regions, with indications of winter peaks in both regions but a spring peak in the NW. The presence of Campylobacter bacteria on boot socks was negatively associated with ambient temperature (P = 0.011) and positively associated with precipitation (P < 0.001), results consistent with our understanding of Campylobacter survival and the probability of material adhering to boot socks. Campylobacter jejuni was the predominant species found; Campylobacter coli was largely restricted to the livestock-dominated NW. Source attribution analysis indicated that the potential source of C. jejuni was predominantly sheep in the NW and wild birds in EA but did not differ between peak and nonpeak periods of human incidence.IMPORTANCE There is debate in the literature on the pathways through which pathogens are transferred from the environment to humans. We report on the success of a novel method for sampling human-pathogen interactions using boot socks and citizen science techniques, which enable us to sample human-pathogen interactions that may occur through visits to natural environments. This contrasts with traditional environmental sampling, which is based on spot sampling techniques and does not sample human-pathogen interactions. Our methods are of practical value to scientists trying to understand the transmission of pathogens from the environment to people. Our findings provide insight into the risk of Campylobacter exposure from recreational visits and an understanding of seasonal differences in risk and the factors behind these patterns. We highlight the Campylobacter species predominantly encountered and the potential sources of C. jejuni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia R Jones
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Millman
- Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mike van der Es
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Miroslava Hukelova
- Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ken J Forbes
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine Glover
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Haldenby
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R Hunter
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn Jackson
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J O'Brien
- Institute of Psychology, Health & Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Rigby
- Department of Economics, School of Social Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Norval J C Strachan
- School of Natural and Computing Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Williams
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Iain R Lake
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Jones AK, Cross P, Burton M, Millman C, O’Brien SJ, Rigby D. Estimating the prevalence of food risk increasing behaviours in UK kitchens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175816. [PMID: 28658250 PMCID: PMC5489142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne disease poses a serious threat to public health. In the UK, half a million cases are linked to known pathogens and more than half of all outbreaks are associated with catering establishments. The UK Food Standards Agency (FSA) has initiated the UK Food Hygiene Rating Scheme in which commercial food establishments are inspected and scored with the results made public. In this study we investigate the prevalence of food risk increasing behaviours among chefs, catering students and the public. Given the incentive for respondents to misreport when asked about illegal or illicit behaviours we employed a Randomised Response Technique designed to elicit more accurate prevalence rates of such behaviours. We found 14% of the public not always hand-washing immediately after handling raw meat, poultry or fish; 32% of chefs and catering students had worked within 48 hours of suffering from diarrhoea or vomiting. 22% of the public admitted having served meat "on the turn" and 33% of chefs and catering students admitted working in kitchens where such meat was served; 12% of the public and 16% of chefs and catering students admitted having served chicken at a barbeque when not totally sure it was fully cooked. Chefs in fine-dining establishment were less likely to wash their hands after handling meat and fish and those who worked in award winning restaurants were more likely to have returned to work within 48 hours of suffering from diarrhoea and vomiting. We found no correlation between the price of a meal in an establishment, nor its Food Hygiene Rating Score, and the likelihood of any of the food malpractices occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Cross
- Bangor University, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Dan Rigby
- University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Facciolà A, Riso R, Avventuroso E, Visalli G, Delia S, Laganà P. Campylobacter: from microbiology to prevention. JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE AND HYGIENE 2017; 58:E79-E92. [PMID: 28900347 PMCID: PMC5584092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
In last years, Campylobacter spp has become one of the most important foodborne pathogens even in high-income countries. Particularly, in Europe, Campylobacteriosis is, since 2005, the foodborne disease most frequently notified and the second in USA, preceded by the infection due to Salmonella spp. Campylobacter spp is a commensal microorganism of the gastrointestinal tract of many wild animals (birds such as ducks and gulls), farm animals (cattle and pigs) and companion animals (such as dogs and cats) and it is responsible for zoonoses. The transmission occurs via the fecal-oral route through ingestion of contaminated food and water. The disease varied from a watery diarrhea to a severe inflammatory diarrhea with abdominal pain and fever and can be burdened by some complications. The main recognized sequelae are Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), the Reactive Arthritis (REA) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Recently, many cases of Campylobacter spp isolated from human infections, showed an important resistance to various antibiotics such as tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. For these reasons, the prevention of this infection plays an essential role. Many preventive measures exist to limit the transmission of the pathogens and the subsequent disease such as the health surveillance, the vaccination of the poultry and the correct food hygiene throughout the entire production chain. A global surveillance of Campylobacteriosis is desirable and should include data from all countries, including notifications of cases and the microbiological data typing of strains isolated from both human and animal cases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - P. Laganà
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Italy
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Casey E, Fitzgerald E, Lucey B. Towards understanding clinical campylobacter infection and its transmission: time for a different approach? Br J Biomed Sci 2017; 74:53-64. [PMID: 28367739 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2017.1291205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are among the most commonly diagnosed causes of human infection. Methods for detection of the 29 campylobacter species have mainly focused on cultivation of the thermophilic species. More than 99% of clinical campylobacter isolates notified in the UK in the recent past have been from faecal samples and associated with gastroenteritis. Campylobacter enteritis notifications in temperate zones show a seasonal increase during the summer months with a sharp decrease in the winter months, a pattern which remains incompletely understood. The striking seasonality in the expression of many human genes, some concerned with inflammation and immunity, suggests a need for further study of the host regarding the temporal distribution of many human infections, including campylobacteriosis. A tendency for campylobacter to enter a non-cultivable state under adverse conditions effects a reduction in the number of isolations. A Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)-based screening approach for the presence of the Campylobacter genus and followed by speciation has provided some insight into the limitations of cultivation for campylobacter, also allowing the discovery of new species. The increased sensitivity of the PCR-based approach over culture-based methods may make it difficult for the laboratory to differentiate asymptomatic campylobacter carriage from clinical campylobacter infection in non-sterile body sites. Campylobacter infection depends on a combination of host factors, and on acquisition of a suitably virulent strain with a tropism for human epithelium. The possibility of persistence of campylobacter in a viable but non-culturable latent form in the human body may also require further investigation. The scope of this review includes a discussion of current methods for diagnosing acute campylobacter infection and for detecting campylobacter in water and foodstuffs. The review also questions the prevailing view that poultry is the most common source of campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Casey
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Cork Institute of Technology , Bishopstown , Ireland
| | - E Fitzgerald
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Cork Institute of Technology , Bishopstown , Ireland
| | - B Lucey
- a Department of Biological Sciences , Cork Institute of Technology , Bishopstown , Ireland
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Parvez SM, Kwong L, Rahman MJ, Ercumen A, Pickering AJ, Ghosh PK, Rahman MZ, Das KK, Luby SP, Unicomb L. Escherichia coli contamination of child complementary foods and association with domestic hygiene in rural Bangladesh. Trop Med Int Health 2017; 22:547-557. [PMID: 28164415 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency and concentration of Escherichia coli in child complementary food and its association with domestic hygiene practices in rural Bangladesh. METHOD A total of 608 households with children <2 years were enrolled. We collected stored complementary food samples, performed spot checks on domestic hygiene and measured ambient temperature in the food storage area. Food samples were analysed using the IDEXX most probable number (MPN) method with Colilert-18 media to enumerate E. coli. We calculated adjusted prevalence ratios (APR) to assess the relationship between E. coli and domestic hygiene practices using modified Poisson regression, adjusting for clustering and confounders. RESULT Fifty-eight percentage of stored complementary food was contaminated with E. coli, and high levels of contamination (≥100 MPN/dry g food) were found in 12% of samples. High levels of food contamination were more prevalent in compounds where the food was stored uncovered (APR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.2-3.2), transferred from the storage pot to the serving dish using hands (APR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.3-3.2) or stored for >4 h (APR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.5, 4.2), in compounds where water was unavailable in the food preparation area (APR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.6, 4.2), where ≥1 fly was captured in the food preparation area (APR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.0, 2.6), or where the ambient temperature was high (>25-40 °C) in the food storage area (APR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.5, 4.4). CONCLUSION Interventions to keep stored food covered and ensure water availability in the food preparation area would be expected to reduce faecal contamination of complementary foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarker Masud Parvez
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Musarrat Jabeen Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ayse Ercumen
- University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Probir K Ghosh
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Zahidur Rahman
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kishor Kumar Das
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Leanne Unicomb
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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35
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Stein R, Chirilã M. Routes of Transmission in the Food Chain. FOODBORNE DISEASES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7148622 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385007-2.00003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than 250 different foodborne diseases have been described to date, annually affecting about one-third of the world's population. The incidence of foodborne diseases has been underreported and underestimated, and the asymptomatic presentation of some of the illnesses, worldwide heterogeneities in reporting, and the alternative transmission routes of certain pathogens are among the factors that contribute to this. Globalization, centralization of the food supply, transportation of food products progressively farther from their places of origin, and the multitude of steps where contamination may occur have made it increasingly challenging to investigate foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. Certain foodborne pathogens may be transmitted directly from animals to humans, while others are transmitted through vectors, such as insects, or through food handlers, contaminated food products or food-processing surfaces, or transfer from sponges, cloths, or utensils. Additionally, the airborne route may contribute to the transmission of certain foodborne pathogens. Complicating epidemiological investigations, multiple transmission routes have been described for some foodborne pathogens. Two types of transmission barriers, primary and secondary, have been described for foodborne pathogens, each of them providing opportunities for preventing and controlling outbreaks. Primary barriers, the most effective sites of prophylactic intervention, prevent pathogen entry into the environment, while secondary barriers prevent the multiplication and dissemination of pathogens that have already entered the environment. Understanding pathogen dynamics, monitoring transmission, and implementing preventive measures are complicated by the phenomenon of superspreading, which refers to the concept that, at the level of populations, a minority of hosts is responsible for the majority of transmission events.
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36
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Whiley H, McLean R, Ross K. Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Lizard Faeces from Central Australia Using Quantitative PCR. Pathogens 2016; 6:E1. [PMID: 28025556 PMCID: PMC5371889 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, Campylobacter is a significant cause of gastrointestinal illness. It is predominately considered a foodborne pathogen, with human exposure via non-food transmission routes generally overlooked. Current literature has been exploring environmental reservoirs of campylobacteriosis including potential wildlife reservoirs. Given the close proximity between lizards and human habitats in Central Australia, this study examined the presence of Campylobacter jejuni from lizard faeces collected from this region. Of the 51 samples collected, 17 (33%) (this included 14/46 (30%) wild and 3/5 (60%) captive lizard samples) were positive for C. jejuni using quantitative PCR (qPCR). This was the first study to investigate the presence of C. jejuni in Australian lizards. This has public health implications regarding the risk of campylobacteriosis from handling of pet reptiles and through cross-contamination or contact with wild lizard faeces. Additionally this has implication for horizontal transmission via lizards of C. jejuni to food production farms. Further research is needed on this environmental reservoir and potential transmission routes to reduce the risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Whiley
- Health and the Environment, School of the Environment, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Ryan McLean
- Health and the Environment, School of the Environment, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Kirstin Ross
- Health and the Environment, School of the Environment, Flinders University, GPO BOX 2100, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
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37
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Factors associated with increasing campylobacteriosis incidence in Michigan, 2004-2013. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 144:3316-3325. [PMID: 27488877 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881600159x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to examine the incidence trend of campylobacteriosis in Michigan over a 10-year period and to investigate risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with infection. Campylobacter case data from 2004 to 2013 was obtained from the Michigan Disease Surveillance System. We conducted statistical and spatial analyses to examine trends and identify factors linked to campylobacteriosis as well as ecological associations using animal density data from the National Agricultural Statistics Service. An increasing trend of Campylobacter incidence and hospitalization was observed, which was linked to specific age groups and rural residence. Cases reporting ruminant contact and well water as the primary drinking source had a higher risk of campylobacteriosis, while higher cattle density was associated with an increased risk at the county level. Additional studies are needed to identify age-specific risk factors and examine prevalence and transmission dynamics in ruminants and the environment to aid in the development of more effective preventive strategies.
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38
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Bassal R, Lerner L, Valinsky L, Agmon V, Peled N, Block C, Keller N, Keness Y, Taran D, Shainberg B, Ken-Dror S, Treygerman O, Rouach T, Lowenthal S, Shohat T, Cohen D. Trends in the Epidemiology of Campylobacteriosis in Israel (1999–2012). Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:448-55. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ravit Bassal
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Larisa Lerner
- Central Campylobacter Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lea Valinsky
- Central Campylobacter Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Vered Agmon
- Central Campylobacter Laboratory, Public Health Services, Ministry of Health, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nehama Peled
- Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | | | - Nati Keller
- Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Diana Taran
- Central Laboratory, Maccabi Health Services, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Tsvi Rouach
- Central Laboratory, Meuhedet Health Services, Lod, Israel
| | | | - Tamar Shohat
- Israel Center for Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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39
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Evers EG, Blaak H, Hamidjaja RA, de Jonge R, Schets FM. A QMRA for the Transmission of ESBL-Producing Escherichia coli and Campylobacter from Poultry Farms to Humans Through Flies. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2016; 36:215-227. [PMID: 26077680 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The public health significance of transmission of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Campylobacter from poultry farms to humans through flies was investigated using a worst-case risk model. Human exposure was modeled by the fraction of contaminated flies, the number of specific bacteria per fly, the number of flies leaving the poultry farm, and the number of positive poultry houses in the Netherlands. Simplified risk calculations for transmission through consumption of chicken fillet were used for comparison, in terms of the number of human exposures, the total human exposure, and, for Campylobacter only, the number of human cases of illness. Comparing estimates of the worst-case risk of transmission through flies with estimates of the real risk of chicken fillet consumption, the number of human exposures to ESBL-producing E. coli was higher for chicken fillet as compared with flies, but the total level of exposure was higher for flies. For Campylobacter, risk values were nearly consistently higher for transmission through flies than for chicken fillet consumption. This indicates that the public health risk of transmission of both ESBL-producing E. coli and Campylobacter to humans through flies might be of importance. It justifies further modeling of transmission through flies for which additional data (fly emigration, human exposure) are required. Similar analyses of other environmental transmission routes from poultry farms are suggested to precede further investigations into flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Evers
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hetty Blaak
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Raditijo A Hamidjaja
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rob de Jonge
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Franciska M Schets
- Centre for Zoonoses and Environmental Microbiology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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40
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Ommi D, Hemmatinezhad B, Hafshejani TT, Khamesipour F. Incidence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter and Salmonella from Houseflies (Musca Domestica) in Kitchens, Farms, Hospitals and Slaughter Houses. PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, INDIA SECTION B: BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40011-016-0705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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41
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Ozawa M, Hiki M, Kawanishi M, Abo H, Kojima A, Asai T, Hamamoto S. Molecular Typing of Fluoroquinolone-ResistantCampylobacter jejuniIsolated from Broilers in Japan Using Multilocus Sequence Typing and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2016; 13:1-7. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2015.1975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manao Ozawa
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mototaka Hiki
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michiko Kawanishi
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Abo
- Department of Research and Development, Tempstaff Co., Ltd., Tachikawa Branch Office, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akemi Kojima
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Asai
- Department of Applied Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hamamoto
- National Veterinary Assay Laboratory, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Tokyo, Japan
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Stewart LD, Elliott CT. The impact of climate change on existing and emerging microbial threats across the food chain: An island of Ireland perspective††This paper is one of a series of reviews on “Climate Change and Food Safety – an Island of Ireland perspective”. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Campylobacter from broilers slaughtered in Poland. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 210:24-32. [PMID: 26092707 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, the relationship of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains isolated at slaughter was investigated using comparative analysis of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), virulence gene (VG) and PFGE profiling. A total of 254 Campylobacter isolates from poultry caeca and corresponding carcasses, including 139 C. jejuni and 115 C. coli strains were tested. The most prevalent resistance profiles observed in C. jejuni were ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and tetracycline (46 out of 139, 33.1% isolates) as well as ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline and streptomycin among C. coli strains (34 out of 115, 29.6%). Multi-resistance was found more frequently among C. coli than C. jejuni (P<0.05). The presence of 11 virulence genes exhibited 19 different VG profiles in Campylobacter isolates tested. All Campylobacter strains were classified into 154 different PFGE types. Among them, 56 profiles (28 C. jejuni and 28 C. coli) were common for at least two isolates including 9 clusters covering from 4 to 9 strains. Campylobacter composite types generated by a combination of 154 PFGE types, 10 AMR profiles and 19 VG patterns divided 178 distinct types with 95% similarity. The majority of the composite profiles (76 for C. jejuni and 58 for C. coli; 75.3% in total) included only one bacterial isolate. Furthermore, 11 pairs of C. jejuni and 12 pairs of C. coli from caeca and the corresponding carcasses isolated from the same places possessed the identical PFGE, AMR and VG patterns. This study demonstrated that C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from poultry in Poland showed to have a high genetic diversity and a weak clonal population structure. However, the composite analysis revealed a strong evidence for cross-contamination of chicken carcasses during the slaughter process. Additionally, our results confirm that Campylobacter may easily contaminate poultry carcasses at slaughter process and spread around country. More than half of Campylobacter strains tested (50.4%) were resistant to at least two classes of antimicrobials, i.e. quinolones and tetracyclines, which may cause a public health risk.
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Williams MS, Golden NJ, Ebel ED, Crarey ET, Tate HP. Temporal patterns of Campylobacter contamination on chicken and their relationship to campylobacteriosis cases in the United States. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 208:114-21. [PMID: 26065728 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The proportion of Campylobacter contaminated food and water samples collected by different surveillance systems often exhibit seasonal patterns. In addition, the incidence of foodborne campylobacteriosis also tends to exhibit strong seasonal patterns. Of the various product classes, the occurrence of Campylobacter contamination can be high on raw poultry products, and chicken is often thought to be one of the leading food vehicles for campylobacteriosis. Two different federal agencies in the United States collected samples of raw chicken products and tested them for the presence of Campylobacter. During the same time period, a consortium of federal and state agencies operated a nationwide surveillance system to monitor cases of campylobacteriosis in the United States. This study uses a common modeling approach to estimate trends and seasonal patterns in both the proportion of raw chicken product samples that test positive for Campylobacter and cases of campylobacteriosis. The results generally support the hypothesis of a weak seasonal increase in the proportion of Campylobacter positive chicken samples in the summer months, though the number of Campylobacter on test-positive samples is slightly lower during this time period. In contrast, campylobacteriosis cases exhibit a strong seasonal pattern that generally precedes increases in contaminated raw chicken. These results suggest that while contaminated chicken products may be responsible for a substantial number of campylobacteriosis cases, they are most likely not the primary driver of the seasonal pattern in human illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Williams
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States.
| | - Neal J Golden
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - Eric D Ebel
- Risk Assessment and Analytics Staff, Office of Public Health Science, Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building D, Fort Collins, CO 80526, United States
| | - Emily T Crarey
- National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
| | - Heather P Tate
- National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System, Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food & Drug Administration, 8401 Muirkirk Road, Laurel, MD 20708, United States
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Robyn J, Rasschaert G, Pasmans F, Heyndrickx M. Thermotolerant Campylobacter during Broiler Rearing: Risk Factors and Intervention. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 14:81-105. [PMID: 33401809 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Thermotolerant Campylobacters are one of the most important bacterial causative agents of human gastrointestinal illness worldwide. In most European Union (EU) member states human campylobacteriosis is mainly caused by infection with Campylobacter jejuni or Campylobacter coli following consumption or inadequate handling of Campylobacter-contaminated poultry meat. To date, no effective strategy to control Campylobacter colonization of broilers during rearing is available. In this review, we describe the public health problem posed by Campylobacter presence in broilers and list and critically review all currently known measures that have been researched to lower the numbers of Campylobacter bacteria in broilers during rearing. We also discuss the most promising measures and which measures should be investigated further. We end this review by elaborating on readily usable measures to lower Campylobacter introduction and Campylobacter numbers in a broiler flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Robyn
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium
| | - Geertrui Rasschaert
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- the Dept. of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Marc Heyndrickx
- the Inst. for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, Belgium.,the Dept. of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent Univ, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Gölz G, Rosner B, Hofreuter D, Josenhans C, Kreienbrock L, Löwenstein A, Schielke A, Stark K, Suerbaum S, Wieler LH, Alter T. Relevance of Campylobacter to public health--the need for a One Health approach. Int J Med Microbiol 2014; 304:817-23. [PMID: 25266744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species belong to the most important foodborne bacteria which cause gastroenteritis in humans in both developed and developing countries. With increasing reporting rates, the public awareness towards Campylobacter infections is growing continuously. This strengthens the necessity to establish intervention measures for prevention and control of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. along the food chain, as in particular poultry and poultry meat represent a major source of human infections. An interdisciplinary One Health approach and a combined effort of all stakeholders are necessary to ultimately reduce the burden of campylobacteriosis cases in humans. Numerous studies point out, however, that at present a complete elimination of Campylobacter in the food chain is not feasible. The present aim should therefore be to establish control measures and intervention strategies to minimize the occurrence of Campylobacter spp. in livestock (e.g. poultry flocks) and to reduce the quantitative Campylobacter burden in animals and foods. To this end, a combination of intervention methods at different stages of the food chain appears most promising. That has to be accompanied by targeted consumer advice and education campaigns to raise the awareness towards Campylobacter infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Gölz
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Rosner
- Robert Koch-Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Hofreuter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Christine Josenhans
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lothar Kreienbrock
- Department of Biometry, Epidemiology and Information Processing, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training in Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hanover, Germany
| | - Anna Löwenstein
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Schielke
- Robert Koch-Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Stark
- Robert Koch-Institute, Department for Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Suerbaum
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Lothar H Wieler
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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O'Donovan D, Corcoran GD, Lucey B, Sleator RD. Campylobacter ureolyticus: a portrait of the pathogen. Virulence 2014; 5:498-506. [PMID: 24717836 PMCID: PMC4063811 DOI: 10.4161/viru.28776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we provide a brief overview of the emerging bacterial pathogen Campylobacter ureolyticus. We describe the identification of the pathogen by molecular as opposed to classical culture based diagnostics and discuss candidate reservoirs of infection. We also review the available genomic data, outlining some of the major virulence factors, and discuss how these mechanisms likely contribute to pathogenesis of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan O'Donovan
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard D Corcoran
- Department of Diagnostic Microbiology; Cork University Hospital; Wilton, Cork, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences; Cork Institute of Technology; Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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Bahrndorff S, Gill C, Lowenberger C, Skovgård H, Hald B. The effects of temperature and innate immunity on transmission of Campylobacter jejuni (Campylobacterales: Campylobacteraceae) between life stages of Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:670-677. [PMID: 24897861 DOI: 10.1603/me13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The house fly (Musca domestica L.) is a well-established vector of human pathogens, including Campylobacter spp., which can cause infection of broiler chicken flocks, and through contaminated broiler meat can cause outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in humans. We investigated whether Campylobacter jejuni (Jones) could be transferred between life stages of M. domestica (larvae-pupae-adults) and determined bacterial counts of C. jejuni at different time points after bacterial exposure. C. jejuni was transmitted from infected larvae to pupae, but not to the adult stage. Infected larvae maintained at 25 degrees C had mean bacterial numbers of 6.5 +/- 0.2 SE log10 (colony forming units [CFU]/g) that subsequently dropped to 3.6 +/- 0.3 SE log10 (CFU/g) 8 h after infection. Pupae originating from infected larvae contained mean bacterial numbers of 5.3 +/- 0.1 SE log10 (CFU/g), and these numbers dropped to 4.8 +/- 0.1 SE log10 (CFU/g) 24 h after pupation. The decline in C. jejuni numbers during pupal development coincided with increased expression of antimicrobial peptides, including cecropin, diptericin, attacin, and defensin, in the larva-pupa transition stage and a later second peak in older pupae (4 or 48 h). Conversely, there was a reduced expression of the digestive enzyme, lysozyme, in pupae and adults compared with larvae.
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49
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CampylobacterSpecies. Food Microbiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1128/9781555818463.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Whiley H, van den Akker B, Giglio S, Bentham R. The role of environmental reservoirs in human campylobacteriosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:5886-907. [PMID: 24217177 PMCID: PMC3863877 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10115886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is infection caused by the bacteria Campylobacter spp. and is considered a major public health concern. Campylobacter spp. have been identified as one of the most common causative agents of bacterial gastroenteritis. They are typically considered a foodborne pathogen and have been shown to colonise the intestinal mucosa of all food-producing animals. Much emphasis has been placed on controlling the foodborne pathway of exposure, particularly within the poultry industry, however, other environmental sources have been identified as important contributors to human infection. This paper aims to review the current literature on the sources of human exposure to Campylobacter spp. and will cover contaminated poultry, red meat, unpasteurised milk, unwashed fruit and vegetables, compost, wild bird faeces, sewage, surface water, ground water and drinking water. A comparison of current Campylobacter spp. identification methods from environmental samples is also presented. The review of literature suggests that there are multiple and diverse sources for Campylobacter infection. Many environmental sources result in direct human exposure but also in contamination of the food processing industry. This review provides useful information for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Whiley
- Environmental Health, School of the Environment, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Ben van den Akker
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Steven Giglio
- Healthscope Pathology, South Australia, 1 Goodwood Rd., Wayville 5034, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Richard Bentham
- Environmental Health, School of the Environment, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
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