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Zhang Z, Zhang X, Meng P, Feng K, Gong J, Yang Z, Yang T, Xu X, Zheng W, Li P. Molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Orf viruses from goats in Jiangxi province, China. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1389185. [PMID: 38903681 PMCID: PMC11188777 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1389185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Orf is a zoonosis caused by the Orf virus (ORFV), which is endemic in goats, sheep, and wild ruminants worldwide. Orf infection is prevalent in China, with outbreaks reported in several provinces. Currently, there is limited information available regarding the characterization of ORFV strains in Jiangxi province. This study investigated an acute outbreak of Orf that occurred in 2021 in a goat herd in the Jiangxi province of China. Clinical signs in this case included lesions on the lips, nose, and inside the mouth. The presence of ORFV was confirmed from tissue samples by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The nucleotide sequences of the B2L and F1L genes were fully sequenced and used to construct phylogenetic trees. The results of this investigation identified the ORFV JXxy2021 as the cause of the outbreak. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ORFV strain JXxy2021 had the highest similarity to the ORFV strains GO and FJ-SL from the neighboring province of Fujian. This suggests that JXxy2021 was likely transmitted from Fujian province. The results have provided valuable information on the genetic characteristics of JXxy2021 and the endemic situations of Orf in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Ping Meng
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kang Feng
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinxiang Gong
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Ecological Animal Science and Environmental Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Taotao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingli Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wenya Zheng
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- College of Life Sciences and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi, China
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Mungmunpuntipantip R, Wiwanitkit V. Orf, a Human Parapoxvirus Infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:171-181. [PMID: 38801578 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Despite being common worldwide, parapoxvirus infections are regarded as neglected zoonoses because their incidence is either unknown or grossly overestimated. In ruminants all throughout the world, parapoxvirus produces oral lesions and infectious pustular dermatitis. The pathogen is typically spread directly via items contaminated with parapoxvirus and indirectly via a near contact with dermatological lesions that contain the virus on affected animals. Animals infected with the parapoxvirus typically exhibit no clinical symptoms, and the mode of parapoxvirus transmission is occasionally unclear. For accurate etiological diagnosis and appropriate therapy of patients affected by zoonotic infections, the significance of adopting a "One Health" approach and cross-sector collaboration between human and veterinary medicine should be emphasized. The causative pathogen of ecthyma contagiosum in general people is the orf virus, which mostly infects various animals, either pets or wildlife species. The illness primarily affects minute wild ruminants, sheep, cattle, deer, and goats, and it can spread to people through contact with infected animals or contaminated meats anywhere in the world. Taxonomically speaking, the virus belongs to the parapoxvirus genus. Thus pathogen can be detected from crusts for a very long period (several months to several years), and the virus is found to be resistant to inactivation with a hot or dry atmosphere. In immunocompetent individuals, the lesions often go away on their own with a period as long 2 months. Nevertheless, it necessitates the applying of diverse strategies, such as antiviral, immunological modulator, or modest surgical excisions in immunosuppressed patients. The interaction of the virus with various host populations aids in the development of a defense mechanism against the immune system. The parapoxvirus illness in humans is covered in this chapter. The orf illness, a significant known human parapoxvirus infection, is given specific attention.
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Passive Disease Surveillance of Alpine Chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) in Slovenia between 2000 and 2020. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091119. [PMID: 35565546 PMCID: PMC9100901 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Wildlife disease surveillance can be considered an essential tool for providing important information about the health status of the population and for protecting human health. Between 2000 and 2020, 284 chamois carcasses from the entire home range of the species in Slovenia were examined using comprehensive necropsy and other laboratory tests. The results indicate a wide range of chamois diseases, but none of the identified diseases can be considered a significant health threat to other wildlife species and/or to humans. Abstract In this paper, we provide an overview of the causes of death of Alpine chamois (Rupicapra r. rupicapra) diagnosed in the national passive health surveillance of chamois in Slovenia. From 2000 to 2020, 284 free-ranging chamois provided by hunters were necropsied at the Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. Depending on the results of complete necropsy, histopathological, bacteriological, parasitological, and virological examinations, a descriptive data analysis was performed. The most common causes of death in chamois were infectious diseases (82.2%), followed by non-infectious diseases (11.8%). Of all the causes of death, parasitic infections accounted for 70.3%, trauma for 9.7%, and bacterial infections for 9.3% of all cases. Less common diseases were viral infections, neoplasms, winter starvation, and metabolic disorders.
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Morales-Castilla I, Pappalardo P, Farrell MJ, Aguirre AA, Huang S, Gehman ALM, Dallas T, Gravel D, Davies TJ. Forecasting parasite sharing under climate change. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200360. [PMID: 34538143 PMCID: PMC8450630 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Species are shifting their distributions in response to climate change. This geographic reshuffling may result in novel co-occurrences among species, which could lead to unseen biotic interactions, including the exchange of parasites between previously isolated hosts. Identifying potential new host-parasite interactions would improve forecasting of disease emergence and inform proactive disease surveillance. However, accurate predictions of future cross-species disease transmission have been hampered by the lack of a generalized approach and data availability. Here, we propose a framework to predict novel host-parasite interactions based on a combination of niche modelling of future host distributions and parasite sharing models. Using the North American ungulates as a proof of concept, we show this approach has high cross-validation accuracy in over 85% of modelled parasites and find that more than 34% of the host-parasite associations forecasted by our models have already been recorded in the literature. We discuss potential sources of uncertainty and bias that may affect our results and similar forecasting approaches, and propose pathways to generate increasingly accurate predictions. Our results indicate that forecasting parasite sharing in response to shifts in host geographic distributions allow for the identification of regions and taxa most susceptible to emergent pathogens under climate change. This article is part of the theme issue 'Infectious disease macroecology: parasite diversity and dynamics across the globe'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Morales-Castilla
- Universidad de Alcalá, GloCEE - Global Change Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Pappalardo
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Maxwell J. Farrell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A. Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030-4400, USA
| | - Shan Huang
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, Frankfurt (Main) 60325, Germany
| | - Alyssa-Lois M. Gehman
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Canada
- Hakai Institute, end of Kwakshua Channel, Calvert Island, Canada
| | - Tad Dallas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70806, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. de l'Université, Sherbroke, Canada J1K2R1
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Departments of Botany and Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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The Patterns and Causes of Dermatitis in Terrestrial and Semi-Aquatic Mammalian Wildlife. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061691. [PMID: 34204062 PMCID: PMC8228222 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Causative disease and stress agents which manifest as dermatitis in mammals have varying effects on individual animals, from benign irritation and inflammation, to causing morbidity and even mortality. Bacteria, viruses and ectoparasites are all potential causes of dermatitis, and it can be exacerbated by various environmental, genetic and social factors. Furthermore, it is uncertain whether dermatitis is more likely to manifest in already-vulnerable wildlife species. Here, we systematically review the literature for reports of dermatitis in terrestrial and semi-aquatic wild mammalian species, with the goal of determining the biogeographical scale of dermatitis reports, the causes of dermatitis, and whether manifestation of dermatitis is reported more commonly in certain wildlife species or their captivity status (i.e., free-living, in captivity or in a laboratory). We reveal biases in the reporting of dermatitis by a biogeographic realm, with 55% of cases reported in the Nearctic, and towards particular orders of mammals, namely Artiodactyla and Carnivora. Overall, free-living wildlife is almost twice as likely to be reported as having dermatitis than individuals in captivity and six times more likely than individuals in laboratories, which we interpret as owing to exposure to a broader spectrum of parasites in free-ranging individuals, and potential reporting bias in captive individuals. Notably, dermatitis was reported in 23 threatened species, with some species more likely than others to be reported exhibiting clinical signs of dermatitis resulting from underlying health problems. We also find that threatened species are more likely to be reported as having dermatitis in captivity, particularly outside of their endemic home range. This review highlights diverse patterns of dermatological disease causes in captive and free-ranging wildlife, conditions under which they are more likely to be documented, and the need for cross-disciplinary research to ascertain (and so better manage) the varied causes.
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Abstract
Contagious ecthyma (CE) is an infectious disease of small ruminants caused by a parapoxvirus of family Poxviridae subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. The disease is obviously distinguished by an establishment of scabby lesions and ulcerative formation on less hairy areas including muzzle, ears, nostril, and sometimes on genitalia. The disease is endemic in sheep and goats. The virus is transmissible to other ruminants and is a public health concern in humans. Although the disease is known as self-limiting, it may cause a significant economic threat and financial losses due to lower productivity in livestock production. Information with regard to the risk of the disease and epidemiology in most parts of the world is underreported. This paper aims to provide relevant information about the epidemiology of CE in selected regions of Europe, South America, North America, Asia, Africa, and Australia. An in-depth comprehension of virus infection, diagnoses, and management of the disease will enable farmers, researchers, veterinarians, abattoir workers, health personnel, and border controllers to improve their measures, skills, and effectiveness toward disease prevention and control, toward reducing unnecessary economic loss among farmers. A herd health program for significant improvement in management and productivity of livestock demands a well planned extension program that ought to encourage farmers to equip themselves with adequate skills for animal healthcare.
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Shivanna V, Cino-Ozuna AG, Heskett C, Marthaler DG, Ganta C. Pseudocowpox virus infection in an American bison (Bison bison). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:241. [PMID: 32660468 PMCID: PMC7359452 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present report describes a case of pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) infection in a seven-year-old female bison euthanized due to a history of declining condition and sores on the vulva and udder. Case presentation External examination revealed multifocal, raised, keratinized plaques (0.5–2 cm) covering the skin of the ventral surface of the tail, perineum, caudoventral abdomen, udder, both inguinal recesses, and the medial aspects of both thighs. No significant gross lesions were present in the reminder of the tissues examined. Histopathological examination of the affected skin showed moderate epidermal hyperplasia with rete pegs, marked parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with crusts of degenerate neutrophils and cell debris, and few epithelial cells undergoing ballooning degeneration with occasional eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (3–5 μm Bollinger body). Negative staining electron microscopy from skin revealed typical Parapoxvirus (PPV) particles, which were also confirmed by real-time PCR (Ct =18.6). Metagenomic analysis of the skin samples revealed only poxviruses. The bison parapox B2L envelope gene clustered with other parapox sequences identified from ruminants. Conclusions This is the first report of PCPV virus infection in an American bison. Identification of novel susceptible hosts of parapox viruses sheds light on the viral evolution and highlights the importance of potential economic impact of this disease to the bison industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Shivanna
- Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - A Giselle Cino-Ozuna
- Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Cody Heskett
- Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Douglas G Marthaler
- Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Charan Ganta
- Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA.
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Gallina L, Savini F, Casà G, Bertoletti I, Bianchi A, Gibelli LR, Lelli D, Lavazza A, Scagliarini A. Epitheliotropic Infections in Wildlife Ruminants From the Central Alps and Stelvio National Park. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:229. [PMID: 32426384 PMCID: PMC7203578 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mountain chain of the Alps, represents the habitat of alpine fauna where the red deer (Cervus elaphus) population is the outmost numerous, followed by the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) and the alpine ibex (Capra ibex) at higher altitudes. Previous reports showed the circulation of epitheliotropic viruses, belonging to the families Papillomaviridae and Poxviridae, causing skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants of the Stelvio National Park, situated in the area. To deepen our knowledge on the natural dynamics of the infections, a passive surveillance on all the cases of proliferative skin and mucosal lesions in wild ruminants was performed. Twenty-seven samples (11 chamois, 10 red deer and 6 ibex) collected from 2008 to 2018 were analyzed by negative staining electron microscopy, histology, and PCR followed by genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. Results confirmed the spread of Parapoxvirus of Red Deer in New Zealand (PVNZ) in Italy, and its ability to cause severe lesions i.e., erosions and ulcers in the mouth. We showed for the first time a PVNZ/CePV1v (C. elaphus papillomavirus 1 variant) co-infection identified in one red deer. This result supports previous evidence on the ability of papillomavirus and parapoxvirus to mutually infect the same host tissue. Interestingly two ibex and one chamois showing orf virus (OV) skin lesions were shown to be co-infected with bovine papillomavirus type 1 and 2. The presence of bovine papillomavirus, in orf virus induced lesions of chamois and ibex raises the question of its pathogenetic role in these animal species. For the first time, OV/CePV1v co-infection was demonstrated in another chamois. CePV1v is sporadically reported in red deer throughout Europe and is considered species specific, its identification in a chamois suggests its ability of cross-infecting different animal species. Poxviruses and papillomavirus have been simultaneously detected also in the skin lesions of cattle, bird and human suggesting a possible advantageous interaction between these viruses. Taken together, our findings add further information on the epidemiology and pathogenetic role of epitheliotropic viruses in wild ruminants living in the central Alps and in Stelvio National Park.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gallina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Savini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Casà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche Veterinarie, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Irene Bertoletti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bianchi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lucia Rita Gibelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Scagliarini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica Diagnostica e Sperimentale, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Sharif S, Ueda N, Nakatani Y, Wise LM, Clifton S, Lateef Z, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. Chemokine-Binding Proteins Encoded by Parapoxvirus of Red Deer of New Zealand Display Evidence of Gene Duplication and Divergence of Ligand Specificity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1421. [PMID: 31293551 PMCID: PMC6603201 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Parapoxvirus of red deer in New Zealand (PVNZ) is a species of the Parapoxvirus genus that causes pustular dermatitis. We identified a cluster of genes in PVNZ that encode three unique chemokine-binding proteins (CBPs) namely ORF112.0, ORF112.3 and ORF112.6. Chemokines are a large family of molecules that direct cell trafficking to sites of inflammation and through lymphatic organs. The PVNZ-CBPs were analyzed by surface plasmon resonance against a broad spectrum of CXC, CC, XC and CX3C chemokines and were found to differ in their specificity and binding affinity. ORF112.0 interacted with chemokines from the CXC, CC and XC classes of chemokines with nM affinities. The ORF112.3 showed a preference for CXC chemokines, while ORF112.6 showed pM affinity binding for CC chemokines. Structural modeling analysis showed alterations in the chemokine binding sites of the CBPs, although the core structure containing two ß-sheets and three α-helices being conserved with the other parapoxvirus CBPs. Chemotaxis assays using neutrophils and monocytes revealed inhibitory impact of the CBPs on cell migration. Our results suggest that the PVNZ-CBPs are likely to have evolved through a process of gene duplication and divergence, and may have a role in suppressing inflammation and the anti-viral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen B. Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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10
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Vila AR, Briceño C, McAloose D, Seimon TA, Armién AG, Mauldin EA, Be NA, Thissen JB, Hinojosa A, Quezada M, Paredes J, Avendaño I, Silva A, Uhart MM. Putative parapoxvirus-associated foot disease in the endangered huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) in Bernardo O'Higgins National Park, Chile. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213667. [PMID: 30995215 PMCID: PMC6469779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus) is an endangered cervid endemic to southern Argentina and Chile. Here we report foot lesions in 24 huemul from Bernardo O’Higgins National Park, Chile, between 2005 and 2010. Affected deer displayed variably severe clinical signs, including lameness and soft tissue swelling of the limbs proximal to the hoof or in the interdigital space, ulceration of the swollen tissues, and some developed severe proliferative tissue changes that caused various types of abnormal wear, entrapment, and/or displacement of the hooves and/or dewclaws. Animals showed signs of intense pain and reduced mobility followed by loss of body condition and recumbency, which often preceded death. The disease affected both genders and all age categories. Morbidity and mortality reached 80% and 40%, respectively. Diagnostics were restricted to a limited number of cases from which samples were available. Histology revealed severe papillomatous epidermal hyperplasia and superficial dermatitis. Electron microscopy identified viral particles consistent with viruses in the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily. The presence of parapoxvirus DNA was confirmed by a pan-poxvirus PCR assay, showing high identity (98%) with bovine papular stomatitis virus and pseudocowpoxvirus. This is the first report of foot disease in huemul deer in Chile, putatively attributed to poxvirus. Given the high morbidity and mortality observed, this virus might pose a considerable conservation threat to huemul deer in Chilean Patagonia. Moreover, this report highlights a need for improved monitoring of huemul populations and synergistic, rapid response efforts to adequately address disease events that threaten the species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristóbal Briceño
- ConserLab, Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Denise McAloose
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Tracie A. Seimon
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Zoological Health Program, Bronx, NY, United States of America
| | - Anibal G. Armién
- Ultrastructural Pathology Unit, Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Mauldin
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Nicholas A. Be
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - James B. Thissen
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, United States of America
| | - Ana Hinojosa
- Departamento de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, Corporación Nacional Forestal, Chillán, Chile
| | - Manuel Quezada
- Departamento de Patología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Chillán, Chile
| | - José Paredes
- Departamento de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, Corporación Nacional Forestal, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Iván Avendaño
- Departamento de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, Corporación Nacional Forestal, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Alejandra Silva
- Departamento de Áreas Silvestres Protegidas, Corporación Nacional Forestal, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Marcela M. Uhart
- One Health Institute, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Cripps JK, Pacioni C, Scroggie MP, Woolnough AP, Ramsey DSL. Introduced deer and their potential role in disease transmission to livestock in Australia. Mamm Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/mam.12142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jemma K. Cripps
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Heidelberg Vic. 3084 Australia
- School of BioSciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Carlo Pacioni
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Heidelberg Vic. 3084 Australia
- School of BioSciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Michael P. Scroggie
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Heidelberg Vic. 3084 Australia
- School of BioSciences; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. 3010 Australia
| | - Andrew P. Woolnough
- Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources; 475 Mickleham Road Attwood Vic. 3049 Australia
| | - David S. L. Ramsey
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning; Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Heidelberg Vic. 3084 Australia
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12
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Sayler KA, Subramaniam K, Jacob JM, Loeb JC, Craft WF, Farina LL, Stacy NI, Moussatche N, Cook L, Lednicky JA, Wisely SM, Waltzek TB. Characterization of mule deerpox virus in Florida white-tailed deer fawns expands the known host and geographic range of this emerging pathogen. Arch Virol 2018; 164:51-61. [PMID: 30238163 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-3991-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Infections caused by mule deerpox virus (MDPV) have been sporadically reported in North American cervids. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawns from a farm located in South Central Florida presented with ulcerative and crusting lesions on the coronary band as well as the mucocutaneous tissues of the head. Evaluation of the crusted skin lesions was undertaken using microscopic pathology and molecular techniques. A crusted skin sample was processed for virus isolation in four mammalian cell lines. The resulting isolate was characterized by negative staining electron microscopy and deep sequencing. Histopathologic evaluation of the skin lesions from the fawns revealed a hyperplastic and proliferative epidermis with ballooning degeneration of epidermal and follicular keratinocytes with intracytoplasmic eosinophilic inclusions. Electron microscopy of cell culture supernatant demonstrated numerous large brick-shaped particles typical of most poxviruses. Polymerase chain reaction assays followed by Sanger sequencing revealed a poxvirus gene sequence nearly identical to that of previous strains of MDPV. The full genome was recovered by deep sequencing and genetic analyses supported the Florida white-tailed deer isolate (MDPV-F) as a strain of MDPV. Herein, we report the first genome sequence of MDPV from a farmed white-tailed deer fawn in the South Central Florida, expanding the number of locations and geographic range in which MDPV has been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Sayler
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kuttichantran Subramaniam
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Bldg 1379, Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jessica M Jacob
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Bldg 1379, Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Julia C Loeb
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - William F Craft
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lisa L Farina
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nicole I Stacy
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nissin Moussatche
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Laurie Cook
- BDRL Whitetail Paradise Farm, Okeechobee, FL, USA
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samantha M Wisely
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Thomas B Waltzek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Bldg 1379, Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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13
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Tryland M, Beckmen KB, Burek-Huntington KA, Breines EM, Klein J. Orf virus infection in Alaskan mountain goats, Dall's sheep, muskoxen, caribou and Sitka black-tailed deer. Acta Vet Scand 2018; 60:12. [PMID: 29467004 PMCID: PMC5822636 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-018-0366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The zoonotic Orf virus (ORFV; genus Parapoxvirus, Poxviridae family) occurs worldwide and is transmitted between sheep and goats, wildlife and man. Archived tissue samples from 16 Alaskan wildlife cases, representing mountain goat (Oreamnos americanus, n = 8), Dall’s sheep (Ovis dalli dalli, n = 3), muskox (Ovibos moschatus, n = 3), Sitka black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis, n = 1) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti, n = 1), were analyzed. Results Clinical signs and pathology were most severe in mountain goats, affecting most mucocutaneous regions, including palpebrae, nares, lips, anus, prepuce or vulva, as well as coronary bands. The proliferative masses were solid and nodular, covered by dark friable crusts. For Dall’s sheep lambs and juveniles, the gross lesions were similar to those of mountain goats, but not as extensive. The muskoxen displayed ulcerative lesions on the legs. The caribou had two ulcerative lesions on the upper lip, as well as lesions on the distal part of the legs, around the main and dew claws. A large hairless spherical mass, with the characteristics of a fibroma, was sampled from a Sitka black-tailed deer, which did not show proliferative lesions typical of an ORFV infection. Polymerase chain reaction analyses for B2L, GIF, vIL-10 and ATI demonstrated ORFV specific DNA in all cases. Sequences from Dall’s sheep formed a separate cluster, comparable to ORFV from domestic sheep. Sequences from the other species were different from the Dall’s sheep sequences, but almost identical to each other. Conclusions This is the first major investigation of parapoxvirus infections in large Alaskan game species, and the first report of parapoxvirus infection in caribou and Sitka black-tailed deer. This study shows that most of the wild ruminant species in Alaska and from most parts of Alaska, can carry and be affected by ORFV. These findings call for attention to transmission of ORFV from wildlife to livestock and to hunters, subsistence harvesters, and wildlife biologists. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13028-018-0366-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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14
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Kurosaki Y, Okada S, Nakamae S, Yasuda J. A loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid and sensitive detection of bovine papular stomatitis virus. J Virol Methods 2016; 238:42-47. [PMID: 27751948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) causes pustular cutaneous disease in cattle worldwide. This paper describes the development of a specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to detect BPSV which did not cross-react with other parapoxviruses. To assess analytical sensitivity of this LAMP assay, DNA was extracted from serially diluted BPSV from which the infectious titer was determined by a novel assay based on calf kidney epithelial cells. The LAMP assay had equivalent analytical sensitivity to quantitative PCR, and could detect as few as 86 copies of viral DNA per reaction. These results suggest that the assay is a specific and sensitive technique to rapidly diagnose bovine papular stomatitis in domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Kurosaki
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Okada
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Sayuri Nakamae
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
| | - Jiro Yasuda
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Program for Nurturing Global Leaders in Tropical and Emerging Communicable Diseases, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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15
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Khalafalla AI, El-Sabagh IM, Al-Busada KA, Al-Mubarak AI, Ali YH. Phylogenetic analysis of eight sudanese camel contagious ecthyma viruses based on B2L gene sequence. Virol J 2015; 12:124. [PMID: 26260127 PMCID: PMC4578853 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0348-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) is an important viral disease of camelids caused by a poxvirus of the genus parapoxvirus (PPV) of the family Poxviridae. The disease has been reported in west and east of the Sudan causing economical losses. However, the PPVs that cause the disease in camels of the Sudan have not yet subjected to genetic characterization. At present, the PPV that cause CCE cannot be properly classified because only few isolates that have been genetically analyzed. METHODS AND RESULTS PCR was used to amplify the B2L gene of the PPV directly from clinical specimens collected from dromedary camels affected with contagious ecthyma in the Sudan between 1993 and 2013. PCR products were sequenced and subjected to genetic analysis. The results provided evidence for close relationships and genetic variation of the camel PPV (CPPV) represented by the circulation of both Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) and Orf virus (ORFV) strains among dromedary camels in the Sudan. Based on the B2L gene sequence the available CPPV isolates can be divided into two genetic clades or lineages; the Asian lineage represented by isolates from Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and India and the African lineage comprising isolates from the Sudan. CONCLUSION The camel parapoxvirus is genetically diverse involving predominantly viruses close to PCPV in addition to ORFVs, and can be divided into two genetically distant lineages. Based on sequences of the B2L gene it is not possible to suggest that the viruses that cause CCE form a monophylogenetic group or species within the PPV phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelmalik I Khalafalla
- Camel Research Center, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 32, Shambat, Sudan.
| | - Ibrahim M El-Sabagh
- Central Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Virology, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Khalid A Al-Busada
- Department of Biochemistry, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah I Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Resources, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yahia H Ali
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P. O. Box 8067, Al Amarat, Khartoum, Sudan.
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16
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Friederichs S, Krebs S, Blum H, Lang H, Büttner M. Parapoxvirus (PPV) of red deer reveals subclinical infection and confirms a unique species. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1446-1462. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Lang
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleißheim, Germany
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17
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Lederman E, Khan SU, Luby S, Zhao H, Braden Z, Gao J, Karem K, Damon I, Reynolds M, Li Y. Zoonotic parapoxviruses detected in symptomatic cattle in Bangladesh. BMC Res Notes 2014; 7:816. [PMID: 25410770 PMCID: PMC4246640 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-7-816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Application of molecular diagnostic methods to the determination of etiology in suspected poxvirus-associated infections of bovines is important both for the diagnosis of the individual case and to form a more complete understanding of patterns of strain occurrence and spread. The objective of this study was to identify and characterize bovine-associated zoonotic poxviruses in Bangladesh which are relevant to animal and human health. Findings Investigators from the International Center Diarrhoeal Disease Research (icddr,b), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the Bangladesh Department of Livestock Services traveled to three districts in Bangladesh—Siranjganj, Rangpur and Bhola–to collect diagnostic specimens from dairy cattle and buffalo that had symptoms consistent with poxvirus-associated infections. Bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) DNA was obtained from lesion material (teat) and an oral swab collected from an adult cow and calf (respectively) from a dairy production farm in Siranjganj. Pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) DNA signatures were obtained from a scab and oral swab collected from a second dairy cow and her calf from Rangpur. Conclusions We report the first detection of zoonotic poxviruses from Bangladesh and show phylogenetic comparisons between the Bangladesh viruses and reference strains based on analyses of the B2L and J6R loci (vaccinia orthologs). Understanding the range and diversity of different species and strains of parapoxvirus will help to spotlight unusual patterns of occurrence that could signal events of significance to the agricultural and public health sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yu Li
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, USA.
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18
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Friederichs S, Krebs S, Blum H, Wolf E, Lang H, von Buttlar H, Büttner M. Comparative and retrospective molecular analysis of Parapoxvirus (PPV) isolates. Virus Res 2013; 181:11-21. [PMID: 24373950 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Species members of the genus Parapoxvirus (PPV) within the family Poxviridae cause contagious pustular dermatitis in small ruminants (Orf virus, ORFV) and mostly mild localized inflammation in cattle (bovine papular stomatitis virus, BPSV and pseudocowpox virus, PCPV). All PPVs are known to be zoonotic, leading to circumscribed skin lesions in humans, historically known as milker's nodules. Human PPV isolates are often ill defined concerning their allocation to an animal origin. Here we present a comparative molecular analysis of a unique collection of 21 historic and recent human and animal PPV cell culture isolates (and two PPV DNA samples). Cell culture PPV propagation was restricted to primary ruminant fibroblasts and was strictly kept at low passages to avoid genomic changes by in vitro influences. For molecular arrangement of the isolate DNAs and their attribution to established PPV species DNA fragments of the PPVs were generated by two different discriminating PCR protocols, targeting the major part of the open reading frame (ORF) 011 (B2L gene) and the complete ORF 032. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic analysis of both genes resulted in affiliation to the known PPV species. The sequences from the ORF 032 allowed discrimination of the isolate DNAs at a higher resolution. Human PPV isolates could be clearly assigned to the PPV species belonging to the reported or assumed animal host of transmission. For the first time, a whole PPV genome sequence comparison of a human biopsy derived virus (B029) and its ovine counterpart (B015) originating from a defined Orf outbreak in Germany is provided, revealing their well conserved relationship. Thus human PPVs can be molecularly retraced to the PPV species indicating the animal of transmission. After transmission to the human host, molecular conservation of the animal's virus peculiarities indicative for a PPV species became evident.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Centre, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Heike Lang
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Institute of Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Universität Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 11, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
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19
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Zhao H, Wilkins K, Damon IK, Li Y. Specific qPCR assays for the detection of orf virus, pseudocowpox virus and bovine papular stomatitis virus. J Virol Methods 2013; 194:229-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Roess AA, McCollum AM, Gruszynski K, Zhao H, Davidson W, Lafon N, Engelmeyer T, Moyer B, Godfrey C, Kilpatrick H, Labonte A, Murphy J, Carroll DS, Li Y, Damon IK. Surveillance of parapoxvirus among ruminants in Virginia and Connecticut. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 60:543-8. [PMID: 23398718 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In 2008, two deer hunters in Virginia and Connecticut were infected with a unique strain of pseudocowpox virus, a parapoxvirus. To estimate the prevalence of this virus, and in an attempt to define the reservoir, Parapoxvirus surveillance was undertaken between November 2009 and January 2010. 125 samples from four ruminant species (cows, goat, sheep and white-tailed deer) were collected in Virginia, and nine samples from white-tailed deer were collected in Connecticut. We found no evidence that the parapoxvirus species that infected the deer hunters is circulating among domesticated ruminants or white-tailed deer. However, parapoxvirus DNA of a different parapoxvirus species, bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV), was detected in 31 samples obtained from asymptomatic cattle in Virginia. Parapoxvirus DNA-positive cattle originated from the same counties indicating probable transmission among animals. Molecular analysis identified BPSV as the parapoxvirus affecting animals. Asymptomatic parapoxvirus infections in livestock, particularly young animals, may be common, and further investigation will inform our knowledge of virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Roess
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, USA; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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21
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Scagliarini A, Piovesana S, Turrini F, Savini F, Sithole F, McCrindle CM. Orf in South Africa: endemic but neglected. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 79:E1-8. [PMID: 23327326 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v79i1.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
A survey amongst sheep and goat producers and veterinarians was undertaken to collect epidemiological data on orf in South Africa. Previous epidemiological studies on the presence of the disease in the country have not been documented and this report is the first descriptive epidemiological study of orf in South Africa. A seven-month investigation, realised by direct and indirect interviews and field observation, enabled us to outline incidence and risk factors of this disease and to better understand how the local farmers in rural areas relate to it. The results may contribute to better management of the disease in rural areas. By means of molecular analyses the phylogenetic relationships between field isolates from different areas have been identified. The findings gave a first important contribution to the general assessment of the economic impact of orf virus infections and the extent of the risk to human health.
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22
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Tack DM, Reynolds MG. Zoonotic Poxviruses Associated with Companion Animals. Animals (Basel) 2011; 1:377-95. [PMID: 26486622 PMCID: PMC4513476 DOI: 10.3390/ani1040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Revised: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Contemporary enthusiasm for the ownership of exotic animals and hobby livestock has created an opportunity for the movement of poxviruses—such as monkeypox, cowpox, and orf—outside their traditional geographic range bringing them into contact with atypical animal hosts and groups of people not normally considered at risk. It is important that pet owners and practitioners of human and animal medicine develop a heightened awareness for poxvirus infections and understand the risks that can be associated with companion animals and livestock. This article reviews the epidemiology and clinical features of zoonotic poxviruses that are most likely to affect companion animals. Abstract Understanding the zoonotic risk posed by poxviruses in companion animals is important for protecting both human and animal health. The outbreak of monkeypox in the United States, as well as current reports of cowpox in Europe, point to the fact that companion animals are increasingly serving as sources of poxvirus transmission to people. In addition, the trend among hobbyists to keep livestock (such as goats) in urban and semi-urban areas has contributed to increased parapoxvirus exposures among people not traditionally considered at high risk. Despite the historic notoriety of poxviruses and the diseases they cause, poxvirus infections are often missed. Delays in diagnosing poxvirus-associated infections in companion animals can lead to inadvertent human exposures. Delays in confirming human infections can result in inappropriate treatment or prolonged recovery. Early recognition of poxvirus-associated infections and application of appropriate preventive measures can reduce the spread of virus between companion animals and their owners. This review will discuss the epidemiology and clinical features associated with the zoonotic poxvirus infections most commonly associated with companion animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Tack
- Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | - Mary G Reynolds
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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23
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Original findings associated with two cases of bovine papular stomatitis. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:4397-400. [PMID: 21976753 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.05281-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papular stomatitis virus was isolated from two calves in an animal house with biosafety level 3 confinement. The hypotheses on the origin of the infection, the interesting features of the partial amino acid sequences of the major envelope viral protein, and the importance of diagnostic tools available for animal diseases that are not listed by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) are discussed.
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