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McMillan IA, Norris MH, Heacock-Kang Y, Zarzycki-Siek J, Sun Z, Hartney BA, Filipowska LK, Islam MN, Crick DC, Borlee BR, Hoang TT. TetR-like regulator BP1026B_II1561 controls aromatic amino acid biosynthesis and intracellular pathogenesis in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1441330. [PMID: 39211319 PMCID: PMC11358695 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1441330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bp) causes the tropical disease melioidosis that afflicts an estimated 165,000 people each year. Bp is a facultative intracellular pathogen that transits through distinct intracellular stages including attachment to host cells, invasion through the endocytic pathway, escape from the endosome, replication in the cytoplasm, generation of protrusions towards neighboring cells, and host cell fusion allowing Bp infection to spread without exiting the intracellular environment. We have identified a TetR-like transcriptional regulator, BP1026B_II1561, that is up-regulated during the late stages of infection as Bp protrudes toward neighboring cells. We have characterized BP1026B_II1561 and determined that it has a role in pathogenesis. A deletional mutant of BP1026B_II1561 is attenuated in RAW264.7 macrophage and BALB/c mouse models of infection. Using RNA-seq, we found that BP1026B_II1561 controls secondary metabolite biosynthesis, fatty acid degradation, and propanoate metabolism. In addition, we identified that BP1026B_II1561 directly controls expression of an outer membrane porin and genes in the shikimate biosynthetic pathway using ChIP-seq. Transposon mutants of genes within the BP1026B_II1561 regulon show defects during intracellular replication in RAW264.7 cells confirming the role of this transcriptional regulator and the pathways it controls in pathogenesis. BP1026B_II1561 also up-regulates the majority of the enzymes in shikimate and tryptophan biosynthetic pathways, suggesting their importance for Bp physiology. To investigate this, we tested fluorinated analogs of anthranilate and tryptophan, intermediates and products of the shikimate and tryptophan biosynthetic pathways, respectively, and showed inhibition of Bp growth at nanomolar concentrations. The expression of these pathways by BP1026b_II1561 and during intracellular infection combined with the inhibition of Bp growth by fluorotryptophan/anthranilate highlights these pathways as potential targets for therapeutic intervention against melioidosis. In the present study, we have identified BP1026B_II1561 as a critical transcriptional regulator for Bp pathogenesis and partially characterized its role during host cell infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A. McMillan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Michael H. Norris
- Pathogen Analysis and Translational Health Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Yun Heacock-Kang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Jan Zarzycki-Siek
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Zhenxin Sun
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
| | - Brooke A. Hartney
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Liliana K. Filipowska
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - M. Nurul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States
| | - Dean C. Crick
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Bradley R. Borlee
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Tung T. Hoang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
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Yao J, Zhang Z, Pei H, Zhang T, Ruan Y, Liu C, Guo Y, Gu S, Xia Q. Magnetically modified bacteriophage-triggered ATP release activated EXPAR-CRISPR/Cas14a system for visual detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 257:116334. [PMID: 38678788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, widely distributed in tropical and subtropical ecosystems, is capable of causing the fatal zoonotic disease melioidosis and exhibiting a global trend of dissemination. Rapid and sensitive detection of B. pseudomallei is essential for environmental monitoring as well as infection control. Here, we developed an innovative biosensor for quantitatively detecting B. pseudomallei relies on ATP released triggered by bacteriophage-induced bacteria lysis. The lytic bacteriophage vB_BpP_HN01, with high specificity, is employed alongside magnetic nanoparticles assembly to create a biological receptor, facilitating the capture and enrichment of viable target bacteria. Following a brief extraction and incubation process, the captured target undergoes rapid lysis to release contents including ATP. The EXPAR-CRISPR cascade reaction provides an efficient signal transduction and dual amplification module that allowing the generated ATP to guide the signal output as an activator, ultimately converting the target bacterial amount into a detectable fluorescence signal. The proposed bacteriophage affinity strategy exhibited superior performance for B. pseudomallei detection with a dynamic range from 10^2 to 10^7 CFU mL-1, and a LOD of 45 CFU mL-1 within 80 min. Moreover, with the output signal compatible across various monitoring methods, this work offers a robust assurance for rapid diagnosis and on-site environmental monitoring of B. pseudomallei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, PR China; Nanobiosensing and Microfluidic Point-of-Care Testing, Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, PR China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, PR China
| | - Hua Pei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, PR China
| | - Ting Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, PR China
| | - Yuping Ruan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, PR China
| | - Chenyuan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, PR China
| | - Yongcan Guo
- Nanobiosensing and Microfluidic Point-of-Care Testing, Key Laboratory of Luzhou, Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, PR China.
| | - Shuo Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, PR China.
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, 571199, PR China.
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Bhattarai S, Klugherz I, Mukhopadhyay C, Steinmetz I. The hidden burden of melioidosis in Nepal: a paradigm for the urgent need to implement a simple laboratory algorithm to detect Burkholderia pseudomallei in low-resource endemic areas. IJID REGIONS 2024; 11:100377. [PMID: 38872919 PMCID: PMC11169452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2024.100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Melioidosis, an emerging infectious disease caused by the Gram-negative bacillus Burkholderia pseudomallei, is massively underdiagnosed in many low- and middle-income countries. The disease is clinically extremely variable, has a high case fatality rate, and is assumed to be highly endemic in South Asian countries, including Nepal. The reasons for underdiagnosis include the lack of awareness among clinicians and laboratory staff and limited microbiological capacities. Because costly laboratory equipment and consumables are likely to remain a significant challenge in many melioidosis-endemic countries in the near future, it will be necessary to make optimum use of available tools and promote their stringent implementation. Therefore, we suggest that health facilities in resource-poor countries, such as Nepal, introduce a simple and low-cost diagnostic laboratory algorithm for the identification of B. pseudomallei cultures. This screening algorithm should be applied specifically to samples from patients with fever of unknown origin and risk factors for melioidosis, such as diabetes. In addition, there could also be a role of low-cost, novel, promising serological point-of-care tests, which are currently under research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Bhattarai
- Global Health Research & Medical Interventions for Development (GLOHMED), Lalitpur, Nepal
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Isabel Klugherz
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Chiranjay Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Microbiology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
- Center for Emerging and Tropical Diseases, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Ivo Steinmetz
- Diagnostic & Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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4
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Yadav PK, Singh S, Paul M, Kumar S, Ponmariappan S, Thavaselvam D. Development of a novel sequence based real-time PCR assay for specific and sensitive detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei in clinical and environmental matrices. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024; 23:30. [PMID: 38600514 PMCID: PMC11007888 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-024-00693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis, caused by the category B biothreat agent Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a disease with a high mortality rate and requires an immediate culture-independent diagnosis for effective disease management. In this study, we developed a highly sensitive qPCR assay for specific detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis disease diagnosis based on a novel target sequence. METHODS An extensive in-silico analysis was done to identify a novel and highly conserved sequence for developing a qPCR assay. The specificity of the developed assay was analyzed with 65 different bacterial cultures, and the analytical sensitivity of the assay was determined with the purified genomic DNA of B. pseudomallei. The applicability of the assay for B. pseudomallei detection in clinical and environmental matrices was evaluated by spiking B. pseudomallei cells in the blood, urine, soil, and water along with suitable internal controls. RESULTS A novel 85-nucleotide-long sequence was identified using in-silico tools and employed for the development of the highly sensitive and specific quantitative real-time PCR assay S664. The assay S664 was found to be highly specific when evaluated with 65 different bacterial cultures related and non-related to B. pseudomallei. The assay was found to be highly sensitive, with a detection limit of 3 B. pseudomallei genome equivalent copies per qPCR reaction. The detection limit in clinical matrices was found to be 5 × 102 CFU/mL for both human blood and urine. In environmental matrices, the detection limit was found to be 5 × 101 CFU/mL of river water and 2 × 103 CFU/gm of paddy field soil. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study suggest that the developed assay S664 along with suitable internal controls has a huge diagnostic potential and can be successfully employed for specific, sensitive, and rapid molecular detection of B. pseudomallei in various clinical and environmental matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Kumar Yadav
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India
| | - Suchetna Singh
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India
| | - Moumita Paul
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India.
| | - S Ponmariappan
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India
| | - Duraipandian Thavaselvam
- O/o DGLS, Defence Research and Development Organization, Ministry of Defence, SSPL Campus, Timarpur, New Delhi, 110 054, India.
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Kain MJW, Reece NL, Parry CM, Rajahram GS, Paterson DL, Woolley SD. The Rapid Emergence of Hypervirulent Klebsiella Species and Burkholderia pseudomallei as Major Health Threats in Southeast Asia: The Urgent Need for Recognition as Neglected Tropical Diseases. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:80. [PMID: 38668541 PMCID: PMC11054678 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO)'s list of neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) highlights conditions that are responsible for devastating health, social and economic consequences, and yet, they are overlooked and poorly resourced. The NTD list does not include conditions caused by Gram-negative bacilli (GNB). Infections due to GNB cause significant morbidity and mortality and are prevalent worldwide. Southeast Asia is a WHO region of low- and middle-income countries carrying the largest burden of NTDs. Two significant health threats in Southeast Asia are Burkholderia pseudomallei (causing melioidosis) and hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (HvKp). Both diseases have high mortality and increasing prevalence, yet both suffer from a lack of awareness, significant under-resourcing, incomplete epidemiological data, limited diagnostics, and a lack of evidence-based treatment. Emerging evidence shows that both melioidosis and HvKp are spreading globally, including in high-income countries, highlighting the potential future global threat they pose. In this article, we review both conditions, identifying current trends and challenges in Southeast Asia and areas for future research. We also argue that melioidosis and HvKp merit inclusion as NTDs, and that mandatory global surveillance and reporting systems should be established, and we make an urgent call for research to better understand, detect, and treat these neglected diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher M. Parry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK
| | - Giri Shan Rajahram
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth II Hospital, Kota Kinabalu 88300, Malaysia
- Infectious Diseases Society, Kota Kinabalu Sabah-Menzies School of Health Research, Clinical Research Unit, Kota Kinabalu 88994, Malaysia
| | - David L. Paterson
- ADVANCE-ID Network, Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Stephen D. Woolley
- Institute of Naval Medicine, Alverstoke, Hampshire PO12 2DL, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK;
- Tropical and Infectious Diseases Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals Foundation NHS Trust, Liverpool L7 8YE, UK
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6
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Arushothy R, Mohd Ali MR, Zambri HF, Muthu V, Hashim R, Chieng S, Nathan S. Assessing the national antibiotic surveillance data to identify burden for melioidosis in Malaysia. IJID REGIONS 2024; 10:94-99. [PMID: 38179416 PMCID: PMC10764260 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijregi.2023.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Objectives A leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Southeast Asia, the epidemiological data on melioidosis disease occurrence and mortality in Malaysia is not comprehensive. The aim of this study is to determine the burden of melioidosis and assess the National Surveillance for Antibiotic Resistance (NSAR) data as a potential tool melioidosis surveilance in Malaysia. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis on the B. pseudomallei reposited data submitted to the NSAR network between January 2014 and December 2020. The data were screened for information on patient demographics and specimen types. Additional patient comorbidities and outcomes were drawn from parallel surveillance for bacteremic melioidosis. Results The average annual incidence rate of melioidosis between 2014-2020 was 3.41 per 100,000 population and was significantly different between states (P <0.001). The highest incidence was observed in Pahang at 11.33 per 100,000 population. Individuals of Malay ethnicity, from the states of Pahang, Johor, Perak, and Negeri Sembilan aged 40-49, who were diabetic and working in agriculture-related sectors had a higher risk of succumbing to the infection. Conclusion Assessing the NSAR data proved to be a useful tool for the determination of the incidence and socio-demographic risk factors attributed to melioidosis in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Arushothy
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | | | - Hana Farizah Zambri
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Vickneshwaran Muthu
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Federal Government Administrative Centre, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Rohaidah Hashim
- Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - Sylvia Chieng
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
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7
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Meumann EM, Limmathurotsakul D, Dunachie SJ, Wiersinga WJ, Currie BJ. Burkholderia pseudomallei and melioidosis. Nat Rev Microbiol 2024; 22:155-169. [PMID: 37794173 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00972-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis, is found in soil and water of tropical and subtropical regions globally. Modelled estimates of the global burden predict that melioidosis remains vastly under-reported, and a call has been made for it to be recognized as a neglected tropical disease by the World Health Organization. Severe weather events and environmental disturbance are associated with increased case numbers, and it is anticipated that, in some regions, cases will increase in association with climate change. Genomic epidemiological investigations have confirmed B. pseudomallei endemicity in newly recognized regions, including the southern United States. Melioidosis follows environmental exposure to B. pseudomallei and is associated with comorbidities that affect the immune response, such as diabetes, and with socioeconomic disadvantage. Several vaccine candidates are ready for phase I clinical trials. In this Review, we explore the global burden, epidemiology and pathophysiology of B. pseudomallei as well as current diagnostics, treatment recommendations and preventive measures, highlighting research needs and priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella M Meumann
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- NDM Centre for Global Health Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Willem J Wiersinga
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Experimental Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Bart J Currie
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Medicine, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia
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Hussin A, Nathan S, Shahidan MA, Nor Rahim MY, Zainun MY, Khairuddin NAN, Ibrahim N. Identification and mechanism determination of the efflux pump subunit amrB gene mutations linked to gentamicin susceptibility in clinical Burkholderia pseudomallei from Malaysian Borneo. Mol Genet Genomics 2024; 299:12. [PMID: 38381232 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-024-02105-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
The bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei is typically resistant to gentamicin but rare susceptible strains have been isolated in certain regions, such as Thailand and Sarawak, Malaysia. Recently, several amino acid substitutions have been reported in the amrB gene (a subunit of the amrAB-oprA efflux pump gene) that confer gentamicin susceptibility. However, information regarding the mechanism of the substitutions conferring the susceptibility is lacking. To understand the mechanism of amino acid substitution that confers susceptibility, this study identifies the corresponding mutations in clinical gentamicin-susceptible B. pseudomallei isolates from the Malaysian Borneo (n = 46; Sarawak: 5; Sabah: 41). Three phenotypically confirmed gentamicin-susceptible (GENs) strains from Sarawak, Malaysia, were screened for mutations in the amrB gene using gene sequences of gentamicin-resistant (GENr) strains (QEH 56, QEH 57, QEH20, and QEH26) and publicly available sequences (AF072887.1 and BX571965.1) as the comparator. The effect of missense mutations on the stability of the AmrB protein was determined by calculating the average energy change value (ΔΔG). Mutagenesis analysis identified a polymorphism-associated mutation, g.1056 T > G, a possible susceptible-associated in-frame deletion, Delta V412, and a previously confirmed susceptible-associated amino acid substitution, T368R, in each of the three GENs isolates. The contribution of Delta V412 needs further confirmation by experimental mutagenesis analysis. The mechanism by which T368R confers susceptibility, as elucidated by in silico mutagenesis analysis using AmrB-modeled protein structures, is proposed to be due to the location of T368R in a highly conserved region, rather than destabilization of the AmrB protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainulkhir Hussin
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Sheila Nathan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Ashraf Shahidan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusof Nor Rahim
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Yusof Zainun
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | | | - Nazlina Ibrahim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
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9
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Yadav PK, Paul M, Singh S, Kumar S, Ponmariappan S, Thavaselvam D. Development of a Novel Internally Controlled HrpB1 Gene-Based Real-Time qPCR Assay for Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Mol Diagn Ther 2024; 28:101-112. [PMID: 38085447 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-023-00686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis, caused by category B bioterrorism agent Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a seasonal disease of tropical and subtropical regions with a high mortality rate. An early and culture-independent detection of B. pseudomallei is required for the appropriate disease management and prevention. The present study is designed to identify novel and unique sequences of B. pseudomallei and development of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. METHODS A novel B. pseudomallei-specific target sequence was identified by in silico analysis for the qPCR assay development. The specificity of the developed assay was assessed using purified DNA of 65 different bacterial cultures, and the sensitivity was estimated using a cloned target gene. Further, a type III secretion protein HrpB1 (HrpB1) gene-based duplex qPCR assay incorporating suitable extraction and amplification control was developed, and its viability was assessed in different clinical and environmental matrices for the detection of B. pseudomallei. RESULTS In this study, an 80-nucleotide-long B. pseudomallei-specific region within the gene HrpB1 was identified by computational analysis. The developed HrpB1-based qPCR assay was highly specific for B. pseudomallei detection when evaluated with 65 different bacterial cultures. The sensitivity of the qPCR assay with the HrpB1-recombinant plasmid was found to be five copies per qPCR reaction. The assay's detection limit was found to be 5 × 102 CFU/mL for human blood and urine, 5 × 101 CFU/mL in river water, and 2 × 103 CFU/gm in paddy field soil. CONCLUSION The results of the study showed the applicability of a novel HrpB1-based qPCR assay for sensitive and specific detection of B. pseudomallei in diverse clinical and environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Kumar Yadav
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India
| | - Moumita Paul
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India
| | - Suchetna Singh
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India.
| | - S Ponmariappan
- Biodetector Development Test and Evaluation Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Defence Research and Development Organization, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, 474 002, India
| | - Duraipandian Thavaselvam
- O/o Director General Life Science (DGLS), Defence Research and Development Organization, Ministry of Defence, SSPL Campus, Timarpur, New Delhi, 110 054, India.
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10
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Yao J, Zhang Z, Tian S, Luo N, Tan J, Zhang Y, Gu S, Xia Q. Synchronous detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei and its ceftazidime resistance mutation based on RNase-HII hydrolysis combined with lateral flow strip assay. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0112523. [PMID: 37815337 PMCID: PMC10714834 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01125-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE This study focused on the development of a reaction system using rhPCR to amplify a specific gene, ORF2, of B. pseudomallei and to identify the P174L mutation associated with increased drug resistance to ceftazidime (CAZ). The system incorporated universal primer probes and a simple temperature cycle reaction. The amplified products were then analyzed using lateral flow strip assay (LFSA) for strain identification and mutation interpretation. The developed system provides a reliable basis for diagnosing melioidosis and selecting appropriate drugs. Its potential impact is particularly significant in resource-limited settings where access to advanced diagnostic techniques is limited. This platform stands out for its simplicity, convenience, sensitivity, specificity, and portability. It shows promise as a point-of-care testing method for detecting single nucleotide polymorphism in genes associated with other diseases. By leveraging the advantages of this platform, researchers and healthcare professionals can potentially expand its use beyond melioidosis and apply it to the rapid detection of genetic variations in other disease-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Nanobiosensing and Microfluidic Point-of-Care Testing Key Laboratory of LuZhou, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shen Tian
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Nini Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Jun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Shuo Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neurology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Qianfeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, School of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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11
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Suvanasuthi R, Cheewasatheinchaiyaporn T, Wat-Aksorn K, Promptmas C. Nucleic Acid Amplification Free-QCM-DNA Biosensor for Burkholderia pseudomallei Detection. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:376. [PMID: 37861919 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03490-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a gram-negative bacterium that causes the infectious disease melioidosis, a disease that can still be fatal despite appropriate treatment. The bacterium contains the gene clusters for the type III secretion system (TTSS), which are essential for its pathogenicity. This gene was often employed for accurate diagnosis through the laborious process of gene amplification. This work intends to develop a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM)-based TTSS gene detection method without gene amplification approaches to simplify the diagnosis process. In this study, it was demonstrated that a 540 bp sequence flanked by BglI restriction sites within the TTSS1 on the B. pseudomallei genome is an effective target for specific detection of the bacteria. After cultivation and genome extraction, the bacteria can be detected by digesting its genome with BglI in which the TTSS1 fragment is detected by a QCM-DNA biosensor, eliminating the need for nucleic acid amplification. A specific probe designed to bind to the TTSSI fragment was utilized as the receptor on the QCM-DNA biosensor which provided the ability to detect the fragment. The limit of detection of the QCM-DNA biosensor was 0.4 µM of the synthetic DNA target oligonucleotide. The system was also capable of specifically detecting the BglI digested-DNA fragment of B. pseudomallei species with significantly higher signal than B. thailandensis. This study provides evidence for an effective QCM-DNA biosensor that can identify B. pseudomallei without the need for nucleic acid amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rooge Suvanasuthi
- Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | | | - Kesara Wat-Aksorn
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Applied Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chamras Promptmas
- Biosensor Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
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12
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Gunasena JB, De Silva ST. Double-trouble: A rare case of co-infection with melioidosis and leptospirosis from Sri Lanka. Trop Doct 2023; 53:332-337. [PMID: 36803160 DOI: 10.1177/00494755231156490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Melioidosis and leptospirosis are two emerging tropical infections that share somewhat similar clinical manifestations but require different methods of management. A 59-year-old farmer presented to a tertiary care hospital with an acute febrile illness associated with arthralgia, myalgia and jaundice, complicated by oliguric acute kidney injury and pulmonary haemorrhage. Treatment was initiated for complicated leptospirosis but with poor response. Blood culture was positive for Burkholderia pseudomallei and microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for leptospirosis was positive at the highest titres of 1:2560, confirming a co-infection of leptospirosis and melioidosis. The patient made a complete recovery with therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE), intermittent haemodialysis and intravenous (IV) antibiotics. Similar environmental conditions harbour melioidosis and leptospirosis, making co-infection a very real possibility. Co-infection should be suspected in patients from endemic areas with water and soil exposure. Using two antibiotics to cover both pathogens effectively is prudent. IV penicillin with IV ceftazidime is one such effective combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Gunasena
- Senior Registrar in Medicine, University Medical Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - S T De Silva
- Senior Registrar in Medicine, University Medical Unit, Colombo North Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka.,Consultant Physician and Professor in Medicine, Department of Medicine, 97978Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
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13
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Selvam K, Ganapathy T, Najib MA, Khalid MF, Abdullah NA, Harun A, Wan Mohammad WMZ, Aziah I. Burden and Risk Factors of Melioidosis in Southeast Asia: A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15475. [PMID: 36497549 PMCID: PMC9741171 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This scoping review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of human melioidosis in Southeast Asia as well as to highlight knowledge gaps in the prevalence and risk factors of this life-threatening disease using available evidence-based data for better diagnosis and treatment. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) was used as the guideline for this review. The literature search was conducted on 23 March 2022 through two electronic databases (PubMed and Scopus) using lists of keywords referring to the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) thesaurus. A total of 38 articles related to human melioidosis were included from 645 screened articles. These studies were carried out between 1986 and 2019 in six Southeast Asian countries: Thailand, Cambodia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and Vietnam. Melioidosis has been reported with a high disease prevalence among high-risk populations. Studies in Thailand (48.0%) and Cambodia (74.4%) revealed disease prevalence in patients with septic arthritis and children with suppurative parotitis, respectively. Other studies in Thailand (63.5%) and Malaysia (54.4% and 65.7%) showed a high seroprevalence of melioidosis among Tsunami survivors and military personnel, respectively. Additionally, this review documented soil and water exposure, diabetes mellitus, chronic renal failure, thalassemia, and children under the age of 15 as the main risk factors for melioidosis. Human melioidosis is currently under-reported in Southeast Asia and its true prevalence is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Selvam
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Thanasree Ganapathy
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Ahmad Najib
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Fazli Khalid
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azlina Abdullah
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Azian Harun
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Jalan Raja Perempuan Zainab 2, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Mohd Zahiruddin Wan Mohammad
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
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14
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Amornchai P, Hantrakun V, Wongsuvan G, Boonsri C, Yoosuk S, Nilsakul J, Blacksell SD, West TE, Lubell Y, Limmathurotsakul D. Sensitivity and specificity of DPP® Fever Panel II Asia in the diagnosis of malaria, dengue and melioidosis. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71:001584. [PMID: 35994523 PMCID: PMC7613707 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) that can facilitate the diagnosis of a panel of tropical infectious diseases are critically needed. DPP® Fever Panel II Asia is a multiplex lateral flow immunoassay comprising antigen and IgM panels for the diagnosis of pathogens that commonly cause febrile illness in Southeast Asia.Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Accuracy of DPP® Fever Panel II Asia has not been evaluated in clinical studies.Aim. To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of DPP® Fever Panel II Asia for malaria, dengue and melioidosis.Methodology. We conducted a cohort-based case-control study. Both cases and controls were derived from a prospective observational study of patients presenting with community-acquired infections and sepsis in northeast Thailand (Ubon sepsis). We included 143 and 98 patients diagnosed with malaria or dengue based on a positive PCR assay and 177 patients with melioidosis based on a culture positive for Burkholderia pseudomallei. Controls included 200 patients who were blood culture-positive for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae, and cases of the other diseases. Serum samples collected from all patients within 24 h of admission were stored and tested using the DPP® Fever Panel II Asia antigen and IgM multiplex assays. We selected cutoff values for each individual assay corresponding to a specificity of ≥95 %. When assessing diagnostic tests in combination, results were considered positive if either individual test was positive.Results. Within the DPP® Fever Panel II Asia antigen assay, a combination of pLDH and HRPII for malaria had a sensitivity of 91 % and a specificity of 97 %. The combination of dengue NS1 antigen and dengue antibody tests had a sensitivity of 61 % and a specificity of 91 %. The B. pseudomallei CPS antigen test had a sensitivity of 27 % and a specificity of 97 %. An odds ratio of 2.34 (95 % CI 1.16-4.72, P=0.02) was observed for the association between CPS positivity and mortality among melioidosis patients.Conclusion. The performance of the DPP® Fever Panel II Asia for diagnosis of malaria was high and that for dengue and melioidosis was relatively limited. For all three diseases, performance was comparable to that of other established RDTs. The potential operational advantages of a multiplex and quantitative point-of-care assay are substantial and warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premjit Amornchai
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Viriya Hantrakun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Gumphol Wongsuvan
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chaiyaporn Boonsri
- Medical Department, Sunpasitthiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Sasinaphon Yoosuk
- Medical Department, Sunpasitthiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Jiraporn Nilsakul
- Pathology Department, Sunpasitthiprasong Hospital, Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand
| | - Stuart D. Blacksell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - T. Eoin West
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Harborview Medical Center, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yoel Lubell
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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15
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Wajanarogana S, Taylor WRJ, Kritsiriwuthinan K. Enhanced serodiagnosis of melioidosis by indirect ELISA using the chimeric protein rGroEL-FLAG300 as an antigen. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:387. [PMID: 35439967 PMCID: PMC9020111 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The accurate and rapid diagnosis of melioidosis is challenging. Several serological approaches have been developed using recombinant antigens to improve the diagnostic indices of serological tests for melioidosis.
Methods Fusion proteins from Burkholderia pseudomallei (rGroEL-FLAG300) were evaluated as a potential target antigen for melioidosis antibodies. A total of 220 serum samples from 38 culture proven melioidosis patients (gold standard), 126 healthy individuals from endemic (n = 37) and non-endemic (n = 89) Thai provinces and 56 patients with other proven bacterial infections as negative controls were tested using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Results Using an optical density (OD) cut-off of 0.299148, our assay had 94.74% sensitivity (95% confidence interval (CI) = 82.3–99.4%), 95.05% specificity (95% CI = 90.8–97.7%), and 95% accuracy, which was better than in our previous work (90.48% sensitivity, 87.14% specificity, and 87.63% accuracy). Conclusion Our results suggest that the application of chimeric antigens in ELISA could improve the serological diagnosis of melioidosis and should be reconfirmed with greater patient numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumet Wajanarogana
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand.
| | - Water R J Taylor
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand.,Center for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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16
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Gee JE, Bower WA, Kunkel A, Petras J, Gettings J, Bye M, Firestone M, Elrod MG, Liu L, Blaney DD, Zaldivar A, Raybern C, Ahmed FS, Honza H, Stonecipher S, O'Sullivan BJ, Lynfield R, Hunter M, Brennan S, Pavlick J, Gabel J, Drenzek C, Geller R, Lee C, Ritter JM, Zaki SR, Gulvik CA, Wilson WW, Beshearse E, Currie BJ, Webb JR, Weiner ZP, Negrón ME, Hoffmaster AR. Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray. N Engl J Med 2022; 386:861-868. [PMID: 35235727 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2116130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Melioidosis, caused by the bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei, is an uncommon infection that is typically associated with exposure to soil and water in tropical and subtropical environments. It is rarely diagnosed in the continental United States. Patients with melioidosis in the United States commonly report travel to regions where melioidosis is endemic. We report a cluster of four non-travel-associated cases of melioidosis in Georgia, Kansas, Minnesota, and Texas. These cases were caused by the same strain of B. pseudomallei that was linked to an aromatherapy spray product imported from a melioidosis-endemic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay E Gee
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - William A Bower
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Amber Kunkel
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Julia Petras
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Jenna Gettings
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Maria Bye
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Melanie Firestone
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Mindy G Elrod
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Lindy Liu
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - David D Blaney
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Allison Zaldivar
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Chelsea Raybern
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Farah S Ahmed
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Heidi Honza
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Shelley Stonecipher
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Briana J O'Sullivan
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Ruth Lynfield
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Melissa Hunter
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Skyler Brennan
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Jessica Pavlick
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Julie Gabel
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Cherie Drenzek
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Rachel Geller
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Crystal Lee
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Jana M Ritter
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Sherif R Zaki
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Christopher A Gulvik
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - W Wyatt Wilson
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Elizabeth Beshearse
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Bart J Currie
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Jessica R Webb
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Zachary P Weiner
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - María E Negrón
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
| | - Alex R Hoffmaster
- From the Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch (J.E.G., W.A.B., J. Petras, M.G.E., L.L., D.D.B., C.A.G., Z.P.W., M.E.N., A.R.H.), the Poxvirus and Rabies Branch (A.K.), and the Infectious Diseases Pathology Branch (J.M.R., S.R.Z.), Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, the Epidemic Intelligence Service (A.K., J. Petras, J. Gettings, M.F., W.W.W., E.B.), and the Prevention and Response Branch, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (W.W.W., E.B.), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Georgia Department of Public Health (J. Gettings, S.B., J. Pavlick, J. Gabel, C.D.), and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine (R.G.), Atlanta, Public Health District 1-1, Georgia Department of Public Health, Rome (M.H.), and Dekalb County Medical Examiner's Office, Decatur (R.G., C.L.) - all in Georgia; the Minnesota Department of Health, St. Paul (M.B., M.F., R.L.); the Kansas Department of Health and Environment, Topeka (A.Z., C.R., F.S.A.); Public Health Regions 2 and 3, Texas Department of State Health Services, Arlington (H.H., S.S.), and the Texas Department of State Health Services, Austin (B.J.O.); and Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University and Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, NT (B.J.C., J.R.W.), and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (J.R.W.) - both in Australia
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Cornelius LP, Neeraj E, Venkateswaran KJ, Gopinathan K. Neuromelioidosis Presenting as Bells Palsy in a Child. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2022; 25:302-303. [PMID: 35693644 PMCID: PMC9175429 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_316_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Leema P Cornelius
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - E Neeraj
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K J Venkateswaran
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Institute of Child Health and Hospital for Children, Madras Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Gopinathan
- Department of Radiology, Govt. Royapettah Hospital, Kilpauk Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Evaluation of antigen-detecting and antibody-detecting diagnostic test combinations for diagnosing melioidosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009840. [PMID: 34727111 PMCID: PMC8562799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Melioidosis, an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is endemic in many tropical developing countries and has a high mortality. Here we evaluated combinations of a lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) detecting B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (CPS) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) detecting antibodies against hemolysin co-regulated protein (Hcp1) or O-polysaccharide (OPS) for diagnosing melioidosis. Methodology/Principal findings We conducted a cohort-based case-control study. Both cases and controls were derived from a prospective observational study of patients presenting with community-acquired infections and sepsis in northeast Thailand (Ubon-sepsis). Cases included 192 patients with a clinical specimen culture positive for B. pseudomallei. Controls included 502 patients who were blood culture positive for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli or Klebsiella pneumoniae or were polymerase chain reaction assay positive for malaria or dengue. Serum samples collected within 24 hours of admission were stored and tested using a CPS-LFI, Hcp1-ELISA and OPS-ELISA. When assessing diagnostic tests in combination, results were considered positive if either test was positive. We selected ELISA cut-offs corresponding to a specificity of 95%. Using a positive cut-off OD of 2.912 for Hcp1-ELISA, the combination of the CPS-LFI and Hcp1-ELISA had a sensitivity of 67.7% (130/192 case patients) and a specificity of 95.0% (477/502 control patients). The sensitivity of the combination (67.7%) was higher than that of the CPS-LFI alone (31.3%, p<0.001) and that of Hcp1-ELISA alone (53.6%, p<0.001). A similar phenomenon was also observed for the combination of CPS-LFI and OPS-ELISA. In case patients, positivity of the CPS-LFI was associated with a short duration of symptoms, high modified Sequential (sepsis-related) Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, bacteraemia and mortality outcome, while positivity of Hcp1-ELISA was associated with a longer duration of symptoms, low modified SOFA score, non-bacteraemia and survival outcome. Conclusions/Significance A combination of antigen-antibody diagnostic tests increased the sensitivity of melioidosis diagnosis over individual tests while preserving high specificity. Point-of-care tests for melioidosis based on the use of combination assays should be further developed and evaluated. Melioidosis is an infection caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. There are currently no commercially available and reliable point-of-care diagnostic tests for melioidosis. We previously demonstrated that a prototype lateral flow immunoassay (LFI) developed to detect B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide (CPS) had limited sensitivity (31.3%) but high specificity (98.8%) for diagnosing melioidosis among patients presenting with community-acquired infection or sepsis in northeast Thailand. Here, we evaluated combinations of the CPS-LFI and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) that detect antibodies against hemolysin co-regulated protein (Hcp1) or O-polysaccharide (OPS). When used in combination, results were considered positive if either test was positive. We selected ELISA cut-offs corresponding to a specificity of 95%. Our results demonstrated that a combination of antigen-detection (CPS-LFI) and antibody-detection (Hcp1-ELISA or OPS-ELISA) tests increased the sensitivity for diagnosis of melioidosis (68% or 63%, respectively) over any single test, while maintaining high specificity (95%). In case patients, positivity of the CPS-LFI was associated with a short duration of symptoms, severe infections (as measured by an organ failure assessment score), bacteraemia and mortality outcome, while positivity of Hcp1-ELISA was associated with a long duration of symptoms, non-bacteraemia and survival outcome. Based on our findings, we propose that point-of-care melioidosis diagnostic tests using combinations of antigen- and antibody-detection should be further developed and evaluated.
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Mohan A, Podin Y, Liew DW, Mahendra Kumar J, Lau PST, Tan YY, Tai YP, Gill RS, Shanmugam R, Chien SL, Tan LS, Mat Sani NA, Manan K, Ooi MH. Fine-needle aspiration to improve diagnosis of melioidosis of the head and neck in children: a study from Sarawak, Malaysia. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1069. [PMID: 34654392 PMCID: PMC8520244 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melioidosis, the infection caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is associated with a high case fatality rate, due in part to difficulties in clinical recognition and diagnostic confirmation of the disease. Although head and neck involvement is common in children, specific disease manifestations differ between geographic regions. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed description of melioidosis of the head and neck among children in Sarawak, Malaysia, and determine if fine-needle aspiration of suspected head or neck lesions could improve melioidosis diagnosis. Methods We conducted a retrospective descriptive study of all children aged < 12 years with culture-confirmed melioidosis presenting with head and neck manifestations and admitted to Bintulu Hospital in Sarawak, Malaysia, from January 2011 until December 2020. Fine-needle aspiration of head and neck lesions suspected to be due to melioidosis with inoculation in blood culture bottles (FNA + BCB) was used from the beginning of 2016. Results Of 34 children with culture-confirmed melioidosis, 20 (59%) had an infection involving one or more sites in the head and neck. Of these, 17 (85%) were diagnosed in or after 2016. Cervical lymph nodes were the most common organ or site affected, involved in 19 (95%) children. Clinical presentations of B. pseudomallei lymph node infections were highly variable. Five (25%) children had salivary gland involvement. Lacrimal gland involvement (dacryocystitis) and skin or soft tissue infection (scalp abscess) were less frequent. B. pseudomallei was isolated from the head or neck using FNA + BCB in 15 (75%) children and by standard culture methods of direct plating of pus on agar following incision and drainage in only 2 (10%) children. B. pseudomallei was isolated from non-head or neck specimens or blood in 3 (15%) children. Conclusions Manifestations of pediatric head and neck melioidosis in Sarawak, Malaysia, differ from those of other regions. Fine-needle aspiration, mainly of affected cervical lymph nodes, facilitates B. pseudomallei detection and enables confirmation of melioidosis infections. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06754-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Mohan
- Department of Pediatrics, Bintulu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia.,Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yuwana Podin
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.
| | - Da-Wei Liew
- Department of Pediatrics, Bintulu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Jeevithaa Mahendra Kumar
- Department of Pediatrics, Bintulu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Peter Sie-Teck Lau
- Department of Pediatrics, Bintulu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yee-Yen Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Bintulu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yi-Pinn Tai
- Department of Pediatrics, Bintulu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Ranveer Singh Gill
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bintulu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Ram Shanmugam
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Bintulu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Su-Lin Chien
- Department of Pathology, Bintulu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Lee-See Tan
- Department of Pathology, Bintulu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Asiah Mat Sani
- Department of Pathology, Bintulu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Kamilah Manan
- Department of Radiology, Bintulu Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Bintulu, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Mong-How Ooi
- Institute of Health and Community Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia.,Department of Pediatrics, Sarawak General Hospital, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia
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20
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Dawson P, Duwell MM, Elrod MG, Thompson RJ, Crum DA, Jacobs RM, Gee JE, Kolton CB, Liu L, Blaney DD, Thomas LG, Sockwell D, Weiner Z, Bower WA, Hoffmaster AR, Salzer JS. Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3030-3035. [PMID: 34570693 PMCID: PMC8632198 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.211756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all cases of melioidosis in the continental United States are related to international travel to areas to which Burkholderia pseudomallei, the bacterium that causes melioidosis, is endemic. We report the diagnosis and clinical course of melioidosis in a patient from the United States who had no international travel history and the public health investigation to determine the source of exposure. We tested environmental samples collected from the patient’s home for B. pseudomallei by PCR and culture. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on PCR-positive environmental samples, and results were compared with sequences from the patient’s clinical specimen. Three PCR-positive environmental samples, all collected from a freshwater home aquarium that had contained imported tropical fish, were a genetic match to the clinical isolate from the patient. This finding suggests a novel route of exposure and a potential for importation of B. pseudomallei, a select agent, into the United States from disease-endemic areas.
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21
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Abstract
We report a case of melioidosis in China and offer a comparison of 5 commercial detection systems for Burkholderia pseudomallei. The organism was misidentified by the VITEK 2 Compact, Phoenix, VITEK mass spectrometry, and API 20NE systems but was eventually identified by the Bruker Biotyper system and 16S rRNA sequencing.
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22
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Mardhiah K, Wan-Arfah N, Naing NN, Hassan MRA, Chan HK. The Cox model of predicting mortality among melioidosis patients in Northern Malaysia: A retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e26160. [PMID: 34160382 PMCID: PMC8238369 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000026160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Melioidosis is an infectious disease that is initiated by a bacteria recognized as Burkholderia pseudomallei. Despite the high fatality rate from melioidosis, there is a minimal published study about the disease in Malaysia.This study aimed to identify the prognostic factors of mortality among melioidosis patients in northern Malaysia.All inpatient patients who were admitted to Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah and Hospital Tuanku Fauziah, Perlis with culture-confirmed melioidosis during the period 2014 to 2017 were included in the study. The study retrospectively collected 510 melioidosis patients from the Melioidosis Registry. Hazard ratio (HR) used in advanced multiple Cox regression was used to obtain the final model of prognostic factors of melioidosis. The analysis was performed using STATA/SE 14.0 for Windows software.From the results, among the admitted patients, 50.1% died at the hospital. The mean age for those who died was 55 years old, and they were mostly male. The most common underlying disease was diabetes mellitus (69.8%), followed by hypertension (32.7%). The majority of cases (86.8%) were bacteremic. The final Cox model identified 5 prognostic factors of mortality among melioidosis patients. The factors were diabetes mellitus, type of melioidosis, platelet count, white blood cell count, and urea value. The results showed that bacteremic melioidosis increased the risk of dying by 3.47 (HR: 3.47, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 1.67-7.23, P = .001) compared to non-bacteremic melioidosis. Based on the blood investigations, the adjusted HRs from the final model showed that all 3 blood investigations were included as the prognostic factors for the disease (low platelet: HR = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.22-2.54, P = .003; high white blood cell: HR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.06-2.11, P = .023; high urea: HR = 2.92, 95% CI: 1.76-4.85, P < .001; and low level of urea: HR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.69-4.29, P < .001). By contrast, melioidosis patients with diabetic had 30.0% lower risk of dying from melioidosis compared to those with non-diabetic (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.52-0.94, P = .016).Identifying the prognostic factors of mortality in patients with melioidosis allows a guideline of early management in these patients, which may improve patient's survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaruddin Mardhiah
- Faculty of Entrepreneurship and Business, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Kota Bharu, Kelantan
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus
| | - Nadiah Wan-Arfah
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Gong Badak Campus
| | - Nyi Nyi Naing
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu
| | - Muhammad Radzi Abu Hassan
- Clinical Research Center, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia
| | - Huan-Keat Chan
- Clinical Research Center, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Alor Setar, Kedah, Malaysia
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23
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Duarte C, Montufar F, Moreno J, Sánchez D, Rodríguez JY, Torres AG, Morales S, Bautista A, Huertas MG, Myers JN, Gulvik CA, Elrod MG, Blaney DD, Gee JE. Genomic Diversity of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Colombia. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:655-658. [PMID: 33496648 PMCID: PMC7853579 DOI: 10.3201/eid2702.202824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report an analysis of the genomic diversity of isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei, the cause of melioidosis, recovered in Colombia from routine surveillance during 2016–2017. B. pseudomallei appears genetically diverse, suggesting it is well established and has spread across the region.
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24
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Muangsombut V, Withatanung P, Chantratita N, Chareonsudjai S, Lim J, Galyov EE, Ottiwet O, Sengyee S, Janesomboon S, Loessner MJ, Dunne M, Korbsrisate S. Rapid Clinical Screening of Burkholderia pseudomallei Colonies by a Bacteriophage Tail Fiber-Based Latex Agglutination Assay. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0301920. [PMID: 33811022 PMCID: PMC8174754 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03019-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a life-threatening disease in humans caused by the Gram-negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. As severe septicemic melioidosis can lead to death within 24 to 48 h, a rapid diagnosis of melioidosis is critical for ensuring that an optimal antibiotic course is prescribed to patients. Here, we report the development and evaluation of a bacteriophage tail fiber-based latex agglutination assay for rapid detection of B. pseudomallei infection. Burkholderia phage E094 was isolated from rice paddy fields in northeast Thailand, and the whole genome was sequenced to identify its tail fiber (94TF). The 94TF complex was structurally characterized, which involved identification of a tail assembly protein that forms an essential component of the mature fiber. Recombinant 94TF was conjugated to latex beads and developed into an agglutination-based assay (94TF-LAA). 94TF-LAA was initially tested against a large library of Burkholderia and other bacterial strains before a field evaluation was performed during routine clinical testing. The sensitivity and specificity of the 94TF-LAA were assessed alongside standard biochemical analyses on 300 patient specimens collected from an area of melioidosis endemicity over 11 months. The 94TF-LAA took less than 5 min to produce positive agglutination, demonstrating 98% (95% confidence interval [CI] of 94.2% to 99.59%) sensitivity and 83% (95% CI of 75.64% to 88.35%) specificity compared to biochemical-based detection. Overall, we show how a Burkholderia-specific phage tail fiber can be exploited for rapid detection of B. pseudomallei. The 94TF-LAA has the potential for further development as a supplementary diagnostic to assist in clinical identification of this life-threatening pathogen. IMPORTANCE Rapid diagnosis of melioidosis is essential for ensuring that optimal antibiotic courses are prescribed to patients and thus warrants the development of cost-effective and easy-to-use tests for implementation in underresourced areas such as northeastern Thailand and other tropical regions. Phage tail fibers are an interesting alternative to antibodies for use in various diagnostic assays for different pathogenic bacteria. As exposed appendages of phages, tail fibers are physically robust and easy to manufacture, with many tail fibers (such as 94TF investigated here) capable of targeting a given bacterial species with remarkable specificity. Here, we demonstrate the effectiveness of a latex agglutination assay using a Burkholderia-specific tail fiber 94TF against biochemical-based detection methods that are the standard diagnostic in many areas where melioidosis is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerachat Muangsombut
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patoo Withatanung
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sorujsiri Chareonsudjai
- Department of Microbiology and Melioidosis Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Jiali Lim
- DSO National Laboratories, Singapore
| | - Edouard E. Galyov
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Orawan Ottiwet
- Department of Medical Technology and Clinical Pathology, Mukdahan Hospital, Mukdahan, Thailand
| | - Sineenart Sengyee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sujintana Janesomboon
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Matthew Dunne
- Institute of Food Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sunee Korbsrisate
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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25
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Phenn J, Pané-Farré J, Meukow N, Klein A, Troitzsch A, Tan P, Fuchs S, Wagner GE, Lichtenegger S, Steinmetz I, Kohler C. RegAB Homolog of Burkholderia pseudomallei is the Master Regulator of Redox Control and involved in Virulence. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009604. [PMID: 34048488 PMCID: PMC8191878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei, the etiological agent of melioidosis in humans and animals, often occupies environmental niches and infection sites characterized by limited concentrations of oxygen. Versatile genomic features enable this pathogen to maintain its physiology and virulence under hypoxia, but the crucial regulatory networks employed to switch from oxygen dependent respiration to alternative terminal electron acceptors (TEA) like nitrate, remains poorly understood. Here, we combined a Tn5 transposon mutagenesis screen and an anaerobic growth screen to identify a two-component signal transduction system with homology to RegAB. We show that RegAB is not only essential for anaerobic growth, but also for full virulence in cell lines and a mouse infection model. Further investigations of the RegAB regulon, using a global transcriptomic approach, identified 20 additional regulators under transcriptional control of RegAB, indicating a superordinate role of RegAB in the B. pseudomallei anaerobiosis regulatory network. Of the 20 identified regulators, NarX/L and a FNR homolog were selected for further analyses and a role in adaptation to anaerobic conditions was demonstrated. Growth experiments identified nitrate and intermediates of the denitrification process as the likely signal activateing RegAB, NarX/L, and probably of the downstream regulators Dnr or NsrR homologs. While deletions of individual genes involved in the denitrification process demonstrated their important role in anaerobic fitness, they showed no effect on virulence. This further highlights the central role of RegAB as the master regulator of anaerobic metabolism in B. pseudomallei and that the complete RegAB-mediated response is required to achieve full virulence. In summary, our analysis of the RegAB-dependent modulon and its interconnected regulons revealed a key role for RegAB of B. pseudomallei in the coordination of the response to hypoxic conditions and virulence, in the environment and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Phenn
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Pané-Farré
- SYNMIKRO Research Center and Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nikolai Meukow
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Annelie Klein
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anne Troitzsch
- Department for Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patrick Tan
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- FG13 Nosocomial Pathogens and Antibiotic Resistances, Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Gabriel E Wagner
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Lichtenegger
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ivo Steinmetz
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Kohler
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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26
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Swe MMM, Win MM, Cohen J, Phyo AP, Lin HN, Soe K, Amorncha P, Wah TT, Win KKN, Ling C, Parker DM, Dance DAB, Ashley EA, Smithuis F. Geographical distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei in soil in Myanmar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009372. [PMID: 34029325 PMCID: PMC8143414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burkholderia pseudomallei is a Gram-negative bacterium found in soil and water in many tropical countries. It causes melioidosis, a potentially fatal infection first described in 1911 in Myanmar. Melioidosis is a common cause of sepsis and death in South and South-east Asia, but it is rarely diagnosed in Myanmar. We conducted a nationwide soil study to identify areas where B. pseudomallei is present. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We collected soil samples from 387 locations in all 15 states and regions of Myanmar between September 2017 and June 2019. At each site, three samples were taken at each of three different depths (30, 60 and 90 cm) and were cultured for B. pseudomallei separately, along with a pooled sample from each site (i.e. 10 cultures per site). We used a negative binomial regression model to assess associations between isolation of B. pseudomallei and environmental factors (season, soil depth, soil type, land use and climate zones). B. pseudomallei was isolated in 7 of 15 states and regions. Of the 387 sites, 31 (8%) had one or more positive samples and of the 3,870 samples cultured, 103 (2.7%) tested positive for B. pseudomallei. B. pseudomallei was isolated more frequently during the monsoon season [RR-2.28 (95% CI: 0.70-7.38)] and less in the hot dry season [RR-0.70 (95% CI: 0.19-2.56)] compared to the cool dry season, and in the tropical monsoon climate zone [RR-2.26; 95% CI (0.21-6.21)] compared to the tropical dry winter climate zone. However, these associations were not statistically significant. B. pseudomallei was detected at all three depths and from various soil types (clay, silt and sand). Isolation was higher in agricultural land (2.2%), pasture land (8.5%) and disused land (5.8%) than in residential land (0.4%), but these differences were also not significant. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This study confirms a widespread distribution of B. pseudomallei in Myanmar. Clinical studies should follow to obtain a better picture of the burden of melioidosis in Myanmar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myo Maung Maung Swe
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mo Mo Win
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Joshua Cohen
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
| | | | | | - Kyaw Soe
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Premjit Amorncha
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thin Thin Wah
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Kyi Kyi Nyein Win
- Department of Medical Research, Ministry of Health and Sports, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Clare Ling
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot, Thailand
| | - Daniel M. Parker
- Department of Population Health and Disease Prevention Program in Public Health, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - David A. B. Dance
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A. Ashley
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao People’s Democratic Republic
| | - Frank Smithuis
- Myanmar Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Yangon, Myanmar
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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27
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Heacock-Kang Y, McMillan IA, Norris MH, Sun Z, Zarzycki-Siek J, Bluhm AP, Cabanas D, Norton RE, Ketheesan N, Miller JF, Schweizer HP, Hoang TT. The Burkholderia pseudomallei intracellular 'TRANSITome'. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1907. [PMID: 33772012 PMCID: PMC7998038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22169-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotic cell transcriptomics has been limited to mixed or sub-population dynamics and individual cells within heterogeneous populations, which has hampered further understanding of spatiotemporal and stage-specific processes of prokaryotic cells within complex environments. Here we develop a 'TRANSITomic' approach to profile transcriptomes of single Burkholderia pseudomallei cells as they transit through host cell infection at defined stages, yielding pathophysiological insights. We find that B. pseudomallei transits through host cells during infection in three observable stages: vacuole entry; cytoplasmic escape and replication; and membrane protrusion, promoting cell-to-cell spread. The B. pseudomallei 'TRANSITome' reveals dynamic gene-expression flux during transit in host cells and identifies genes that are required for pathogenesis. We find several hypothetical proteins and assign them to virulence mechanisms, including attachment, cytoskeletal modulation, and autophagy evasion. The B. pseudomallei 'TRANSITome' provides prokaryotic single-cell transcriptomics information enabling high-resolution understanding of host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Heacock-Kang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ian A McMillan
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Michael H Norris
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Geography and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Zhenxin Sun
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jan Zarzycki-Siek
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Andrew P Bluhm
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Department of Geography and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Darlene Cabanas
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Robert E Norton
- Townsville Hospital, Townsville, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- Science and Technology, University of New England, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeff F Miller
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, and the California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Herbert P Schweizer
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Tung T Hoang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.
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28
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Kritsiriwuthinan K, Wajanarogana S, Choosang K, Pimklang T. Comparison of Dot ELISA Using GroEL Recombinant Protein as an Antigen and an Indirect Hemagglutination Assay for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis. Open Microbiol J 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1874285802115010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Melioidosis is a disease caused by the Burkholderia pseudomallei bacterium. The mortality rate of infected patients is quite high because the symptoms are similar to those of various diseases, making it difficult to diagnose clinically and preventing the immediate treatment with effective antibiotics that is required for the management of acute infections. To provide appropriate treatment, accurate and rapid diagnosis is required.
Objective:
The aims of this study were to develop Dot ELISA using purified GroEL B. pseudomallei recombinant protein as an antigen and to compare the newly developed assay with an indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) for the diagnosis of melioidosis.
Methods:
The GroEL recombinant protein was purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography before being used as an antigen. The optimal conditions of the Dot ELISA were determined and used for subsequent experiments. A total of 291 serum samples were evaluated by the established Dot ELISA and IHA, using the bacterial culture method as the gold standard of melioidosis diagnosis.
Results:
The results from Dot ELISA and IHA revealed sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 85.7% (Dot ELISA)/64.3% (IHA), 94.4%/85.5%, and 93.1%/82.5%, respectively.
Conclusion:
These results indicate that the Dot ELISA developed is an efficient, simple, rapid and cost-effective technique for the early diagnosis of melioidosis and can be used in a local laboratory without specialized equipment.
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29
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Salmuna ZN, Hussin A, Wan Sulong WAB. Burkholderia pseudomallei presenting with appendicular abscess: A great mimicker. PROCEEDINGS OF SINGAPORE HEALTHCARE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/2010105820939583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an atypical presentation of melioidosis, which was an appendicular abscess in a man with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which has never been reported before worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeti Norfidiyati Salmuna
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Azura Hussin
- Jabatan Patologi, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab (II), Jalan Hospital, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Wan Addyana Binti Wan Sulong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University Sains Malaysia Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Jabatan Patologi, Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab (II), Jalan Hospital, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
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30
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Alvarez-Hernandez G, Cruz-Loustaunau D, Ibarra JA, Rascon-Alcantar A, Contreras-Soto J, Meza-Radilla G, Torres AG, Estrada-de Los Santos P. Description of two fatal cases of melioidosis in Mexican children with acute pneumonia: case report. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:204. [PMID: 33622263 PMCID: PMC7903701 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-05910-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei. In Mexico, the disease is rarely diagnosed in humans and there is no evidence of simultaneous environmental isolation of the pathogen. Here, we describe clinical profiles of fatal cases of melioidosis in two children, in a region without history of that disease. CASE PRESENTATION About 48 h before onset of symptoms, patients swam in a natural body of water, and thereafter they rapidly developed fatal septicemic illness. Upon necropsy, samples from liver, spleen, lung, cerebrospinal fluid, and bronchial aspirate tissues contained Burkholderia pseudomallei. Environmental samples collected from the locations where the children swam also contained B. pseudomallei. All the clinical and environmental strains showed the same BOX-PCR pattern, suggesting that infection originated from the area where the patients were swimming. CONCLUSIONS The identification of B. pseudomallei confirmed that melioidosis disease exists in Sonora, Mexico. The presence of B. pseudomallei in the environment may suggest endemicity of the pathogen in the region. This study highlights the importance of strengthening laboratory capacity to prevent and control future melioidosis cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Alvarez-Hernandez
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
- Ministry of Health of Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | - J Antonio Ibarra
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo. C.P., 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Georgina Meza-Radilla
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo. C.P., 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Paulina Estrada-de Los Santos
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Prol. Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Santo Tomás, Alcaldía Miguel Hidalgo. C.P., 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Gassiep I, Burnard D, Bauer MJ, Norton RE, Harris PN. Diagnosis of melioidosis: the role of molecular techniques. Future Microbiol 2021; 16:271-288. [PMID: 33595347 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is an emerging infectious disease with an estimated global burden of 4.64 million disability-adjusted life years per year. A major determinant related to poor disease outcomes is delay to diagnosis due to the fact that identification of the causative agent Burkholderia pseudomallei may be challenging. Over the last 25 years, advances in molecular diagnostic techniques have resulted in the potential for rapid and accurate organism detection and identification direct from clinical samples. While these methods are not yet routine in clinical practice, laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases is transitioning to culture-independent techniques. This review article aims to evaluate molecular methods for melioidosis diagnosis direct from clinical samples and discuss current and future utility and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Gassiep
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Mater Hospital Brisbane, South Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | - Delaney Burnard
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Michelle J Bauer
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia
| | - Robert E Norton
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, 4814, Australia
| | - Patrick N Harris
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Woman's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia.,Pathology Queensland, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, 4029, Australia
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Kim S, Jo S, Kim MS, Shin DH. A triple-targeting inhibitory activity of Rose Bengal on polysaccharide biosynthesis of Burkholderia pseudomallei. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 354:e2000360. [PMID: 33555065 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202000360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sugar nucleotidyltransferases (SNTs) participate in various biosynthesis pathways constructing polysaccharides in Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, a triple-targeting inhibitory activity of Rose Bengal against SNTs such as d-glycero-α-d-manno-heptose-1-phosphate guanylyltransferase (HddC), d-glycero-β-d-manno-heptose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase (HldC), and 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid cytidylyltransferase (KdsB) from Burkholderia pseudomallei is provided. Rose Bengal effectively suppresses the nucleotidyltransferase activity of the three SNTs, and its IC50 values are 10.42, 0.76, and 5.31 µM, respectively. Interestingly, Rose Bengal inhibits the three enzymes regardless of their primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structural differences. The experimental results indicate that Rose Bengal possesses the plasticity to shape its conformation suitable to interact with the three SNTs. As HddC functions in the formation of capsular polysaccharides and HldC and KdsB produce building blocks to constitute the inner core of lipopolysaccharide, Rose Bengal is a potential candidate to design antibiotics in a new category. In particular, it can be developed as a specific antimelioidosis agent. As the mortality rate of the infected people caused by B. pseudomallei is quite high, there is an urgent need for specific antimelioidosis agents. Therefore, a further study is being carried out with derivatives of Rose Bengal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwon Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seri Jo
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Sun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong H Shin
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Amiss AS, Webb JR, Mayo M, Currie BJ, Craik DJ, Henriques ST, Lawrence N. Safer In Vitro Drug Screening Models for Melioidosis Therapy Development. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:1846-1851. [PMID: 32975176 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the Gram-negative soil bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. Current antibiotic regimens used to treat melioidosis are prolonged and expensive, and often ineffective because of intrinsic and acquired antimicrobial resistance. Efforts to develop new treatments for melioidosis are limited by the risks associated with handling pathogenic B. pseudomallei, which restricts research to facilities with biosafety level three containment. Closely related nonpathogenic Burkholderia can be investigated under less stringent biosafety level two containment, and we hypothesized that they could be used as model organisms for developing therapies that would also be effective against B. pseudomallei. We used microbroth dilution assays to compare drug susceptibility profiles of three B. pseudomallei strains and five nonpathogenic Burkholderia strains. Burkholderia humptydooensis, Burkholderia thailandensis, and Burkholderia territorii had similar susceptibility profiles to pathogenic B. pseudomallei that support their potential as safer in vitro models for developing new melioidosis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna S Amiss
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jessica R Webb
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - Mark Mayo
- Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - Bart J Currie
- Northern Territory Medical Program, Department of Infectious Diseases, Royal Darwin Hospital, Darwin, Australia.,Global and Tropical Health Division, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia
| | - David J Craik
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sónia Troeira Henriques
- Queensland University of Technology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Healthy and Biomedical Innovation, and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicole Lawrence
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Maze MJ, Elrod MG, Biggs HM, Bonnewell J, Carugati M, Hoffmaster AR, Lwezaula BF, Madut DB, Maro VP, Mmbaga BT, Morrissey AB, Saganda W, Sakasaka P, Rubach MP, Crump JA. Investigation of Melioidosis Using Blood Culture and Indirect Hemagglutination Assay Serology among Patients with Fever, Northern Tanzania. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2510-2514. [PMID: 32996455 PMCID: PMC7695086 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prediction models indicate that melioidosis may be common in parts of East Africa, but there are few empiric data. We evaluated the prevalence of melioidosis among patients presenting with fever to hospitals in Tanzania. Patients with fever were enrolled at two referral hospitals in Moshi, Tanzania, during 2007–2008, 2012–2014, and 2016–2019. Blood was collected from participants for aerobic culture. Bloodstream isolates were identified by conventional biochemical methods. Non–glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli were further tested using a Burkholderia pseudomallei latex agglutination assay. Also, we performed B. pseudomallei indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA) serology on serum samples from participants enrolled from 2012 to 2014 and considered at high epidemiologic risk of melioidosis on the basis of admission within 30 days of rainfall. We defined confirmed melioidosis as isolation of B. pseudomallei from blood culture, probable melioidosis as a ≥ 4-fold rise in antibody titers between acute and convalescent sera, and seropositivity as a single antibody titer ≥ 40. We enrolled 3,716 participants and isolated non-enteric Gram-negative bacilli in five (2.5%) of 200 with bacteremia. As none of these five isolates was B. pseudomallei, there were no confirmed melioidosis cases. Of 323 participants tested by IHA, 142 (44.0%) were male, and the median (range) age was 27 (0–70) years. We identified two (0.6%) cases of probable melioidosis, and 57 (17.7%) were seropositive. The absence of confirmed melioidosis from 9 years of fever surveillance indicates melioidosis was not a major cause of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Maze
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mindy Glass Elrod
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Holly M Biggs
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John Bonnewell
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Manuela Carugati
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Alex R Hoffmaster
- Bacterial Special Pathogens Branch, US Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Deng B Madut
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Venance P Maro
- Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Blandina T Mmbaga
- Kilimanjaro Clinical Research Institute, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania
| | - Anne B Morrissey
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Matthew P Rubach
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - John A Crump
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Department of Medicine, Duke University Health System, Durham, North Carolina.,Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital, Moshi, Tanzania.,Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College, Tumaini University, Moshi, Tanzania.,Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.,Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Terefe YA, Kassa SM. Analysis of a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics of human melioidosis. INT J BIOMATH 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s179352452050062x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A deterministic model for the transmission dynamics of melioidosis disease in human population is designed and analyzed. The model is shown to exhibit the phenomenon of backward bifurcation, where a stable disease-free equilibrium co-exists with a stable endemic equilibrium when the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] is less than one. It is further shown that the backward bifurcation dynamics is caused by the reinfection of individuals who recovered from the disease and relapse. The existence of backward bifurcation implies that bringing down [Formula: see text] to less than unity is not enough for disease eradication. In the absence of backward bifurcation, the global asymptotic stability of the disease-free equilibrium is shown whenever [Formula: see text]. For [Formula: see text], the existence of at least one locally asymptotically stable endemic equilibrium is shown. Sensitivity analysis of the model, using the parameters relevant to the transmission dynamics of the melioidosis disease, is discussed. Numerical experiments are presented to support the theoretical analysis of the model. In the numerical experimentations, it has been observed that screening and treating individuals in the exposed class has a significant impact on the disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibeltal Adane Terefe
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Limpopo, South Africa
| | - Semu Mitiku Kassa
- Department of Mathematics and Statistical Sciences, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Botswana
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36
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Wagner GE, Föderl-Höbenreich E, Assig K, Lipp M, Berner A, Kohler C, Lichtenegger S, Stiehler J, Karoonboonyanan W, Thanapattarapairoj N, Promkong C, Koosakulnirand S, Chaichana P, Ehricht R, Gad AM, Söffing HH, Dunachie SJ, Chantratita N, Steinmetz I. Melioidosis DS rapid test: A standardized serological dipstick assay with increased sensitivity and reliability due to multiplex detection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008452. [PMID: 32658917 PMCID: PMC7416965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis, caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is a severe infectious disease with high mortality rates, but is under-recognized worldwide. In endemic areas, there is a great need for simple, low-cost and rapid diagnostic tools. In a previous study we showed, that a protein multiplex array with 20 B. pseudomallei-specific antigens detects antibodies in melioidosis patients with high sensitivity and specificity. In a subsequent study the high potential of anti-B. pseudomallei antibody detection was confirmed using a rapid Hcp1 single protein-based assay. Our protein array also showed that the antibody profile varies between patients, possibly due to a combination of host factors but also antigen variations in the infecting B. pseudomallei strains. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid test, combining Hcp1 and the best performing antigens BPSL2096, BPSL2697 and BPSS0477 from our previous study, to take advantage of simultaneous antibody detection. METHODS AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The 4-plex dipstick was validated with sera from 75 patients on admission plus control groups, achieving 92% sensitivity and 97-100% specificity. We then re-evaluated melioidosis sera with the 4-plex assay that were previously misclassified by the monoplex Hcp1 rapid test. 12 out of 55 (21.8%) false-negative samples were positive in our new dipstick assay. Among those, 4 sera (7.3%) were Hcp1 positive, whereas 8 (14.5%) sera remained Hcp1 negative but gave a positive reaction with our additional antigens. CONCLUSIONS Our dipstick rapid test represents an inexpensive, standardized and simple diagnostic tool with an improved serodiagnostic performance due to multiplex detection. Each additional band on the test strip makes a false-positive result more unlikely, contributing to its reliability. Future prospective studies will seek to validate the gain in sensitivity and specificity of our multiplex rapid test approach in different melioidosis patient cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E. Wagner
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Esther Föderl-Höbenreich
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Karoline Assig
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michaela Lipp
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andreas Berner
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Kohler
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute for Medical Microbiology, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sabine Lichtenegger
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Julia Stiehler
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | | | - Chidchanok Promkong
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Nakhon Phanom Hospital, Nakhon Phanom, Thailand
| | - Sirikamon Koosakulnirand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panjaporn Chaichana
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ralf Ehricht
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Jena, Germany
- InfectoGnostics Research Campus, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Gad
- Senova Gesellschaft für Biowissenschaft und Technik mbH, Weimar, Germany
| | - Hans H. Söffing
- Senova Gesellschaft für Biowissenschaft und Technik mbH, Weimar, Germany
| | - Susanna J. Dunachie
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Narisara Chantratita
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ivo Steinmetz
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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37
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Chua KH, Tan EW, Chai HC, Puthucheary SD, Lee PC, Puah SM. Rapid identification of melioidosis agent by an insulated isothermal PCR on a field-deployable device. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9238. [PMID: 32518734 PMCID: PMC7261116 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia pseudomallei causes melioidosis, a serious illness that can be fatal if untreated or misdiagnosed. Culture from clinical specimens remains the gold standard but has low diagnostic sensitivity. Method In this study, we developed a rapid, sensitive and specific insulated isothermal Polymerase Chain Reaction (iiPCR) targeting bimA gene (Burkholderia Intracellular Motility A; BPSS1492) for the identification of B. pseudomallei. A pair of novel primers: BimA(F) and BimA(R) together with a probe were designed and 121 clinical B. pseudomallei strains obtained from numerous clinical sources and 10 ATCC non-targeted strains were tested with iiPCR and qPCR in parallel. Results All 121 B. pseudomallei isolates were positive for qPCR while 118 isolates were positive for iiPCR, demonstrating satisfactory agreement (97.71%; 95% CI [93.45–99.53%]; k = 0.87). Sensitivity of the bimA iiPCR/POCKIT assay was 97.52% with the lower detection limit of 14 ng/µL of B. pseudomallei DNA. The developed iiPCR assay did not cross-react with 10 types of non-targeted strains, indicating good specificity. Conclusion This bimA iiPCR/POCKIT assay will undoubtedly complement other methodologies used in the clinical laboratory for the rapid identification of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kek Heng Chua
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - E Wei Tan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hwa Chia Chai
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S D Puthucheary
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ping Chin Lee
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Suat Moi Puah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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38
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Larson DT, Schully KL, Spall A, Lawler JV, Maves RC. Indirect Detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection in a US Marine After Training in Australia. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa103. [PMID: 32391401 PMCID: PMC7200084 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2012, the United States Marine Corps began annual deployments around Australia, including highly endemic areas for Burkholderia pseudomallei. B. pseudomallei infection, or melioidosis, is difficult to diagnose, and culture remains the gold standard. Accurate and timely diagnosis is essential, however, to ensuring appropriate therapy. Ten days after returning from Australia, a Marine presented to a community hospital with massive cervical lymphadenopathy, fever, and cough. Computed tomography demonstrated scattered pulmonary infiltrates with small cavitations; lymphadenopathy involving the cervical, supraclavicular, and mediastinal nodes; and splenomegaly. Sputum and blood cultures were negative. Empiric antimicrobial therapy with ceftazidime was initiated for suspected melioidosis. Retrospectively, a prototype iSTAT cartridge modified to detect B. pseudomallei capsular polysaccharide antigen was used to test a specimen of the patient's blood and was determined to be positive. Over the course of therapy, B. pseudomallei capsular antigen levels in blood declined as the patient improved. The leveraging of an existing point-of-care (POC) analyzer to create a rapid diagnostic assay for melioidosis provides a template for rapid POC diagnostics that could significantly improve the ability of clinicians to deliver timely and appropriate therapy for serious infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek T Larson
- Infectious Diseases Service, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital, Fort Belvoir, Virginia, USA
| | - Kevin L Schully
- Austere Environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ammarah Spall
- Austere Environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes (ACESO), Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center-Frederick, Ft. Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - James V Lawler
- Global Center for Health Security and Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Ryan C Maves
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California, USA
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39
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Abstract
The causative agent of melioidosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei, a tier 1 select agent, is endemic in Southeast Asia and northern Australia, with increased incidence associated with high levels of rainfall. Increasing reports of this condition have occurred worldwide, with estimates of up to 165,000 cases and 89,000 deaths per year. The ecological niche of the organism has yet to be clearly defined, although the organism is associated with soil and water. The culture of appropriate clinical material remains the mainstay of laboratory diagnosis. Identification is best done by phenotypic methods, although mass spectrometric methods have been described. Serology has a limited diagnostic role. Direct molecular and antigen detection methods have limited availability and sensitivity. Clinical presentations of melioidosis range from acute bacteremic pneumonia to disseminated visceral abscesses and localized infections. Transmission is by direct inoculation, inhalation, or ingestion. Risk factors for melioidosis include male sex, diabetes mellitus, alcohol abuse, and immunosuppression. The organism is well adapted to intracellular survival, with numerous virulence mechanisms. Immunity likely requires innate and adaptive responses. The principles of management of this condition are drainage and debridement of infected material and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Global mortality rates vary between 9% and 70%. Research into vaccine development is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Gassiep
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M Armstrong
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - R Norton
- Pathology Queensland, Townsville Hospital, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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40
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Vasan A, Friend J. Medical Devices for Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Review and Directions for Development. J Med Device 2020; 14:010803. [PMID: 32328210 PMCID: PMC7164506 DOI: 10.1115/1.4045910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of diagnostics and medical devices has historically been concentrated in high-income countries, despite a significant need to expand healthcare services to low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Poor quality healthcare extends beyond LMIC to underserved communities in developed countries. This paper reviews diseases and conditions that have not received much attention in the past despite imposing a significant burden on healthcare systems in these circumstances. We review the underlying mechanism of action of these conditions and current technology in use for diagnosis or surgical intervention. We aim to identify areas for technological development and review policy considerations that will enable real-world adoption. Specifically, this review focuses on diseases prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia: melioidosis, infant and maternal mortality, schistosomiasis, and heavy metal and pesticide poisoning. Our aim with this review is to identify problems facing the world that require the attention of the medical device community and provide recommendations for research directions for groups interested in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Vasan
- Medically Advanced Devices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Gautam KP, Lijesh KU, Jude J, Gupta RD, Paul TV. An uncommon cause of fever in a patient with hyperthyroidism. J Family Med Prim Care 2020; 9:432-434. [PMID: 32110632 PMCID: PMC7014895 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_933_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Fever as an indicator of disease has always been and remains a clinical symptom of great importance. It may be a manifestation of any inflammatory process of the thyroid and also may be presenting feature of thyroid storm. Melioidosis, is an infection caused by the gram negative bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei and the commonest co-morbidity observed in India is diabetes mellitus. Here we present a case of Graves disease (hyperthyroidism) who was referred by primary care physician with history of prolonged fever of more than one month duration and later diagnosed to have melioidosis. It is important in primary care setting as family physicians need to be aware of this infection as it can affect many organs and early diagnosis and treatment will result in cure of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna P Gautam
- Department of Endocrinology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kanakkankotil U Lijesh
- Department of Endocrinology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - John Jude
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Riddhi D Gupta
- Department of Endocrinology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thomas V Paul
- Department of Endocrinology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Subakir H, Chong YM, Chan YF, Hasan MS, Jamaluddin MFH, Pang YK, Ponnampalavanar S, Syed Omar SF, Sam IC. Selective media and real-time PCR improves diagnosis of melioidosis in community-acquired pneumonia in a low-incidence setting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. J Med Microbiol 2020; 69:49-51. [PMID: 31750812 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis) is an important cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the tropics. Selective medium is recommended for laboratory diagnosis with non-sterile respiratory samples, while PCR is not routinely used due to variable reported performance. The effectiveness of these diagnostic modalities varies by site.Aim. To compare selective media and real-time PCR (qPCR) with routine media in detecting B. pseudomallei in CAP respiratory samples in a low-incidence setting in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Methodology. Respiratory samples were routinely cultured on blood, chocolate and MacConkey agar (RESP-ROUTINE), and compared to culture on selective Ashdown medium (RESP-SELECTIVE) and qPCR. The gold standard was routine culture of B. pseudomallei from any site (ALL-ROUTINE).Results. B. pseudomallei was detected in 8/204 (3.9 %) samples. Overall sensitivity rates differed (P=0.03) for qPCR (100%), RESP-SELECTIVE (87.5%) and RESP-ROUTINE (50%). There was a trend towards lower median days to positive culture for RESP-SELECTIVE (1 day) compared to RESP-ROUTINE (2 days, P=0.08) and ALL-ROUTINE (2 days, P=0.06). Reagent costs for each additional detection were USD59 for RESP-SELECTIVE and USD354 for PCR.Conclusions. In a low-incidence setting, selective culture of respiratory samples on Ashdown was more sensitive and allowed quicker identification than routine media, at reasonable cost. Blood cultures are critical, confirming four cases missed by routine respiratory culture. Selective medium is useful in early pneumonia (pre-sepsis) and resource-limited settings where blood cultures are infrequently done. Real-time PCR is costly, but highly sensitive and useful for high-risk patients with diabetes, cancer or immunosuppressants, or requiring ventilation or intensive care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haida Subakir
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yoong Min Chong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Fun Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - M Shahnaz Hasan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603 Malaysia
| | | | - Yong Kek Pang
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | | | | | - I-Ching Sam
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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Greer RC, Wangrangsimakul T, Amornchai P, Wuthiekanun V, Laongnualpanich A, Dance DAB, Limmathurotsakul D. Misidentification of Burkholderia pseudomallei as Acinetobacter species in northern Thailand. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2020; 113:48-51. [PMID: 30295891 PMCID: PMC6314150 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/try108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of melioidosis, a disease endemic throughout the tropics. Methods A study of reported Acinetobacter spp. bacteraemia was performed at Chiang Rai provincial hospital from 2014 to 2015. Isolates were collected and tested for confirmation. Results A total of 419 putative Acinetobacter spp. isolates from 412 patients were re-identified and 5/419 (1.2%) were identified as B. pseudomallei. Four of the five patients with melioidosis died. An estimated 88/419 (21%) isolates were correctly identified as Acinetobacter spp. Conclusions Misidentification of Acinetobacter spp. as B. pseudomallei or other bacteria is not uncommon and programmes to address these shortfalls are urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Greer
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tri Wangrangsimakul
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Premjit Amornchai
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vanaporn Wuthiekanun
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - David A B Dance
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane Capital, Lao People's Democratic Republic.,Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Prevalence of Community-Onset Bloodstream Infections among Hospitalized Patients in Africa and Asia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 64:AAC.01974-19. [PMID: 31636071 PMCID: PMC7187598 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01974-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Community-onset bloodstream infections (CO-BSI) are major causes of severe febrile illness and death worldwide. In light of new data and the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among pathogens causing BSI, we undertook a systematic review of hospital-based studies of CO-BSI among patients hospitalized with fever. Community-onset bloodstream infections (CO-BSI) are major causes of severe febrile illness and death worldwide. In light of new data and the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among pathogens causing BSI, we undertook a systematic review of hospital-based studies of CO-BSI among patients hospitalized with fever. Without restriction to language or country, we searched PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for prospective hospital-based studies of culture-confirmed CO-BSI among febrile inpatients. We determined by study the prevalence of BSI among participants, the pathogens responsible for BSI, and the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of pathogens causing BSI, according to place and time. Thirty-four (77.3%) of 44 eligible studies recruited 29,022 participants in Africa and Asia combined. Among participants in these two regions, the median prevalence of BSI was 12.5% (range, 2.0 to 48.4%); of 3,220 pathogens isolated, 1,119 (34.8%) were Salmonella enterica, 425 (13.2%) Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 282 (8.8%) Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was reported in 16 (36.4%) studies. When isolates collected prior to 2008 were compared to those collected in the period of 2008 through 2018, the proportions of typhoidal Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus isolates resistant to several clinically relevant antimicrobials increased over time, while S. pneumoniae susceptibility was stable. CO-BSI remain a major cause of severe febrile illness among hospitalized patients in Africa and Asia, with S. enterica, S. pneumoniae, and E. coli predominating. There is a concerning increase in AMR among serious infections caused by community-onset pathogens. Ongoing surveillance is needed to inform empirical management and strategies to control AMR.
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45
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Rizzi MC, Rattanavong S, Bouthasavong L, Seubsanith A, Vongsouvath M, Davong V, De Silvestri A, Manciulli T, Newton PN, Dance DAB. Evaluation of the Active Melioidosis Detect™ test as a point-of-care tool for the early diagnosis of melioidosis: a comparison with culture in Laos. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:757-763. [PMID: 31638152 PMCID: PMC6907004 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis is difficult to diagnose clinically and culture of Burkholderia pseudomallei is the current, imperfect gold standard. However, a reliable point-of-care test (POCT) could enable earlier treatment and improve outcomes. METHODS We evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of the Active Melioidosis Detect™ (AMD) rapid test as a POCT and determined how much it reduced the time to diagnosis compared with culture. RESULTS We tested 106 whole blood, plasma and buffy coat samples, 96 urine, 28 sputum and 20 pus samples from 112 patients, of whom 26 (23.2%) were culture-positive for B. pseudomallei. AMD sensitivity and specificity were 65.4 and 87.2%, respectively, the latter related to 10 weak positive reactions on urine samples, considered likely false positives. The positive predictive value was 60.7%, negative predictive value was 89.3% and concordance rate between operators reading the test was 95.7%; time to diagnosis decreased by a median of 23 h. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm that a strongly positive AMD result can reduce the time to diagnosis of melioidosis. However, the AMD currently has a disappointing overall sensitivity, especially with blood fractions, and specificity problems when testing urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Rizzi
- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Sayaphet Rattanavong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Latsaniphone Bouthasavong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Amphayvanh Seubsanith
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Manivanh Vongsouvath
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Viengmon Davong
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | | | | | - Paul N Newton
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - David A B Dance
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Lao PDR
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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46
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Hantrakun V, Kongyu S, Klaytong P, Rongsumlee S, Day NPJ, Peacock SJ, Hinjoy S, Limmathurotsakul D. Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Open Forum Infect Dis 2019; 6:ofz498. [PMID: 32083145 PMCID: PMC7020769 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofz498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background National notifiable diseases surveillance system (NNDSS) data in developing countries are usually incomplete, yet the total number of fatal cases reported is commonly used in national priority-setting. Melioidosis, an infectious disease caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei, is largely underrecognized by policy-makers due to the underreporting of fatal cases via the NNDSS. Methods Collaborating with the Epidemiology Division (ED), Ministry of Public Health (MoPH), we conducted a retrospective study to determine the incidence and mortality of melioidosis cases already identified by clinical microbiology laboratories nationwide. A case of melioidosis was defined as a patient with any clinical specimen culture positive for B. pseudomallei. Routinely available microbiology and hospital databases of secondary care and tertiary care hospitals, the national death registry, and NNDSS data were obtained for analysis. Results A total of 7126 culture-confirmed melioidosis patients were identified from 2012 to 2015 in 60 hospitals countrywide. The total number of cases diagnosed in Northeast, Central, South, East, North, and West Thailand were 5475, 536, 374, 364, 358, and 19 cases, respectively. The overall 30-day mortality was 39% (2805/7126). Only 126 (4%) deaths were reported to the NNDSS. Age, presentation with bacteremia and pneumonia, prevalence of diabetes, and 30-day mortality differed by geographical region (all P < .001). The ED at MoPH has agreed to include the findings of our study in the next annual report of the NNDSS. Conclusions Melioidosis is an important cause of death in Thailand nationwide, and its clinical epidemiology may be different by region. In developing countries, NNDSS data can be supplemented by integrating information from readily available routine data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viriya Hantrakun
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Somkid Kongyu
- Epidemiology Division, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Preeyarach Klaytong
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sittikorn Rongsumlee
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nicholas P J Day
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon J Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Soawapak Hinjoy
- Epidemiology Division, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand.,Office of International Cooperation, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi, Thailand
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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47
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Birnie E, Virk HS, Savelkoel J, Spijker R, Bertherat E, Dance DAB, Limmathurotsakul D, Devleesschauwer B, Haagsma JA, Wiersinga WJ. Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 19:892-902. [PMID: 31285144 PMCID: PMC6867904 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(19)30157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by the environmental bacterium Burkholderia pseudomallei. It is often fatal, with a high prevalence in tropical areas. Clinical presentation can vary from abscess formation to pneumonia and sepsis. We assessed the global burden of melioidosis, expressed in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), for 2015. METHODS We did a systematic review of the peer-reviewed literature for human melioidosis cases between Jan 1, 1990, and Dec 31, 2015. Quantitative data for cases of melioidosis were extracted, including mortality, age, sex, infectious and post-infectious sequelae, antibiotic treatment, and symptom duration. These data were combined with established disability weights and expert panel discussions to construct an incidence-based disease model. The disease model was integrated with established global incidence and mortality estimates to calculate global melioidosis DALYs. The study is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42018106372. FINDINGS 2888 articles were screened, of which 475 eligible studies containing quantitative data were retained. Pneumonia, intra-abdominal abscess, and sepsis were the most common outcomes, with pneumonia occurring in 3633 (35·7%, 95% uncertainty interval [UI] 34·8-36·6) of 10 175 patients, intra-abdominal abscess in 1619 (18·3%, 17·5-19·1) of 8830 patients, and sepsis in 1526 (18·0%, 17·2-18·8) of 8469 patients. We estimate that in 2015, the global burden of melioidosis was 4·6 million DALYs (UI 3·2-6·6) or 84·3 per 100 000 people (57·5-120·0). Years of life lost accounted for 98·9% (UI 97·7-99·5) of the total DALYs, and years lived with disability accounted for 1·1% (0·5-2·3). INTERPRETATION Melioidosis causes a larger disease burden than many other tropical diseases that are recognised as neglected, and so it should be reconsidered as a major neglected tropical disease. FUNDING European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) Research Grant 2018, AMC PhD Scholarship, The Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO), H2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Innovative Training Network European Sepsis Academy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Birnie
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Harjeet S Virk
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jelmer Savelkoel
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rene Spijker
- Academic Medical Centre and Medical Library, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Cochrane Netherlands, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Netherlands
| | - Eric Bertherat
- Department of Infectious Hazard Management, Health Emergency Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David A B Dance
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital, Vientiane, Laos; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Direk Limmathurotsakul
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Juanita A Haagsma
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - W Joost Wiersinga
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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48
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Gee JE, Elrod MG, Gulvik CA, Haselow DT, Waters C, Liu L, Hoffmaster AR. Burkholderia thailandensis Isolated from Infected Wound, Arkansas, USA. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24:2091-2094. [PMID: 30334705 PMCID: PMC6199988 DOI: 10.3201/eid2411.180821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Burkholderia thailandensis, a member of the Burkholderia pseudomallei complex, is generally considered nonpathogenic; however, on rare occasions, B. thailandensis infections have been reported. We describe a clinical isolate of B. thailandensis, BtAR2017, recovered from a patient with an infected wound in Arkansas, USA, in 2017.
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49
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Dance DA, Wuthiekanun V, Sarovich D, Price EP, Limmathurotsakul D, Currie BJ, Trung TT. Pan-drug-resistant and biofilm-producing strain of Burkholderia pseudomallei: first report of melioidosis from a diabetic patient in Yogyakarta, Indonesia [Letter]. Int Med Case Rep J 2019; 12:117-118. [PMID: 31114399 PMCID: PMC6489552 DOI: 10.2147/imcrj.s205245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Ab Dance
- Lao-Oxford-Mahosot Hospital-Wellcome Trust Research Unit, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | | | - Derek Sarovich
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Erin P Price
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Bart J Currie
- Infectious Diseases, Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, NT, Australia
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50
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Dissanayake HA, Premawansa G, Corea E, Atukorale I. Positive melioidosis serology in a patient with adult onset Still's disease: a case report of a diagnostic dilemma. BMC Rheumatol 2019; 2:37. [PMID: 30886987 PMCID: PMC6390555 DOI: 10.1186/s41927-018-0044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autoimmune disorders are known to produce false positives in serological tests for infections. Aetiological association between infections and autoimmunity, increased susceptibility to infectious and autoimmune disorders with immune dysregulation and non-specific polyclonal expansion of B cells with autoimmunity may cause confusion in diagnosis and patient management. We report a patient with Adult Onset Still’s Disease (AOSD) presenting with rising melioidosis antibody titres that caused diagnostic confusion. Case presentation A forty-nine-year-old female presented with prolonged fever, sore-throat, large joint arthritis, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly and transient rash. She had elevated inflammatory markers and a rising melioidosis antibody titre. The patient responded poorly to prolonged course of appropriate antimicrobials but showed rapid and sustained improvement with glucocorticoids. Conclusion Positive melioidosis serology could have been due to a co-infection or false positive antibody reaction due to non-specific B cell expansion or an indicator of true infection that triggered the immune dysregulation to develop AOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Enoka Corea
- 3Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Inoshi Atukorale
- 4Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
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