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Qiu X, Wang F, Sha A. Infection and transmission of henipavirus in animals. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:102183. [PMID: 38640700 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Henipavirus (HNV) is well known for two zoonotic viruses in the genus, Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV), which pose serious threat to human and animal health. In August 2022, a third zoonotic virus in the genus Henipavirus, Langya virus (LayV), was discovered in China. The emergence of HeV, NiV, and LayV highlights the persistent threat of HNV to human and animal health. In addition to the above three HNVs, new species within this genus are still being discovered. Although they have not yet caused a pandemic in humans or livestock, they still have the risk of spillover as a potential threat to the health of humans and animals. It's important to understand the infection and transmission of different HNV in animals for the prevention and control of current or future HNV epidemics. Therefore, this review mainly summarizes the animal origin, animal infection and transmission of HNV that have been found worldwide, and further analyzes and summarizes the rules of infection and transmission, so as to provide a reference for relevant scientific researchers. Furthermore, it can provide a direction for epidemic prevention and control, and animal surveillance to reduce the risk of the global pandemic of HNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Qiu
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China
| | - Ailong Sha
- School of Teacher Education, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404120, China.
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2
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Pigeaud DD, Geisbert TW, Woolsey C. Animal Models for Henipavirus Research. Viruses 2023; 15:1980. [PMID: 37896758 PMCID: PMC10610982 DOI: 10.3390/v15101980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are zoonotic paramyxoviruses in the genus Henipavirus (HNV) that emerged nearly thirty years ago. Outbreaks of HeV and NiV have led to severe respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans and animals characterized by a high mortality rate. Despite the grave threat HNVs pose to public health and global biosecurity, no approved medical countermeasures for human use currently exist against HeV or NiV. To develop candidate vaccines and therapeutics and advance the field's understanding of HNV pathogenesis, animal models of HeV and NiV have been instrumental and remain indispensable. Various species, including rodents, ferrets, and nonhuman primates (NHPs), have been employed for HNV investigations. Among these, NHPs have demonstrated the closest resemblance to human HNV disease, although other animal models replicate some key disease features. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the currently available animal models (mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, ferrets, cats, dogs, nonhuman primates, horses, and swine) to support HNV research. We also discuss the strengths and limitations of each model for conducting pathogenesis and transmission studies on HeV and NiV and for the evaluation of medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan D. Pigeaud
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (D.D.P.); (T.W.G.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (D.D.P.); (T.W.G.)
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (D.D.P.); (T.W.G.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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3
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Wang X, Wise JC, Stewart AJ. Hendra Virus: An Update on Diagnosis, Vaccination, and Biosecurity Protocols for Horses. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2023; 39:89-98. [PMID: 36737284 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) emerged as a zoonotic pathogen in the 1990s, causing low morbidity but high mortality in humans and horses. Pteropid bats are the natural reservoir of HeV and other important zoonotic viruses such as Nipah and Ebola viruses. Equivac HeV, manufactured by Zoetis (Parkville, Victoria, Australia), is the only commercially available vaccine for horses. There is no commercial vaccine for humans. The epidemiology, clinical features, pathology, diagnosis, management, and prevention of HeV will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueli Wang
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Building 8114, Inner Ring Road, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Jessica C Wise
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Building 8114, Inner Ring Road, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia
| | - Allison J Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Building 8114, Inner Ring Road, Gatton, Queensland 4343, Australia.
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Abstract
Zoonoses are diseases and infections naturally transmitted between humans and vertebrate animals. Over the years, zoonoses have become increasingly significant threats to global health. They form the dominant group of diseases among the emerging infectious diseases (EID) and currently account for 73% of EID. Approximately 25% of zoonoses originate in domestic animals. The etiological agents of zoonoses include different pathogens, with viruses accounting for approximately 30% of all zoonotic infections. Zoonotic diseases can be transmitted directly or indirectly, by contact, via aerosols, through a vector, or vertically in utero. Zoonotic diseases are found in every continent except Antarctica. Numerous factors associated with the pathogen, human activities, and the environment play significant roles in the transmission and emergence of zoonotic diseases. Effective response and control of zoonotic diseases call for multiple-sector involvement and collaboration according to the One Health concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyewale Tomori
- African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Ede, Nigeria; ,
| | - Daniel O Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Centre for Control and Prevention of Zoonoses, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; ,
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Serological Hendra Virus Diagnostics Using an Indirect ELISA-Based DIVA Approach with Recombinant Hendra G and N Proteins. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061095. [PMID: 35744614 PMCID: PMC9230382 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of Hendra virus (HeV) infections in horses in Australia in 1994, more than 80 outbreaks in horses have been reported, and four out of seven spillover infections in humans had a fatal outcome. With the availability of a subunit vaccine based on the HeV-Glycoprotein (HeV-G), there is a need to serologically Differentiate the Infected from the Vaccinated Animals (DIVA). We developed an indirect ELISA using HeV-G expressed in Leishmania tarentolae and HeV-Nucleoprotein (HeV-N) expressed in recombinant baculovirus-infected insect cells as antigens. During evaluation, we tested panels of sera from naïve, vaccinated and infected horses that either originated from a Hendra-virus free region, or had been pre-tested in validated diagnostic tests. Our data confirm the reliability of this approach, as HeV-N-specific antibodies were only detected in sera from infected horses, while HeV-G-specific antibodies were detected in infected and vaccinated horses with a high level of specificity and sensitivity. Given the excellent correlation of data obtained for German and Australian HeV-negative horses, we assume that this test can be applied for the testing of horse serum samples from a variety of geographical regions.
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Lawrence P, Escudero-Pérez B. Henipavirus Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis Mechanisms: Lessons Learnt from Natural Infection and Animal Models. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050936. [PMID: 35632678 PMCID: PMC9146692 DOI: 10.3390/v14050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah henipavirus (NiV) and Hendra henipavirus (HeV) are zoonotic emerging paramyxoviruses causing severe disease outbreaks in humans and livestock, mostly in Australia, India, Malaysia, Singapore and Bangladesh. Both are bat-borne viruses and in humans, their mortality rates can reach 60% in the case of HeV and 92% for NiV, thus being two of the deadliest viruses known for humans. Several factors, including a large cellular tropism and a wide zoonotic potential, con-tribute to their high pathogenicity. This review provides an overview of HeV and NiV pathogenicity mechanisms and provides a summary of their interactions with the immune systems of their different host species, including their natural hosts bats, spillover-hosts pigs, horses, and humans, as well as in experimental animal models. A better understanding of the interactions between henipaviruses and their hosts could facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies and vaccine measures against these re-emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lawrence
- Science and Humanities Confluence Research Centre (EA 1598), Catholic University of Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
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Sparkes J, Körtner G, Ballard G, Fleming PJ. Spatial and temporal activity patterns of owned, free-roaming dogs in coastal eastern Australia. Prev Vet Med 2022; 204:105641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2022.105641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Annand EJ, Horsburgh BA, Xu K, Reid PA, Poole B, de Kantzow MC, Brown N, Tweedie A, Michie M, Grewar JD, Jackson AE, Singanallur NB, Plain KM, Kim K, Tachedjian M, van der Heide B, Crameri S, Williams DT, Secombe C, Laing ED, Sterling S, Yan L, Jackson L, Jones C, Plowright RK, Peel AJ, Breed AC, Diallo I, Dhand NK, Britton PN, Broder CC, Smith I, Eden JS. Novel Hendra Virus Variant Detected by Sentinel Surveillance of Horses in Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:693-704. [PMID: 35202527 PMCID: PMC8888208 DOI: 10.3201/eid2803.211245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified and isolated a novel Hendra virus (HeV) variant not detected by routine testing from a horse in Queensland, Australia, that died from acute illness with signs consistent with HeV infection. Using whole-genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis, we determined the variant had ≈83% nt identity with prototypic HeV. In silico and in vitro comparisons of the receptor-binding protein with prototypic HeV support that the human monoclonal antibody m102.4 used for postexposure prophylaxis and current equine vaccine will be effective against this variant. An updated quantitative PCR developed for routine surveillance resulted in subsequent case detection. Genetic sequence consistency with virus detected in grey-headed flying foxes suggests the variant circulates at least among this species. Studies are needed to determine infection kinetics, pathogenicity, reservoir-species associations, viral-host coevolution, and spillover dynamics for this virus. Surveillance and biosecurity practices should be updated to acknowledge HeV spillover risk across all regions frequented by flying foxes.
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Lewis CE, Pickering B. Livestock and Risk Group 4 Pathogens: Researching Zoonotic Threats to Public Health and Agriculture in Maximum Containment. ILAR J 2022; 61:86-102. [PMID: 34864994 PMCID: PMC8759435 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maximum-containment laboratories are a unique and essential component of the bioeconomy of the United States. These facilities play a critical role in the national infrastructure, supporting research on a select set of especially dangerous pathogens, as well as novel, emerging diseases. Understanding the ecology, biology, and pathology at the human-animal interface of zoonotic spillover events is fundamental to efficient control and elimination of disease. The use of animals as human surrogate models or as target-host models in research is an integral part of unraveling the interrelated components involved in these dynamic systems. These models can prove vitally important in determining both viral- and host-factors associated with virus transmission, providing invaluable information that can be developed into better risk mitigation strategies. In this article, we focus on the use of livestock in maximum-containment, biosafety level-4 agriculture (BSL-4Ag) research involving zoonotic, risk group 4 pathogens and we provide an overview of historical associated research and contributions. Livestock are most commonly used as target-host models in high-consequence, maximum-containment research and are routinely used to establish data to assist in risk assessments. This article highlights the importance of animal use, insights gained, and how this type of research is essential for protecting animal health, food security, and the agriculture economy, as well as human public health in the face of emerging zoonotic pathogens. The utilization of animal models in high-consequence pathogen research and continued expansion to include available species of agricultural importance is essential to deciphering the ecology of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, as well as for emergency response and mitigation preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Lewis
- Corresponding Author: Dr Charles E. Lewis, DVM, MPH, MS, National Centre for Foreign Animal Diseases, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3M4, Canada. E-mail:
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10
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Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are bat-borne zoonotic para-myxoviruses identified in the mid- to late 1990s in outbreaks of severe disease in livestock and people in Australia and Malaysia, respectively. HeV repeatedly re-emerges in Australia while NiV continues to cause outbreaks in South Asia (Bangladesh and India), and these viruses have remained transboundary threats. In people and several mammalian species, HeV and NiV infections present as a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease. NiV stands out as a potential pandemic threat because of its associated high case-fatality rates and capacity for human-to-human transmission. The development of effective vaccines, suitable for people and livestock, against HeV and NiV has been a research focus. Here, we review the progress made in NiV and HeV vaccine development, with an emphasis on those approaches that have been tested in established animal challenge models of NiV and HeV infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moushimi Amaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA;
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, USA;
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Ul-Rahman A, Ishaq HM, Raza MA, Shabbir MZ. Zoonotic potential of Newcastle disease virus: Old and novel perspectives related to public health. Rev Med Virol 2021; 32:e2246. [PMID: 33971048 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) has a worldwide distribution, causing lethal infection in a wide range of avian species. Affected birds develop respiratory, digestive and neurologic symptoms with profound immunosuppression. Mild systemic Newcastle disease (ND) infection restricted to the respiratory and neurological systems can be observed in humans and other non-avian hosts. Evidence of ND infection and its genome-based detection have been reported in Bovidae (cattle and sheep), Mustelidae (mink), Cercetidae (hamster), Muridae (mice), Leporidae (rabbit), Camelidae (camel), Suidae (pig), Cercophithecidae (monkeys) and Hominidae (humans). Owing to frequent ND outbreaks in poultry workers, individuals engaged in the veterinary field, including poultry production or evisceration and vaccine production units have constantly been at a much higher risk than the general population. A lethal form of infection has been described in immunocompromised humans and non-avian species including mink, pig and cattle demonstrating the capability of NDV to cross species barriers. Therefore, contact with infectious material and/or affected birds can pose a risk of zoonosis and raise public health concerns. The broad and expanding host range of NDV and its maintenance within non-avian species hampers disease control, particularly in disease-endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziz Ul-Rahman
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Hafiz Muhammad Ishaq
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Raza
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zubair Shabbir
- Quality Operations Laboratory, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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12
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Yuen KY, Fraser NS, Henning J, Halpin K, Gibson JS, Betzien L, Stewart AJ. Hendra virus: Epidemiology dynamics in relation to climate change, diagnostic tests and control measures. One Health 2020; 12:100207. [PMID: 33363250 PMCID: PMC7750128 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) continues to pose a serious public health concern as spillover events occur sporadically. Terminally ill horses can exhibit a range of clinical signs including frothy nasal discharge, ataxia or forebrain signs. Early signs, if detected, can include depression, inappetence, colic or mild respiratory signs. All unvaccinated ill horses in areas where flying foxes exist, may potentially be infected with HeV, posing a significant risk to the veterinary community. Equivac® HeV vaccine has been fully registered in Australia since 2015 (and under an Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority special permit since 2012) for immunization of horses against HeV and is the most effective and direct solution to prevent disease transmission to horses and protect humans. No HeV vaccinated horse has tested positive for HeV infection. There is no registered vaccine to prevent, or therapeutics to treat, HeV infection in humans. Previous equine HeV outbreaks tended to cluster in winter overlapping with the foaling season (August to December), when veterinarians and horse owners have frequent close contact with horses and their bodily fluids, increasing the chance of zoonotic disease transmission. The most southerly case was detected in 2019 in the Upper Hunter region in New South Wales, which is Australia's Thoroughbred horse breeding capital. Future spillover events are predicted to move further south and inland in Queensland and New South Wales, aligning with the moving distribution of the main reservoir hosts. Here we (1) review HeV epidemiology and climate change predicted infection dynamics, (2) present a biosecurity protocol for veterinary clinics and hospitals to adopt, and (3) describe diagnostic tests currently available and those under development. Major knowledge and research gaps have been identified, including evaluation of vaccine efficacy in foals to assess current vaccination protocol recommendations. Hendra virus (HeV) continues to pose a serious public health threat to the equine and veterinary industries. HeV cases are likely to expand further south and inland due to climate change. Strict HeV specific biosecurity protocols should be implemented to protect veterinary staff. Research into HeV vaccination protocols in foals is required for evidence-based recommendations. Point-of-care and other diagnostic tests for HeV are currently under development.
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Key Words
- Biosecurity
- Climate change
- HeV, Hendra virus
- Infectious disease
- LAMP, Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
- MFI, Median fluorescent intensity
- NSW, New South Wales
- NiV, Nipah virus
- OIE, World Organization for Animal Health
- One health
- PC, Physical containment
- PPE, Personal protective equipment
- QLD, Queensland
- RNA, Ribonucleic acid
- SNT, Serum neutralization test
- Se, Sensitivity
- Sp, Specificity
- Vaccine
- Zoonosis
- iELISA, Indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- qRT-PCR, Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- sG, Soluble G
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Y Yuen
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Natalie S Fraser
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Joerg Henning
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Kim Halpin
- Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organization (CSIRO), Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia
| | - Justine S Gibson
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Lily Betzien
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Allison J Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Williamson KM, Wheeler S, Kerr J, Bennett J, Freeman P, Kohlhagen J, Peel AJ, Eby P, Merritt T, Housen T, Dalton C, Durrheim DN. Hendra in the Hunter Valley. One Health 2020; 10:100162. [PMID: 33117876 PMCID: PMC7582210 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2020.100162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In June 2019 the first equine case of Hendra virus in the Hunter Valley, New South Wales, Australia was detected. An urgent human and animal health response took place, involving biosecurity measures, contact tracing, promotion of equine vaccinations and investigation of flying fox activity in the area. No human or additional animal cases occurred. Equine vaccination uptake increased by over 30-fold in the surrounding region in the three months following the case. Black flying fox and grey-headed flying fox species were detected in the Valley. The incident prompted review of Hendra virus resources at local and national levels. This event near the “horse capital of Australia”, is the southernmost known equine Hendra case. Management of the event was facilitated by interagency collaboration involving human and animal health experts. Ongoing One Health partnerships are essential for successful responses to future zoonotic events. In June 2019 the southernmost known equine case of Hendra virus was detected in the Hunter Valley, Australia. This signified an increase in potential equine and human populations at risk of infection. Interagency collaboration between animal and human health experts is essential in managing Hendra virus spillover events.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Williamson
- Hunter New England Population Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - S Wheeler
- Hunter New England Population Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia.,Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - J Kerr
- Hunter Local Land Services, NSW, Australia
| | - J Bennett
- Hunter Local Land Services, NSW, Australia
| | - P Freeman
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, NSW, Australia
| | - J Kohlhagen
- Hunter New England Population Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - A J Peel
- Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - P Eby
- Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - T Merritt
- Hunter New England Population Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - T Housen
- Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - C Dalton
- Hunter New England Population Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - D N Durrheim
- Hunter New England Population Health, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
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Halpin K, Durrheim DN. The dynamic landscape of bat borne zoonotic viruses in Australia. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/ma20003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the history, epidemiology, diagnostics, clinical presentation in humans, as well as control and prevention measures, of the high-profile viruses Hendra virus (HeV) and Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV). Since the discovery of HeV and ABLV in the 1990s, these viruses have only caused disease in areas where spill-over hosts, including humans, encounter the reservoir host.
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15
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Di Rubbo A, McNabb L, Klein R, White JR, Colling A, Dimitrov DS, Broder CC, Middleton D, Lunt RA. Optimization and diagnostic evaluation of monoclonal antibody-based blocking ELISA formats for detection of neutralizing antibodies to Hendra virus in mammalian sera. J Virol Methods 2019; 274:113731. [PMID: 31513861 PMCID: PMC8782155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.113731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of Hendra virus (HeV) in pteropid bat populations has been associated with spillover events in horses, humans and dogs. Experimental studies have demonstrated infections for several other species including guinea pigs, cats and ferrets. The criteria of a sensitive and specific serological test that is effective for a range of species, but which does not require use of live virus, has not been satisfactorily addressed by currently available tests. We have evaluated the use of two HeV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in a blocking format enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (bELISA) to detect serum antibody against a recombinant expressed HeV G protein (sol G) in several animal species. The human mAb m102.4 neutralises both HeV and the closely related Nipah virus (NiV); the mouse mAb 1.2 neutralises only HeV. Given these functional differences, we have investigated both antibodies using a bELISA format. Diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and diagnostic specificity (DSp) were optimized using individual thresholds for mAb 1.2 and m102.4. For mAb 1.2 the positive threshold of >33% inhibition yielded DSe and DSp values of 100% (95% CI 95.3-100.0) and 99.5 (95% CI 98.8-99.8) respectively; for mAb m102.4 a positive threshold of >49% inhibition gave DSe and DSp values of 100 (95% CI 95.3-100.0) and 99.8 (95% CI 99.2-100.0) respectively. At these thresholds the DSe was 100% for both tests relative to the virus neutralization test. Importantly, the occurrence of false positive reactions did not overlap across the assays. Therefore, by sequential and selective application of these assays, it is possible to identify false positive reactions and achieve a DSp that approximates 100% in the test population.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Rubbo
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - L McNabb
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - R Klein
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - J R White
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - A Colling
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - D S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - C C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - D Middleton
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - R A Lunt
- CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Mbu'u CM, Mbacham WF, Gontao P, Sado Kamdem SL, Nlôga AMN, Groschup MH, Wade A, Fischer K, Balkema-Buschmann A. Henipaviruses at the Interface Between Bats, Livestock and Human Population in Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2019; 19:455-465. [PMID: 30985268 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are closely related members within the genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae, for which fruit bats serve as the reservoir. The initial emergence of NiV infections in pigs and humans in Malaysia, and HeV infections in horses and humans in Australia, posed severe impacts on human and animal health, and continues threatening lives of humans and livestock within Southeast Asia and Australia. Recently, henipavirus-specific antibodies have also been detected in fruit bats in a number of sub-Saharan African countries and in Brazil, thereby considerably increasing the known geographic distribution of henipaviruses. Africa is progressively being recognized as a new high prevalence zone for henipaviruses, as deduced from serological and molecular evidence of past infections in Madagascar, Ghana, Republic of Congo, Gulf of Guinea, Zambia, Tanzania, Cameroon, and Nigeria lately. Serological data suggest henipavirus spillover from bats to livestock and human populations in Africa without reported clinical disease in any of these species. All virus isolation attempts have been abortive, highlighting the need for further investigations. The genome of the Ghanaian bat henipavirus designated Ghana virus (GhV), which was detected in a pteropid Eidolon helvum bat, is the only African henipavirus that has been completely sequenced limiting our current knowledge on the genetic diversity and pathogenesis of African henipaviruses. In this review, we summarize the available data on the circulation of henipaviruses in Africa, discuss potential sources for virus spillover, and highlight existing research gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Mbanwi Mbu'u
- 1 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,2 Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies (LAPHER Biotech.), Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaoundé 1 (BTC-UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Wilfred Fon Mbacham
- 2 Laboratory for Public Health Research Biotechnologies (LAPHER Biotech.), Biotechnology Centre-University of Yaoundé 1 (BTC-UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon.,3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1 (UY1), Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Gontao
- 4 Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaounderé, Ngaounderé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Martin H Groschup
- 5 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Abel Wade
- 6 National Veterinary Laboratory (LANAVET), Garoua & Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kerstin Fischer
- 5 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- 5 Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases (INNT), Friedrich-Loeffler Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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17
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Edson D, Peel AJ, Huth L, Mayer DG, Vidgen ME, McMichael L, Broos A, Melville D, Kristoffersen J, de Jong C, McLaughlin A, Field HE. Time of year, age class and body condition predict Hendra virus infection in Australian black flying foxes (Pteropus alecto). Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e240. [PMID: 31364577 PMCID: PMC6625375 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268819001237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) continues to cause fatal infection in horses and threaten infection in close-contact humans in eastern Australia. Species of Pteropus bats (flying-foxes) are the natural reservoir of the virus. We caught and sampled flying-foxes from a multispecies roost in southeast Queensland, Australia on eight occasions between June 2013 and June 2014. The effects of sample date, species, sex, age class, body condition score (BCS), pregnancy and lactation on HeV antibody prevalence, log-transformed median fluorescent intensity (lnMFI) values and HeV RNA status were assessed using unbalanced generalised linear models. A total of 1968 flying-foxes were sampled, comprising 1012 Pteropus alecto, 742 P. poliocephalus and 214 P. scapulatus. Sample date, species and age class were each statistically associated with HeV RNA status, antibody status and lnMFI values; BCS was statistically associated with HeV RNA status and antibody status. The findings support immunologically naïve sub-adult P. alecto playing an important role in maintaining HeV infection at a population level. The biological significance of the association between BCS and HeV RNA status, and BCS and HeV antibody status, is less clear and warrants further investigation. Contrary to previous studies, we found no direct association between HeV infection and pregnancy or lactation. The findings in P. poliocephalus suggest that HeV exposure in this species may not result in systemic infection and virus excretion, or alternatively, may reflect assay cross-reactivity with another (unidentified) henipavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Edson
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Agriculture, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - A. J. Peel
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - L. Huth
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - D. G. Mayer
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - M. E. Vidgen
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - L. McMichael
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - A. Broos
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
- Medical Research Council, University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
| | - D. Melville
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - J. Kristoffersen
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - C. de Jong
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - A. McLaughlin
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
| | - H. E. Field
- Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY, USA
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Degeling C, Gilbert GL, Annand E, Taylor M, Walsh MG, Ward MP, Wilson A, Johnson J. Managing the risk of Hendra virus spillover in Australia using ecological approaches: A report on three community juries. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209798. [PMID: 30596719 PMCID: PMC6312203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hendra virus (HeV) infection is endemic in Australian flying-fox populations. Habitat loss has increased the peri-urban presence of flying-foxes, increasing the risk of contact and therefore viral 'spillovers' into horse and human populations. An equine vaccine is available and horse-husbandry practices that minimize HeV exposure are encouraged, but their adoption is suboptimal. Ecological approaches-such as habitat creation and conservation-could complement vaccination and behavioural strategies by reducing spillover risks, but these are controversial. METHODS We convened three community juries (two regional; one metropolitan) to elicit the views of well-informed citizens on the acceptability of adding ecological approaches to current interventions for HeV risk. Thirty-one participants of diverse backgrounds, mixed genders and ages were recruited using random-digit-dialling. Each jury was presented with balanced factual evidence, given time to ask questions of expert presenters and, after deliberation, come to well-reasoned conclusions. RESULTS All juries voted unanimously that ecological strategies should be included in HeV risk management strategies but concluded that current interventions-including vaccination and changing horse-husbandry practices-must remain the priority. The key reasons given for adopting ecological approaches were: (i) they address underlying drivers of disease emergence, (ii) the potential to prevent spillover of other bat-borne pathogens, and (iii) there would be broader community benefits. Juries differed regarding the best mechanism to create/conserve flying-fox habitat: participants in regional centres favoured direct government action, whereas the metropolitan jury preferred to place the burden on landholders. CONCLUSIONS Informed citizens acknowledge the value of addressing the drivers of bat-borne infectious risks but differ substantially as to the best implementation strategies. Ecological approaches to securing bat habitat could find broad social support in Australia, but disagreement about how best to achieve them indicates the need for negotiation with affected communities to co-develop fair, effective and locally appropriate policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Degeling
- Australian Centre for Health Engagement Evidence and Values, School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Gwendolyn L. Gilbert
- Sydney Health Ethics, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Edward Annand
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
- EquiEpiVet, Picton, NSW, Australia
| | - Melanie Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael G. Walsh
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Wilson
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jane Johnson
- Sydney Health Ethics, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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19
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Middleton DJ, Riddell S, Klein R, Arkinstall R, Haining J, Frazer L, Mottley C, Evans R, Johnson D, Pallister J. Experimental Hendra virus infection of dogs: virus replication, shedding and potential for transmission. Aust Vet J 2018; 95:10-18. [PMID: 28124415 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Characterisation of experimental Hendra virus (HeV) infection in dogs and assessment of associated transmission risk. METHODS Beagle dogs were exposed oronasally to Hendra virus/Australia/Horse/2008/Redlands or to blood collected from HeV-infected ferrets. Ferrets were exposed to oral fluids collected from dogs after canine exposure to HeV. Observations made and samples tested post-exposure were used to assess the clinical course and replication sites of HeV in dogs, the infectivity for ferrets of canine oral fluids and features of HeV infection in dogs following contact with infective blood. RESULTS Dogs were reliably infected with HeV and were generally asymptomatic. HeV was re-isolated from the oral cavity and virus clearance was associated with development of virus neutralising antibody. Major sites of HeV replication in dogs were the tonsils, lower respiratory tract and associated lymph nodes. Virus replication was documented in canine kidney and spleen, confirming a viraemic phase for canine HeV infection and suggesting that urine may be a source of infectious virus. Infection was transmitted to ferrets via canine oral secretions, with copy numbers for the HeV N gene in canine oral swabs comparable to those reported for nasal swabs of experimentally infected horses. CONCLUSION HeV is not highly pathogenic for dogs, but their oral secretions pose a potential transmission risk to people. The time-window for transmission risk is circumscribed and corresponds to the period of acute infection before establishment of an adaptive immune response. The likelihood of central nervous system involvement in canine HeV infection is unclear, as is any long-term consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Middleton
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PB24 Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - S Riddell
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PB24 Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - R Klein
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PB24 Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - R Arkinstall
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PB24 Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - J Haining
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PB24 Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - L Frazer
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PB24 Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - C Mottley
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PB24 Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - R Evans
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PB24 Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - D Johnson
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PB24 Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
| | - J Pallister
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PB24 Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia
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20
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Fischer K, Diederich S, Smith G, Reiche S, Pinho dos Reis V, Stroh E, Groschup MH, Weingartl HM, Balkema-Buschmann A. Indirect ELISA based on Hendra and Nipah virus proteins for the detection of henipavirus specific antibodies in pigs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194385. [PMID: 29708971 PMCID: PMC5927399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) belong to the genus Henipavirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. Henipavirus infections were first reported in the 1990’s causing severe and often fatal outbreaks in domestic animals and humans in Southeast Asia and Australia. NiV infections were observed in humans in Bangladesh, India and in the first outbreak in Malaysia, where pigs were also infected. HeV infections occurred in horses in the North-Eastern regions of Australia, with singular transmission events to humans. Bats of the genus Pteropus have been identified as the reservoir hosts for henipaviruses. Molecular and serological indications for the presence of henipa-like viruses in African fruit bats, pigs and humans have been published recently. In our study, truncated forms of HeV and NiV attachment (G) proteins as well as the full-length NiV nucleocapsid (N) protein were expressed using different expression systems. Based on these recombinant proteins, Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assays (ELISA) were developed for the detection of HeV or NiV specific antibodies in porcine serum samples. We used the NiV N ELISA for initial serum screening considering the general reactivity against henipaviruses. The G protein based ELISAs enabled the differentiation between HeV and NiV infections, since as expected, the sera displayed higher reactivity with the respective homologous antigens. In the future, these assays will present valuable tools for serosurveillance of swine and possibly other livestock or wildlife species in affected areas. Such studies will help assessing the potential risk for human and animal health worldwide by elucidating the distribution of henipaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Fischer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Sandra Diederich
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Greg Smith
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Sven Reiche
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Vinicius Pinho dos Reis
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Eileen Stroh
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Hana M. Weingartl
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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21
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Schemann K, Annand EJ, Reid PA, Lenz MF, Thomson PC, Dhand NK. Investigation of the effect of Equivac® HeV Hendra virus vaccination on Thoroughbred racing performance. Aust Vet J 2018; 96:132-141. [PMID: 29399777 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of Equivac® HeV Hendra virus vaccine on Thoroughbred racing performance. DESIGN Retrospective pre-post intervention study. METHODS Thoroughbreds with at least one start at one of six major south-eastern Queensland race tracks between 1 July 2012 and 31 December 2016 and with starts in the 3-month periods before and after Hendra virus vaccinations were identified. Piecewise linear mixed models compared the trends in 'Timeform rating' and 'margin to winner' before and after initial Hendra virus vaccination. Generalised linear mixed models similarly compared the odds of 'winning', 'placing' (1st-3rd) and 'winning any prize money'. Timeform rating trends were also compared before and after the second and subsequent vaccinations. RESULTS Analysis of data from 4208 race starts by 755 horses revealed no significant difference in performance in the 3 months before versus 3 months after initial Hendra vaccination for Timeform rating (P = 0.32), 'Margin to winner' (P = 0.45), prize money won (P = 0.25), wins (P = 0.64) or placings (P = 0.77). Further analysis for Timeform rating for 7844 race starts by 928 horses failed to identify any significant change in Timeform rating trends before versus after the second and subsequent vaccinations (P = 0.16) or any evidence of a cumulative effect for the number of vaccines received (P = 0.22). CONCLUSION No evidence of an effect of Hendra virus vaccination on racing performance was found. The findings allow owners, trainers, industry regulators and animal health authorities to make informed decisions about vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Schemann
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - E J Annand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P A Reid
- Equine veterinary surgeon, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - M F Lenz
- Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - P C Thomson
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, 425 Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales 2570, Australia.,Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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22
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Glennon EE, Restif O, Sbarbaro SR, Garnier R, Cunningham AA, Suu-Ire RD, Osei-Amponsah R, Wood JLN, Peel AJ. Domesticated animals as hosts of henipaviruses and filoviruses: A systematic review. Vet J 2017; 233:25-34. [PMID: 29486875 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bat-borne viruses carry undeniable risks to the health of human beings and animals, and there is growing recognition of the need for a 'One Health' approach to understand their frequently complex spill-over routes. While domesticated animals can play central roles in major spill-over events of zoonotic bat-borne viruses, for example during the pig-amplified Malaysian Nipah virus outbreak of 1998-1999, the extent of their potential to act as bridging or amplifying species for these viruses has not been characterised systematically. This review aims to compile current knowledge on the role of domesticated animals as hosts of two types of bat-borne viruses, henipaviruses and filoviruses. A systematic literature search of these virus-host interactions in domesticated animals identified 72 relevant studies, which were categorised by year, location, design and type of evidence generated. The review then focusses on Africa as a case study, comparing research efforts in domesticated animals and bats with the distributions of documented human cases. Major gaps remain in our knowledge of the potential ability of domesticated animals to contract or spread these zoonoses. Closing these gaps will be necessary to fully evaluate and mitigate spill-over risks of these viruses, especially with global agricultural intensification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Glennon
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Olivier Restif
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Romain Garnier
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, UK
| | | | | | - James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison J Peel
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
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23
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Weatherman S, Feldmann H, de Wit E. Transmission of henipaviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 28:7-11. [PMID: 29035743 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The genus Henipavirus has expanded rapidly in geographic range, number of species, and host range. Hendra and Nipah virus are two henipaviruses known to cause severe disease in humans with a high case-fatality rate. Pteropid spp. bats are the natural reservoir of Hendra and Nipah virus. From these bats, virus can be transmitted to an amplifying host, horses and pigs, and from these hosts to humans, or the virus can be transmitted directly to humans. Although the main route of shedding varies between host species, close contact is required for transmission in all hosts. Understanding the transmission routes of Hendra and Nipah virus in their respective hosts is essential for devising strategies to block zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Weatherman
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Heinz Feldmann
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Emmie de Wit
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States.
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24
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Wiethoelter AK, Schembri N, Dhand NK, Sawford K, Taylor MR, Moloney B, Wright T, Kung N, Field HE, Toribio JALML. Australian horse owners and their biosecurity practices in the context of Hendra virus. Prev Vet Med 2017; 148:28-36. [PMID: 29157371 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, outbreaks of exotic as well as newly emerging infectious diseases have highlighted the importance of biosecurity for the Australian horse industry. As the first potentially fatal zoonosis transmissible from horses to humans in Australia, Hendra virus has emphasised the need to incorporate sound hygiene and general biosecurity practices into day-to-day horse management. Recommended measures are widely publicised, but implementation is at the discretion of the individual owner. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine current levels of biosecurity of horse owners and to identify factors influencing the uptake of practices utilising data from an online survey. Level of biosecurity (low, medium, high), as determined by horse owners' responses to a set of questions on the frequency of various biosecurity practices performed around healthy (9 items) and sick horses (10 items), was used as a composite outcome variable in ordinal logistic regression analyses. The majority of horse owners surveyed were female (90%), from the states of Queensland (45%) or New South Wales (37%), and were involved in either mainly competitive/equestrian sports (37%) or recreational horse activities (35%). Seventy-five percent of owners indicated that they follow at least one-third of the recommended practices regularly when handling their horses, resulting in medium to high levels of biosecurity. Main factors associated with a higher level of biosecurity were high self-rated standard of biosecurity, access to personal protective equipment, absence of flying foxes in the local area, a good sense of control over Hendra virus risk, likelihood of discussing a sick horse with a veterinarian and likelihood of suspecting Hendra virus in a sick horse. Comparison of the outcome variable with the self-rated standard of biosecurity showed that over- as well as underestimation occurred. This highlights the need for continuous communication and education to enhance awareness and understanding of what biosecurity is and how it aligns with good horsemanship. Overall, strengthened biosecurity practices will help to improve animal as well as human health and increase preparedness for future disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke K Wiethoelter
- Farm Animal & Veterinary Public Health, The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW, 2006, Australia; Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Nicole Schembri
- Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- Farm Animal & Veterinary Public Health, The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kate Sawford
- Farm Animal & Veterinary Public Health, The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Melanie R Taylor
- Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia; Organisational Psychology, Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Barbara Moloney
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Therese Wright
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW, 2800, Australia
| | - Nina Kung
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia
| | - Hume E Field
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland, 4001, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, New York 10001, USA
| | - Jenny-Ann L M L Toribio
- Farm Animal & Veterinary Public Health, The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW, 2006, Australia
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25
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Wiethoelter AK, Sawford K, Schembri N, Taylor MR, Dhand NK, Moloney B, Wright T, Kung N, Field HE, Toribio JALML. "We've learned to live with it"-A qualitative study of Australian horse owners' attitudes, perceptions and practices in response to Hendra virus. Prev Vet Med 2017; 140:67-77. [PMID: 28460752 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hendra virus causes sporadic zoonotic disease in Australia following spill over from flying foxes to horses and from horses to people. Prevention and risk mitigation strategies such as vaccination of horses or biosecurity and property management measures are widely publicised, but hinge on initiative and action taken by horse owners as they mediate management, care and treatment of their animals. Hence, underlying beliefs, values and attitudes of horse owners influence their uptake of recommended risk mitigation measures. We used a qualitative approach to investigate attitudes, perceptions and self-reported practices of horse owners in response to Hendra virus to gain a deeper understanding of their decision-making around prevention measures. Data presented here derive from a series of in-depth interviews with 27 horse owners from Hendra virus 'hot spot' areas in New South Wales and Queensland. Interviews explored previous experience, perceptions and resulting behaviour as well as communication around Hendra virus. All interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed in NVivo using thematic analysis. Analysis revealed four major themes: perception of Hendra virus as a risk and factors influencing this perception, Hendra virus risk mitigation strategies implemented by horse owners, perceived motivators and barriers of these strategies, and interaction of perceived risk, motivators and barriers in the decision-making process. Although Hendra virus disease was perceived as a serious threat to the health of horses and humans, individual risk perception diverged among horse owners. Perceived severity, likelihood and unpredictability as well as awareness and knowledge of Hendra virus, trust in information obtained and information pathways, demographic characteristics and personal experience were the main factors influencing Hendra virus risk perceptions. Other key determinants of horse owners' decision-making process were attitudes towards Hendra virus risk mitigation measures as well as perceived motivators and barriers thereof. Horse owners' awareness of the necessity to consider individual Hendra virus risk and adequate risk management strategies was described as a learning process, which changed over time. However, different perceptions of risk, barriers and motivators in combination with a weighing up of advantages and disadvantages resulted in different behaviours. These findings demonstrate the multifactorial determinants of cognitive mediating processes and facilitate a better understanding of horse owners' perspectives on preventive horse health measures. Furthermore, they provide valuable feedback to industry and government stakeholders on how to improve effective risk communication and encourage uptake of recommended risk mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke K Wiethoelter
- Farm Animal & Veterinary Public Health, The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia; Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Kate Sawford
- Farm Animal & Veterinary Public Health, The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicole Schembri
- Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Melanie R Taylor
- Centre for Health Research, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- Farm Animal & Veterinary Public Health, The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Barbara Moloney
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Therese Wright
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - Nina Kung
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Hume E Field
- Queensland Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; EcoHealth Alliance, NY 10001, USA
| | - Jenny-Ann L M L Toribio
- Farm Animal & Veterinary Public Health, The University of Sydney School of Veterinary Science, NSW 2006, Australia
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Zahoor B. Rebuttal to Peel et al. Re: 'The imperative to develop a human vaccine for the Hendra virus in Australia'. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:31659. [PMID: 27151274 PMCID: PMC4858497 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.31659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bilal Zahoor
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, AU 4005;
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Peel AJ, Field HE, Reid PA, Plowright RK, Broder CC, Skerratt LF, Hayman DTS, Restif O, Taylor M, Martin G, Crameri G, Smith I, Baker M, Marsh GA, Barr J, Breed AC, Wood JLN, Dhand N, Toribio JA, Cunningham AA, Fulton I, Bryden WL, Secombe C, Wang LF. The equine Hendra virus vaccine remains a highly effective preventative measure against infection in horses and humans: 'The imperative to develop a human vaccine for the Hendra virus in Australia'. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2016; 6:31658. [PMID: 27151273 PMCID: PMC4858501 DOI: 10.3402/iee.v6.31658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alison J Peel
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Peter A Reid
- Australian Veterinary Association Representative, Queensland Government Hendra virus Interagency Technical Working Group, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lee F Skerratt
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - David T S Hayman
- mEpiLab, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Olivier Restif
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerardo Martin
- One Health Research Group, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ina Smith
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Baker
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Jennifer Barr
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew C Breed
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Navneet Dhand
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann Toribio
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew A Cunningham
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, NW1 4RY London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Fulton
- President Equine Veterinarians Australia, St Leonards, NSW, Australia
| | - Wayne L Bryden
- Equine Research Unit, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD, Australia
| | - Cristy Secombe
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
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Broder CC, Weir DL, Reid PA. Hendra virus and Nipah virus animal vaccines. Vaccine 2016; 34:3525-34. [PMID: 27154393 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) are zoonotic viruses that emerged in the mid to late 1990s causing disease outbreaks in livestock and people. HeV appeared in Queensland, Australia in 1994 causing a severe respiratory disease in horses along with a human case fatality. NiV emerged a few years later in Malaysia and Singapore in 1998-1999 causing a large outbreak of encephalitis with high mortality in people and also respiratory disease in pigs which served as amplifying hosts. The key pathological elements of HeV and NiV infection in several species of mammals, and also in people, are a severe systemic and often fatal neurologic and/or respiratory disease. In people, both HeV and NiV are also capable of causing relapsed encephalitis following recovery from an acute infection. The known reservoir hosts of HeV and NiV are several species of pteropid fruit bats. Spillovers of HeV into horses continue to occur in Australia and NiV has caused outbreaks in people in Bangladesh and India nearly annually since 2001, making HeV and NiV important transboundary biological threats. NiV in particular possesses several features that underscore its potential as a pandemic threat, including its ability to infect humans directly from natural reservoirs or indirectly from other susceptible animals, along with a capacity of limited human-to-human transmission. Several HeV and NiV animal challenge models have been developed which have facilitated an understanding of pathogenesis and allowed for the successful development of both active and passive immunization countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, 20814, United States.
| | - Dawn L Weir
- Navy Environmental and Preventive Medicine Unit Six, Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam, HI, 96860, United States
| | - Peter A Reid
- Equine Veterinary Surgeon, Brisbane, Queensland, 4034, Australia
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Abstract
Hendra virus causes acute and highly fatal infection in horses and humans. Pteropid bats (flying-foxes) are the natural host of the virus, with age and species being risk factors for infection. Urine is the primary route of excretion in flying-foxes, with viral RNA more frequently detected in Pteropus alecto and P. conspicillatus than other species. Infection prevalence in flying-foxes can vary between and within years, with a winter peak of excretion occurring in some regions. Vertical transmission and recrudescing infection has been reported in flying-foxes, but horizontal transmission is evidently the primary mode of transmission. The most parsimonious mode of flying-fox to horse transmission is equine contact (oro-nasal, conjunctival) with infected flying-fox urine, either directly, or via urine-contaminated pasture or surfaces. Horse to horse transmission is inefficient, requiring direct contact with infected body fluids. Flying-fox to human transmission has not been recorded; all human cases have been associated with close and direct contact with infected horses. Canine cases (subclinical) have also been limited to equine case properties. Notwithstanding the recent availability of an effective vaccine for horses, a comprehensive understanding of Hendra virus ecology and transmission is essential to limit inter-species transmission.
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