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Piacentini R, Grassi C. Interleukin 1β receptor and synaptic dysfunction in recurrent brain infection with Herpes simplex virus type-1. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:416-423. [PMID: 38819045 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Several experimental evidence suggests a link between brain Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and the occurrence of Alzheimer's disease. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this association are not completely understood. Among the molecular mediators of synaptic and cognitive dysfunction occurring after Herpes simplex virus type-1 infection and reactivation in the brain neuroinflammatory cytokines seem to occupy a central role. Here, we specifically reviewed literature reports dealing with the impact of neuroinflammation on synaptic dysfunction observed after recurrent Herpes simplex virus type-1 reactivation in the brain, highlighting the role of interleukins and, in particular, interleukin 1β as a possible target against Herpes simplex virus type-1-induced neuronal dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Piacentini
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Department of Neuroscience, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Liu H, Yang H, You M, Zhang S, Huang S, Tan X, Liu Q, Jiang C, Xie L. Discovery of Potential Drug Targeting Key Genes in Alzheimer's Disease: Insights from Transcriptome Analysis and Molecular Docking. J Mol Neurosci 2024; 74:56. [PMID: 38802701 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-024-02208-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder that presents a significant global health challenge. To explore drugs targeting key genes in AD, R software was used to analyze the data of single nuclei transcriptome from human cerebral frontal cortex in AD, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened. Then the gene ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto gene and genome encyclopedia (KEGG) pathway enrichment and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were analyzed. The hub genes were calculated by Cytoscape software. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation were used to evaluate and visualize the binding between candidate drugs and key genes. A total of 564 DEGs were screened, and the hub genes were ISG15, STAT1, MX1, IFIT3, IFIT2, RSAD2, IFIT1, IFI44, IFI44L and DDX58. Enrichment terms mainly included response to virus, IFN-γ signaling pathway and virus infection. Diclofenac had good binding effect with IFI44 and IFI44L. Potential drugs may act on key gene targets and then regulate biological pathways such as virus response and IFN-γ-mediated signal pathway, so as to achieve anti-virus, improve immune balance and reduce inflammatory response, and thus play a role in anti-AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjie Liu
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Chengdu Shuangliu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610200, Sichuan, China
| | - Maochun You
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Sihan Huang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Xin Tan
- Affiliated Reproductive & Women-Children Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 712046, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cen Jiang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China
| | - Lushuang Xie
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, China.
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Kim AY, Al Jerdi S, MacDonald R, Triggle CR. Alzheimer's disease and its treatment-yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1399121. [PMID: 38868666 PMCID: PMC11167451 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1399121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alois Alzheimer described the first patient with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in 1907 and today AD is the most frequently diagnosed of dementias. AD is a multi-factorial neurodegenerative disorder with familial, life style and comorbidity influences impacting a global population of more than 47 million with a projected escalation by 2050 to exceed 130 million. In the USA the AD demographic encompasses approximately six million individuals, expected to increase to surpass 13 million by 2050, and the antecedent phase of AD, recognized as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), involves nearly 12 million individuals. The economic outlay for the management of AD and AD-related cognitive decline is estimated at approximately 355 billion USD. In addition, the intensifying prevalence of AD cases in countries with modest to intermediate income countries further enhances the urgency for more therapeutically and cost-effective treatments and for improving the quality of life for patients and their families. This narrative review evaluates the pathophysiological basis of AD with an initial focus on the therapeutic efficacy and limitations of the existing drugs that provide symptomatic relief: acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEI) donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) receptor allosteric modulator, memantine. The hypothesis that amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau are appropriate targets for drugs and have the potential to halt the progress of AD is critically analyzed with a particular focus on clinical trial data with anti-Aβ monoclonal antibodies (MABs), namely, aducanumab, lecanemab and donanemab. This review challenges the dogma that targeting Aβ will benefit the majority of subjects with AD that the anti-Aβ MABs are unlikely to be the "magic bullet". A comparison of the benefits and disadvantages of the different classes of drugs forms the basis for determining new directions for research and alternative drug targets that are undergoing pre-clinical and clinical assessments. In addition, we discuss and stress the importance of the treatment of the co-morbidities, including hypertension, diabetes, obesity and depression that are known to increase the risk of developing AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Y. Kim
- Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine—Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - R. MacDonald
- Health Sciences Library, Weill Cornell Medicine—Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - C. R. Triggle
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Education, Weill Cornell Medicine—Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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Kivimäki M, Walker KA. Severe infections as a gateway to dementia. NATURE AGING 2024:10.1038/s43587-024-00643-x. [PMID: 38783151 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00643-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kivimäki
- Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Keenan A Walker
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Richmond-Rakerd LS, Iyer MT, D'Souza S, Khalifeh L, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Milne BJ. Associations of hospital-treated infections with subsequent dementia: nationwide 30-year analysis. NATURE AGING 2024:10.1038/s43587-024-00621-3. [PMID: 38714911 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-024-00621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Infections, which can prompt neuroinflammation, may be a risk factor for dementia1-5. More information is needed concerning associations across different infections and different dementias, and from longitudinal studies with long follow-ups. This New Zealand-based population register study tested whether infections antedate dementia across three decades. We identified individuals born between 1929 and 1968 and followed them from 1989 to 2019 (n = 1,742,406, baseline age = 21-60 years). Infection diagnoses were ascertained from public hospital records. Dementia diagnoses were ascertained from public hospital, mortality and pharmaceutical records. Relative to individuals without an infection, those with an infection were at increased risk of dementia (hazard ratio 2.93, 95% confidence interval 2.68-3.20). Associations were evident for dementia diagnoses made up to 25-30 years after infection diagnoses. Associations held after accounting for preexisting physical diseases, mental disorders and socioeconomic deprivation. Associations were evident for viral, bacterial, parasitic and other infections, and for Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, including vascular dementia. Preventing infections might reduce the burden of neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monica T Iyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Aetion,Inc, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie D'Souza
- Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Social Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lara Khalifeh
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Promenta Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Promenta Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Barry J Milne
- Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Social Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Dutton A, Patel CD, Taylor SA, Garland CR, Turnbaugh EM, Alers-Velazquez R, Mehrbach J, Nautiyal KM, Leib DA. Asymptomatic neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in mice leads to long-term cognitive impairment. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590596. [PMID: 38712140 PMCID: PMC11071430 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Neonatal herpes simplex virus (nHSV) is a devastating infection impacting approximately 14,000 newborns globally each year. Infection is associated with high neurologic morbidity and mortality, making early intervention and treatment critical. Clinical outcomes of symptomatic nHSV infections are well-studied, but little is known about the frequency of, or outcomes following, sub-clinical or asymptomatic nHSV. Given the ubiquitous nature of HSV infection and frequency of asymptomatic shedding in adults, subclinical infections are underreported, yet could contribute to long-term neurological damage. To assess potential neurological morbidity associated with subclinical nHSV infection, we developed a low-dose (100 PFU) HSV infection protocol in neonatal C57BL/6 mice. At this dose, HSV DNA was detected in the brain by PCR but was not associated with acute clinical symptoms. However, months after initial inoculation with 100 PFU of HSV, we observed impaired mouse performance on a range of cognitive and memory performance tasks. Memory impairment was induced by infection with either HSV-1 or HSV-2 wild-type viruses, but not by a viral mutant lacking the autophagy-modulating Beclin-binding domain of the neurovirulence gene γ34.5. Retroviral expression of wild type γ34.5 gene led to behavioral pathology in mice, suggesting that γ34.5 expression may be sufficient to cause cognitive impairment. Maternal immunization and HSV-specific antibody treatment prevented offspring from developing neurological sequelae following nHSV-1 infection. Altogether, these results support the idea that subclinical neonatal infections may lead to cognitive decline in adulthood, with possible profound implications for research on human neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's Disease.
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Kell DB, Lip GYH, Pretorius E. Fibrinaloid Microclots and Atrial Fibrillation. Biomedicines 2024; 12:891. [PMID: 38672245 PMCID: PMC11048249 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a comorbidity of a variety of other chronic, inflammatory diseases for which fibrinaloid microclots are a known accompaniment (and in some cases, a cause, with a mechanistic basis). Clots are, of course, a well-known consequence of atrial fibrillation. We here ask the question whether the fibrinaloid microclots seen in plasma or serum may in fact also be a cause of (or contributor to) the development of AF. We consider known 'risk factors' for AF, and in particular, exogenous stimuli such as infection and air pollution by particulates, both of which are known to cause AF. The external accompaniments of both bacterial (lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acids) and viral (SARS-CoV-2 spike protein) infections are known to stimulate fibrinaloid microclots when added in vitro, and fibrinaloid microclots, as with other amyloid proteins, can be cytotoxic, both by inducing hypoxia/reperfusion and by other means. Strokes and thromboembolisms are also common consequences of AF. Consequently, taking a systems approach, we review the considerable evidence in detail, which leads us to suggest that it is likely that microclots may well have an aetiological role in the development of AF. This has significant mechanistic and therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 220, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Gregory Y. H. Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK;
- Danish Center for Health Services Research, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Cantero JL, Atienza M, Sastre I, Bullido MJ. Human in vivo evidence of associations between herpes simplex virus and cerebral amyloid-beta load in normal aging. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:68. [PMID: 38570885 PMCID: PMC10988886 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mounting data suggests that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is involved in the pathogenesis of AD, possibly instigating amyloid-beta (Aβ) accumulation decades before the onset of clinical symptoms. However, human in vivo evidence linking HSV-1 infection to AD pathology is lacking in normal aging, which may contribute to the elucidation of the role of HSV-1 infection as a potential AD risk factor. METHODS To shed light into this question, serum anti-HSV IgG levels were correlated with 18F-Florbetaben-PET binding to Aβ deposits and blood markers of neurodegeneration (pTau181 and neurofilament light chain) in cognitively normal older adults. Additionally, we investigated whether associations between anti-HSV IgG and AD markers were more evident in APOE4 carriers. RESULTS We showed that increased anti-HSV IgG levels are associated with higher Aβ load in fronto-temporal regions of cognitively normal older adults. Remarkably, these cortical regions exhibited abnormal patterns of resting state-functional connectivity (rs-FC) only in those individuals showing the highest levels of anti-HSV IgG. We further found that positive relationships between anti-HSV IgG levels and Aβ load, particularly in the anterior cingulate cortex, are moderated by the APOE4 genotype, the strongest genetic risk factor for AD. Importantly, anti-HSV IgG levels were unrelated to either subclinical cognitive deficits or to blood markers of neurodegeneration. CONCLUSIONS All together, these results suggest that HSV infection is selectively related to cortical Aβ deposition in normal aging, supporting the inclusion of cognitively normal older adults in prospective trials of antimicrobial therapy aimed at decreasing the AD risk in the aging population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Cantero
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera Km 1, Seville, 41013, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Atienza
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, Pablo de Olavide University, Ctra. de Utrera Km 1, Seville, 41013, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sastre
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ (Hospital Universitario La Paz - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (C.S.I.C.-U.A.M.), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Bullido
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ (Hospital Universitario La Paz - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (C.S.I.C.-U.A.M.), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Mardikasari SA, Katona G, Sipos B, Csóka I. Essential considerations towards development of effective nasal antibiotic formulation: features, strategies, and future directions. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:611-625. [PMID: 38588551 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2341184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intranasal antibiotic products are gaining popularity as a promising method of administering antibiotics, which provide numerous benefits, e.g. enhancing drug bioavailability, reducing adverse effects, and potentially minimizing resistance threats. However, some issues related to the antibiotic substances and nasal route challenges must be addressed to prepare effective formulations. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the valuable points of nasal delivery as an alternative route for administering antibiotics, coupled with the challenges in the nasal cavity that might affect the formulations. Moreover, this review also highlights the application of nasal delivery to introduce antibiotics for local therapy, brain targeting, and systemic effects that have been conducted. In addition, this viewpoint provides strategies to maintain antibiotic stability and several crucial aspects to be considered for enabling effective nasal formulation. EXPERT OPINION In-depth knowledge and understanding regarding various key considerations with respect to the antibiotic substances and nasal route delivery requirement in preparing effective nasal antibiotic formulation would greatly improve the development of nasally administered antibiotic products, enabling better therapeutic outcomes of antibiotic treatment and establishing appropriate use of antibiotics, which in turn might reduce the chance of antibiotic resistance and enhance patient comfort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aulia Mardikasari
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Gábor Katona
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bence Sipos
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
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Balczon R, Lin MT, Voth S, Nelson AR, Schupp JC, Wagener BM, Pittet JF, Stevens T. Lung endothelium, tau, and amyloids in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:533-587. [PMID: 37561137 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung endothelia in the arteries, capillaries, and veins are heterogeneous in structure and function. Lung capillaries in particular represent a unique vascular niche, with a thin yet highly restrictive alveolar-capillary barrier that optimizes gas exchange. Capillary endothelium surveys the blood while simultaneously interpreting cues initiated within the alveolus and communicated via immediately adjacent type I and type II epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and pericytes. This cell-cell communication is necessary to coordinate the immune response to lower respiratory tract infection. Recent discoveries identify an important role for the microtubule-associated protein tau that is expressed in lung capillary endothelia in the host-pathogen interaction. This endothelial tau stabilizes microtubules necessary for barrier integrity, yet infection drives production of cytotoxic tau variants that are released into the airways and circulation, where they contribute to end-organ dysfunction. Similarly, beta-amyloid is produced during infection. Beta-amyloid has antimicrobial activity, but during infection it can acquire cytotoxic activity that is deleterious to the host. The production and function of these cytotoxic tau and amyloid variants are the subject of this review. Lung-derived cytotoxic tau and amyloid variants are a recently discovered mechanism of end-organ dysfunction, including neurocognitive dysfunction, during and in the aftermath of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Balczon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Mike T Lin
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Sarah Voth
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Monroe, Louisiana, United States
| | - Amy R Nelson
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
| | - Jonas C Schupp
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Brant M Wagener
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jean-Francois Pittet
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Troy Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
- Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama, United States
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Ambrosini AE, Borg KM, Deshmukh N, Berry MJ, Enquist LW, Hogue IB. Alpha herpesvirus exocytosis from neuron cell bodies uses constitutive secretory mechanisms, and egress and spread from axons is independent of neuronal firing activity. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012139. [PMID: 38578790 PMCID: PMC11023632 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha herpesviruses naturally infect the peripheral nervous system, and can spread to the central nervous system, causing severe debilitating or deadly disease. Because alpha herpesviruses spread along synaptic circuits, and infected neurons exhibit altered electrophysiology and increased spontaneous activity, we hypothesized that alpha herpesviruses use activity-dependent synaptic vesicle-like regulated secretory mechanisms for egress and spread from neurons. Using live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we show that Pseudorabies Virus (PRV) particles use the constitutive Rab6 post-Golgi secretory pathway to exit from the cell body of primary neurons, independent of local calcium signaling. Some PRV particles colocalize with Rab6 in the proximal axon, but we did not detect colocalization/co-transport in the distal axon. Thus, the specific secretory mechanisms used for viral egress from axons remains unclear. To address the role of neuronal activity more generally, we used a compartmentalized neuron culture system to measure the egress and spread of PRV from axons, and pharmacological and optogenetics approaches to modulate neuronal activity. Using tetrodotoxin to silence neuronal activity, we observed no inhibition, and using potassium chloride or optogenetics to elevate neuronal activity, we also show no increase in virus spread from axons. We conclude that PRV egress from neurons uses constitutive secretory mechanisms: generally, activity-independent mechanisms in axons, and specifically, the constitutive Rab6 post-Golgi secretory pathway in cell bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E. Ambrosini
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Kayla M. Borg
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nikhil Deshmukh
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Berry
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lynn W. Enquist
- Department of Molecular Biology, and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Ian B. Hogue
- ASU-Banner Neurodegenerative Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
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12
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Rippee-Brooks MD, Wu W, Dong J, Pappolla M, Fang X, Bao X. Viral Infections, Are They a Trigger and Risk Factor of Alzheimer's Disease? Pathogens 2024; 13:240. [PMID: 38535583 PMCID: PMC10974111 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13030240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a progressive and debilitating condition, is reported to be the most common type of dementia, with at least 55 million people believed to be currently affected. Many causation hypotheses of AD exist, yet the intriguing link between viral infection and its possible contribution to the known etiology of AD has become an attractive focal point of research for the field and a challenging study task. In this review, we will explore the historical perspective and milestones that led the field to investigate the viral connection to AD. Specifically, several viruses such as Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1), Zika virus (ZIKV), and severe cute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), along with several others mentioned, include the various viruses presently considered within the field. We delve into the strong evidence implicating these viruses in the development of AD such as the lytic replication and axonal transport of HSV-1, the various mechanisms of ZIKV neurotropism through the human protein Musashi-1 (MSI1), and the spread of SARS-CoV-2 through the transfer of the virus through the BBB endothelial cells to glial cells and then to neurons via transsynaptic transfer. We will also explore beyond these mere associations by carefully analyzing the potential mechanisms by which these viruses may contribute to AD pathology. This includes but is not limited to direct neuronal infections, the dysregulation of immune responses, and the impact on protein processing (Aβ42 and hyperphosphorylated tau). Controversies and challenges of the virus-AD relationship emerge as we tease out these potential mechanisms. Looking forward, we emphasize future directions, such as distinct questions and proposed experimentations to explore, that the field should take to tackle the remaining unanswered questions and the glaring research gaps that persist. Overall, this review aims to provide a comprehensive survey of the past, present, and future of the potential link between viral infections and their association with AD development while encouraging further discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan D. Rippee-Brooks
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Wenzhe Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Jianli Dong
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Miguel Pappolla
- Department of Neurology and Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Xiang Fang
- Department of Neurology and Mitchell Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
- The Institute of Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
- The Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
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13
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Prosswimmer T, Heng A, Daggett V. Mechanistic insights into the role of amyloid-β in innate immunity. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5376. [PMID: 38438446 PMCID: PMC10912764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Colocalization of microbial pathogens and the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients suggests that microbial infection may play a role in sporadic AD. Aβ exhibits antimicrobial activity against numerous pathogens, supporting a potential role for Aβ in the innate immune response. While mammalian amyloid is associated with disease, many bacteria form amyloid fibrils to fortify the biofilm that protects the cells from the surrounding environment. In the microbial AD hypothesis, Aβ aggregates in response to infection to combat the pathogen. We hypothesize that this occurs through toxic Aβ oligomers that contain α-sheet structure and form prior to fibrillization. De novo designed α-sheet peptides specifically bind to the α-sheet structure present in the oligomers of both bacterial and mammalian amyloidogenic proteins to neutralize toxicity and inhibit aggregation. Here, we measure the effect of E. coli on Aβ, including upregulation, aggregation, and toxicity. Additionally, we determined the effect of Aβ structure on E. coli amyloid fibrils, or curli comprised of the CsgA protein, and biofilm formation. We found that curli formation by E. coli increased Aβ oligomer production, and Aβ oligomers inhibited curli biogenesis and reduced biofilm cell density. Further, curli and biofilm inhibition by Aβ oligomers increased E. coli susceptibility to gentamicin. Toxic oligomers of Aβ and CsgA interact via α-sheet interactions, neutralizing their toxicity. These results suggest that exposure to toxic oligomers formed by microbial pathogens triggers Aβ oligomer upregulation and aggregation to combat infection via selective interactions between α-sheet oligomers to neutralize toxicity of both species with subsequent inhibition of fibrillization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatum Prosswimmer
- Molecular Engineering Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-5610, USA
| | - Anthony Heng
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-5610, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-5610, USA
| | - Valerie Daggett
- Molecular Engineering Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-5610, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-5610, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-5610, USA.
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14
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Ahmad F, Karan A, Sharma R, Sharma NS, Sundar V, Jayaraj R, Mukherjee S, DeCoster MA. Evolving therapeutic interventions for the management and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 95:102229. [PMID: 38364913 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients experience diverse symptoms, including memory loss, cognitive impairment, behavioral abnormalities, mood changes, and mental issues. The fundamental objective of this review is to discuss novel therapeutic approaches, with special emphasis on recently approved marketed formulations for the treatment of AD, especially Aducanumab, the first FDA approved moiety that surpasses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reduces amyloid plaques in the brain, thereby reducing associated cognitive decline. However, it is still in the phase IV trial and is to be completed by 2030. Other drugs such as lecanemab are also under clinical trial and has recently been approved by the FDA and is also discussed here. In this review, we also focus on active and passive immunotherapy for AD as well as several vaccines, such as amyloid-beta epitope-based vaccines, amyloid-beta DNA vaccines, and stem cell therapy for AD, which are in clinical trials. Furthermore, ongoing pre-clinical trials associated with AD and other novel strategies such as curcumin-loaded nanoparticles, Crispr/ cas9, precision medicine, as well as some emerging therapies like anti-sense therapy are also highlighted. Additionally, we discuss some off-labeled drugs like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), anti-diabetic drugs, and lithium, which can manage symptoms of AD and different non-pharmacological approaches are also covered which can help to manage AD. In summary, we have tried to cover all the therapeutic interventions which are available for the treatment and management of AD under sections approved, clinical phase, pre-clinical phase or futuristic interventions, off-labelled drugs, and non-pharmacological interventions for AD, offering positive findings and well as challenges that remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizan Ahmad
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard University, Delhi, India
| | - Anik Karan
- Department of Mechanical and Bioengineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
| | - Rashi Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Bawana, Delhi, India
| | - Navatha Shree Sharma
- Department of Surgery Transplant, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Vaishnavi Sundar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Centre, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Richard Jayaraj
- Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Sudip Mukherjee
- Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mark A DeCoster
- Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA; Cellular Neuroscience Laboratory, Institute for Micromanufacturing, College of Engineering and Science, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, USA.
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15
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Seo DO, Holtzman DM. Current understanding of the Alzheimer's disease-associated microbiome and therapeutic strategies. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:86-94. [PMID: 38172602 PMCID: PMC10834451 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01146-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal progressive neurodegenerative disease. Despite tremendous research efforts to understand this complex disease, the exact pathophysiology of the disease is not completely clear. Recently, anti-Aβ antibodies have been shown to remove amyloid from the brain and slow the clinical progression of mild dementia by ~30%. However, exploring alternative strategies is crucial to understanding and developing more effective therapeutic interventions. In recent years, the microbiota-gut-brain axis has received significant attention in the AD field. Numerous studies have suggested that alterations in the gut microbiota composition are associated with the progression of AD, and several underlying mechanisms have been proposed. However, studies in this area are still in their infancy, and many aspects of this field are just beginning to be explored and understood. Gaining a deeper understanding of the intricate interactions and signaling pathways involved in the microbiota-AD interaction is crucial for optimizing therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota to positively impact AD. In this review, we aim to summarize the current understanding of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in AD. We will discuss the existing evidence regarding the role of gut microbiota in AD pathogenesis, suggested underlying mechanisms, biological factors influencing the microbiome-gut-brain axis in AD, and remaining questions in the field. Last, we will discuss potential therapeutic approaches to recondition the community of gut microbiota to alleviate disease progression. An ongoing exploration of the gut-brain axis and the development of microbiota-based therapies hold the potential for advancing AD management in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Oh Seo
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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16
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Weinmann S, Rawlings A, Koppolu P, Rosales AG, Prado YK, Schmidt MA. Herpes zoster diagnosis and treatment in relation to incident dementia: A population-based retrospective matched cohort study. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296957. [PMID: 38271405 PMCID: PMC10810473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence suggests that some infectious diseases, such as herpes zoster (HZ), are associated with elevated risk of subsequent dementia, while certain anti-viral medications are associated with lower risk. We sought to evaluate associations between HZ diagnosis and treatment with incident dementia in a large, retrospective matched cohort. METHODS Using ICD-9 and ICD-10 diagnosis codes in electronic medical records, we identified members of Kaiser Permanente Northwest age 50 and older from 2000-2019 with a HZ diagnosis during this period. A comparison group without HZ diagnosis was individually matched 3:1 on age at HZ diagnosis date (index date), sex, and membership length prior to index date. We excluded subjects with dementia diagnosed before the index date. Antiherpetic medication was identified using pharmacy fills 1 month before to 12 months after the index date. We employed survival analysis to examine the associations between dementia and HZ diagnosis and antiherpetic medication, adjusting multivariable models for demographic and clinical factors. We stratified on age and sex and conducted a sensitivity analysis with a 5-year lag period. RESULT The study included 101,328 persons, 25,332 with HZ. Over a median follow-up of 4.8 years, 6,000 developed dementia. HZ diagnosis was not associated with higher hazard of dementia (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.99, 95% CI 0.93-1.05) in the primary analysis. Among persons with HZ diagnoses, the HR for receipt of any antiherpetic medication was 0.79 (95% CI 0.70-0.90) in univariate analysis and 0.88 (95% CI 0.77-1.00) after adjustment for demographic and clinical factors. Dementia was not associated with trends in duration of medication use or cumulative dose. CONCLUSIONS We found little evidence for an association between HZ diagnosis and dementia overall. Antiherpetic medication prescribed around the time of HZ diagnosis was statistically associated with lower risk of subsequent dementia in some but not all analyses and subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Weinmann
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Andreea Rawlings
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Padma Koppolu
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - A. Gabriela Rosales
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Yolanda K. Prado
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Schmidt
- Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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17
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Ria F, Delogu G, Ingrosso L, Sali M, Di Sante G. Secrets and lies of host-microbial interactions: MHC restriction and trans-regulation of T cell trafficking conceal the role of microbial agents on the edge between health and multifactorial/complex diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:40. [PMID: 38216734 PMCID: PMC11071949 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Here we critically discuss data supporting the view that microbial agents (pathogens, pathobionts or commensals alike) play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of multifactorial diseases, but their role is concealed by the rules presiding over T cell antigen recognition and trafficking. These rules make it difficult to associate univocally infectious agents to diseases' pathogenesis using the paradigm developed for canonical infectious diseases. (Cross-)recognition of a variable repertoire of epitopes leads to the possibility that distinct infectious agents can determine the same disease(s). There can be the need for sequential infection/colonization by two or more microorganisms to develop a given disease. Altered spreading of infectious agents can determine an unwanted activation of T cells towards a pro-inflammatory and trafficking phenotype, due to differences in the local microenvironment. Finally, trans-regulation of T cell trafficking allows infectious agents unrelated to the specificity of T cell to modify their homing to target organs, thereby driving flares of disease. The relevant role of microbial agents in largely prevalent diseases provides a conceptual basis for the evaluation of more specific therapeutic approaches, targeted to prevent (vaccine) or cure (antibiotics and/or Biologic Response Modifiers) multifactorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ria
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Section of General Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - G Delogu
- Mater Olbia Hospital, 07026, Olbia, Italy
- Department of Biotechnological, Basic, Intensivological and Perioperatory Sciences-Section of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - L Ingrosso
- Department Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
- European Program for Public Health Microbiology Training (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Sali
- Department of Biotechnological, Basic, Intensivological and Perioperatory Sciences-Section of Microbiology, Università Cattolica del S Cuore, 00168, Rome, Italy
- Department of Laboratory and Infectivology Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - G Di Sante
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Section of Human, Clinical and Forensic Anatomy, University of Perugia, 60132, Perugia, Italy.
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18
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Yang K, Hasegawa Y, Bhattarai JP, Hua J, Dower M, Etyemez S, Prasad N, Duvall L, Paez A, Smith A, Wang Y, Zhang YF, Lane AP, Ishizuka K, Kamath V, Ma M, Kamiya A, Sawa A. Inflammation-related pathology in the olfactory epithelium: its impact on the olfactory system in psychotic disorders. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2022.09.23.509224. [PMID: 36203543 PMCID: PMC9536041 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.23.509224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Smell deficits and neurobiological changes in the olfactory bulb (OB) and olfactory epithelium (OE) have been observed in schizophrenia and related disorders. The OE is the most peripheral olfactory system located outside the cranium, and is connected with the brain via direct neuronal projections to the OB. Nevertheless, it is unknown whether and how a disturbance of the OE affects the OB in schizophrenia and related disorders. Addressing this gap would be the first step in studying the impact of OE pathology in the disease pathophysiology in the brain. In this cross-species study, we observed that chronic, local OE inflammation with a set of upregulated genes in an inducible olfactory inflammation (IOI) mouse model led to a volume reduction, layer structure changes, and alterations of neuron functionality in the OB. Furthermore, IOI model also displayed behavioral deficits relevant to negative symptoms (avolition) in parallel to smell deficits. In first episode psychosis (FEP) patients, we observed a significant alteration in immune/inflammation-related molecular signatures in olfactory neuronal cells (ONCs) enriched from biopsied OE and a significant reduction in the OB volume, compared with those of healthy controls (HC). The increased expression of immune/inflammation-related molecules in ONCs was significantly correlated to the OB volume reduction in FEP patients, but no correlation was found in HCs. Moreover, the increased expression of human orthologues of the IOI genes in ONCs was significantly correlated with the OB volume reduction in FEP, but not in HCs. Together, our study implies a potential mechanism of the OE-OB pathology in patients with psychotic disorders (schizophrenia and related disorders). We hope that this mechanism may have a cross-disease implication, including COVID-19-elicited mental conditions that include smell deficits.
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19
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Mohammadi-Pilehdarboni H, Shenagari M, Joukar F, Naziri H, Mansour-Ghanaei F. Alzheimer's disease and microorganisms: the non-coding RNAs crosstalk. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 17:1256100. [PMID: 38249527 PMCID: PMC10796784 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1256100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, multifactorial disorder, influenced by a multitude of variables ranging from genetic factors, age, and head injuries to vascular diseases, infections, and various other environmental and demographic determinants. Among the environmental factors, the role of the microbiome in the genesis of neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) is gaining increased recognition. This paradigm shift is substantiated by an extensive body of scientific literature, which underscores the significant contributions of microorganisms, encompassing viruses and gut-derived bacteria, to the pathogenesis of AD. The mechanism by which microbial infection exerts its influence on AD hinges primarily on inflammation. Neuroinflammation, activated in response to microbial infections, acts as a defense mechanism for the brain but can inadvertently lead to unexpected neuropathological perturbations, ultimately contributing to NDs. Given the ongoing uncertainty surrounding the genetic factors underpinning ND, comprehensive investigations into environmental factors, particularly the microbiome and viral agents, are imperative. Recent advances in neuroscientific research have unveiled the pivotal role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in orchestrating various pathways integral to neurodegenerative pathologies. While the upstream regulators governing the pathological manifestations of microorganisms remain elusive, an in-depth exploration of the nuanced role of ncRNAs holds promise for the development of prospective therapeutic interventions. This review aims to elucidate the pivotal role of ncRNAs as master modulators in the realm of neurodegenerative conditions, with a specific focus on Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Mohammadi-Pilehdarboni
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry and the School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shenagari
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Farahnaz Joukar
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Hamed Naziri
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
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20
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Bradley E, Haran J. The human gut microbiome and aging. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2359677. [PMID: 38831607 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2359677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The composition of the human gut microbiome has been observed to change over the course of an individual's life. From birth, it is shaped by mode of delivery, diet, environmental exposures, geographic location, exposures to medications, and by aging itself. Here, we present a narrative review of the gut microbiome across the lifespan with a focus on its impacts on aging and age-related diseases in humans. We will describe how it is shaped, and features of the gut microbiome that have been associated with diseases at different phases of life and how this can adversely affect healthy aging. Across the lifespan, and especially in old age, a diverse microbiome that includes organisms suspected to produce anti-inflammatory metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids, has been reported to be associated with healthy aging. These findings have been remarkably consistent across geographic regions of the world suggesting that they could be universal features of healthy aging across all cultures and genetic backgrounds. Exactly how these features of the microbiome affect biologic processes associated with aging thus promoting healthy aging will be crucial to targeting the gut microbiome for interventions that will support health and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Bradley
- UMass Chan Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Physiologic Systems, Program in Microbiome Dynamics, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - John Haran
- UMass Chan Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine and Department of Microbiology and Physiologic Systems, Program in Microbiome Dynamics, Worcester, MA, USA
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21
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Zeng Y, Cao S, Pang K, Tang J, Lin G. Causal Association Between Sepsis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Bidirectional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:229-237. [PMID: 38189756 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous observational studies suggested an association between sepsis and neurodegenerative diseases, but causality remains unclear. OBJECTIVE Determining the causal association between sepsis and four neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Lewy body dementia) through bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHODS Genome-wide association study summary statistics for all traits were obtained from publicly available databases. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) was the primary method for evaluating causal associations. In addition, three additional MR methods (MR-Egger, weighted median, and maximum likelihood method) were employed to supplement IVW. Furthermore, various sensitivity tests were conducted to assess the reliability: 1) Cochrane's Q test for assessing heterogeneity; 2) MR-Egger intercept test and MR-PRESSO global test for evaluating horizontal pleiotropy; 3) leave-one-out sensitivity test for determining the stability. RESULTS The results of IVW indicated that sepsis significantly increased the risk of Alzheimer's disease (OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 1.01-1.21, p = 0.025). In addition, three additional MR methods suggested parallel results. However, no causal effect of sepsis on the three other neurodegenerative diseases was identified. Subsequently, reverse MR analysis indicated that the four neurodegenerative diseases do not causally affect sepsis. Furthermore, sensitivity tests demonstrated the reliability of the MR analyses, suggesting no heterogeneity or horizontal pleiotropy. CONCLUSIONS The present study contributes to a deeper comprehension of the intricate interplay between sepsis and neurodegenerative disorders, thereby offering potential avenues for the development of therapeutic agents that can effectively mitigate the multifarious complications associated with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjie Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Si Cao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ke Pang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Guoxin Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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22
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Marzola P, Melzer T, Pavesi E, Gil-Mohapel J, Brocardo PS. Exploring the Role of Neuroplasticity in Development, Aging, and Neurodegeneration. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1610. [PMID: 38137058 PMCID: PMC10741468 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity refers to the ability of the brain to reorganize and modify its neural connections in response to environmental stimuli, experience, learning, injury, and disease processes. It encompasses a range of mechanisms, including changes in synaptic strength and connectivity, the formation of new synapses, alterations in the structure and function of neurons, and the generation of new neurons. Neuroplasticity plays a crucial role in developing and maintaining brain function, including learning and memory, as well as in recovery from brain injury and adaptation to environmental changes. In this review, we explore the vast potential of neuroplasticity in various aspects of brain function across the lifespan and in the context of disease. Changes in the aging brain and the significance of neuroplasticity in maintaining cognitive function later in life will also be reviewed. Finally, we will discuss common mechanisms associated with age-related neurodegenerative processes (including protein aggregation and accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation) and how these processes can be mitigated, at least partially, by non-invasive and non-pharmacologic lifestyle interventions aimed at promoting and harnessing neuroplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Marzola
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Graduate Neuroscience Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (P.M.); (T.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Thayza Melzer
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Graduate Neuroscience Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (P.M.); (T.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Eloisa Pavesi
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Graduate Neuroscience Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (P.M.); (T.M.); (E.P.)
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Patricia S. Brocardo
- Department of Morphological Sciences and Graduate Neuroscience Program, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil; (P.M.); (T.M.); (E.P.)
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23
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Balakrishnan B, Arul SS, Ravindran A, Venkataraman S. Brain Virome in Neurodegenerative Disorders: Insights from Transcriptomic Data Analysis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:3979-3985. [PMID: 37812144 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are chronic ailments of the central nervous system that gradually deteriorate the structures and functions of neurons. The etiologies of NDs include genetic factors, aging, infections, starvation, brain trauma, and spinal cord injury, among others. However, it is unclear whether viral infections impact the prognosis of NDs or contribute to their development. Hence, we investigated the prevalence of neurotropic viruses in brain samples by using transcriptomic data. A total of 1635 viral isolates with complete genomic information was used to investigate the incidence of 18 distinct viruses across 129 data sets from healthy and ND subjects. Our findings support the evidence pointing to the existence of a brain virome where certain viruses co-occur. We further hypothesize that distinct virome profiles are linked to different forms of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aarti Ravindran
- Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India
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24
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Ma C, Li Y, Mei Z, Yuan C, Kang JH, Grodstein F, Ascherio A, Willett WC, Chan AT, Huttenhower C, Stampfer MJ, Wang DD. Association Between Bowel Movement Pattern and Cognitive Function: Prospective Cohort Study and a Metagenomic Analysis of the Gut Microbiome. Neurology 2023; 101:e2014-e2025. [PMID: 37775319 PMCID: PMC10662989 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Little is known regarding the association between intestinal motility patterns and cognitive function in individuals who are baseline cognitively healthy. The gut microbiome may contribute to the association. We examined the association between bowel movement (BM) pattern and cognitive function and explored the role of the gut microbiome in explaining this association. METHODS In this prospective study, we leveraged 3 cohort studies, Nurses' Health Study (NHS), NHSII, and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS). Participants reported BM frequency and subjective cognitive function. In a subset of NHSII participants, we assessed cognitive function using an objective neuropsychological battery. We profiled the gut microbiome in a subset of participants using whole-genome shotgun metagenomics. General linear models, Poisson regression, and logistic regression were used to quantify the association of BM frequency with different cognitive measurements. RESULTS We followed 112,753 men and women (women: 87.6%) with a mean age of 67.2 years at baseline (NHS: 76 years, NHSII: 59 years, HPFS: 75 years) for a median follow-up of 4 years (NHSII and HPFS: 4 years, NHS: 2 years). Compared with those with BM once daily, participants with BM frequency every 3+ days had significantly worse objective cognitive function, equivalent to 3.0 (95% confidence interval [CI],1.2-4.7) years of chronological cognitive aging. We observed similar J-shape dose-response relationships of BM frequency with the odds of subjective cognitive decline and the likelihood of having more subsequent subjective cognitive complaints (both p nonlinearity < 0.001). BM frequencies of every 3+ days and ≥twice/day, compared with once daily, were associated with the odds ratios of subjective cognitive decline of 1.73 (95% CI 1.60-1.86) and 1.37 (95% CI 1.33-1.44), respectively. BM frequency and subjective cognitive decline were significantly associated with the overall gut microbiome configuration (both p < 0.005) and specific microbial species in the 515 participants with microbiome data. Butyrate-producing microbial species were depleted in those with less frequent BM and worse cognition, whereas a higher abundance of proinflammatory species was associated with BM frequency of ≥twice/day and worse cognition. DISCUSSION Lower BM frequency was associated with worse cognitive function. The gut microbial dysbiosis may be a mechanistic link underlying the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Ma
- From the Channing Division of Network Medicine (C.M., Z.M., J.H.K., A.A., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition (C.M.), University of Massachusetts Amherst; Departments of Nutrition (Y.L., A.A., W.C.W., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Epidemiology (A.A., W.C.W., A.T.C., M.J.S.), and Biostatistics (C.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; School of Medicine (C.Y.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (F.G.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Gastroenterology (A.T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (A.T.C., C.H., D.D.W), Cambridge, MA..
| | - Yanping Li
- From the Channing Division of Network Medicine (C.M., Z.M., J.H.K., A.A., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition (C.M.), University of Massachusetts Amherst; Departments of Nutrition (Y.L., A.A., W.C.W., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Epidemiology (A.A., W.C.W., A.T.C., M.J.S.), and Biostatistics (C.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; School of Medicine (C.Y.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (F.G.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Gastroenterology (A.T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (A.T.C., C.H., D.D.W), Cambridge, MA
| | - Zhendong Mei
- From the Channing Division of Network Medicine (C.M., Z.M., J.H.K., A.A., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition (C.M.), University of Massachusetts Amherst; Departments of Nutrition (Y.L., A.A., W.C.W., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Epidemiology (A.A., W.C.W., A.T.C., M.J.S.), and Biostatistics (C.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; School of Medicine (C.Y.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (F.G.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Gastroenterology (A.T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (A.T.C., C.H., D.D.W), Cambridge, MA
| | - Changzheng Yuan
- From the Channing Division of Network Medicine (C.M., Z.M., J.H.K., A.A., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition (C.M.), University of Massachusetts Amherst; Departments of Nutrition (Y.L., A.A., W.C.W., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Epidemiology (A.A., W.C.W., A.T.C., M.J.S.), and Biostatistics (C.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; School of Medicine (C.Y.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (F.G.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Gastroenterology (A.T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (A.T.C., C.H., D.D.W), Cambridge, MA
| | - Jae H Kang
- From the Channing Division of Network Medicine (C.M., Z.M., J.H.K., A.A., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition (C.M.), University of Massachusetts Amherst; Departments of Nutrition (Y.L., A.A., W.C.W., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Epidemiology (A.A., W.C.W., A.T.C., M.J.S.), and Biostatistics (C.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; School of Medicine (C.Y.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (F.G.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Gastroenterology (A.T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (A.T.C., C.H., D.D.W), Cambridge, MA
| | - Francine Grodstein
- From the Channing Division of Network Medicine (C.M., Z.M., J.H.K., A.A., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition (C.M.), University of Massachusetts Amherst; Departments of Nutrition (Y.L., A.A., W.C.W., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Epidemiology (A.A., W.C.W., A.T.C., M.J.S.), and Biostatistics (C.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; School of Medicine (C.Y.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (F.G.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Gastroenterology (A.T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (A.T.C., C.H., D.D.W), Cambridge, MA
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- From the Channing Division of Network Medicine (C.M., Z.M., J.H.K., A.A., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition (C.M.), University of Massachusetts Amherst; Departments of Nutrition (Y.L., A.A., W.C.W., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Epidemiology (A.A., W.C.W., A.T.C., M.J.S.), and Biostatistics (C.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; School of Medicine (C.Y.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (F.G.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Gastroenterology (A.T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (A.T.C., C.H., D.D.W), Cambridge, MA
| | - Walter C Willett
- From the Channing Division of Network Medicine (C.M., Z.M., J.H.K., A.A., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition (C.M.), University of Massachusetts Amherst; Departments of Nutrition (Y.L., A.A., W.C.W., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Epidemiology (A.A., W.C.W., A.T.C., M.J.S.), and Biostatistics (C.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; School of Medicine (C.Y.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (F.G.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Gastroenterology (A.T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (A.T.C., C.H., D.D.W), Cambridge, MA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- From the Channing Division of Network Medicine (C.M., Z.M., J.H.K., A.A., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition (C.M.), University of Massachusetts Amherst; Departments of Nutrition (Y.L., A.A., W.C.W., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Epidemiology (A.A., W.C.W., A.T.C., M.J.S.), and Biostatistics (C.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; School of Medicine (C.Y.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (F.G.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Gastroenterology (A.T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (A.T.C., C.H., D.D.W), Cambridge, MA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- From the Channing Division of Network Medicine (C.M., Z.M., J.H.K., A.A., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition (C.M.), University of Massachusetts Amherst; Departments of Nutrition (Y.L., A.A., W.C.W., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Epidemiology (A.A., W.C.W., A.T.C., M.J.S.), and Biostatistics (C.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; School of Medicine (C.Y.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (F.G.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Gastroenterology (A.T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (A.T.C., C.H., D.D.W), Cambridge, MA
| | - Meir J Stampfer
- From the Channing Division of Network Medicine (C.M., Z.M., J.H.K., A.A., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition (C.M.), University of Massachusetts Amherst; Departments of Nutrition (Y.L., A.A., W.C.W., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Epidemiology (A.A., W.C.W., A.T.C., M.J.S.), and Biostatistics (C.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; School of Medicine (C.Y.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (F.G.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Gastroenterology (A.T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (A.T.C., C.H., D.D.W), Cambridge, MA
| | - Dong D Wang
- From the Channing Division of Network Medicine (C.M., Z.M., J.H.K., A.A., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Department of Nutrition (C.M.), University of Massachusetts Amherst; Departments of Nutrition (Y.L., A.A., W.C.W., M.J.S., D.D.W.), Epidemiology (A.A., W.C.W., A.T.C., M.J.S.), and Biostatistics (C.H.), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA; School of Medicine (C.Y.), Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center (F.G.), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; Division of Gastroenterology (A.T.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard (A.T.C., C.H., D.D.W), Cambridge, MA..
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25
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Lathe R, Schultek NM, Balin BJ, Ehrlich GD, Auber LA, Perry G, Breitschwerdt EB, Corry DB, Doty RL, Rissman RA, Nara PL, Itzhaki R, Eimer WA, Tanzi RE. Establishment of a consensus protocol to explore the brain pathobiome in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: Research outline and call for collaboration. Alzheimers Dement 2023; 19:5209-5231. [PMID: 37283269 PMCID: PMC10918877 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections of the brain can lead to dementia, and for many decades microbial infections have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. However, a causal role for infection in AD remains contentious, and the lack of standardized detection methodologies has led to inconsistent detection/identification of microbes in AD brains. There is a need for a consensus methodology; the Alzheimer's Pathobiome Initiative aims to perform comparative molecular analyses of microbes in post mortem brains versus cerebrospinal fluid, blood, olfactory neuroepithelium, oral/nasopharyngeal tissue, bronchoalveolar, urinary, and gut/stool samples. Diverse extraction methodologies, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing techniques, and bioinformatic tools will be evaluated, in addition to direct microbial culture and metabolomic techniques. The goal is to provide a roadmap for detecting infectious agents in patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD. Positive findings would then prompt tailoring of antimicrobial treatments that might attenuate or remit mounting clinical deficits in a subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Brian J. Balin
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19131, USA
| | - Garth D. Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | | | - George Perry
- Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Edward B. Breitschwerdt
- Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - David B. Corry
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard L. Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert A. Rissman
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Ruth Itzhaki
- Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William A. Eimer
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- McCance Cancer Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Mass General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- McCance Cancer Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Intracell Research Group Consortium Collaborators
- David L. Hahn (Intracell Research Group, USA), Benedict C. Albensi (Nova Southeastern, USA), James St John (Griffith University, Australia), Jenny Ekberg (Griffith University, Australia), Mark L. Nelson (Intracell Research Group, USA), Gerald McLaughlin (National Institutes of Health, USA), Christine Hammond (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, USA), Judith Whittum-Hudson (Wayne State University, USA), Alan P. Hudson (Wayne State University, USA), Guillaume Sacco (Université Cote d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, CoBTek, France), Alexandra Konig (Université Cote d’Azur and CoBTek, France), Bruno Pietro Imbimbo (Chiesi Farmaceutici, Parma, Italy), Nicklas Linz (Ki Elements Ltd, Saarbrücken, Germany), Nicole Danielle Bell (Author, 'What Lurks in the Woods'), Shima T. Moein (Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, USA), Jürgen G. Haas (Infection Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical School, UK)
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26
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Zhao C, Kuraji R, Ye C, Gao L, Radaic A, Kamarajan P, Taketani Y, Kapila YL. Nisin a probiotic bacteriocin mitigates brain microbiome dysbiosis and Alzheimer's disease-like neuroinflammation triggered by periodontal disease. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:228. [PMID: 37803465 PMCID: PMC10557354 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Periodontitis-related oral microbial dysbiosis is thought to contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuroinflammation and brain amyloid production. Since probiotics can modulate periodontitis/oral dysbiosis, this study examined the effects of a probiotic/lantibiotic, nisin, in modulating brain pathology triggered by periodontitis. METHODS A polymicrobial mouse model of periodontal disease was used to evaluate the effects of this disease on brain microbiome dysbiosis, neuroinflammation, Alzheimer's-related changes, and nisin's therapeutic potential in this context. RESULTS 16S sequencing and real-time PCR data revealed that Nisin treatment mitigated the changes in the brain microbiome composition, diversity, and community structure, and reduced the levels of periodontal pathogen DNA in the brain induced by periodontal disease. Nisin treatment significantly decreased the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin-1β/IL-1 β, Interleukin 6/IL-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor α/TNF-α) in the brain that were elevated by periodontal infection. In addition, the concentrations of amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), total Tau, and Tau (pS199) (445.69 ± 120.03, 1420.85 ± 331.40, 137.20 ± 36.01) were significantly higher in the infection group compared to the control group (193.01 ± 31.82, 384.27 ± 363.93, 6.09 ± 10.85), respectively. Nisin treatment markedly reduced the Aβ42 (261.80 ± 52.50), total Tau (865.37 ± 304.93), and phosphorylated Tau (82.53 ± 15.77) deposition in the brain of the infection group. DISCUSSION Nisin abrogation of brain microbiome dysbiosis induces beneficial effects on AD-like pathogenic changes and neuroinflammation, and thereby may serve as a potential therapeutic for periodontal-dysbiosis-related AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjiang Zhao
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510050, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510050, China
| | - Ryutaro Kuraji
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Periodontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan
| | - Changchang Ye
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Periodontology, West China School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610093, China
| | - Li Gao
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Periodontology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510050, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510050, China
| | - Allan Radaic
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Biosystems and Function and Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
- Department of Biosystems and Function and Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
| | - Yoshimasa Taketani
- Department of Biosystems and Function and Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Biology and Tissue Engineering, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Sakado, 350-0283, Japan
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Biosystems and Function and Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA.
- Section of Biosystems and Function, Section of Periodontology, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Box 951668, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1668, USA.
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27
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Kepp KP, Robakis NK, Høilund-Carlsen PF, Sensi SL, Vissel B. The amyloid cascade hypothesis: an updated critical review. Brain 2023; 146:3969-3990. [PMID: 37183523 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Results from recent clinical trials of antibodies that target amyloid-β (Aβ) for Alzheimer's disease have created excitement and have been heralded as corroboration of the amyloid cascade hypothesis. However, while Aβ may contribute to disease, genetic, clinical, imaging and biochemical data suggest a more complex aetiology. Here we review the history and weaknesses of the amyloid cascade hypothesis in view of the new evidence obtained from clinical trials of anti-amyloid antibodies. These trials indicate that the treatments have either no or uncertain clinical effect on cognition. Despite the importance of amyloid in the definition of Alzheimer's disease, we argue that the data point to Aβ playing a minor aetiological role. We also discuss data suggesting that the concerted activity of many pathogenic factors contribute to Alzheimer's disease and propose that evolving multi-factor disease models will better underpin the search for more effective strategies to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper P Kepp
- Section of Biophysical and Biomedicinal chemistry, DTU Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nikolaos K Robakis
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Poul F Høilund-Carlsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, and Institute for Advanced Biotechnology (ITAB), University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, 66013, Italy
| | - Bryce Vissel
- St Vincent's Hospital Centre for Applied Medical Research, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, 2010, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, St Vincent's Healthcare Clinical Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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28
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Berg SZ, Berg J. Melanin: a unifying theory of disease as exemplified by Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, and Lewy body dementia. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228530. [PMID: 37841274 PMCID: PMC10570809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin, a ubiquitous dark pigment, plays important roles in the immune system, including scavenging reactive oxygen species formed in response to ultraviolet radiation absorption, absorbing metals, thermal regulation, drug uptake, innate immune system functions, redox, and energy transduction. Many tissue types, including brain, heart, arteries, ovaries, and others, contain melanin. Almost all cells contain precursors to melanin. A growing number of diseases in which there is a loss of melanin and/or neuromelanin are increasingly thought to have infectious etiologies, for example, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Lewy Body Dementia (LBD), and vitiligo. AD, PD, LBD, and vitiligo have been linked with herpesvirus, which enters melanosomes and causes apoptosis, and with gut dysbiosis and inflammation. Herpesvirus is also linked with gut dysbiosis and inflammation. We theorize that under normal healthy states, melanin retains some of the energy it absorbs from electromagnetic radiation, which is then used to fuel cells, and energy from ATP is used to compliment that energy supply. We further theorize that loss of melanin reduces the energy supply of cells, which in the case of AD, PD, and LBD results in an inability to sustain immune system defenses and remove the plaques associated with the disease, which appear to be part of the immune system's attempt to eradicate the pathogens seen in these neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, in an attempt to explain why removing these plaques does not result in improvements in cognition and mood and why cognitions and moods in these individuals have ebbs and flows, we postulate that it is not the plaques that cause the cognitive symptoms but, rather, inflammation in the brain resulting from the immune system's response to pathogens. Our theory that energy retained in melanin fuels cells in an inverse relationship with ATP is supported by studies showing alterations in ATP production in relationship to melanin levels in melanomas, vitiligo, and healthy cells. Therefore, alteration of melanin levels may be at the core of many diseases. We propose regulating melanin levels may offer new avenues for treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie Z. Berg
- Department of Translational Biology, William Edwards LLC, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Berg
- Department of Translational Biology, William Edwards LLC, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Moné Y, Earl JP, Król JE, Ahmed A, Sen B, Ehrlich GD, Lapides JR. Evidence supportive of a bacterial component in the etiology for Alzheimer's disease and for a temporal-spatial development of a pathogenic microbiome in the brain. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1123228. [PMID: 37780846 PMCID: PMC10534976 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1123228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Over the last few decades, a growing body of evidence has suggested a role for various infectious agents in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Despite diverse pathogens (virus, bacteria, fungi) being detected in AD subjects' brains, research has focused on individual pathogens and only a few studies investigated the hypothesis of a bacterial brain microbiome. We profiled the bacterial communities present in non-demented controls and AD subjects' brains. Results We obtained postmortem samples from the brains of 32 individual subjects, comprising 16 AD and 16 control age-matched subjects with a total of 130 samples from the frontal and temporal lobes and the entorhinal cortex. We used full-length 16S rRNA gene amplification with Pacific Biosciences sequencing technology to identify bacteria. We detected bacteria in the brains of both cohorts with the principal bacteria comprising Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) and two species each of Acinetobacter and Comamonas genera. We used a hierarchical Bayesian method to detect differences in relative abundance among AD and control groups. Because of large abundance variances, we also employed a new analysis approach based on the Latent Dirichlet Allocation algorithm, used in computational linguistics. This allowed us to identify five sample classes, each revealing a different microbiota. Assuming that samples represented infections that began at different times, we ordered these classes in time, finding that the last class exclusively explained the existence or non-existence of AD. Conclusions The AD-related pathogenicity of the brain microbiome seems to be based on a complex polymicrobial dynamic. The time ordering revealed a rise and fall of the abundance of C. acnes with pathogenicity occurring for an off-peak abundance level in association with at least one other bacterium from a set of genera that included Methylobacterium, Bacillus, Caulobacter, Delftia, and Variovorax. C. acnes may also be involved with outcompeting the Comamonas species, which were strongly associated with non-demented brain microbiota, whose early destruction could be the first stage of disease. Our results are also consistent with a leaky blood-brain barrier or lymphatic network that allows bacteria, viruses, fungi, or other pathogens to enter the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Moné
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joshua P Earl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jarosław E Król
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Azad Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Bhaswati Sen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Garth D Ehrlich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Lapides
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centers for Genomic Sciences and Advanced Microbial Processing, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Chen F, Ke Q, Wei W, Cui L, Wang Y. Apolipoprotein E and viral infection: Risks and Mechanisms. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:529-542. [PMID: 37588688 PMCID: PMC10425688 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein critical for lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis. In addition to being a well known genetic determinant of both neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, ApoE is frequently involved in various viral infection-related diseases. Human ApoE protein is functionally polymorphic with three isoforms, namely, ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, with markedly altered protein structures and functions. ApoE4 is associated with increased susceptibility to infection with herpes simplex virus type-1 and HIV. Conversely, ApoE4 protects against hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infection. With the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019, ApoE4 has been shown to determine the incidence and progression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. These findings clearly indicate the critical role of ApoE in viral infection. Furthermore, ApoE polymorphism has various or even opposite effects in these infection processes, which are partly related to the structural features that distinguish the different ApoE statuses. In the current review, we summarize the emerging relationship between ApoE and viral infection, discuss the potential mechanisms, and identify future directions that may help to advance our understanding of the link between ApoE and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Qiongwei Ke
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
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Michalik F, Xie M, Eyting M, Heß S, Chung S, Geldsetzer P. The effect of herpes zoster vaccination on the occurrence of deaths due to dementia in England and Wales. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.08.23295225. [PMID: 37732219 PMCID: PMC10508823 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.08.23295225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Background The United Kingdom (UK) has used date of birth-based eligibility rules for live-attenuated herpes zoster (HZ) vaccination that have led to large differences in HZ vaccination coverage between individuals who differed in their age by merely a few days. Using this unique natural randomization, we have recently provided evidence from Welsh electronic health record data that HZ vaccination caused a reduction in new dementia diagnoses over a seven-year period. Based on this, we hypothesized that HZ vaccination may have slowed the dementia disease process more generally and, thus, already reduced deaths with dementia as their underlying cause even though the UK's HZ vaccination program commenced as recently as September 2013. Using country-wide death certificate data for England and Wales, this study, therefore, aimed to determine whether eligibility for HZ vaccination caused a reduction in deaths due to dementia over a nine-year follow-up period. Methods Adults who had their 80th birthday shortly before September 1 2013 were ineligible for HZ vaccination in the UK's National Health Service and remained ineligible for life, whereas those who had their 80th birthday shortly after September 1 2013 (i.e., born on or after September 2 1933) were eligible for one year. Akin to a randomized trial, this date-of-birth threshold generated birth cohorts who are likely exchangeable in observed and unobserved characteristics except for a small difference in age and a large difference in HZ vaccination uptake. We used country-wide data from death certificates in England and Wales on underlying causes of death from September 1 2004 to August 31 2022 by ICD-10 code and month of birth. Our analysis compared the percentage of the population with a death due to dementia among the month-of-birth cohorts around the September 2 1933 eligibility threshold using a regression discontinuity design. The primary analyses used the maximal available follow-up period of nine years. Results The study population included 5,077,426 adults born between September 1 1925 and August 31 1941 who were alive at the start of the HZ vaccination program. The month-of-birth cohorts around the September 2 1933 eligibility cutoff were well balanced in their occurrence of all-cause and cause-specific deaths (including deaths due to dementia) prior to the start of the vaccination program. We estimated that over a nine-year follow-up period, eligibility for HZ vaccination reduced the percentage of the population with a death due to dementia by 0.38 (95% CI: 0.08 to 0.68, p=0.012) percentage points, corresponding to a relative reduction of 4.8%. As in our prior analysis, this effect was stronger among women (-0.62 [95% CI: -1.06 to -0.19] percentage points, p=0.004) than among men (-0.11 [95% CI: -0.51 to 0.28] percentage points, p=0.574). The reduction in deaths due to dementia likely resulted in an increase in remaining life expectancy because we found that HZ vaccination eligibility reduced all-cause mortality but had no effect on deaths not due to dementia. An effect on deaths due to dementia at the September 2 date-of-birth eligibility threshold existed only since the year in which the HZ vaccination program was implemented. Conclusions Our findings indicate that HZ vaccination improved cognitive function at a fairly advanced stage of the dementia disease process because most individuals whose underlying cause of death was dementia during our nine-year follow-up period were likely already living with dementia at the start of the HZ vaccination program. By using a different population, type of data, and outcome than our prior study in Welsh electronic health record data, this analysis adds to the evidence base that HZ vaccination slows, or potentially even prevents, the natural history of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Michalik
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University; 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Min Xie
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University; 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Eyting
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University; 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Gutenberg School of Management and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz; 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Simon Heß
- Department of Economics, University of Vienna; 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Seunghun Chung
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Pascal Geldsetzer
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco; San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Kell DB, Pretorius E. Are fibrinaloid microclots a cause of autoimmunity in Long Covid and other post-infection diseases? Biochem J 2023; 480:1217-1240. [PMID: 37584410 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
It is now well established that the blood-clotting protein fibrinogen can polymerise into an anomalous form of fibrin that is amyloid in character; the resultant clots and microclots entrap many other molecules, stain with fluorogenic amyloid stains, are rather resistant to fibrinolysis, can block up microcapillaries, are implicated in a variety of diseases including Long COVID, and have been referred to as fibrinaloids. A necessary corollary of this anomalous polymerisation is the generation of novel epitopes in proteins that would normally be seen as 'self', and otherwise immunologically silent. The precise conformation of the resulting fibrinaloid clots (that, as with prions and classical amyloid proteins, can adopt multiple, stable conformations) must depend on the existing small molecules and metal ions that the fibrinogen may (and is some cases is known to) have bound before polymerisation. Any such novel epitopes, however, are likely to lead to the generation of autoantibodies. A convergent phenomenology, including distinct conformations and seeding of the anomalous form for initiation and propagation, is emerging to link knowledge in prions, prionoids, amyloids and now fibrinaloids. We here summarise the evidence for the above reasoning, which has substantial implications for our understanding of the genesis of autoimmunity (and the possible prevention thereof) based on the primary process of fibrinaloid formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kell
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 200, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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Liu P, Chen W, Kang Y, Wang C, Wang X, Liu W, Hayashi T, Qiu Z, Mizuno K, Hattori S, Fujisaki H, Ikejima T. Silibinin ameliorates STING-mediated neuroinflammation via downregulation of ferroptotic damage in a sporadic Alzheimer's disease model. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023:109691. [PMID: 37473980 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2023.109691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent cell death, is caused by lipid peroxidation. Noteworthily, accumulation of iron and lipid peroxidation are found in the proximity of the neuritic plaque, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the relationship between ferroptosis and neuroinflammation in AD is unclear. Silibinin, extracted from the Silybum marianum, is possibly developed as an agent for AD treatment from its neuroprotective effect, but the effect of silibinin on sporadic AD that accounts for more than 95% of AD remains unclear. To determine whether silibinin alleviates the pathogenesis of sporadic AD and investigate the underlying mechanisms, STZ-treated HT22 murine hippocampal neurons and intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) rats, a sporadic AD model, were used in this study. Results show that silibinin not only promotes survival of STZ-treated HT22 cells, but also ameliorates the cognitive impairment and anxiety/depression-like behavior of ICV-STZ rats. We here demonstrate that silibinin evidently inhibits the protein level of p53 as well as upregulates the protein level of cystine/glutamate antiporter SLC7A11 and ferroptosis inhibitor GPX4, but not p21, leading to the protection against STZ-induced ferroptotic damage. Immunofluorescent staining also shows that accumulation of lipid peroxidation induced by ferroptotic damage leads to increased fluorescence of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine (8-OHDG), a maker of oxidized DNA. The oxidized DNA then leaks to the cytoplasm and upregulates the expression of the stimulator of interferon gene (STING), which triggers the production of IFN-β and other inflammatory cascades including NF-κB/TNFα and NLRP3/caspase 1/IL-1β. However, the treatment with silibinin blocks the above pathological changes. Moreover, in HT22 cells with/without STZ treatment, GPX4-knockdown increases the protein level of STING, indicating that the ferroptotic damage leads to the activation of STING signaling pathway. These results imply that silibinin exerts neuroprotective effect on an STZ-induced sporadic AD model by downregulating ferroptotic damage and thus the downstream STING-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panwen Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Chenkang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Toshihiko Hayashi
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China; Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Zhiyue Qiu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Kazunori Mizuno
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Shunji Hattori
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujisaki
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Toride, Ibaraki, 302-0017, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikejima
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Chemistry-Based Natural Antitumor Drug Research & Development, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
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Olivera E, Sáez A, Carniglia L, Caruso C, Lasaga M, Durand D. Alzheimer's disease risk after COVID-19: a view from the perspective of the infectious hypothesis of neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:1404-1410. [PMID: 36571334 PMCID: PMC10075115 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.360273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the rising evidence of the association between viral and bacterial infections and neurodegeneration, we aimed at revisiting the infectious hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease and analyzing the possible implications of COVID-19 neurological sequelae in long-term neurodegeneration. We wondered how SARS-CoV-2 could be related to the amyloid-β cascade and how it could lead to the pathological hallmarks of the disease. We also predict a paradigm change in clinical medicine, which now has a great opportunity to conduct prospective surveillance of cognitive sequelae and progression to dementia in people who suffered severe infections together with other risk factors for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Olivera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Albany Sáez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lila Carniglia
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Caruso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Lasaga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniela Durand
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas INBIOMED UBA-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Li J, Li D, Chen Y, Chen W, Xu J, Gao L. Gut Microbiota and Aging: Traditional Chinese Medicine and Modern Medicine. Clin Interv Aging 2023; 18:963-986. [PMID: 37351381 PMCID: PMC10284159 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s414714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The changing composition of gut microbiota, much like aging, accompanies people throughout their lives, and the inextricable relationship between both has recently attracted extensive attention as well. Modern medical research has revealed that a series of changes in gut microbiota are involved in the aging process of organisms, which may be because gut microbiota modulates aging-related changes related to innate immunity and cognitive function. At present, there is no definite and effective method to delay aging. However, Nobel laureate Tu Youyou's research on artemisinin has inspired researchers to study the importance of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). TCM, as an ancient alternative medicine, has unique advantages in preventive health care and in treating diseases as it already has formed an independent understanding of the aging system. TCM practitioners believe that the mechanism of aging is mainly deficiency, and pathological states such as blood stasis, qi stagnation and phlegm coagulation can exacerbate the process of aging, which involves a series of organs, including the brain, kidney, heart, liver and spleen. Our current understanding of aging has led us to realise that TCM can indeed make some beneficial changes, such as the improvement of cognitive impairment. However, due to the multi-component and multi-target nature of TCM, the exploration of its mechanism of action has become extremely complex. While analysing the relationship between gut microbiota and aging, this review explores the similarities and differences in treatment methods and mechanisms between TCM and Modern Medicine, in order to explore a new approach that combines TCM and Modern Medicine to regulate gut microbiota, improve immunity and delay aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfan Li
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250000, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Diabetes, Licheng District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yajie Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation and Health Care, Jinan Vocational College of Nursing, Jinan, Shandong, 250100, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenbin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Gao
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Glucose & Lipids Metabolism and Brain Aging, Ministry of Education, Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology and Lipid Metabolism, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People’s Republic of China
- Shandong Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, 250021, People’s Republic of China
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Weidung B, Josefsson M, Lyttkens P, Olsson J, Elgh F, Lind L, Kilander L, Lövheim H. Longitudinal Effects of Herpesviruses on Multiple Cognitive Outcomes in Healthy Elderly Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221116. [PMID: 37334589 PMCID: PMC10357165 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpesviruses have been proposed to be involved in Alzheimer's disease development as potentially modifiable pathology triggers. OBJECTIVE To investigate associations of serum antibodies for herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 and cytomegalovirus (CMV) and anti-herpesvirus treatment with cognitive outcomes in relation to interactions with APOE ɛ4. METHODS The study included 849 participants in the population-based Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors study. Cognitive performance at the ages of 75 and 80 years was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), trail-making test (TMT) A and B, and 7-minute screening test (7MS). RESULTS Anti- HSV-1 IgG positivity was associated cross-sectionally with worse performance on the MMSE, TMT-A, TMT-B, 7MS, enhanced free recall, and verbal fluency tests (p = 0.016, p = 0.016, p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.033, and p < 0.001, respectively), but not orientation or clock drawing. Cognitive scores did not decline over time and longitudinal changes did not differ according to HSV-1 positivity. Anti- CMV IgG positivity was not associated cross-sectionally with cognition, but TMT-B scores declined more in anti- CMV IgG carriers. Anti- HSV-1 IgG interacted with APOE ɛ4 in association with worse TMT-A and better enhanced cued recall. Anti- HSV IgM interacted with APOE ɛ4 and anti-herpesvirus treatment in association with worse TMT-A and clock drawing, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that HSV-1 is linked to poorer cognition in cognitively healthy elderly adults, including impairments in executive function, memory, and expressive language. Cognitive performance did not decline over time, nor was longitudinal decline associated with HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Weidung
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Section of Clinical Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Josefsson
- Department of Statistics, Umeå School of Business, Economics and Statistics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Lyttkens
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Olsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Elgh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lars Lind
- Department of Medical Sciences, Acute and Internal Medicine, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kilander
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Section of Clinical Geriatrics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hugo Lövheim
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Division of Geriatic Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå university, Umeå, Sweden
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Tyler SE, Tyler LD. Pathways to healing: Plants with therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative diseases. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2023; 14:210-234. [PMID: 36880056 PMCID: PMC9984566 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Some of the greatest challenges in medicine are the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), which remain without a cure and mostly progress to death. A companion study employed a toolkit methodology to document 2001 plant species with ethnomedicinal uses for alleviating pathologies relevant to NDs, focusing on its relevance to Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aimed to find plants with therapeutic bioactivities for a range of NDs. 1339 of the 2001 plant species were found to have a bioactivity from the literature of therapeutic relevance to NDs such as Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, AD, motor neurone diseases, multiple sclerosis, prion diseases, Neimann-Pick disease, glaucoma, Friedreich's ataxia and Batten disease. 43 types of bioactivities were found, such as reducing protein misfolding, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and cell death, and promoting neurogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, longevity, and anti-microbial activity. Ethno-led plant selection was more effective than random selection of plant species. Our findings indicate that ethnomedicinal plants provide a large resource of ND therapeutic potential. The extensive range of bioactivities validate the usefulness of the toolkit methodology in the mining of this data. We found that a number of the documented plants are able to modulate molecular mechanisms underlying various key ND pathologies, revealing a promising and even profound capacity to halt and reverse the processes of neurodegeneration.
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Key Words
- A-H, Alpers-Huttenlocher syndrome
- AD, Alzheimer’s disease
- ALS, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- BBB, blood-brain barrier
- C. elegans,, Caenorhabditis elegans
- CJD, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- CMT, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease
- CS, Cockayne syndrome
- Ech A, Echinochrome A
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FRDA, Friedreich’s ataxia
- FTD, Frontotemporal dementia
- HD, Huntington’s disease
- Hsp, Heat shock protein
- LSD, Lysosomal storage diseases
- MS, Multiple sclerosis
- MSA, Multiple system atrophy
- MSP, Multisystem proteinopathy
- Medicinal plant
- ND, neurodegenerative disease
- NPC, Neimann-Pick disease type C
- NSC, neural stem cells
- Neuro-inflammation
- Neurodegeneration
- Neurogenesis
- PC, pharmacological chaperone
- PD, Parkinson’s disease
- Protein misfolding
- SMA, Spinal muscular atrophy
- VD, Vascular dementia
- prion dis, prion diseases
- α-syn, alpha-synuclein
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena E.B. Tyler
- John Ray Research Field Station, Cheshire, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author.
| | - Luke D.K. Tyler
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
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Eyting M, Xie M, Heß S, Geldsetzer P. Causal evidence that herpes zoster vaccination prevents a proportion of dementia cases. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.05.23.23290253. [PMID: 37292746 PMCID: PMC10246135 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.23.23290253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The root causes of dementia are still largely unclear, and the medical community lacks highly effective preventive and therapeutic pharmaceutical agents for dementia despite large investments into their development. There is growing interest in the question if infectious agents play a role in the development of dementia, with herpesviruses attracting particular attention. To provide causal as opposed to merely correlational evidence on this question, we take advantage of the fact that in Wales eligibility for the herpes zoster vaccine (Zostavax) for shingles prevention was determined based on an individual's exact date of birth. Those born before September 2 1933 were ineligible and remained ineligible for life, while those born on or after September 2 1933 were eligible to receive the vaccine. By using country-wide data on all vaccinations received, primary and secondary care encounters, death certificates, and patients' date of birth in weeks, we first show that the percentage of adults who received the vaccine increased from 0.01% among patients who were merely one week too old to be eligible, to 47.2% among those who were just one week younger. Apart from this large difference in the probability of ever receiving the herpes zoster vaccine, there is no plausible reason why those born just one week prior to September 2 1933 should differ systematically from those born one week later. We demonstrate this empirically by showing that there were no systematic differences (e.g., in pre-existing conditions or uptake of other preventive interventions) between adults across the date-of-birth eligibility cutoff, and that there were no other interventions that used the exact same date-of-birth eligibility cutoff as was used for the herpes zoster vaccine program. This unique natural randomization, thus, allows for robust causal, rather than correlational, effect estimation. We first replicate the vaccine's known effect from clinical trials of reducing the occurrence of shingles. We then show that receiving the herpes zoster vaccine reduced the probability of a new dementia diagnosis over a follow-up period of seven years by 3.5 percentage points (95% CI: 0.6 - 7.1, p=0.019), corresponding to a 19.9% relative reduction in the occurrence of dementia. Besides preventing shingles and dementia, the herpes zoster vaccine had no effects on any other common causes of morbidity and mortality. In exploratory analyses, we find that the protective effects from the vaccine for dementia are far stronger among women than men. Randomized trials are needed to determine the optimal population groups and time interval for administration of the herpes zoster vaccine to prevent or delay dementia, as well as to quantify the magnitude of the causal effect when more precise measures of cognition are used. Our findings strongly suggest an important role of the varicella zoster virus in the etiology of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eyting
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of
Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg
University; 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Gutenberg School of Management and Economics, Johannes Gutenberg
University Mainz; 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Min Xie
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of
Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg
University; 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Heß
- Department of Economics, University of Vienna; 1090 Vienna,
Austria
| | - Pascal Geldsetzer
- Division of Primary Care and Population Health, Department of
Medicine, Stanford University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford
University; Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub – San Francisco; San Francisco, CA
94158, USA
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Ecarnot F, Boccardi V, Calcagno A, Franceschi C, Fülop T, Itzhaki RF, Michel JP, Panza F, Rainero I, Solfrizzi V, Ticinesi A, Veronese N, Maggi S. Dementia, infections and vaccines: 30 years of controversy. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023; 35:1145-1160. [PMID: 37160649 PMCID: PMC10169152 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02409-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the proceedings of a virtual meeting convened by the European Interdisciplinary Council on Ageing (EICA), to discuss the involvement of infectious disorders in the pathogenesis of dementia and neurological disorders leading to dementia. We recap how our view of the infectious etiology of dementia has changed over the last 30 years in light of emerging evidence, and we present evidence in support of the implication of infection in dementia, notably Alzheimer's disease (AD). The bacteria and viruses thought to be responsible for neuroinflammation and neurological damage are reviewed. We then review the genetic basis for neuroinflammation and dementia, highlighting the genes that are currently the focus of investigation as potential targets for therapy. Next, we describe the antimicrobial hypothesis of dementia, notably the intriguing possibility that amyloid beta may itself possess antimicrobial properties. We further describe the clinical relevance of the gut-brain axis in dementia, the mechanisms by which infection can move from the intestine to the brain, and recent findings regarding dysbiosis patterns in patients with AD. We review the involvement of specific pathogens in neurological disorders, i.e. SARS-CoV-2, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1), and influenza. Finally, we look at the role of vaccination to prevent dementia. In conclusion, there is a large body of evidence supporting the involvement of various infectious pathogens in the pathogenesis of dementia, but large-scale studies with long-term follow-up are needed to elucidate the role that infection may play, especially before subclinical or clinical disease is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Ecarnot
- EA3920, University of Franche-Comté, 25000, Besancon, France
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Besancon, 3-8 Boulevard Fleming, 25000, Besancon, France
| | - Virginia Boccardi
- Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Santa Maria Della Misericordia Hospital, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging, Institute of Biology and Biomedicine and Institute of Information Technology, Mathematics and Mechanics, Department of Applied Mathematics, N. I. Lobachevsky State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Tamas Fülop
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics Division, Research Center on Aging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Ruth F Itzhaki
- Institute of Population Ageing, University of Oxford and Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Francesco Panza
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology "Saverio de Bellis", Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Clinica Medica e Geriatria "Cesare Frugoni", University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Dementia Center, Department of Neuroscience "Rita Levi Montalcini", University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Solfrizzi
- Dipartimento Interdisciplinare di Medicina, Clinica Medica e Geriatria "Cesare Frugoni", University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Ticinesi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Geriatrics Section, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Stefania Maggi
- National Research Council, Neuroscience Institute, Aging Branch, Padua, Italy
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40
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Abbate C. The Adult Neurogenesis Theory of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023:JAD221279. [PMID: 37182879 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease starts in neural stem cells (NSCs) in the niches of adult neurogenesis. All primary factors responsible for pathological tau hyperphosphorylation are inherent to adult neurogenesis and migration. However, when amyloid pathology is present, it strongly amplifies tau pathogenesis. Indeed, the progressive accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β deposits in the brain triggers a state of chronic inflammation by microglia. Microglial activation has a significant pro-neurogenic effect that fosters the process of adult neurogenesis and supports neuronal migration. Unfortunately, this "reactive" pro-neurogenic activity ultimately perturbs homeostatic equilibrium in the niches of adult neurogenesis by amplifying tau pathogenesis in AD. This scenario involves NSCs in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in late-onset AD (LOAD) and NSCs in the ventricular-subventricular zone along the lateral ventricles in early-onset AD (EOAD), including familial AD (FAD). Neuroblasts carrying the initial seed of tau pathology travel throughout the brain via neuronal migration driven by complex signals and convey the disease from the niches of adult neurogenesis to near (LOAD) or distant (EOAD) brain regions. In these locations, or in close proximity, a focus of degeneration begins to develop. Then, tau pathology spreads from the initial foci to large neuronal networks along neural connections through neuron-to-neuron transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Abbate
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
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41
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Lathe R, St Clair D. Programmed ageing: decline of stem cell renewal, immunosenescence, and Alzheimer's disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023. [PMID: 37068798 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic maximum lifespan varies enormously across animal species from a few hours to hundreds of years. This argues that maximum lifespan, and the ageing process that itself dictates lifespan, are to a large extent genetically determined. Although controversial, this is supported by firm evidence that semelparous species display evolutionarily programmed ageing in response to reproductive and environmental cues. Parabiosis experiments reveal that ageing is orchestrated systemically through the circulation, accompanied by programmed changes in hormone levels across a lifetime. This implies that, like the circadian and circannual clocks, there is a master 'clock of age' (circavital clock) located in the limbic brain of mammals that modulates systemic changes in growth factor and hormone secretion over the lifespan, as well as systemic alterations in gene expression as revealed by genomic methylation analysis. Studies on accelerated ageing in mice, as well as human longevity genes, converge on evolutionarily conserved fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors, including KLOTHO, as well as insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and steroid hormones, as key players mediating the systemic effects of ageing. Age-related changes in these and multiple other factors are inferred to cause a progressive decline in tissue maintenance through failure of stem cell replenishment. This most severely affects the immune system, which requires constant renewal from bone marrow stem cells. Age-related immune decline increases risk of infection whereas lifespan can be extended in germfree animals. This and other evidence suggests that infection is the major cause of death in higher organisms. Immune decline is also associated with age-related diseases. Taking the example of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we assess the evidence that AD is caused by immunosenescence and infection. The signature protein of AD brain, Aβ, is now known to be an antimicrobial peptide, and Aβ deposits in AD brain may be a response to infection rather than a cause of disease. Because some cognitively normal elderly individuals show extensive neuropathology, we argue that the location of the pathology is crucial - specifically, lesions to limbic brain are likely to accentuate immunosenescence, and could thus underlie a vicious cycle of accelerated immune decline and microbial proliferation that culminates in AD. This general model may extend to other age-related diseases, and we propose a general paradigm of organismal senescence in which declining stem cell proliferation leads to programmed immunosenescence and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lathe
- Division of Infection Medicine, Chancellor's Building, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Little France, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - David St Clair
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD, UK
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Koul B, Farooq U, Yadav D, Song M. Phytochemicals: A Promising Alternative for the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040999. [PMID: 37109528 PMCID: PMC10144079 DOI: 10.3390/life13040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition that worsens with ageing and affects memory and cognitive function. Presently more than 55 million individuals are affected by AD all over the world, and it is a leading cause of death in old age. The main purpose of this paper is to review the phytochemical constituents of different plants that are used for the treatment of AD. A thorough and organized review of the existing literature was conducted, and the data under the different sections were found using a computerized bibliographic search through the use of databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE, EMBASE, INMEDPLAN, NATTS, and numerous other websites. Around 360 papers were screened, and, out of that, 258 papers were selected on the basis of keywords and relevant information that needed to be included in this review. A total of 55 plants belonging to different families have been reported to possess different bioactive compounds (galantamine, curcumin, silymarin, and many more) that play a significant role in the treatment of AD. These plants possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and anti-amyloid properties and are safe for consumption. This paper focuses on the taxonomic details of the plants, the mode of action of their phytochemicals, their safety, future prospects, limitations, and sustainability criteria for the effective treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Koul
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Usma Farooq
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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43
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Fogelholm N, Leskelä J, Manzoor M, Holmer J, Paju S, Hiltunen K, Roitto HM, Saarela RK, Pitkälä K, Eriksdotter M, Buhlin K, Pussinen PJ, Mäntylä P. Subgingival microbiome at different levels of cognition. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2178765. [PMID: 36844899 PMCID: PMC9946326 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2178765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral health and declining cognition may have a bi-directional association. We characterized the subgingival microbiota composition of subjects from normal cognition to severe cognitive decline in two cohorts. Memory and Periodontitis (MINOPAR) include 202 home-living participants (50-80 years) in Sweden. Finnish Oral Health Studies in Older Adults (FINORAL) include 174 participants (≥65 years) living in long-term care in Finland. We performed oral examination and assessed the cognitive level with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). We sequenced the 16S-rRNA gene (V3-V4 regions) to analyse the subgingival bacterial compositions. The microbial diversities only tended to differ between the MMSE categories, and the strongest determinants were increased probing pocket depth (PPD) and presence of caries. However, abundances of 101 taxa were associated with the MMSE score. After adjusting for age, sex, medications, PPD, and caries, only eight taxa retained the significance in the meta-analyses of the two cohorts. Especially Lachnospiraceae [XIV] at the family, genus, and species level increased with decreasing MMSE. Cognitive decline is associated with obvious changes in the composition of the oral microbiota. Impaired cognition is accompanied with poor oral health status and the appearance of major taxa of the gut microbiota in the oral cavity. Good oral health-care practices require special deliberations among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Fogelholm
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Leskelä
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Muhammed Manzoor
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacob Holmer
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Susanna Paju
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaija Hiltunen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna-Maria Roitto
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Internal medicine and rehabilitation, Division of Geriatrics, Helsinki University Hospital Helsinki, Finland.,Population health unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Riitta Kt Saarela
- Department of Social Services and Health Care, Oral Health Care, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisu Pitkälä
- Department of General Practice and Primary Health Care, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Unit of Primary Health Care, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Eriksdotter
- Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Theme Inflammation and Aging, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Kåre Buhlin
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Periodontology, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Pirkko J Pussinen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi Mäntylä
- School of Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.,Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Eiser AR, Fulop T. Alzheimer's Disease Is a Multi-Organ Disorder: It May Already Be Preventable. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:1277-1281. [PMID: 36617785 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In this commentary, we offer an overview of the several environmental and metabolic factors that have been identified as contributing to the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Many of these factors involve extracranial organ systems including immune system dysfunction accompanied by neuroinflammation (inflammaging), gastrointestinal dysbiosis, insulin resistance, and hepatic dysfunction. A variety of microbial factors including mouth flora, viruses, and fungi appear to play a significant role. There is a role for the colonic microbiome becoming dysbiotic and producing toxic metabolites. Declining hepatic function contributes diminished neuronal precursors and reduces toxin elimination. Environmental toxins especially metals play an important role in impairing the blood-brain barrier and acting synergistically with biotoxins and other toxic chemicals. Prevention and treatment of AD appears to require measuring several of these biomarkers and implementing corrective actions regarding such toxicants and correcting metabolic dysfunction at early or preclinical stages of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold R Eiser
- Penn Center for Public Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Environmental Neuroscience Group, Center for Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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45
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Song S, Tu D, Meng C, Liu J, Wilson B, Wang Q, Shih YYI, Gao HM, Hong JS. Dysfunction of the noradrenergic system drives inflammation, α-synucleinopathy, and neuronal loss in mouse colon. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1083513. [PMID: 36845109 PMCID: PMC9950510 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1083513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical and pathological evidence revealed that α-synuclein (α-syn) pathology seen in PD patients starts in the gut and spreads via anatomically connected structures from the gut to the brain. Our previous study demonstrated that depletion of central norepinephrine (NE) disrupted brain immune homeostasis, producing a spatiotemporal order of neurodegeneration in the mouse brain. The purpose of this study was 1) to determine the role of peripheral noradrenergic system in the maintenance of gut immune homeostasis and in the pathogenesis of PD and 2) to investigate whether NE-depletion induced PD-like α-syn pathological changes starts from the gut. For these purposes, we investigated time-dependent changes of α-synucleinopathy and neuronal loss in the gut following a single injection of DSP-4 (a selective noradrenergic neurotoxin) to A53T-SNCA (human mutant α-syn) over-expression mice. We found DPS-4 significantly reduced the tissue level of NE and increased immune activities in gut, characterized by increased number of phagocytes and proinflammatory gene expression. Furthermore, a rapid-onset of α-syn pathology was observed in enteric neurons after 2 weeks and delayed dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra was detected after 3-5 months, associated with the appearance of constipation and impaired motor function, respectively. The increased α-syn pathology was only observed in large, but not in the small, intestine, which is similar to what was observed in PD patients. Mechanistic studies reveal that DSP-4-elicited upregulation of NADPH oxidase (NOX2) initially occurred only in immune cells during the acute intestinal inflammation stage, and then spread to enteric neurons and mucosal epithelial cells during the chronic inflammation stage. The upregulation of neuronal NOX2 correlated well with the extent of α-syn aggregation and subsequent enteric neuronal loss, suggesting that NOX2-generated reactive oxygen species play a key role in α-synucleinopathy. Moreover, inhibiting NOX2 by diphenyleneiodonium or restoring NE function by salmeterol (a β2-receptor agonist) significantly attenuated colon inflammation, α-syn aggregation/propagation, and enteric neurodegeneration in the colon and ameliorated subsequent behavioral deficits. Taken together, our model of PD shows a progressive pattern of pathological changes from the gut to the brain and suggests a potential role of the noradrenergic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Song
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dezhen Tu
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengbo Meng
- In Vivo Neurobiology Group, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Jie Liu
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Belinda Wilson
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
| | - Qingshan Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Drug-Research and Development (R & D) of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hui-Ming Gao
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Institute for Brain Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Model Animal Research Center, School of medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jau-Shyong Hong
- Neuropharmacology Section, Neurobiology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States
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46
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Anwar MM. The emerging mechanism behind viral infections and extracellular vesicles hypotheses leading to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease pathology. IBRAIN 2023; 9:63-71. [PMID: 37786515 PMCID: PMC10529198 DOI: 10.1002/ibra.12090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of repeated and intense research, the etiology of sudden Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms is still unclear. AD progressive pathology mainly involves neuron damage, depositions of amyloid-beta (Aβ), and hyperphosphorylated tau protein. All these defects are manifested by exaggerated cytokine storm and neuroinflammation leading to irreversible brain damage in the long term. Despite the numerous risks and drawbacks associated with AD, it is believed that there is a hidden unknown causative and predisposing factors for AD. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by cells as a type of intercellular communication. Several pieces of evidence support the inclusion of viral components within EVs facilitating their penetration into the blood-brain barrier leading to neuroinflammation. In light of the SARS-CoV-19 pandemic and its related neurological complications, it is mandatory to highlight the possibility and viability of viral infections such as varicella-zoster virus (VZV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV) on the onset of AD. Herein, the author is investigating the potential role of VZV and HSV along with highlighting the suggested route of pathogenesis entry resulting in AD manifestations. Additionally, this review aims to summarize the role of EVs in mediating the central nervous system viral infections leading to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai M. Anwar
- Department of BiochemistryNational Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR)/Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA)CairoEgypt
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47
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Chauhan V, Chauhan NK, Dutta S, Pathak D, Nongthomba U. Comparative in-silico analysis of microbial dysbiosis discern potential metabolic link in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1153422. [PMID: 37113148 PMCID: PMC10126365 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1153422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A healthy gut flora contains a diverse and stable commensal group of microorganisms, whereas, in disease conditions, there is a shift toward pathogenic microbes, termed microbial dysbiosis. Many studies associate microbial dysbiosis with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Multiple sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Although, an overall comparative analysis of microbes and their metabolic involvement in these diseases is still lacking. In this study, we have performed a comparative analysis of microbial composition changes occurring in these four diseases. Our research showed a high resemblance of microbial dysbiosis signatures between AD, PD, and MS. However, ALS appeared dissimilar. The most common population of microbes to show an increase belonged to the phyla, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes. Although, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes were the only phyla that showed a decrease in their population. The functional analysis of these dysbiotic microbes showed several potential metabolic links which can be involved in the altered microbiome-gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases. For instance, the microbes with elevated populations lack pathways for synthesizing SCFA acetate and butyrate. Also, these microbes have a high capacity for producing L-glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter and precursor of GABA. Contrastingly, Tryptophan and histamine have a lower representation in the annotated genome of elevated microbes. Finally, the neuroprotective compound spermidine was less represented in elevated microbes' genomes. Our study provides a comprehensive catalog of potential dysbiotic microbes and their metabolic involvement in neurodegenerative disorders, including AD, PD, MS, and ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Chauhan
- Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Nitin K. Chauhan
- School of Computational and Integrative Science, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Somit Dutta
- Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Dhruv Pathak
- Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | - Upendra Nongthomba
- Developmental and Biomedical Genetics Laboratory, Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- *Correspondence: Upendra Nongthomba
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Pacheco Pachado M, Casas AI, Elbatreek MH, Nogales C, Guney E, Espay AJ, Schmidt HH. Re-Addressing Dementia by Network Medicine and Mechanism-Based Molecular Endotypes. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:47-56. [PMID: 37742653 PMCID: PMC10657714 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other forms of dementia are together a leading cause of disability and death in the aging global population, imposing a high personal, societal, and economic burden. They are also among the most prominent examples of failed drug developments. Indeed, after more than 40 AD trials of anti-amyloid interventions, reduction of amyloid-β (Aβ) has never translated into clinically relevant benefits, and in several cases yielded harm. The fundamental problem is the century-old, brain-centric phenotype-based definitions of diseases that ignore causal mechanisms and comorbidities. In this hypothesis article, we discuss how such current outdated nosology of dementia is a key roadblock to precision medicine and articulate how Network Medicine enables the substitution of clinicopathologic phenotypes with molecular endotypes and propose a new framework to achieve precision and curative medicine for patients with neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Pacheco Pachado
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana I. Casas
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Universitätsklinikum Essen, Klinik für Neurologie, Essen, Germany
| | - Mahmoud H. Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Cristian Nogales
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Emre Guney
- Discovery and Data Science (DDS) Unit, STALICLA R&D SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto J. Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Harald H.H.W. Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bredesen DE, Toups K, Hathaway A, Gordon D, Chung H, Raji C, Boyd A, Hill BD, Hausman-Cohen S, Attarha M, Chwa WJ, Kurakin A, Jarrett M. Precision Medicine Approach to Alzheimer's Disease: Rationale and Implications. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 96:429-437. [PMID: 37807782 PMCID: PMC10741308 DOI: 10.3233/jad-230467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
The neurodegenerative disease field has enjoyed extremely limited success in the development of effective therapeutics. One potential reason is the lack of disease models that yield accurate predictions and optimal therapeutic targets. Standard clinical trials have pre-determined a single treatment modality, which may be unrelated to the primary drivers of neurodegeneration. Recent proof-of-concept clinical trials using a precision medicine approach suggest a new model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a chronic innate encephalitis that creates a network insufficiency. Identifying and addressing the multiple potential contributors to cognitive decline for each patient may represent a more effective strategy. Here we review the rationale for a precision medicine approach in prevention and treatment of cognitive decline associated with AD. Results and implications from recent proof-of-concept clinical trials are presented. Randomized controlled trials, with much larger patient numbers, are likely to be significant to establishing precision medicine protocols as a standard of care for prevention and treatment of cognitive decline. Furthermore, combining this approach with the pharmaceutical approach offers the potential for enhanced outcomes. However, incorporating precision medicine approaches into everyday evaluation and care, as well as future clinical trials, would require fundamental changes in trial design, IRB considerations, funding considerations, laboratory evaluation, personalized treatment plans, treatment teams, and ultimately in reimbursement guidelines. Nonetheless, precision medicine approaches to AD, based on a novel model of AD pathophysiology, offer promise that has not been realized to date with monotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale E. Bredesen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kat Toups
- Bay Area Wellness, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Cyrus Raji
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alan Boyd
- CNS Vital Signs, Morrisville, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | | | | | - Won Jong Chwa
- Department of Radiology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexei Kurakin
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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James LM, Leuthold AC, Georgopoulos AP. Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Modulates the Dependence on Age of the Variability of Synchronous Neural Interactions. Neurosci Insights 2023; 18:26331055231159658. [PMID: 36969700 PMCID: PMC10037734 DOI: 10.1177/26331055231159658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence documented a protective effect of Class II human leukocyte antigen (HLA) DRB1*13 on brain health across the lifespan including evidence of reduced neural network variability relative to non-carriers. Here, in an extension of those findings, we evaluated the influence of a large number of Class I and Class II HLA alleles on aging-related changes in neural network variability. Cognitively healthy women (N = 178) ranging in age from 28 to 99 years old underwent a magnetoencephalography scan from which neural network variability was calculated and provided a blood sample from which HLA and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genotype were determined. The primary analyses assessed the dependence of network variability on age in carriers of a specific HLA allele compared to non-carriers. Effects were considered protective if there was a significant increase of network variability with age in the absence of a given HLA allele but not in its presence, and were considered to confer susceptibility if the converse was documented; HLA alleles that did not influence the dependence of network variability on age in their presence or absence were considered neutral. Of 50 alleles investigated, 22 were found to be protective, 7 were found to confer susceptibility, and 21 were neutral. The frequencies of those 50 alleles were not associated significantly with ApoE genotype. The findings, which document the influence of HLA on age-related brain changes and highlight the role of HLA in healthy brain function, are discussed in terms of the role of HLA in the human immune response to foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M James
- The HLA Research Group, Brain Sciences
Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN,
USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University
of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of
Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Cognitive Sciences,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Lisa M James, Department of Neuroscience,
University of Minnesota Medical School, Brain Sciences Center (11B), Minneapolis
VAHCS, 1 Veterans Drive, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
| | - Arthur C Leuthold
- The HLA Research Group, Brain Sciences
Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN,
USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University
of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Apostolos P Georgopoulos
- The HLA Research Group, Brain Sciences
Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN,
USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University
of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of
Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Center for Cognitive Sciences,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of
Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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