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Mihaylova NM, Manoylov IK, Nikolova MH, Prechl J, Tchorbanov AI. DNA and protein-generated chimeric molecules for delivery of influenza viral epitopes in mouse and humanized NSG transfer models. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2292381. [PMID: 38193304 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2023.2292381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purified subunit viral antigens are weakly immunogenic and stimulate only the antibody but not the T cell-mediated immune response. An alternative approach to inducing protective immunity with small viral peptides may be the targeting of viral epitopes to immunocompetent cells by DNA and protein-engineered vaccines. This review will focus on DNA and protein-generated chimeric molecules carrying engineered fragments specific for activating cell surface co-receptors for inducing protective antiviral immunity. Adjuvanted protein-based vaccine or DNA constructs encoding simultaneously T- and B-cell peptide epitopes from influenza viral hemagglutinin, and scFvs specific for costimulatory immune cell receptors may induce a significant increase of anti-influenza antibody levels and strong CTL activity against virus-infected cells in a manner that mimics the natural infection. Here we summarize the development of several DNA and protein chimeric constructs carrying influenza virus HA317-41 fragment. The generated engineered molecules were used for immunization in intact murine and experimentally humanized NSG mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolina M Mihaylova
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iliyan K Manoylov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Maria H Nikolova
- National Reference Laboratory of Immunology, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | | - Andrey I Tchorbanov
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- National Institute of Immunology, Sofia, Bulgaria
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2
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Kim Y, Calderon AA, Favaro P, Glass DR, Tsai AG, Ho D, Borges L, Greenleaf WJ, Bendall SC. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase and CD84 identify human multi-potent lymphoid progenitors. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5910. [PMID: 39003273 PMCID: PMC11246490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49883-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid specification in human hematopoietic progenitors is not fully understood. To better associate lymphoid identity with protein-level cell features, we conduct a highly multiplexed single-cell proteomic screen on human bone marrow progenitors. This screen identifies terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), a specialized DNA polymerase intrinsic to VDJ recombination, broadly expressed within CD34+ progenitors prior to B/T cell emergence. While these TdT+ cells coincide with granulocyte-monocyte progenitor (GMP) immunophenotype, their accessible chromatin regions show enrichment for lymphoid-associated transcription factor (TF) motifs. TdT expression on GMPs is inversely related to the SLAM family member CD84. Prospective isolation of CD84lo GMPs demonstrates robust lymphoid potentials ex vivo, while still retaining significant myeloid differentiation capacity, akin to LMPPs. This multi-omic study identifies human bone marrow lymphoid-primed progenitors, further defining the lympho-myeloid axis in human hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- YeEun Kim
- Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ariel A Calderon
- Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Patricia Favaro
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David R Glass
- Immunology Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Albert G Tsai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Ho
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Luciene Borges
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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3
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Bose D, Saha P, Roy S, Trivedi A, More M, Klimas N, Tuteja A, Chatterjee S. A Double-Humanized Mouse Model for Studying Host Gut Microbiome-Immune Interactions in Gulf War Illness. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6093. [PMID: 38892281 PMCID: PMC11172868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the multisymptomatic Gulf War Illness (GWI) pathology and finding an effective cure have eluded researchers for decades. The chronic symptom persistence and limitations for studying the etiologies in mouse models that differ significantly from those in humans pose challenges for drug discovery and finding effective therapeutic regimens. The GWI exposome differs significantly in the study cohorts, and the above makes it difficult to recreate a model closely resembling the GWI symptom pathology. We have used a double engraftment strategy for reconstituting a human immune system coupled with human microbiome transfer to create a humanized-mouse model for GWI. Using whole-genome shotgun sequencing and blood immune cytokine enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we show that our double humanized mice treated with Gulf War (GW) chemicals show significantly altered gut microbiomes, similar to those reported in a Veteran cohort of GWI. The results also showed similar cytokine profiles, such as increased levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF R-1, in the double humanized model, as found previously in a human cohort. Further, a novel GWI Veteran fecal microbiota transfer was used to create a second alternative model that closely resembled the microbiome and immune-system-associated pathology of a GWI Veteran. A GWI Veteran microbiota transplant in humanized mice showed a human microbiome reconstitution and a systemic inflammatory pathology, as reflected by increases in interleukins 1β, 6, 8 (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8), tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNF R-1), and endotoxemia. In conclusion, though preliminary, we report a novel in vivo model with a human microbiome reconstitution and an engrafted human immune phenotype that may help to better understand gut-immune interactions in GWI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipro Bose
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (D.B.); (P.S.); (S.R.); (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Punnag Saha
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (D.B.); (P.S.); (S.R.); (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Subhajit Roy
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (D.B.); (P.S.); (S.R.); (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Ayushi Trivedi
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (D.B.); (P.S.); (S.R.); (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Madhura More
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (D.B.); (P.S.); (S.R.); (A.T.); (M.M.)
| | - Nancy Klimas
- Institute for Neuro-Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33328, USA;
| | - Ashok Tuteja
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA;
| | - Saurabh Chatterjee
- Environmental Health and Disease Laboratory, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Program in Public Health, Susan and Henry Samueli College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; (D.B.); (P.S.); (S.R.); (A.T.); (M.M.)
- Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- VA Research and Development, VA Long Beach Health Care, Long Beach, CA 90822, USA
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Stribbling SM, Beach C, Ryan AJ. Orthotopic and metastatic tumour models in preclinical cancer research. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 257:108631. [PMID: 38467308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Mouse models of disease play a pivotal role at all stages of cancer drug development. Cell-line derived subcutaneous tumour models are predominant in early drug discovery, but there is growing recognition of the importance of the more complex orthotopic and metastatic tumour models for understanding both target biology in the correct tissue context, and the impact of the tumour microenvironment and the immune system in responses to treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the value that orthotopic and metastatic models bring to the study of tumour biology and drug development while pointing out those models that are most likely to be encountered in the literature. Important developments in orthotopic models, such as the increasing use of early passage patient material (PDXs, organoids) and humanised mouse models are discussed, as these approaches have the potential to increase the predictive value of preclinical studies, and ultimately improve the success rate of anticancer drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Stribbling
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Callum Beach
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Fast Biopharma, Aston Rowant, Oxfordshire, OX49 5SW, UK.
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Yu CI, Maser R, Marches F, Banchereau J, Palucka K. Engraftment of adult hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in a novel model of humanized mice. iScience 2024; 27:109238. [PMID: 38433905 PMCID: PMC10904995 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical use of humanized mice transplanted with CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) is limited by insufficient engraftment with adult non-mobilized HSPCs. Here, we developed a novel immunodeficient mice based on NOD-SCID-Il2γc-/- (NSG) mice to support long-term engraftment with human adult HSPCs. As both Flt3L and IL-6 are critical for many aspects of hematopoiesis, we knock-out mouse Flt3 and knock-in human IL6 gene. The resulting mice showed an increase in the availability of mouse Flt3L to human cells and a dose-dependent production of human IL-6 upon activation. Upon transplantation with low number of human HSPCs from adult bone marrow, these humanized mice demonstrated a significantly higher engraftment with multilineage differentiation of human lymphoid and myeloid cells, and tissue colonization at one year after adult HSPC transplant. Thus, these mice enable studies of human hematopoiesis and tissue colonization over time and may facilitate building autologous models for immuno-oncology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun I. Yu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine (JAX-GM), Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Rick Maser
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics (JAX-MG), Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
| | - Florentina Marches
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine (JAX-GM), Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Jacques Banchereau
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine (JAX-GM), Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Karolina Palucka
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine (JAX-GM), Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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6
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Ashraf H, Heydarnejad M, Kosari F. The Confounding Role of Graft-Versus-Host Disease in Animal Models of Cancer Immunotherapy: A Systematic Review. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2024; 27:159-167. [PMID: 38685841 PMCID: PMC11097315 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2024.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer immunotherapy has emerged as a transformative approach for treating various malignancies, including melanoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, and leukemia. Animal models have been instrumental in elucidating the mechanisms and potential of these therapies. However, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is an inherent challenge in these studies, primarily because the introduction of foreign immune cells or tissues often triggers immune responses. METHODS A detailed systematic search was conducted across various scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. The search aimed to identify peer-reviewed articles published in English from January 2000 to September 2023. Keywords and phrases used in the search included "Graft-versus-Host Disease", "GVHD", "animal models", "cancer immunotherapy", and combinations thereof. Boolean operators (AND/OR) were employed to refine the search. Finally, 6 articles were included in this systematic review, which is registered on PROSPERO (ID number CRD42024488544). RESULTS Our systematic review identified several mechanisms employed in animal studies to mitigate the confounding effects of GVHD. These included genetically modified mouse models, immunosuppressive drugs, and humanized mice. Furthermore, the review highlights innovative approaches such as selective T-cell depletion and the use of specific cytokine inhibitors. CONCLUSION By systematically identifying and mitigating the confounding effects of GVHD, we can significantly improve the predictive validity of preclinical trials, obtain broadly applicable findings, improve the efficiency of drugs, enhance safety profiling, and develop better therapeutic strategies. This approach is crucial in ensuring that the immunotherapeutic strategies developed in the laboratory are reflective of the human physiological response, thereby bridging a critical translational gap in oncological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hami Ashraf
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heydarnejad
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Kosari
- Department of Pathology, Shariati Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Her Y, Yun J, Son HY, Heo W, Kim JI, Moon HG. Potential Perturbations of Critical Cancer-regulatory Genes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells Within the Humanized Microenvironment of Patient-derived Xenograft Models. J Breast Cancer 2024; 27:37-53. [PMID: 38233337 PMCID: PMC10912577 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2023.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we aimed to establish humanized patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) using cord blood (CB) hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Additionally, we attempted to characterize the immune microenvironment of the humanized PDX model to understand the potential implications of altered tumor-immune interactions in the humanized PDX model on the behavior of TNBC cells. METHODS To establish a humanized mouse model, high-purity CD34+ HSCs from CB were transplanted into immunodeficient NOD scid γ mice. Peripheral and intratumoral immune cell compositions of humanized and non-humanized mice were compared. Additionally, RNA sequencing of the tumor tissues was performed to characterize the gene expression features associated with humanization. RESULTS After transplanting the CD34+ HSCs, CD45+ human immune cells appeared within five weeks. A humanized mouse model showed viable human immune cells in the peripheral blood, lymphoid organs, and in the tumor microenvironment. Humanized TNBC PDX models showed varying rates of tumor growth compared to that of non-humanized mice. RNA sequencing of the tumor tissue showed significant alterations in tumor tissues from the humanized models. tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (TNFRSF11B) is a shared downregulated gene in tumor tissues from humanized models. Silencing of TNFRSF11B in TNBC cell lines significantly reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in vitro. Additionally, TNFRSF11B silenced cells showed decreased tumorigenicity and metastatic capacity in vivo. CONCLUSION Humanized PDX models successfully recreated tumor-immune interactions in TNBC. TNFRSF11B, a commonly downregulated gene in humanized PDX models, may play a key role in tumor growth and metastasis. Differential tumor growth rates and gene expression patterns highlighted the complexities of the immune response in the tumor microenvironment of humanized PDX models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Her
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihui Yun
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Youn Son
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woohang Heo
- Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Gon Moon
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Shen X, Pan D, Gong Q, Gu Z, Luo K. Enhancing drug penetration in solid tumors via nanomedicine: Evaluation models, strategies and perspectives. Bioact Mater 2024; 32:445-472. [PMID: 37965242 PMCID: PMC10641097 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective tumor treatment depends on optimizing drug penetration and accumulation in tumor tissue while minimizing systemic toxicity. Nanomedicine has emerged as a key solution that addresses the rapid clearance of free drugs, but achieving deep drug penetration into solid tumors remains elusive. This review discusses various strategies to enhance drug penetration, including manipulation of the tumor microenvironment, exploitation of both external and internal stimuli, pioneering nanocarrier surface engineering, and development of innovative tactics for active tumor penetration. One outstanding strategy is organelle-affinitive transfer, which exploits the unique properties of specific tumor cell organelles and heralds a potentially transformative approach to active transcellular transfer for deep tumor penetration. Rigorous models are essential to evaluate the efficacy of these strategies. The patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model is gaining traction as a bridge between laboratory discovery and clinical application. However, the journey from bench to bedside for nanomedicines is fraught with challenges. Future efforts should prioritize deepening our understanding of nanoparticle-tumor interactions, re-evaluating the EPR effect, and exploring novel nanoparticle transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoding Shen
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dayi Pan
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zhongwei Gu
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Kui Luo
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, and Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610041, China
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Chi CW, Lao YH, Ahmed AHR, He S, Merghoub T, Leong KW, Wang S. Enabling continuous immune cell recirculation on a microfluidic array to study immunotherapeutic interactions in a recapitulated tumour microenvironment. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:396-407. [PMID: 38180130 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00662j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The effects of immunotherapeutics on interactions between immune and cancer cells are modulated by multiple components in the tumour microenvironment (TME), including endothelium and tumour stroma, which provide both a physical barrier and immunosuppressive stimuli. Herein, we report a recirculating chip to enable continuous immune cell recirculation through a microfluidic cell array to include these crucial players. This system consists of a three-layered cell array (μFCA) spatially emulating the TME, with tailored fluidic circuits establishing T cell recirculation. This platform enables the study of dynamics among the TME, immune cells in a circulatory system and cancer cell responses thereof. Through this system, we found that tumour endothelium hindered T cell infiltration into the reconstructed breast cancer tumour compartment. This negative effect was alleviated when treated with anti-human PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1) antibody. Another key stromal component - cancer associated fibroblasts - attenuated T cell infiltration, compared against normal fibroblasts, and led to reduced apoptotic activity in cancer cells. These results confirm the capability of our tumour-on-a-chip system in identifying some key axes to target in overcoming barriers to immunotherapy by recapitulating immune cell interactions with the reconstructed TME. Our results also attest to the feasibility of scaling up this system for high-throughput cancer immunotherapeutic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CUNY - City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Yeh-Hsing Lao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - A H Rezwanuddin Ahmed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CUNY - City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
| | - Siyu He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Taha Merghoub
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sihong Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, CUNY - City College of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.
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Rong N, Liu J. Development of animal models for emerging infectious diseases by breaking the barrier of species susceptibility to human pathogens. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2178242. [PMID: 36748729 PMCID: PMC9970229 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2178242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases pose a serious threat to public health security, human health and economic development. After an outbreak, an animal model for an emerging infectious disease is urgently needed for studying the etiology, host immune mechanisms and pathology of the disease, evaluating the efficiency of vaccines or drugs against infection, and minimizing the time available for animal model development, which is usually hindered by the nonsusceptibility of common laboratory animals to human pathogens. Thus, we summarize the technologies and methods that induce animal susceptibility to human pathogens, which include viral receptor humanization, pathogen-targeted tissue humanization, immunodeficiency induction and screening for naturally susceptible animal species. Furthermore, the advantages and deficiencies of animal models developed using each method were analyzed, and these will guide the selection of susceptible animals and potentially reduce the time needed to develop animal models during epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Rong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiangning Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People’s Republic of China, Jiangning Liu
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Yu CI, Maser R, Marches F, Banchereau J, Palucka K. Long-term engraftment of adult hematopoietic progenitors in a novel model of humanized mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.02.560534. [PMID: 37873457 PMCID: PMC10592884 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.02.560534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Pre-clinical use of humanized mice transplanted with CD34 + hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) is limited by insufficient engraftment with adult HPCs. Here, we developed a novel immunodeficient mice based in NOD-SCID- Il2γc -/- (NSG) mice to support long-term engraftment with human adult HPCs and tissue colonization with human myeloid cells. As both Flt3L and IL-6 are critical for many aspects of hematopoiesis, we knock-out mouse Flt3 and knock-in human IL6 gene. The resulting mice showed an increase in the availability of mouse Flt3L to human cells, and a dose-dependent production of human IL-6 upon activation. Upon transplantation with low number of human HPCs from adult bone marrow, these humanized mice demonstrated a significantly higher engraftment with multilineage differentiation of human lymphoid and myeloid cells. Furthermore, higher frequencies of human lymphoid and myeloid cells were detected in tissues at one year after adult HPC transplant. Thus, these mice enable studies of human hematopoiesis and tissue colonization over time. Summary Pre-clinical use of humanized mice is limited by insufficient engraftment with adult hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). Here, we developed a novel immunodeficient mice which support long-term engraftment with adult bone marrow HPCs and facilitate building autologous models for immuno-oncology studies.
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12
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Lang Y, Lyu Y, Tan Y, Hu Z. Progress in construction of mouse models to investigate the pathogenesis and immune therapy of human hematological malignancy. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1195194. [PMID: 37646021 PMCID: PMC10461088 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1195194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematological malignancy is a disease arisen by complicate reasons that seriously endangers human health. The research on its pathogenesis and therapies depends on the usage of animal models. Conventional animal model cannot faithfully mirror some characteristics of human features due to the evolutionary divergence, whereas the mouse models hosting human hematological malignancy are more and more applied in basic as well as translational investigations in recent years. According to the construction methods, they can be divided into different types (e.g. cell-derived xenograft (CDX) and patient-derived xenograft model (PDX) model) that have diverse characteristics and application values. In addition, a variety of strategies have been developed to improve human hematological malignant cell engraftment and differentiation in vivo. Moreover, the humanized mouse model with both functional human immune system and autologous human hematological malignancy provides a unique tool for the evaluation of the efficacy of novel immunotherapeutic drugs/approaches. Herein, we first review the evolution of the mouse model of human hematological malignancy; Then, we analyze the characteristics of different types of models and summarize the ways to improve the models; Finally, the way and value of humanized mouse model of human immune system in the immunotherapy of human hematological malignancy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanan Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yehui Tan
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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Zhang C, Zaman LA, Poluektova LY, Gorantla S, Gendelman HE, Dash PK. Humanized Mice for Studies of HIV-1 Persistence and Elimination. Pathogens 2023; 12:879. [PMID: 37513726 PMCID: PMC10383313 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A major roadblock to achieving a cure for human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) is the persistence of latent viral infections in the cells and tissue compartments of an infected human host. Latent HIV-1 proviral DNA persists in resting memory CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes (MPs; macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells). Tissue viral reservoirs of both cell types reside in the gut, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, liver, kidney, skin, adipose tissue, reproductive organs, and brain. However, despite the identification of virus-susceptible cells, several limitations persist in identifying broad latent reservoirs in infected persons. The major limitations include their relatively low abundance, the precise identification of latently infected cells, and the lack of biomarkers for identifying latent cells. While primary MP and CD4+ T cells and transformed cell lines are used to interrogate mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence, they often fail to accurately reflect the host cells and tissue environments that carry latent infections. Given the host specificity of HIV-1, there are few animal models that replicate the natural course of viral infection with any precision. These needs underlie the importance of humanized mouse models as both valuable and cost-effective tools for studying viral latency and subsequently identifying means of eliminating it. In this review, we discuss the advantages and limitations of humanized mice for studies of viral persistence and latency with an eye toward using these models to test antiretroviral and excision therapeutics. The goals of this research are to use the models to address how and under which circumstances HIV-1 latency can be detected and eliminated. Targeting latent reservoirs for an ultimate HIV-1 cure is the task at hand.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Prasanta K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA (S.G.)
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Martinez-Sanz P, Laurent ARG, Slot E, Hoogenboezem M, Bąbała N, van Bruggen R, Rongvaux A, Flavell RA, Tytgat GAM, Franke K, Matlung HL, Kuijpers TW, Amsen D, Karrich JJ. Humanized MISTRG as a preclinical in vivo model to study human neutrophil-mediated immune processes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1105103. [PMID: 36969261 PMCID: PMC10032520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionMISTRG mice have been genetically modified to allow development of a human myeloid compartment from engrafted human CD34+ haemopoietic stem cells, making them particularly suited to study the human innate immune system in vivo. Here, we characterized the human neutrophil population in these mice to establish a model that can be used to study the biology and contribution in immune processes of these cells in vivo.Methods and resultsWe could isolate human bone marrow neutrophils from humanized MISTRG mice and confirmed that all neutrophil maturation stages from promyelocytes (CD11b–CD16–) to end-stage segmented cells (CD11b+CD16+) were present. We documented that these cells possessed normal functional properties, including degranulation, reactive oxygen species production, adhesion, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity towards antibody-opsonized tumor cells ex vivo. The acquisition of functional capacities positively correlated with the maturation state of the cell. We found that human neutrophils were retained in the bone marrow of humanized MISTRG mice during steady state. However, the mature segmented CD11b+CD16+ human neutrophils were released from the bone marrow in response to two well-established neutrophil-mobilizing agents (i.e., G-CSF and/or CXCR4 antagonist Plerixafor). Moreover, the neutrophil population in the humanized MISTRG mice actively reacted to thioglycolate-induced peritonitis and could infiltrate implanted human tumors, as shown by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy.DiscussionThese results show that functional human neutrophils are generated and can be studied in vivo using the humanized MISTRG mice, providing a model to study the various functions of neutrophils in inflammation and in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Martinez-Sanz
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Paula Martinez-Sanz, ; Julien J. Karrich, ; Derk Amsen,
| | - Adrien R. G. Laurent
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edith Slot
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Hoogenboezem
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nikolina Bąbała
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Robin van Bruggen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Godelieve A. M. Tytgat
- Princess Maxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Department of Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Katka Franke
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanke L. Matlung
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular Hematology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Taco W. Kuijpers
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Rheumatology and Infectious Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatric Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Derk Amsen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Paula Martinez-Sanz, ; Julien J. Karrich, ; Derk Amsen,
| | - Julien J. Karrich
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Paula Martinez-Sanz, ; Julien J. Karrich, ; Derk Amsen,
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15
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Recent Developments in NSG and NRG Humanized Mouse Models for Their Use in Viral and Immune Research. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020478. [PMID: 36851692 PMCID: PMC9962986 DOI: 10.3390/v15020478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Humanized mouse models have been widely used in virology, immunology, and oncology in the last decade. With advances in the generation of knockout mouse strains, it is now possible to generate animals in which human immune cells or human tissue can be engrafted. These models have been used for the study of human infectious diseases, cancers, and autoimmune diseases. In recent years, there has been an increase in the use of humanized mice to model human-specific viral infections. A human immune system in these models is crucial to understand the pathogenesis observed in human patients, which allows for better treatment design and vaccine development. Recent advances in our knowledge about viral pathogenicity and immune response using NSG and NRG mice are reviewed in this paper.
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Hu C, Zhen Y, Ma Z, Zhao L, Wu H, Shu C, Pang B, Yu J, Xu Y, Zhang X, Wang XY, Yi H. Polyamines from myeloid-derived suppressor cells promote Th17 polarization and disease progression. Mol Ther 2023; 31:569-584. [PMID: 36307990 PMCID: PMC9931554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a group of immature myeloid cells that play an important role in diseases. MDSCs promote Th17 differentiation and aggravate systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) progression by producing arginase-1 to metabolize arginine. However, the metabolic regulators remain unknown. Here, we report that MDSC derivative polyamines can promote Th17 differentiation via miR-542-5p in vitro. Th17 polarization was enhanced in response to polyamine treatment or upon miR-542-5p overexpression. The TGF-β/SMAD3 pathway was shown to be involved in miR-542-5p-facilitated Th17 differentiation. Furthermore, miR-542-5p expression positively correlated with the levels of polyamine synthetases in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with SLE as well as disease severity. In humanized SLE model mice, MDSC depletion decreased the levels of Th17 cells, accompanied by reduced expression of miR-542-5p and these polyamine synthetases. In addition, miR-542-5p expression positively correlated with the Th17 level and disease severity in both patients and humanized SLE mice. Together, our data reveal a novel molecular pathway by which MDSC-derived polyamine metabolism enhances Th17 differentiation and aggravates SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Hu
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yu Zhen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhanchuan Ma
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Bethune Institute of Epigenetic Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinyu Yu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Huanfa Yi
- Central Laboratory, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130021, China.
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17
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Ito R, Katano I, Kwok IWH, Ng LG, Ida-Tanaka M, Ohno Y, Mu Y, Morita H, Nishinaka E, Nishime C, Mochizuki M, Kawai K, Chien TH, Yunqian Z, Yiping F, Hua LH, Celhar T, Yen Chan JK, Takahashi T, Goto M, Ogura T, Takahashi R, Ito M. Efficient differentiation of human neutrophils with recapitulation of emergency granulopoiesis in human G-CSF knockin humanized mice. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111841. [PMID: 36543125 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are critical mediators during the early stages of innate inflammation in response to bacterial or fungal infections. A human hematopoietic system reconstituted in humanized mice aids in the study of human hematology and immunology. However, the poor development of human neutrophils is a well-known limitation of humanized mice. Here, we generate a human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (hG-CSF) knockin (KI) NOD/Shi-scid-IL2rgnull (NOG) mouse in which hG-CSF is systemically expressed while the mouse G-CSF receptor is disrupted. These mice generate high numbers of mature human neutrophils, which can be readily mobilized into the periphery, compared with conventional NOG mice. Moreover, these neutrophils exhibit infection-mediated emergency granulopoiesis and are capable of efficient phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species production. Thus, hG-CSF KI mice provide a useful model for studying the development of human neutrophils, emergency granulopoiesis, and a potential therapeutic model for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan.
| | - Ikumi Katano
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Immanuel W H Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Miyuki Ida-Tanaka
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohno
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Yunmei Mu
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Hanako Morita
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Eiko Nishinaka
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Chiyoko Nishime
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Misa Mochizuki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kenji Kawai
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Tay Hui Chien
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Zhao Yunqian
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Fan Yiping
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Liew Hui Hua
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Teja Celhar
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan; Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A(∗)STAR), Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore
| | - Takeshi Takahashi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Motohito Goto
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Ogura
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Riichi Takahashi
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Mamoru Ito
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
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18
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Lanis JM, Lewis MS, Strassburger H, Larsen K, Bagby SM, Dominguez ATA, Marín-Jiménez JA, Pelanda R, Pitts TM, Lang J. Testing Cancer Immunotherapeutics in a Humanized Mouse Model Bearing Human Tumors. J Vis Exp 2022:10.3791/64606. [PMID: 36591990 PMCID: PMC11167650 DOI: 10.3791/64606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversing the immunosuppressive nature of the tumor microenvironment is critical for the successful treatment of cancers with immunotherapy drugs. Murine cancer models are extremely limited in their diversity and suffer from poor translation to the clinic. To serve as a more physiological preclinical model for immunotherapy studies, this protocol has been developed to evaluate the treatment of human tumors in a mouse reconstituted with a human immune system. This unique protocol demonstrates the development of human immune system (HIS, "humanized") mice, followed by implantation of a human tumor, either a cell-line derived xenograft (CDX) or a patient derived xenograft (PDX). HIS mice are generated by injecting CD34+ human hematopoietic stem cells isolated from umbilical cord blood into neonatal BRGS (BALB/c Rag2-/- IL2RγC-/- NODSIRPα) highly immunodeficient mice that are also capable of accepting a xenogeneic tumor. The importance of the kinetics and characteristics of the human immune system development and tumor implantation is emphasized. Finally, an in-depth evaluation of the tumor microenvironment using flow cytometry is described. In numerous studies using this protocol, it was found that the tumor microenvironment of individual tumors is recapitulated in HIS-PDX mice; "hot" tumors exhibit large immune infiltration while "cold" tumors do not. This model serves as a testing ground for combination immunotherapies for a wide range of human tumors and represents an important tool in the quest for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi M Lanis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Matthew S Lewis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Hannah Strassburger
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Kristina Larsen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Stacey M Bagby
- Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Adrian T A Dominguez
- Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Juan A Marín-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-L'Hospitalet)
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Todd M Pitts
- Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus;
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19
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Szostak B, Gorący A, Pala B, Rosik J, Ustianowski Ł, Pawlik A. Latest models for the discovery and development of rheumatoid arthritis drugs. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:1261-1278. [PMID: 36184990 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2131765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that reduces the quality of life. The current speed of development of therapeutic agents against RA is not satisfactory. Models on which initial experiments are conducted do not fully reflect human pathogenesis. Overcoming this oversimplification might be a crucial step to accelerate studies on RA treatment. AREAS COVERED The current approaches to produce novel models or to improve currently available models for the development of RA drugs have been discussed. Advantages and drawbacks of two- and three-dimensional cell cultures and animal models have been described based on recently published results of the studies. Moreover, approaches such as tissue engineering or organ-on-a-chip have been reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The cell cultures and animal models used to date appear to be of limited value due to the complexity of the processes involved in RA. Current models in RA research should take into account the heterogeneity of patients in terms of disease subtypes, course, and activity. Several advanced models and tools using human cells and tissues have been developed, including three-dimensional tissues, liquid bioreactors, and more complex joint-on-a-chip devices. This may increase knowledge of the molecular mechanisms leading to disease development, to help identify new biomarkers for early detection, and to develop preventive strategies and more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Szostak
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Gorący
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Bartłomiej Pala
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University Hospital No. 1, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jakub Rosik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Łukasz Ustianowski
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
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Waight E, Zhang C, Mathews S, Kevadiya BD, Lloyd KCK, Gendelman HE, Gorantla S, Poluektova LY, Dash PK. Animal models for studies of HIV-1 brain reservoirs. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:1285-1295. [PMID: 36044375 PMCID: PMC9804185 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5vmr0322-161r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 often evades a robust antiretroviral-mediated immune response, leading to persistent infection within anatomically privileged sites including the CNS. Continuous low-level infection occurs in the presence of effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) in CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes (MP; monocytes, macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells). Within the CNS, productive viral infection is found exclusively in microglia and meningeal, perivascular, and choroidal macrophages. MPs serve as the principal viral CNS reservoir. Animal models have been developed to recapitulate natural human HIV-1 infection. These include nonhuman primates, humanized mice, EcoHIV, and transgenic rodent models. These models have been used to study disease pathobiology, antiretroviral and immune modulatory agents, viral reservoirs, and eradication strategies. However, each of these models are limited to specific component(s) of human disease. Indeed, HIV-1 species specificity must drive therapeutic and cure studies. These have been studied in several model systems reflective of latent infections, specifically in MP (myeloid, monocyte, macrophages, microglia, and histiocyte cell) populations. Therefore, additional small animal models that allow productive viral replication to enable viral carriage into the brain and the virus-susceptible MPs are needed. To this end, this review serves to outline animal models currently available to study myeloid brain reservoirs and highlight areas that are lacking and require future research to more effectively study disease-specific events that could be useful for viral eradication studies both in and outside the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Waight
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Saumi Mathews
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Bhavesh D. Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - K. C. Kent Lloyd
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, and Mouse Biology ProgramUniversity of California DavisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Larisa Y. Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
| | - Prasanta K. Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of MedicineUniversity of Nebraska Medical CenterOmahaNebraskaUSA
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21
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Wang Z, Cormier RT. Golden Syrian Hamster Models for Cancer Research. Cells 2022; 11:2395. [PMID: 35954238 PMCID: PMC9368453 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The golden Syrian hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) has long been a valuable rodent model of human diseases, especially infectious and metabolic diseases. Hamsters have also been valuable models of several chemically induced cancers such as the DMBA-induced oral cheek pouch cancer model. Recently, with the application of CRISPR/Cas9 genetic engineering technology, hamsters can now be gene targeted as readily as mouse models. This review describes the phenotypes of three gene-targeted knockout (KO) hamster cancer models, TP53, KCNQ1, and IL2RG. Notably, these hamster models demonstrate cancer phenotypes not observed in mouse KOs. In some cases, the cancers that arise in the KO hamster are similar to cancers that arise in humans, in contrast with KO mice that do not develop the cancers. An example is the development of aggressive acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in TP53 KO hamsters. The review also presents a discussion of the relative strengths and weaknesses of mouse cancer models and hamster cancer models and argues that there are no perfect rodent models of cancer and that the genetically engineered hamster cancer models can complement mouse models and expand the suite of animal cancer models available for the development of new cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongde Wang
- Department of Animal, Dairy, and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Robert T. Cormier
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
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22
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Ma L, Vidana Gamage HE, Tiwari S, Han C, Henn MA, Krawczynska N, Dibaeinia P, Koelwyn GJ, Das Gupta A, Bautista Rivas RO, Wright CL, Xu F, Moore KJ, Sinha S, Nelson ER. The Liver X Receptor Is Selectively Modulated to Differentially Alter Female Mammary Metastasis-associated Myeloid Cells. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac072. [PMID: 35569056 PMCID: PMC9188661 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis is associated with many diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Liver X receptors (LXRs) are major upstream regulators of cholesterol homeostasis and are activated by endogenous cholesterol metabolites such as 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC). LXRs and various LXR ligands such as 27HC have been described to influence several extra-hepatic biological systems. However, disparate reports of LXR function have emerged, especially with respect to immunology and cancer biology. This would suggest that, similar to steroid nuclear receptors, the LXRs can be selectively modulated by different ligands. Here, we use RNA-sequencing of macrophages and single-cell RNA-sequencing of immune cells from metastasis-bearing murine lungs to provide evidence that LXR satisfies the 2 principles of selective nuclear receptor modulation: (1) different LXR ligands result in overlapping but distinct gene expression profiles within the same cell type, and (2) the same LXR ligands differentially regulate gene expression in a highly context-specific manner, depending on the cell or tissue type. The concept that the LXRs can be selectively modulated provides the foundation for developing precision pharmacology LXR ligands that are tailored to promote those activities that are desirable (proimmune), but at the same time minimizing harmful side effects (such as elevated triglyceride levels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hashni Epa Vidana Gamage
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Srishti Tiwari
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chaeyeon Han
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Madeline A Henn
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Natalia Krawczynska
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Payam Dibaeinia
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Graeme J Koelwyn
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anasuya Das Gupta
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rafael Ovidio Bautista Rivas
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chris L Wright
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center DNA Services, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Fangxiu Xu
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center DNA Services, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Kathryn J Moore
- NYU Cardiovascular Research Center, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Saurabh Sinha
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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23
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Sefik E, Israelow B, Mirza H, Zhao J, Qu R, Kaffe E, Song E, Halene S, Meffre E, Kluger Y, Nussenzweig M, Wilen CB, Iwasaki A, Flavell RA. A humanized mouse model of chronic COVID-19. Nat Biotechnol 2022; 40:906-920. [PMID: 34921308 PMCID: PMC9203605 DOI: 10.1038/s41587-021-01155-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that can present as an uncontrolled, hyperactive immune response, causing severe immunological injury. Existing rodent models do not recapitulate the sustained immunopathology of patients with severe disease. Here we describe a humanized mouse model of COVID-19 that uses adeno-associated virus to deliver human ACE2 to the lungs of humanized MISTRG6 mice. This model recapitulates innate and adaptive human immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection up to 28 days after infection, with key features of chronic COVID-19, including weight loss, persistent viral RNA, lung pathology with fibrosis, a human inflammatory macrophage response, a persistent interferon-stimulated gene signature and T cell lymphopenia. We used this model to study two therapeutics on immunopathology, patient-derived antibodies and steroids and found that the same inflammatory macrophages crucial to containing early infection later drove immunopathology. This model will enable evaluation of COVID-19 disease mechanisms and treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Sefik
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Benjamin Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Haris Mirza
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rihao Qu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michel Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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24
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Pseudouridine-modified tRNA fragments repress aberrant protein synthesis and predict leukaemic progression in myelodysplastic syndrome. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:299-306. [PMID: 35292784 PMCID: PMC8924001 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00852-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transfer RNA-derived fragments (tRFs) are emerging small noncoding RNAs that, although commonly altered in cancer, have poorly defined roles in tumorigenesis1. Here we show that pseudouridylation (Ψ) of a stem cell-enriched tRF subtype2, mini tRFs containing a 5′ terminal oligoguanine (mTOG), selectively inhibits aberrant protein synthesis programmes, thereby promoting engraftment and differentiation of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Building on evidence that mTOG-Ψ targets polyadenylate-binding protein cytoplasmic 1 (PABPC1), we employed isotope exchange proteomics to reveal critical interactions between mTOG and functional RNA-recognition motif (RRM) domains of PABPC1. Mechanistically, this hinders the recruitment of translational co-activator PABPC1-interacting protein 1 (PAIP1)3 and strongly represses the translation of transcripts sharing pyrimidine-enriched sequences (PES) at the 5′ untranslated region (UTR), including 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tracts (TOP) that encode protein machinery components and are frequently altered in cancer4. Significantly, mTOG dysregulation leads to aberrantly increased translation of 5′ PES messenger RNA (mRNA) in malignant MDS-HSPCs and is clinically associated with leukaemic transformation and reduced patient survival. These findings define a critical role for tRFs and Ψ in difficult-to-treat subsets of MDS characterized by high risk of progression to acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Bellodi, Dimitriou and colleagues report that pseudouridine-modified transfer-RNA fragments modulate the translation of transcripts sharing pyrimidine-enriched sequences at their 5′ untranslated regions and their dysregulation impacts myelodysplastic syndrome pathogenesis.
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25
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Dai X, Li J, Chen Y, Ostrikov KK. When Onco-Immunotherapy Meets Cold Atmospheric Plasma: Implications on CAR-T Therapies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:837995. [PMID: 35280746 PMCID: PMC8905244 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.837995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells engineered with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) have demonstrated its widespread efficacy as a targeted immunotherapeutic modality. Yet, concerns on its specificity, efficacy and generalization prevented it from being established into a first-line approach against cancers. By reviewing challenges limiting its clinical application, ongoing efforts trying to resolve them, and opportunities that emerging oncotherapeutic modalities may bring to temper these challenges, we conclude that careful CAR design should be done to avoid the off-tumor effect, enhance the efficacy of solid tumor treatment, improve product comparability, and resolve problems such as differential efficacies of co-stimulatory molecules, cytokine storm, tumor lysis syndrome, myelosuppression and severe hepatotoxicity. As a promising solution, we propose potential synergies between CAR-T therapies and cold atmospheric plasma, an emerging onco-therapeutic strategy relying on reactive species, towards improved therapeutic efficacies and enhanced safety that deserve extensive investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,CAPsoul Biotechnology Company, Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jitian Li
- Henan Luoyang Orthopedic Hospital (Henan Provincial Orthopedic Hospital)/Henan Provincial Orthopedic Institute, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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26
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Khosravi-Maharlooei M, Madley R, Borsotti C, Ferreira LMR, Sharp RC, Brehm MA, Greiner DL, Parent AV, Anderson MS, Sykes M, Creusot RJ. Modeling human T1D-associated autoimmune processes. Mol Metab 2022; 56:101417. [PMID: 34902607 PMCID: PMC8739876 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by impaired immune tolerance to β-cell antigens and progressive destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Animal models have provided valuable insights for understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of this disease, but they fall short of reflecting the extensive heterogeneity of the disease in humans, which is contributed by various combinations of risk gene alleles and unique environmental factors. Collectively, these factors have been used to define subgroups of patients, termed endotypes, with distinct predominating disease characteristics. SCOPE OF REVIEW Here, we review the gaps filled by these models in understanding the intricate involvement and regulation of the immune system in human T1D pathogenesis. We describe the various models developed so far and the scientific questions that have been addressed using them. Finally, we discuss the limitations of these models, primarily ascribed to hosting a human immune system (HIS) in a xenogeneic recipient, and what remains to be done to improve their physiological relevance. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS To understand the role of genetic and environmental factors or evaluate immune-modifying therapies in humans, it is critical to develop and apply models in which human cells can be manipulated and their functions studied under conditions that recapitulate as closely as possible the physiological conditions of the human body. While microphysiological systems and living tissue slices provide some of these conditions, HIS mice enable more extensive analyses using in vivo systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khosravi-Maharlooei
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Madley
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Borsotti
- Department of Health Sciences, Histology laboratory, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Leonardo M R Ferreira
- Departments of Microbiology & Immunology, and Regenerative Medicine & Cell Biology, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Robert C Sharp
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michael A Brehm
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Audrey V Parent
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Megan Sykes
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Remi J Creusot
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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27
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Dalod M, Scheu S. Dendritic cell functions in vivo: a user's guide to current and next generation mutant mouse models. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1712-1749. [PMID: 35099816 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) do not just excel in antigen presentation. They orchestrate information transfer from innate to adaptive immunity, by sensing and integrating a variety of danger signals, and translating them to naïve T cells, to mount specifically tailored immune responses. This is accomplished by distinct DC types specialized in different functions and because each DC is functionally plastic, assuming different activation states depending on the input signals received. Mouse models hold the key to untangle this complexity and determine which DC types and activation states contribute to which functions. Here, we aim to provide comprehensive information for selecting the most appropriate mutant mouse strains to address specific research questions on DCs, considering three in vivo experimental approaches: (i) interrogating the roles of DC types through their depletion; (ii) determining the underlying mechanisms by specific genetic manipulations; (iii) deciphering the spatiotemporal dynamics of DC responses. We summarize the advantages, caveats, suggested use and perspectives for a variety of mutant mouse strains, discussing in more detail the most widely used or accurate models. Finally, we discuss innovative strategies to improve targeting specificity, for the next generation mutant mouse models, and briefly address how humanized mouse models can accelerate translation into the clinic. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Dalod
- CNRS, Inserm, Aix Marseille Univ, Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy (CIML), Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
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28
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Fu B, Shen J, Chen Y, Wu Y, Zhang H, Liu H, Huang W. Narrative review of gene modification: applications in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:1502. [PMID: 34805364 PMCID: PMC8573440 DOI: 10.21037/atm-21-2854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective This article focused on the application scenarios of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and gene-editing technology in various medical fields, including gene therapy, tissue engineering, tumor microenvironment simulation, tumor model construction, cancer regulation and expression, osteogenesis, and skin and vascular regeneration, and summarizing its development prospects and shortcomings. Background 3D bioprinting is a process based on additive manufacturing that uses biological materials as the microenvironment living cells. The scaffolds and carriers manufactured by 3D bioprinting technology provide a safe, efficient, and economical platform for genes, cells, and biomolecules. Gene modification refers to replacing, splicing, silencing, editing, controlling or inactivating genes and delivering new genes. The combination of this technology that changes cell function or cell fate or corrects endogenous mutations and 3D bioprinting technology has been widely used in various medical field. Methods We conducted a literature search for papers published up to March 2021 on the gene modification combined with 3D bioprinting in various medical fields via PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). The following medical subject heading terms were included for a MEDLINE search: “3D printing/gene editing”, “3D printing/genetic modification”, “3D printing/seed cell”, “bioprinting/gene editing”, “bioprinting/genetic modification”, “bioprinting/seed cell”, “scaffold/gene editing”, “scaffold/genetic modification”, “scaffold/seed cell”, “gene/scaffold”, “gene/bioprinting”, “gene/3D printing”. Quantitative and qualitative data was extracted through interpretation of each article. Conclusions We have reviewed the application scenarios of 3D bioprinting and gene-editing technology in various medical fields, it provides an efficient and accurate delivery system for personalized tumor therapy, enhancing the targeting effect while maintaining the integrity of the fabricated structure. It exhibits significant application potential in developing tumor drugs. In addition, scaffolds obtained via 3D bioprinting provide gene therapy applications for skin and bone healing and repair and inducing stem cell differentiation. It also considers the future development direction in this field, such as the emergence and development of gene printing, 4D printing. The combination of nanotechnology and gene printing may provide a new way for future disease research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangdong Provincial Medical 3D Printing Application Transformation Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianlin Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital, Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, China
| | - Yanjiao Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University Guangzhou, China
| | - Heshi Zhang
- Department of Vessel & Breast & Thyroid Surgery, Hospital (TCM) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Huan Liu
- National Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base, The Affiliated Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Wenhua Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Center for Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Biomechanics, Guangdong Provincial Medical 3D Printing Application Transformation Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou, China
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29
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Kotecki N, Kindt N, Krayem M, Awada A. New horizons in early drugs development in solid cancers. Curr Opin Oncol 2021; 33:513-519. [PMID: 34310410 DOI: 10.1097/cco.0000000000000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Drug development is the process of bringing new anticancer agents into clinical practice. From the basic research to clinical research each step is essential and intimately linked. The aim of this review is to describe emerging preclinical models and to provide an overview of selected drugs recently developed in oncology. RECENT FINDINGS Preclinical models reproducing human immune-tumor interactions, 3D cell cultures and microfluidic platforms are of great interest for the development of immunotherapies and combination therapies and offer the opportunity to better understand the interplay between cancer and stromal cells.Following a better biological understanding of cancer and advances in precision oncology, new exciting drugs (e.g. antibodies-drugs conjugates [ADCs], immunotherapeutic strategies, molecular-targeted therapies) have entered the field of clinical research and even clinical practice. SUMMARY Recent improvements in preclinical models will allow an accurate selection of drug candidates for clinical research. Innovative drugs are currently being developed from early to later phases of development. An important remaining challenge in drug development is to set up a new model of patient-centered clinical research to facilitate quick access to innovation and target-oriented trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadège Kindt
- Laboratoire d'oncologie clinique et expérimentale (LOCE), Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohammad Krayem
- Laboratoire d'oncologie clinique et expérimentale (LOCE), Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Oncology Medicine Department
- Laboratoire d'oncologie clinique et expérimentale (LOCE), Jules Bordet Institute, Brussels, Belgium
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30
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Engraftment characterization of risk-stratified AML patients in NSGS mice. Blood Adv 2021; 5:4842-4854. [PMID: 34470043 PMCID: PMC9153030 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020003958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PDXs from risk-stratified AML samples are crucial for studying AML biology and testing novel therapeutics. We characterize human AML engraftment in NSGS mice, offering a valuable platform for in vivo testing of targeted therapies.
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is the most common acute leukemia in adults. Disease heterogeneity is well documented, and patient stratification determines treatment decisions. Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) from risk-stratified AML are crucial for studying AML biology and testing novel therapeutics. Despite recent advances in PDX modeling of AML, reproducible engraftment of human AML is primarily limited to high-risk (HR) cases, with inconsistent or very protracted engraftment observed for favorable-risk (FR) and intermediate-risk (IR) patients. We used NSGS mice to characterize the engraftment robustness/kinetics of 28 AML patient samples grouped according to molecular/cytogenetic classification and assessed whether the orthotopic coadministration of patient-matched bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM MSCs) improves AML engraftment. PDX event-free survival correlated well with the predictable prognosis of risk-stratified AML patients. The majority (85-94%) of the mice were engrafted in bone marrow (BM) independently of the risk group, although HR AML patients showed engraftment levels that were significantly superior to those of FR or IR AML patients. Importantly, the engraftment levels observed in NSGS mice by week 6 remained stable over time. Serial transplantation and long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC) assays revealed long-term engraftment limited to HR AML patients, fitter leukemia-initiating cells (LICs) in HR AML samples, and the presence of AML LICs in the CD34− leukemic fraction, regardless of the risk group. Finally, orthotopic coadministration of patient-matched BM MSCs and AML cells was dispensable for BM engraftment levels but favored peripheralization of engrafted AML cells. This comprehensive characterization of human AML engraftment in NSGS mice offers a valuable platform for in vivo testing of targeted therapies in risk-stratified AML patient samples.
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31
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Boesch M, Baty F, Rothschild SI, Tamm M, Joerger M, Früh M, Brutsche MH. Tumour neoantigen mimicry by microbial species in cancer immunotherapy. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:313-323. [PMID: 33824481 PMCID: PMC8329167 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01365-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumour neoantigens arising from cancer-specific mutations generate a molecular fingerprint that has a definite specificity for cancer. Although this fingerprint perfectly discriminates cancer from healthy somatic and germline cells, and is therefore therapeutically exploitable using immune checkpoint blockade, gut and extra-gut microbial species can independently produce epitopes that resemble tumour neoantigens as part of their natural gene expression programmes. Such tumour molecular mimicry is likely not only to influence the quality and strength of the body's anti-cancer immune response, but could also explain why certain patients show favourable long-term responses to immune checkpoint blockade while others do not benefit at all from this treatment. This article outlines the requirement for tumour neoantigens in successful cancer immunotherapy and draws attention to the emerging role of microbiome-mediated tumour neoantigen mimicry in determining checkpoint immunotherapy outcome, with far-reaching implications for the future of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florent Baty
- Lung Center, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sacha I Rothschild
- Department of Medical Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Tamm
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Joerger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Martin Früh
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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32
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Dash PK, Gorantla S, Poluektova L, Hasan M, Waight E, Zhang C, Markovic M, Edagwa B, Machhi J, Olson KE, Wang X, Mosley RL, Kevadiya B, Gendelman HE. Humanized Mice for Infectious and Neurodegenerative disorders. Retrovirology 2021; 18:13. [PMID: 34090462 PMCID: PMC8179712 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00557-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized mice model human disease and as such are used commonly for research studies of infectious, degenerative and cancer disorders. Recent models also reflect hematopoiesis, natural immunity, neurobiology, and molecular pathways that influence disease pathobiology. A spectrum of immunodeficient mouse strains permit long-lived human progenitor cell engraftments. The presence of both innate and adaptive immunity enables high levels of human hematolymphoid reconstitution with cell susceptibility to a broad range of microbial infections. These mice also facilitate investigations of human pathobiology, natural disease processes and therapeutic efficacy in a broad spectrum of human disorders. However, a bridge between humans and mice requires a complete understanding of pathogen dose, co-morbidities, disease progression, environment, and genetics which can be mirrored in these mice. These must be considered for understanding of microbial susceptibility, prevention, and disease progression. With known common limitations for access to human tissues, evaluation of metabolic and physiological changes and limitations in large animal numbers, studies in mice prove important in planning human clinical trials. To these ends, this review serves to outline how humanized mice can be used in viral and pharmacologic research emphasizing both current and future studies of viral and neurodegenerative diseases. In all, humanized mouse provides cost-effective, high throughput studies of infection or degeneration in natural pathogen host cells, and the ability to test transmission and eradication of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta K Dash
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Santhi Gorantla
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Larisa Poluektova
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Emiko Waight
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Milica Markovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Katherine E Olson
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - R Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Bhavesh Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Jin KT, Du WL, Lan HR, Liu YY, Mao CS, Du JL, Mou XZ. Development of humanized mouse with patient-derived xenografts for cancer immunotherapy studies: A comprehensive review. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2592-2606. [PMID: 33938090 PMCID: PMC8253285 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, however, not all tumor types and patients are completely responsive to this approach. Establishing predictive pre-clinical models would allow for more accurate and practical immunotherapeutic drug development. Mouse models are extensively used as in vivo system for biomedical research. However, due to the significant differences between rodents and human, it is impossible to translate most of the findings from mouse models to human. Pharmacological development and advancing personalized medicine using patient-derived xenografts relies on producing mouse models in which murine cells and genes are substituted with their human equivalent. Humanized mice (HM) provide a suitable platform to evaluate xenograft growth in the context of a human immune system. In this review, we discussed recent advances in the generation and application of HM models. We also reviewed new insights into the basic mechanisms, pre-clinical evaluation of onco-immunotherapies, current limitations in the application of these models as well as available improvement strategies. Finally, we pointed out some issues for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Tao Jin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Wen-Lin Du
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huan-Rong Lan
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Yu-Yao Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Chun-Sen Mao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Jin-Lin Du
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, China
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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Marín-Jiménez JA, Capasso A, Lewis MS, Bagby SM, Hartman SJ, Shulman J, Navarro NM, Yu H, Rivard CJ, Wang X, Barkow JC, Geng D, Kar A, Yingst A, Tufa DM, Dolan JT, Blatchford PJ, Freed BM, Torres RM, Davila E, Slansky JE, Pelanda R, Eckhardt SG, Messersmith WA, Diamond JR, Lieu CH, Verneris MR, Wang JH, Kiseljak-Vassiliades K, Pitts TM, Lang J. Testing Cancer Immunotherapy in a Human Immune System Mouse Model: Correlating Treatment Responses to Human Chimerism, Therapeutic Variables and Immune Cell Phenotypes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:607282. [PMID: 33854497 PMCID: PMC8040953 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.607282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, immunotherapies have revolutionized the treatment of cancer. Although the success of immunotherapy is remarkable, it is still limited to a subset of patients. More than 1500 clinical trials are currently ongoing with a goal of improving the efficacy of immunotherapy through co-administration of other agents. Preclinical, small-animal models are strongly desired to increase the pace of scientific discovery, while reducing the cost of combination drug testing in humans. Human immune system (HIS) mice are highly immune-deficient mouse recipients rtpeconstituted with human hematopoietic stem cells. These HIS-mice are capable of growing human tumor cell lines and patient-derived tumor xenografts. This model allows rapid testing of multiple, immune-related therapeutics for tumors originating from unique clinical samples. Using a cord blood-derived HIS-BALB/c-Rag2nullIl2rγnullSIRPαNOD (BRGS) mouse model, we summarize our experiments testing immune checkpoint blockade combinations in these mice bearing a variety of human tumors, including breast, colorectal, pancreatic, lung, adrenocortical, melanoma and hematological malignancies. We present in-depth characterization of the kinetics and subsets of the HIS in lymph and non-lymph organs and relate these to protocol development and immune-related treatment responses. Furthermore, we compare the phenotype of the HIS in lymph tissues and tumors. We show that the immunotype and amount of tumor infiltrating leukocytes are widely-variable and that this phenotype is tumor-dependent in the HIS-BRGS model. We further present flow cytometric analyses of immune cell subsets, activation state, cytokine production and inhibitory receptor expression in peripheral lymph organs and tumors. We show that responding tumors bear human infiltrating T cells with a more inflammatory signature compared to non-responding tumors, similar to reports of "responding" patients in human immunotherapy clinical trials. Collectively these data support the use of HIS mice as a preclinical model to test combination immunotherapies for human cancers, if careful attention is taken to both protocol details and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Marín-Jiménez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-L’Hospitalet), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Matthew S. Lewis
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Stacey M. Bagby
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sarah J. Hartman
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jeremy Shulman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Natalie M. Navarro
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Hui Yu
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Chris J. Rivard
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jessica C. Barkow
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Degui Geng
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Adwitiya Kar
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Ashley Yingst
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Dejene M. Tufa
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - James T. Dolan
- Rocky Vista College of Osteopathic Medicine – OMS3, Rocky Vista University, Parker, CO, United States
| | - Patrick J. Blatchford
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Brian M. Freed
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Raul M. Torres
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jill E. Slansky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Roberta Pelanda
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - S. Gail Eckhardt
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Wells A. Messersmith
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jennifer R. Diamond
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Christopher H. Lieu
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michael R. Verneris
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jing H. Wang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katja Kiseljak-Vassiliades
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
- Division of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Todd M. Pitts
- Division of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Julie Lang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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35
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Adigbli G, Hua P, Uchiyama M, Roberts I, Hester J, Watt SM, Issa F. Development of LT-HSC-Reconstituted Non-Irradiated NBSGW Mice for the Study of Human Hematopoiesis In Vivo. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642198. [PMID: 33868276 PMCID: PMC8044770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Humanized immune system (HIS) mouse models are useful tools for the in vivo investigation of human hematopoiesis. However, the majority of HIS models currently in use are biased towards lymphocyte development and fail to support long-term multilineage leucocytes and erythrocytes. Those that achieve successful multilineage reconstitution often require preconditioning steps which are expensive, cause animal morbidity, are technically demanding, and poorly reproducible. In this study, we address this challenge by using HSPC-NBSGW mice, in which NOD,B6.SCID IL-2rγ-/-KitW41/W41 (NBSGW) mice are engrafted with human CD133+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) without the need for preconditioning by sublethal irradiation. These HSPCs are enriched in long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs), while NBSGW mice are permissive to human hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment, thus reducing the cell number required for successful HIS development. B cells reconstitute with the greatest efficiency, including mature B cells capable of class-switching following allogeneic stimulation and, within lymphoid organs and peripheral blood, T cells at a spectrum of stages of maturation. In the thymus, human thymocytes are identified at all major stages of development. Phenotypically distinct subsets of myeloid cells, including dendritic cells and mature monocytes, engraft to a variable degree in the bone marrow and spleen, and circulate in peripheral blood. Finally, we observe human erythrocytes which persist in the periphery at high levels following macrophage clearance. The HSPC-NBSGW model therefore provides a useful platform for the study of human hematological and immunological processes and pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Adigbli
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, John Radcliffe Hospital, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Hua
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Masateru Uchiyama
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, John Radcliffe Hospital, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Roberts
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, Children’s Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Joanna Hester
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, John Radcliffe Hospital, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Suzanne M. Watt
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, and Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, John Radcliffe Hospital, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Sefik E, Israelow B, Zhao J, Qu R, Song E, Mirza H, Kaffe E, Halene S, Meffre E, Kluger Y, Nussenzweig M, Wilen CB, Iwasaki A, Flavell RA. A humanized mouse model of chronic COVID-19 to evaluate disease mechanisms and treatment options. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-279341. [PMID: 33758831 PMCID: PMC7987100 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-279341/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus-associated acute respiratory disease, called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). More than 90 million people have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 and more than 2 million people have died of complications due to COVID-19 worldwide. COVID-19, in its severe form, presents with an uncontrolled, hyperactive immune response and severe immunological injury or organ damage that accounts for morbidity and mortality. Even in the absence of complications, COVID-19 can last for several months with lingering effects of an overactive immune system. Dysregulated myeloid and lymphocyte compartments have been implicated in lung immunopathology. Currently, there are limited clinically-tested treatments of COVID-19 with disparities in the apparent efficacy in patients. Accurate model systems are essential to rapidly evaluate promising discoveries but most currently available in mice, ferrets and hamsters do not recapitulate sustained immunopathology described in COVID19 patients. Here, we present a comprehensively humanized mouse COVID-19 model that faithfully recapitulates the innate and adaptive human immune responses during infection with SARS-CoV-2 by adapting recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV)-driven gene therapy to deliver human ACE2 to the lungs 1 of MISTRG6 mice. Our unique model allows for the first time the study of chronic disease due to infection with SARS-CoV-2 in the context of patient-derived antibodies to characterize in real time the potential culprits of the observed human driving immunopathology; most importantly this model provides a live view into the aberrant macrophage response that is thought to be the effector of disease morbidity and ARDS in patients. Application of therapeutics such as patient-derived antibodies and steroids to our model allowed separation of the two aspects of the immune response, infectious viral clearance and immunopathology. Inflammatory cells seeded early in infection drove immune-patholgy later, but this very same early anti-viral response was also crucial to contain infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Sefik
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ben Israelow
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rihao Qu
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Eric Song
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Haris Mirza
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Stephanie Halene
- Section of Hematology, Yale Cancer Center and Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Eric Meffre
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Yuval Kluger
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michel Nussenzweig
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard A Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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37
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Pievani A, Savoldelli R, Poelchen J, Mattioli E, Anselmi G, Girardot A, Utikal J, Bourdely P, Serafini M, Guermonprez P. Harnessing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Engineering of Human Hematopoietic Niches. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631279. [PMID: 33790904 PMCID: PMC8006008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering opens multiple opportunities in regenerative medicine, drug testing, and modeling of the hematopoiesis in health and disease. Recapitulating the organization of physiological microenvironments supporting leukocyte development is essential to model faithfully the development of immune cells. Hematopoietic organs are shaped by spatially organized niches defined by multiple cellular contributions. A shared feature of immune niches is the presence of mesenchymal stromal cells endowed with unique roles in organizing niche development, maintenance, and function. Here, we review challenges and opportunities in harnessing stromal cells for the engineering of artificial immune niches and hematopoietic organoids recapitulating leukocyte ontogeny both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Pievani
- Department of Pediatrics, M. Tettamanti Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Roberto Savoldelli
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Research UK King's Health Partner Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Poelchen
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elisa Mattioli
- The Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Cancer Research UK King's Health Partner Cancer Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giorgio Anselmi
- MRC Molecular Hematology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Girardot
- Centre for Inflammation Research, CNRS ERL8252, INSERM1149, Hopital Bichat, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jochen Utikal
- Skin Cancer Unit, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karl University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Pierre Bourdely
- Centre for Inflammation Research, CNRS ERL8252, INSERM1149, Hopital Bichat, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marta Serafini
- Department of Pediatrics, M. Tettamanti Research Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Pierre Guermonprez
- Centre for Inflammation Research, CNRS ERL8252, INSERM1149, Hopital Bichat, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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38
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Guil-Luna S, Sedlik C, Piaggio E. Humanized Mouse Models to Evaluate Cancer Immunotherapeutics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY-SERIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-050520-100526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is at the forefront of cancer treatment. The advent of numerous novel approaches to cancer immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint antibodies, adoptive transfer of CAR (chimeric antigen receptor) T cells and TCR (T cell receptor) T cells, NK (natural killer) cells, T cell engagers, oncolytic viruses, and vaccines, is revolutionizing the treatment for different tumor types. Some are already in the clinic, and many others are underway. However, not all patients respond, resistance develops, and as available therapies multiply there is a need to further understand how they work, how to prioritize their clinical evaluation, and how to combine them. For this, animal models have been highly instrumental, and humanized mice models (i.e., immunodeficient mice engrafted with human immune and cancer cells) represent a step forward, although they have several limitations. Here, we review the different humanized models available today, the approaches to overcome their flaws, their use for the evaluation of cancer immunotherapies, and their anticipated evolution as tools to help personalized clinical decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Guil-Luna
- Maimónides Institute for Biomedical Research of Córdoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Christine Sedlik
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, 75248 Paris, France;,
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie Research Center, INSERM U932, PSL Research University, 75248 Paris, France;,
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39
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Laudanski K. Humanized Mice as a Tool to Study Sepsis-More Than Meets the Eye. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2403. [PMID: 33673691 PMCID: PMC7957591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background. Repetitive animal studies that have disappointed upon translation into clinical therapies have led to an increased appreciation of humanized mice as a remedy to the shortcomings of rodent-based models. However, their limitations have to be understood in depth. (2) Methods. This is a narrative, comprehensive review of humanized mice and sepsis literature to understand the model's benefits and shortcomings. (3) Results: Studies involving humanized models of sepsis include bacterial, viral, and protozoan etiology. Humanized mice provided several unique insights into the etiology and natural history of sepsis and are particularly useful in studying Ebola, and certain viral and protozoan infections. However, studies are relatively sparse and based on several different models of sepsis and humanized animals. (4) Conclusions. The utilization of humanized mice as a model for sepsis presents complex limitations that, once surpassed, hold some potential for the advancement of sepsis etiology and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Laudanski
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Department of Neurology, Leonard Davis Institute of Healthcare Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19194, USA
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40
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Martinov T, McKenna KM, Tan WH, Collins EJ, Kehret AR, Linton JD, Olsen TM, Shobaki N, Rongvaux A. Building the Next Generation of Humanized Hemato-Lymphoid System Mice. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643852. [PMID: 33692812 PMCID: PMC7938325 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the late 1980s, mice have been repopulated with human hematopoietic cells to study the fundamental biology of human hematopoiesis and immunity, as well as a broad range of human diseases in vivo. Multiple mouse recipient strains have been developed and protocols optimized to efficiently generate these “humanized” mice. Here, we review three guiding principles that have been applied to the development of the currently available models: (1) establishing tolerance of the mouse host for the human graft; (2) opening hematopoietic niches so that they can be occupied by human cells; and (3) providing necessary support for human hematopoiesis. We then discuss four remaining challenges: (1) human hematopoietic lineages that poorly develop in mice; (2) limited antigen-specific adaptive immunity; (3) absent tolerance of the human immune system for its mouse host; and (4) sub-functional interactions between human immune effectors and target mouse tissues. While major advances are still needed, the current models can already be used to answer specific, clinically-relevant questions and hopefully inform the development of new, life-saving therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinov
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Kelly M McKenna
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Wei Hong Tan
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Emily J Collins
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Allie R Kehret
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Jonathan D Linton
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tayla M Olsen
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nour Shobaki
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Anthony Rongvaux
- Clinical Research Division, Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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41
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Crespo J, Koh YT, Hu N, Moore PA, Bonvini E, Glasebrook AL, Martin AP, Benschop RJ. A humanized CD3ε-knock-in mouse model for pre-clinical testing of anti-human CD3 therapy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245917. [PMID: 33596227 PMCID: PMC7888618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-clinical murine models are critical for translating drug candidates from the bench to the bedside. There is interest in better understanding how anti-human CD3 therapy works based on recent longitudinal studies of short-term administration. Although several models have been created in this pursuit, each have their own advantages and disadvantages in Type-1 diabetes. In this study, we report a murine genetic knock-in model which expresses both a murine and a humanized-CD3ε-exon, rendering it sensitive to manipulation with anti-human CD3. These huCD3εHET mice are viable and display no gross abnormalities. Specifically, thymocyte development and T cell peripheral homeostasis is unaffected. We tested immune functionality of these mice by immunizing them with T cell-dependent antigens and no differences in antibody titers compared to wild type mice were recorded. Finally, we performed a graft-vs-host disease model that is driven by effector T cell responses and observed a wasting disease upon transfer of huCD3εHET T cells. Our results show a viable humanized CD3 murine model that develops normally, is functionally engaged by anti-human CD3 and can instruct on pre-clinical tests of anti-human CD3 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Crespo
- Immunology Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Yi Ting Koh
- Immunology Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Ningjie Hu
- Immunology Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Moore
- MacroGenics, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Ezio Bonvini
- MacroGenics, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Glasebrook
- Immunology Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Andrea P. Martin
- Immunology Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Benschop
- Immunology Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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42
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Serr I, Kral M, Scherm MG, Daniel C. Advances in Human Immune System Mouse Models for Personalized Treg-Based Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643544. [PMID: 33679808 PMCID: PMC7930911 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice engrafted with a functional human immune system [Human immune system (HIS) mice] have paved the way to major advances for personalized medicine and translation of immune-based therapies. One prerequisite for advancing personalized medicine is modeling the immune system of individuals or disease groups in a preclinical setting. HIS mice engrafted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells have provided fundamental insights in underlying mechanisms guiding immune activation vs. regulation in several diseases including cancer. However, the development of Graft-vs.-host disease restrains relevant long-term studies in HIS mice. Alternatively, engraftment with hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) enables mimicking different disease stages, however, low frequencies of HSCs in peripheral blood of adults impede engraftment efficacy. One possibility to overcome those limitations is the use of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) reprogrammed into HSCs, a challenging process which has recently seen major advances. Personalized HIS mice bridge research in mice and human diseases thereby facilitating the translation of immunomodulatory therapies. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immune suppression and thereby contribute to tumor immune evasion, which has made them a central target for cancer immunotherapies. Importantly, studying Tregs in the human immune system in vivo in HIS mice will help to determine requirements for efficient Treg-targeting. In this review article, we discuss advances on personalized HIS models using reprogrammed iPSCs and review the use of HIS mice to study requirements for efficient targeting of human Tregs for personalized cancer immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Serr
- Group Immune Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Diabetes Research, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Maria Kral
- Group Immune Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Diabetes Research, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin G Scherm
- Group Immune Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Diabetes Research, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Carolin Daniel
- Group Immune Tolerance in Type 1 Diabetes, Helmholtz Diabetes Center at Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Diabetes Research, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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43
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Cuthbertson P, Geraghty NJ, Adhikary SR, Casolin S, Watson D, Sluyter R. P2X7 receptor antagonism increases regulatory T cells and reduces clinical and histological graft-versus-host disease in a humanised mouse model. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:495-513. [PMID: 33463682 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a severe inflammatory response arising from allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Previous studies revealed that antagonism of the P2X7 receptor with Brilliant Blue G (BBG) reduced liver GVHD but did not alter clinical GVHD in a humanised mouse model. Therefore, the present study aimed to trial a modified injection regime using more frequent dosing of BBG to improve outcomes in this model of GVHD. NOD-scid IL2Rγnull (NSG) mice were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 10 × 106 human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) (day 0), then daily with BBG (50 mg/kg) or saline (days 0-10). BBG significantly reduced clinical score, mortality and histological GVHD compared with saline treatment (endpoint). BBG significantly increased proportions of human regulatory T cells (Tregs) and human B cells and reduced serum human interferon-γ compared with saline treatment prior to development of clinical GVHD (day 21). To confirm the therapeutic benefit of P2X7 antagonism, NSG mice were injected i.p. with 10 × 106 hPBMCs (day 0), then daily with pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid (PPADS) (300 mg/kg) or saline (days 0-10). PPADS increased human Treg proportions compared with saline treatment (day 21), but potential clinical benefits were confounded by increased weight loss with this antagonist. To investigate the role of P2X7 antagonism on Treg survival, hPBMCs were cultured in reduced serum conditions to promote cell death. BBG increased proportions of Tregs (and B cells) compared with saline under these conditions. In conclusion, P2X7 antagonism reduces clinical and histological GVHD in a humanised mouse model corresponding to an increase in human Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cuthbertson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Geraghty
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sam R Adhikary
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sienna Casolin
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Debbie Watson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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44
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Yanagawa S, Tahara H, Shirouzu T, Kawai S, Tanaka Y, Ide K, Akimoto S, Ohdan H. Development of a humanized mouse model to analyze antibodies specific for human leukocyte antigen (HLA). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0236614. [PMID: 33544740 PMCID: PMC7864411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In organ transplantation, human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-mismatch grafts not only induce the activation of cellular mediated immune response but also the development of chronic antibody-mediated rejection due to the donor-specific anti-HLA antibody (DSA) produced by B cells and plasma cells interacting with the graft endothelium. Significant improvement in long-term survival after transplantation can be expected if antibody-mediated rejection due to the DSA can be overcome. However, the mechanism of producing or controlling the DSA remains to be elucidated. In recent decades, “humanized” mouse models have been widely used for the basic research of human immune systems, but a humanized mouse model to analyze the mechanism of DSA production has not been established yet. Thus, we aimed to create a humanized mouse using a severe immunodeficiency mouse (NSG mouse) administered with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Initially, we detected a very low level of human total-IgG and no anti-HLA antibodies (Abs) in these mice. In our next attempt, we mixed PBMCs of various HLA antigenic combinations with or without regulatory T cells and preconditioned them by culturing on feeder cells stably transfected with human CD40 ligand (h-CD40L) alone or with h-CD40L and human B cell activating factor (h-BAFF). They were subsequently co-cultured with the corresponding irradiated stimulator PBMCs, and all cells were administered into naïve NSG mice. Although all three humanized models had sufficient human total-IgG and anti-HLA antibody production, allospecific anti-HLA Ab production was prominently suppressed whereas non-specific anti-HLA Abs were sufficiently detected. Therefore, this novel humanized mouse model might be useful for analyzing the mechanism of anti-allogeneic human B cell tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senichiro Yanagawa
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tahara
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Takayuki Shirouzu
- Molecular Diagnostics Division, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Kawai
- Molecular Diagnostics Division, Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuka Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ide
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shuji Akimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohdan
- Department of Gastroenterological and Transplant Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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45
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Mian SA, Anjos-Afonso F, Bonnet D. Advances in Human Immune System Mouse Models for Studying Human Hematopoiesis and Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 11:619236. [PMID: 33603749 PMCID: PMC7884350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has established itself as a promising tool for cancer treatment. There are many challenges that remain including lack of targets and some patients across various cancers who have not shown robust clinical response. One of the major problems that have hindered the progress in the field is the dearth of appropriate mouse models that can reliably recapitulate the complexity of human immune-microenvironment as well as the malignancy itself. Immunodeficient mice reconstituted with human immune cells offer a unique opportunity to comprehensively evaluate immunotherapeutic strategies. These immunosuppressed and genetically modified mice, with some overexpressing human growth factors, have improved human hematopoietic engraftment as well as created more functional immune cell development in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues in these mice. In addition, several new approaches to modify or to add human niche elements to further humanize these immunodeficient mice have allowed a more precise characterization of human hematopoiesis. These important refinements have opened the possibility to evaluate not only human immune responses to different tumor cells but also to investigate how malignant cells interact with their niche and most importantly to test immunotherapies in a more preclinically relevant setting, which can ultimately lead to better success of these drugs in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed A Mian
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Haematology, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Anjos-Afonso
- Haematopoietic Signalling Group, European Cancer Stem Cell Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Lab, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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46
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A human SIRPA knock-in xenograft mouse model to study human hematopoietic and cancer stem cells. Blood 2020; 135:1661-1672. [PMID: 32206775 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In human-to-mouse xenogeneic transplantation, polymorphisms of signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPA) that decide their binding affinity for human CD47 are critical for engraftment efficiency of human cells. In this study, we generated a new C57BL/6.Rag2nullIl2rgnull (BRG) mouse line with Sirpahuman/human (BRGShuman) mice, in which mouse Sirpa was replaced by human SIRPA encompassing all 8 exons. Macrophages from C57BL/6 mice harboring Sirpahuman/human had a significantly stronger affinity for human CD47 than those harboring SirpaNOD/NOD and did not show detectable phagocytosis against human hematopoietic stem cells. In turn, Sirpahuman/human macrophages had a moderate affinity for mouse CD47, and BRGShuman mice did not exhibit the blood cytopenia that was seen in Sirpa-/- mice. In human to mouse xenograft experiments, BRGShuman mice showed significantly greater engraftment and maintenance of human hematopoiesis with a high level of myeloid reconstitution, as well as improved reconstitution in peripheral tissues, compared with BRG mice harboring SirpaNOD/NOD (BRGSNOD). BRGShuman mice also showed significantly enhanced engraftment and growth of acute myeloid leukemia and subcutaneously transplanted human colon cancer cells compared with BRGSNOD mice. BRGShuman mice should be a useful basic line for establishing a more authentic xenotransplantation model to study normal and malignant human stem cells.
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47
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Yin L, Wang XJ, Chen DX, Liu XN, Wang XJ. Humanized mouse model: a review on preclinical applications for cancer immunotherapy. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:4568-4584. [PMID: 33415020 PMCID: PMC7783739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the refractory and partial sensitive treatments to malignant cancers, immunotherapy has increasingly become a hotspot in effective anti-tumor research. However, at present, existing animal models could not accurately describe the interaction between human tissue and tumor cells for preclinical trials. Furthermore, it is a tough obstacle to reconstitute the immune system and microenvironment in a mouse model identical to humans due to species differences. In the establishment of the humanized mouse model, the co-transplantation of human immunocytes with/without tissues and tumor cells is the key breakthrough to solve this problem. The compelling progress has been investigated in the preclinical drug test for diverse tumor types. This review mainly summarized the development of immunodeficient mice, and the construction and practicability of the humanized mouse model. Furthermore, the investigators also highlight the pros and cons, and recent progress in immunotherapy research for advanced utility of human cancer diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xue-Jing Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - De-Xi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ni Liu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing, China
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48
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Maser IP, Hoves S, Bayer C, Heidkamp G, Nimmerjahn F, Eckmann J, Ries CH. The Tumor Milieu Promotes Functional Human Tumor-Resident Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Humanized Mouse Models. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2082. [PMID: 33013879 PMCID: PMC7507800 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Particular interest to harness the innate immune system for cancer immunotherapy is fueled by limitations of immune checkpoint blockade. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are detected in a variety of solid tumors and correlate with poor clinical outcome. Release of type I interferons in response to toll-like-receptor (TLR)7 and TLR9 activation is the pDC hallmark. Mouse and human pDC differ substantially in their biology concerning surface marker expression and cytokine production. Here, we employed humanized mouse models (HIS) to study pDC function. We performed a comprehensive characterization of transgenic, myeloid-enhanced mouse strains (NOG-EXL and NSG-SGM3) expressing human interleukin-3 (hIL-3) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) using identical humanization protocols. Only in HIS-NOG-EXL mice sufficient pDC infiltration was detectable. Therefore, we selected this strain for subsequent tumor studies. We analyzed pDC frequency in peripheral blood and tumors by comparing HIS-NOG-EXL with HIS-NOG mice bearing three different ovarian and breast tumors. Despite the substantially increased pDC numbers in peripheral blood of HIS-NOG-EXL mice, we detected TLR7/8 agonist responsive and thus functional pDCs only in certain tumor models independent of the mouse strain employed. However, HIS-NOG-EXL mice showed in general a superior humanization phenotype characterized by reconstitution of different myeloid subsets, NK cells and B cells producing physiologic IgG levels. Hence, we provide first evidence that the tumor milieu but not genetically introduced cytokines defines intratumoral (i.t.) frequencies of the rare pDC subset. This study provides model systems to investigate in vivo pro- and anti-tumoral human pDC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona-Petra Maser
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Hoves
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christa Bayer
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Gordon Heidkamp
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Falk Nimmerjahn
- FAU Erlangen, Division of Genetics, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Eckmann
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Carola H Ries
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany.,Dr. Carola Ries Consulting, Penzberg, Germany
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49
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Blümich S, Zdimerova H, Münz C, Kipar A, Pellegrini G. Human CD34 + Hematopoietic Stem Cell-Engrafted NSG Mice: Morphological and Immunophenotypic Features. Vet Pathol 2020; 58:161-180. [PMID: 32901581 DOI: 10.1177/0300985820948822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Immunodeficient mice engrafted with human immune cells represent an innovative tool to improve translatability of animal models for the study of human diseases. Immunophenotyping in these mice focuses on engraftment rates and cellular differentiation in blood and secondary lymphoid organs, and is predominantly carried out by FACS (fluorescent activated cell sorting) analysis; information on the morphological aspects of engraftment and the prevalence of histologic lesions is limited. We histologically examined 3- to 6-month-old NSG mice, naïve or engrafted with CD34+ human hemopoietic stem cells (HSC), and employed a quantitative immunohistochemical approach to identify human and murine cell compartments, comparing the results with the FACS data. NSG mice mainly exhibited incidental findings in lungs, kidneys, testes, and adrenal glands. A 6-month-old NSG mouse had a mediastinal lymphoblastic lymphoma. The lymphoid organs of NSG mice lacked typical lymphoid tissue architecture but frequently exhibited small periarteriolar leukocyte clusters in the spleen. Mice engrafted with human HSC frequently showed nephropathy, ovarian atrophy, cataract, and abnormal retinal development, lesions considered secondary to irradiation. In addition, 20% exhibited multisystemic granulomatous inflammatory infiltrates, dominated by human macrophages and T cells, leading to the observed 7% mortality and morbidity. Immunophenotypic data revealed variable repopulation of lymphoid organs with hCD45+ human cells, which did not always parallel the engraftment levels measured via FACS. The study describes the most common pathological features in young NSG mice after human HSC engraftment. As some of these lesions contribute to morbidity, morphological assessment of the engraftment at tissue level might help improve immunophenotypic evaluations of this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Blümich
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hana Zdimerova
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, 27217University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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50
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Clara-Trujillo S, Gallego Ferrer G, Gómez Ribelles JL. In Vitro Modeling of Non-Solid Tumors: How Far Can Tissue Engineering Go? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5747. [PMID: 32796596 PMCID: PMC7460836 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In hematological malignancies, leukemias or myelomas, malignant cells present bone marrow (BM) homing, in which the niche contributes to tumor development and drug resistance. BM architecture, cellular and molecular composition and interactions define differential microenvironments that govern cell fate under physiological and pathological conditions and serve as a reference for the native biological landscape to be replicated in engineered platforms attempting to reproduce blood cancer behavior. This review summarizes the different models used to efficiently reproduce certain aspects of BM in vitro; however, they still lack the complexity of this tissue, which is relevant for fundamental aspects such as drug resistance development in multiple myeloma. Extracellular matrix composition, material topography, vascularization, cellular composition or stemness vs. differentiation balance are discussed as variables that could be rationally defined in tissue engineering approaches for achieving more relevant in vitro models. Fully humanized platforms closely resembling natural interactions still remain challenging and the question of to what extent accurate tissue complexity reproduction is essential to reliably predict drug responses is controversial. However, the contributions of these approaches to the fundamental knowledge of non-solid tumor biology, its regulation by niches, and the advance of personalized medicine are unquestionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Clara-Trujillo
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.G.F.); (J.L.G.R.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Gallego Ferrer
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.G.F.); (J.L.G.R.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis Gómez Ribelles
- Center for Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering (CBIT), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (G.G.F.); (J.L.G.R.)
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 46022 Valencia, Spain
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