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Fries-Craft K, Anderson C, Schmitz-Esser S, Bobeck EA. Sequencing approaches to identify distal jejunum microbial community composition and function in broiler chickens fed anti-interleukin-10 during coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104001. [PMID: 39002368 PMCID: PMC11298949 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Strategies to counteract interleukin (IL)-10-mediated immune evasion by Eimeria spp. during coccidiosis- like anti-IL-10 antibodies- may protect broiler chicken health and reduce incidence of secondary necrotic enteritis (Clostridium perfringens) via undetermined mechanisms. Objectives were to use sequencing techniques to evaluate jejunal microbial community composition and function in anti-IL-10-fed broilers during coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis. On d0, Ross 308 chicks were placed in 32 cages (15 chicks/ cage) for a 25-d study and randomly assigned to diets ± 0.03% anti-IL-10. Six chicks/ diet were euthanized for distal jejunum content and tissue collection on d 14 (baseline) before inoculating the remainder with saline or 15,000 E. maxima oocysts (M6 strain). Half the chicks challenged with E. maxima were challenged with C. perfringens (1×108 colony forming units) on d 18 and 19. Follow-up samples (6 chicks/treatment) were collected at 7 and 11 d postinoculation (pi) for the E. maxima-only group, or 3 and 7 dpi for the E. maxima + C. perfringens group with 3/7 dpi being designated as peak and 7/11dpi as postpeak challenge. DNA was extracted from digesta for microbiota composition analysis (16S rRNA gene sequencing) while RNA was extracted from tissue to evaluate the metatranscriptome (RNA sequencing). Alpha diversity and genus relative abundances were analyzed using the diet or challenge main effects with associated interactions (SAS 9.4; P ≤ 0.05). No baseline microbial changes were associated with dietary anti-IL-10. At peak challenge, a diet main effect reduced observed species 36.7% in chicks fed anti-IL-10 vs. control; however, the challenge effect reduced observed species and Shannon diversity 51.2-58.3% and 33.0 to 35.5%, respectively, in chicks challenged with E. maxima ± C. perfringens compared to their unchallenged counterparts (P ≤ 0.05). Low sequencing depth limited metatranscriptomic analysis of jejunal microbial function via RNA sequencing. This study demonstrates that challenge impacted the broiler distal jejunum microbiota more than anti-IL-10 while future research to characterize the microbial metatranscriptome may benefit from investigating other intestinal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fries-Craft
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - C Anderson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - S Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - E A Bobeck
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Fries-Craft K, Schmitz-Esser S, Bobeck EA. Broiler chicken distal jejunum microbial communities are more responsive to coccidiosis or necrotic enteritis challenge than dietary anti-interleukin-10 in a model using Salmonella Typhimurium- Eimeria maxima- Clostridium perfringens coinfection. Poult Sci 2024; 103:104000. [PMID: 39002369 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary anti-interleukin (IL)-10 antibodies may protect broiler performance during coccidiosis by inhibiting Eimeria host-evasion pathways; however, anti-IL-10's effects on microbial communities during coccidiosis and secondary Clostridium perfringens (necrotic enteritis) challenge is unknown. The study objectives were to assess the jejunal microbiota of broilers fed anti-IL-10 during E. maxima ± C. perfringens challenge. Two replicate studies using Ross 308 chicks placed in wire-floor cages (32 cages/ replicate study; 20 chicks/ cage) were conducted, with chicks assigned to diets ± 0.03% anti-IL-10 for 25 d. In both replicate studies, challenge-designated chicks were inoculated with 1 × 108Salmonella Typhimurium colony forming units (CFU) at placement. On d14, S. Typhimurium-inoculated chicks were gavaged with 15,000 sporulated Eimeria maxima M6 oocysts and half the E. maxima-challenged chicks received 1×108C. perfringens CFUs on d 18 and 19. Six chicks/ treatment were euthanized for distal jejunum content collection at baseline (d 14), 7 d post-inoculation (pi) with E. maxima/ 3 dpi with C. perfringens (peak) or 11 dpi with E. maxima/ 7 dpi with C. perfringens (post-peak) for 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Sequences were quality screened (Mothur V.1.43.0) and clustered into de novo operation taxonomical units (OTU; 99% similarity) using the SILVA reference database (v138). Alpha diversity and log-transformed relative abundance data were analyzed in SAS 9.4 with replicate study, diet, challenge, and timepoint main effects plus associated interactions (P ≤ 0.05). Few baseline changes were observed, but E. maxima ± C. perfringens challenge reduced Romboutsia and Staphylococcus relative abundance 4- to 800-fold in both replicate studies (P ≤ 0.008). At peak challenge with secondary C. perfringens, feeding anti-IL-10 instead of the control diet reduced Clostridium sensu stricto 1 relative abundance 13- and 1,848-fold in both replicate studies (P < 0.0001); however, OTUs identified as C. perfringens were not affected by dietary anti-IL-10. These results indicate that anti-IL-10 does not affect the jejunal microbiota of unchallenged broilers, while coccidiosis or necrotic enteritis challenge generally contributed to greater microbiota alterations than diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fries-Craft
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - S Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Interdepartmental Graduate Microbiology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - E A Bobeck
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Zhang N, Liu J, Zhang Y, Chen L, Zhang S, Liu X, Tang X, Gu X, Chen S, Suo X. Transcriptomic analysis uncovers a biphasic response to precocious Eimeria acervulina infection in chicken duodenal tissue. Vet Parasitol 2024; 331:110245. [PMID: 39018905 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Live anticoccidial vaccines, either formulated with unattenuated or attenuated Eimeria parasites, are powerful stimulators of chicken intestinal immunity. Little is known about the dynamics of gene expression and the corresponding biological processes of chicken responses against infection with precocious line (PL) of Eimeria parasites. In the present study, we performed a time-series transcriptomic analysis of chicken duodenum across 15 time points from 6 to 156 hours post-infection (p.i.) with PL of E. acervulina. A high-quality profile showing two distinct changes in chicken duodenum mRNA expression was generated during the infection of Eimeria. Early response revealed that activation of the chicken immune response was detectable from 6 h.p.i., prominent genes triggered during the initiation of asexual and sexual parasite growth encompass immune regulatory effects, such as interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), and interleukin-10 (IL10). The late response was identified significantly associating with maintaining cellular structure and activating lipid metabolic pathways. These analyses provide a detailed depiction of the biological response landscape in chickens infected by the PL of E. acervulina, contributing significant insights for the investigation of the host-parasite interactions and the management of parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture & Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193 China
| | - Linlin Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sixin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xinming Tang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaolong Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou 075000, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Xun Suo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Fries-Craft K, Bobeck EA. Coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis model may have a greater impact than dietary anti-interleukin-10 on broiler chicken systemic immunometabolic responses. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103551. [PMID: 38417332 PMCID: PMC10909892 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary egg yolk-derived anti-interleukin (IL)-10 may preserve broiler chicken performance during coccidiosis due to Eimeria spp. infection while effects on secondary Clostridium perfringens (necrotic enteritis) are unknown. Some necrotic enteritis models implement Salmonella Typhimurium to improve repeatability; however, Salmonella upregulation of IL-10 may be a confounder when evaluating anti-IL-10. The study objective was to investigate anti-IL-10 effects on systemic cytokine concentrations and immunometabolism during E. maxima ± C. perfringens challenge in models ± S. Typhimurium. Three 25 d replicate studies using Ross 308 chicks were conducted in wire-floor cages (32 cages/ replicate) with chicks assigned to diets ± 0.03% anti-IL-10. 640 chicks (20/ cage; replicates 1 and 2) were inoculated with sterile saline ± 1×108 colony forming units (CFU) S. Typhimurium while 480 chicks (15/ cage) were placed in replicate 3. In all replicates, blood samples were collected on d 14 (6 chicks/treatment) before administering 15,000 sporulated E. maxima M6 oocysts to S. Typhimurium-inoculated (replicates 1 and 2) or challenge-designated chicks (replicate 3). Half the E. maxima-challenged chicks received 1×108 CFU C. perfringens on d 18 and 19. Blood samples were collected at 1, 3, 7, and 11 d post-inoculation (dpi) with E. maxima and 1, 3, and 7 dpi with secondary C. perfringens. Plasma cytokines were determined by ELISA while immunometabolic assays evaluated peripheral blood mononuclear cell ATP production and glycolytic rate responses. Data were analyzed with diet and challenge fixed effects plus associated interactions (SAS 9.4; P ≤ 0.05). Replicates 1 and 2 showed few immunometabolic responses within 3 dpi with E. maxima, but 25 to 31% increased ATP production and 32% increased compensatory glycolysis at 1 dpi with C. perfringens in challenged vs. unchallenged chicks (P ≤ 0.04). In replicate 3, total ATP production and compensatory glycolysis were increased 25 and 40%, respectively, by the E. maxima main effect at 1dpi (P ≤ 0.05) with unobserved responsiveness to C. perfringens. These outcomes indicate that model type had greater impacts on systemic immunity than anti-IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fries-Craft
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - E A Bobeck
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Chen C, Chen Y, Lu M, Xu L, Yan R, Li X, Song X. IFN-γ inhibitory molecules derived from Eimeria maxima inhibit IL-12 secretion by modulating MAPK pathways in chicken macrophages. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103359. [PMID: 38128458 PMCID: PMC10776662 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
IFN-γ plays a crucial role in resisting intracellular parasitic protozoa, such as Eimeria species. In our previous study, we identified 4 molecules derived from Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) that significantly inhibited IFN-γ production. However, the mechanism underlying this inhibitory effect remains unknown. In this study, we first investigated the effects of these 4 IFN-γ inhibitory molecules on the expression levels of chicken Toll-like receptors (chTLRs), IL-12, IL-10, TGF-β, and TNF-α in chicken macrophage HD11 and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). The results demonstrated that these 4 inhibitory molecules significantly downregulated the mRNA levels of chTLR-2, chTLR-4, chTLR-21, and both mRNA and protein levels of IL-12. Subsequently, to clarify the effects of these 4 inhibitory molecules on the IL-12 secretion-related signaling pathways in chicken macrophages, qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect the changes of key molecules involved in the signaling pathways of IL-12 secretion (NF-κB, ERK1/2, p38, JNK, STAT3) following coincubation with these inhibitory molecules. Finally, RNAi was employed to verify the function of key molecules in the signaling pathway. The results revealed a significant upregulation in the expression of ERK1/2 phosphorylated protein induced by the 4 inhibitory molecules. Knockdown of the ERK1/2 gene significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of the 4 E. maxima inhibitory molecules on IL-12. These findings indicate that the 4 inhibitory molecules can inhibit the secretion of IL-12 by upregulating the expression of ERK1/2 phosphorylated protein, which is a key molecule in the ERK-MAPK pathway. Our study may contribute to elucidating the mechanisms underlying immune evasion during E. maxima infections, thereby providing new insights for the control of chicken coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yufeng Chen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Mingmin Lu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Fries-Craft K, Bobeck EA. Early Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation may obscure anti-interleukin-10 protective effects on broiler performance during coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis challenge. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103187. [PMID: 37980755 PMCID: PMC10665935 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-interleukin (IL)-10 may preserve broiler performance during coccidiosis by diminishing Eimeria spp. host-evasion but has not been evaluated during secondary Clostridium perfringens challenge (necrotic enteritis). Early Salmonella Typhimurium inoculation is implemented in some models to improve repeatability-a potential confounder due to Salmonella using similar IL-10 host evasion pathways. The objective was to evaluate performance and disease outcomes in broilers fed anti-IL-10 during necrotic enteritis challenge ± S. Typhimurium. Three 42 d replicate studies in wire-floor cages (32 cages/replicate) were conducted with Ross 308 chicks assigned to diets ± 0.03% anti-IL-10 for 25 d before moving to floor pens for the study remainder. In replicates 1 and 2, 640 chicks were placed at hatch (20/cage) and inoculated with sterile saline ± 1 × 108 colony forming units (CFU) S. Typhimurium. Replicate 3 placed 480 chicks (15/cage) at hatch. On d 14, S. Typhimurium-inoculated chicks (replicates 1 and 2) or those designated for challenge (replicate 3) were inoculated with 15,000 sporulated Eimeria maxima M6 oocysts. On d 18 and 19, half the E. maxima-challenged chicks were gavaged with 1 × 108 CFU C. perfringens. Body weight (BW) and feed intake were measured throughout, while 6 chicks/ treatment were scored for jejunal lesions at 7 and 3 d postinoculation (pi) with E. maxima and C. perfringens, respectively. Oocyst shedding was measured at 8 and 4 dpi with E. maxima and C. perfringens, respectively. Performance and oocyst shedding were analyzed with diet and challenge fixed effects (SAS 9.4), whereas lesion scores and mortalities were analyzed by ordinal logistic regression (R 4.2.2; P ≤ 0.05). In replicate 3, no wk 3 feed conversion ratio (FCR) differences were observed between chicks fed anti-IL-10 challenged with E. maxima ± C. perfringens, whereas control-fed chicks had a 50 point less efficient FCR during E. maxima + C. perfringens challenge vs. E. maxima only (P = 0.04). Outcomes suggest anti-IL-10 may preserve bird feed efficiency during necrotic enteritis challenge in models without S. Typhimurium.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fries-Craft
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - E A Bobeck
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Tomal F, Sausset A, Le Vern Y, Sedano L, Techer C, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Laurent F, Silvestre A, Bussière FI. Microbiota promotes recruitment and pro-inflammatory response of caecal macrophages during E. tenella infection. Gut Pathog 2023; 15:65. [PMID: 38098020 PMCID: PMC10720127 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-023-00591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eimeria genus belongs to the apicomplexan parasite phylum and is responsible for coccidiosis, an intestinal disease with a major economic impact on poultry production. Eimeria tenella is one of the most virulent species in chickens. In a previous study, we showed a negative impact of caecal microbiota on the physiopathology of this infection. However, the mechanism by which microbiota leads to the physiopathology remained undetermined. Macrophages play a key role in inflammatory processes and their interaction with the microbiota during E. tenella infection have never been investigated. We therefore examined the impact of microbiota on macrophages during E. tenella infection. Macrophages were monitored in caecal tissues by immunofluorescence staining with KUL01 antibody in non-infected and infected germ-free and conventional chickens. Caecal cells were isolated, stained, analyzed and sorted to examine their gene expression using high-throughput qPCR. RESULTS We demonstrated that microbiota was essential for caecal macrophage recruitment in E. tenella infection. Furthermore, microbiota promoted a pro-inflammatory transcriptomic profile of macrophages characterized by increased gene expression of NOS2, ACOD1, PTGS2, TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8L1, IL8L2 and CCL20 in infected chickens. Administration of caecal microbiota from conventional chickens to germ-free infected chickens partially restored macrophage recruitment and response. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that the microbiota enhances the physiopathology of this infection through macrophage recruitment and activation. Consequently, strategies involving modulation of the gut microbiota may lead to attenuation of the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response, thereby limiting the negative clinical outcome of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Tomal
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France
- MixScience, 35170, Bruz, France
| | - A Sausset
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Y Le Vern
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - L Sedano
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | | | | | - F Laurent
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - A Silvestre
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - F I Bussière
- INRAE, Université de Tours, UMR ISP, 37380, Nouzilly, France.
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Fries-Craft K, Schmitz-Esser S, Bobeck EA. Dietary peptide-specific antibodies against interleukin-4 differentially alter systemic immune cell responses during Eimeria challenge with minimal impacts on the cecal microbiota. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103134. [PMID: 37844527 PMCID: PMC10585638 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Eimeria spp. induce host interleukin (IL)-4 production, a potent immune regulator, during coccidiosis to evade immune responses. Dietary anti-IL-4 may preserve bird performance during challenge; however, specific mechanisms have not been investigated. Study objectives were to develop peptide-specific anti-IL-4 antibodies and evaluate immune cell profiles and the cecal microbiota during Eimeria challenge. Four candidate IL-4 peptides were selected based on antigenicity and location. Hens were injected with conjugated peptide or carrier-only control (3/injection), eggs were collected post-vaccination and yolks were pooled by peptide before freeze-drying. On d 0, 300 Ross 708 broilers were placed in floor pens (10/pen) and assigned to 5 diets consisting of basal diet + 2% egg yolk powder containing antibodies against 1 of 4 target peptides or carrier-only control for 14-d starter and grower periods (28 d total). Baseline blood and cecal contents were collected on d 14 (6 birds/diet) before half the remainder were inoculated with 10X Coccivac-B52 (Merck Animal Health, Kenilworth, NJ). Body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) were recorded weekly and blood and cecal samples were collected at 3, 7, and 14 d post-inoculation (pi; 3/treatment). Immune cell profiles in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were evaluated flow cytometrically and cecal microbial communities determined by 16S/18S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. Data were log-transformed when necessary and analyzed with diet, Eimeria, and timepoint fixed effects plus associated interactions (SAS 9.4; P ≤ 0.05). Anti-IL-4 did not alter baseline performance but generally increased PBMC Bu-1+ B cells 38.0 to 55.4% (P < 0.0001). Eimeria challenge reduced FI and BWG 16.1 and 30.3%, respectively, regardless of diet (P < 0.0001) with only birds fed peptide 4 antibodies not recovering feed conversion by d 28. Minimal diet-associated cecal microbiota changes were observed, indicating that anti-IL-4 effects were likely host-specific. Eimeria-challenged birds fed peptide 3 antibodies displayed minimal immune cell fluctuations compared to unchallenged counterparts, suggesting these antibodies potentially modulated intestinal immune responses to minimize systemic requirements, making them good candidates for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fries-Craft
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - S Schmitz-Esser
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - E A Bobeck
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Li C, Chen J, Wang J, Whelan R, Bütz DE, Ramuta MD, Wang W, Li J, Yang X, Liu Y, Yang X, Cook ME, Crenshaw TD, Ren Z. Effects of dietary sulfur amino acid levels on growth performance and intestinal immunity in broilers vaccinated and subsequently infected with coccidiosis. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102557. [PMID: 36863121 PMCID: PMC10011515 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccidia vaccination is a common practice in the poultry industry. However, research is lacking regarding the optimal nutritional support for coccidia vaccinated broilers. In this study, broilers were vaccinated with coccidia oocyst at hatch and were fed with a common starter diet from 1 to 10 d. On d 11, the broilers were randomly assigned to groups in a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement. Briefly, the broilers were fed one of four diets containing 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0% of standardized ileal digestible methionine plus cysteine (SID M+C), respectively, from 11 to 21 d. On d 14, the broilers from each diet group were orally gavaged with either PBS (Mock challenge) or Eimeria oocysts. Compared to PBS-gavaged broilers and regardless of dietary SID M+C levels, the Eimeria-gavaged broilers had 1) decreased gain-to-feed ratio (15-21 d, P = 0.002; 11-21 d, P = 0.011); 2) increased fecal oocysts (P < 0.001); 3) increased plasma anti-Eimeria IgY (P = 0.033); and 4) increased intestinal luminal interleukin-10 (IL-10; duodenum, P = 0.039; jejunum, P = 0.018) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ; duodenum, P < 0.001; jejunum, P = 0.017). Regardless of Eimeria gavage, broilers fed 0.6% SID M+C had decreased (P<0.001) body weight gain (15-21 and 11-21 d) and gain-to-feed ratio (11-14, 15-21, and 11-21 d) when compared to those fed ≥ 0.8% SID M+C. Eimeria challenge increased (P < 0.001) duodenum lesions when the broilers were fed with 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0% SID M+C, and increased (P = 0.014) mid-intestine lesions when the broilers were fed with 0.6 and 1.0% SID M+C. An interaction between the two experimental factors was detected on plasma anti-Eimeria IgY titers (P = 0.022), as coccidiosis challenge increased plasma anti-Eimeria IgY titers only when the broilers were fed with 0.9% SID M+C. In summary, the dietary SID M+C requirement for grower (11-21 d) broilers vaccinated with coccidiosis was ranged from 0.8 to 1.0% for optimal growth performance and intestinal immunity, regardless of coccidiosis challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changqing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiajie Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Rose Whelan
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang 63457, Germany
| | - Daniel E Bütz
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mitchell D Ramuta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Wentao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jiachen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mark E Cook
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Thomas D Crenshaw
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zhouzheng Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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10
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Eimeria tenella 14-kDa phosphohistidine phosphatase stimulates maturation of chicken dendritic cells and mediates DC-induced T cell priming in a Th1 cytokine interface. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Amer SA, Attia GA, Aljahmany AA, Mohamed AK, Ali AA, Gouda A, Alagmy GN, Megahed HM, Saber T, Farahat M. Effect of 1,3-Beta Glucans Dietary Addition on the Growth, Intestinal Histology, Blood Biochemical Parameters, Immune Response, and Immune Expression of CD3 and CD20 in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223197. [PMID: 36428424 PMCID: PMC9687024 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This experiment evaluated the impact of the dietary addition of 1,3-β-glucans (GLU) on broiler chickens’ growth, intestinal histology, blood biochemical parameters, and immunity. Two hundred three-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) (97.93 ± 0.19 g/chick) were randomly assigned into four treatments with five replicates, each containing ten birds, in a complete randomized design. The four treatments were formulated with 0, 50, 100, and 150 mg 1,3-β-glucans kg−1 in broiler chicken diets. During the study, no significant impacts (p > 0.05) were observed in weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between treatment groups. Based on the results of total body weight gain and FCR, the optimal level of 1,3-β-glucan is 120 mg Kg−1. The intestinal histomorphology was improved by GLU supplementation, as indicated by increased villi height and villi height to crypt depth ratio (p < 0.01). All levels of supplemental β-1,3 glucan decreased the serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride levels, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (p < 0.05). The serum levels of growth hormones (GH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) were increased in GLU-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). The serum immune indices (lysozyme activity, interleukin 10 (IL10), complement 3 (C3), and total protein levels) were increased in the GLU-supplemented groups (p < 0.05). Dietary GLU up-regulated the immunoexpression of CD3 (T-cell marker) and CD20 (B-cell marker) in the spleen of birds (p < 0.01). It can be concluded that 1,3-β-glucan can be added to broiler chicken diets for improving the development and integrity of the intestine and enhancing the bird’s immune status. The optimal level for 1,3-β-glucan dietary supplementation was 120 mg Kg−1. Dietary 1,3-β-glucan has a hypolipidemic effect and improves the hormonal profile of birds without affecting their growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa A. Amer
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
- Correspondence:
| | - Ghadeer A. Attia
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Abed Alsalam Aljahmany
- Department of Medical Basic Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aya K. Mohamed
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Amer Al Ali
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Bisha, 255, Al Nakhil, Bisha 67714, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Gouda
- Animal Production Department, Agricultural & Biological Research Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 11865, Egypt
| | - Gehan N. Alagmy
- Department of Pathology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Hend M. Megahed
- Department of Biochemistry, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agricultural Research Center ARC, Zagazig Branch, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Taisir Saber
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Farahat
- Department of Nutrition & Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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12
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Pu J, Xiao J, Bai X, Chen H, Zheng R, Gu X, Xie Y, He R, Xu J, Jing B, Peng X, Yang G. Prokaryotic Expression of Eimeria magna SAG10 and SAG11 Genes and the Preliminary Evaluation of the Effect of the Recombinant Protein on Immune Protection in Rabbits. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810942. [PMID: 36142854 PMCID: PMC9506328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria magna is a common coccidia in the intestines of rabbits, causing anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, and bloody stools. This study cloned and determined the expression levels of four Eimeria surface antigens (EmSAGs) at different developmental stages and showed that EmSAG10 and EmSAG11 are highly expressed at the merozoite stage. Rabbits were immunized with rEmSAG10 and rEmSAG11, and then challenged with E. magna after 2 weeks. Serum-specific antibodies and cytokine levels were detected using ELISA. Immune protection was evaluated based on the rate of the oocysts decrease, the output of oocysts (p < 0.05), the average weight gain, and the feed: meat ratio. Our results showed that rabbits immunized with rEmSAG10 and rEmSAG11 had a higher average weight gain (62.7%, 61.1%), feed; meat ratio (3.8:1, 4.5:1), and the oocysts decrease rate (70.8%, 81.2%) than those in the control group, and also significantly reduced intestinal lesions. The specific IgG level increased one week after the first rEmSAG10 and rEmSAG11 immunization and was maintained until two weeks after the challenge (p < 0.05). The TGF-β, IL-4, and IL-10 levels in the serum increased significantly after the secondary immunization with rEmSAG10 and rEmSAG11, while the IL-2 levels increased significantly after the secondary immunization with rEmSAG11 (both p < 0.05), suggesting that rEmSAG10 can induce a humoral and cellular immunity, while rEmSAG11 can only induce a humoral immunity. Therefore, rEmSAG10 is a candidate antigen for E. magna recombinant subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Pu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xin Bai
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ruoyu Zheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ran He
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bo Jing
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Ren Z, Yan J, Whelan R, Liao X, Bütz DE, Arendt MK, Cook ME, Yang X, Crenshaw TD. Dietary supplementation of sulfur amino acids improves intestinal immunity to Eimeria in broilers treated with anti-interleukin-10 antibody. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 10:382-389. [PMID: 35949200 PMCID: PMC9356037 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oral antibody to interleukin-10 (anti-IL-10) enhances the intestinal immune defense against Eimeria. The sulfur amino acids methionine and cysteine (M+C) play essential roles in inducing and maintaining protective immune responses during intestinal infections. Hence, increased dietary M+C may support the anti-IL-10-induced intestinal immunity to Eimeria. Broilers (n = 640) were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with 2 levels of each of the 3 main factors: dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) M+C levels (0.6% or 0.8%), dietary anti-IL-10 supplementation (with or without), and coccidiosis challenge (control or challenge). Briefly, the broilers were supplied with either 0.6% or 0.8% SID M+C, each with or without anti-IL-10 (300 μg/kg), from d 10 to 21. On d 14, broilers from each diet were gavaged with either PBS or Eimeria. The resulting Eimeria infection induced fecal oocyst shedding and intestinal lesions. Broilers fed 0.8% SID M+C (main effects, P ≤ 0.05) had decreased feed-to-gain ratio, increased duodenum and cecum luminal anti-Eimeria IgA titers, and decreased fecal oocyst counts, when compared to 0.6% SID M+C. The supplementation of anti-IL-10 (main effects, P ≤ 0.05) increased cecum luminal total IgA concentration and decreased cecum lesions. Interactions (P ≤ 0.05) were detected for growth performance and cecum luminal IFN-γ. Briefly, the highest body weight gain and feed intake were reached in PBS-gavaged broilers fed 0.8% SID M+C with no anti-IL-10 and in Eimeria-challenged broilers fed 0.8% SID M+C with anti-IL-10. In Eimeria-infected broilers, anti-IL-10 increased intestinal luminal IFN-γ and body weight gain only at 0.8% SID M+C. Collectively, anti-IL-10 increased intestinal luminal IFN-γ levels, decreased cecum lesions and restored growth only when fed with adequate amounts of sulfur amino acids. Our findings underscore the importance of providing sufficient essential nutrients to support the anti-IL-10 induced immunity against coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzheng Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jiakun Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rose Whelan
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - Xujie Liao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Daniel E. Bütz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Maria K. Arendt
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark E. Cook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Thomas D. Crenshaw
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Corresponding authors.
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14
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Eimeria maxima Rhomboid-like Protein 5 Provided Partial Protection against Homologous Challenge in Forms of Recombinant Protein and DNA Plasmid in Chickens. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:vaccines10010032. [PMID: 35062693 PMCID: PMC8781051 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria maxima (E. maxima) is one of the most prevalent species that causes chicken coccidiosis on chicken farms. During apicomplexan protozoa invasion, rhomboid-like proteins (ROMs) cleave microneme proteins (MICs), allowing the parasites to fully enter the host cells, which suggests that ROMs have the potential to be candidate antigens for the development of subunit or DNA vaccines against coccidiosis. In this study, a recombinant protein of E. maxima ROM5 (rEmROM5) was expressed and purified and was used as a subunit vaccine. The eukaryotic expression plasmid of pVAX-EmROM5 was constructed and was used as a DNA vaccine. Chickens who were two weeks old were vaccinated with the rEmROM5 and pVAX-EmROM5 vaccines twice, with a one-week interval separating the vaccination periods. The transcription and expression of pVAX-EmROM5 in the injected sites were detected through reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot (WB) assays. The cellular and humoral immune responses that were induced by EmROM5 were determined by detecting the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, the cytokine levels, and the serum antibody levels. Finally, vaccination-challenge trials were conducted to evaluate the protective efficacy of EmROM5 in forms of the recombinant protein (rEmROM5) and in the DNA plasmid (pVAX-EmROM5) separately. The results showed that rEmROM5 was about 53.64 kDa, which was well purified and recognized by the His-Tag Mouse Monoclonal antibody and the chicken serum against E. maxima separately. After vaccination, pVAX-EmROM5 was successfully transcribed and expressed in the injected sites of the chickens. Vaccination with rEmROM5 or pVAX-EmROM5 significantly promoted the proportion of CD4+/CD3+ and CD8+/CD3+ T lymphocytes, the mRNA levels of the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-17, TNF SF15, and IL-10, and specific IgG antibody levels compared to the control groups. The immunization also significantly reduced the weight loss, oocyst production, and intestinal lesions that are caused by E. maxima infection. The anticoccidial index (ACI)s of the vaccinated groups were beyond 160, showing moderate protection against E. maxima infection. In summary, EmROM5 was able to induce a robust immune response and effective protection against E. maxima in chickens in the form of both a recombinant protein and DNA plasmid. Hence, EmROM5 could be used as a candidate antigen for DNA vaccines and subunit vaccines against avian coccidiosis.
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15
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Emami NK, Dalloul RA. Centennial Review: Recent developments in host-pathogen interactions during necrotic enteritis in poultry. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101330. [PMID: 34280643 PMCID: PMC8318987 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a significant enteric disease in commercial poultry with considerable economic effect on profitability manifested by an estimated $6 billion in annual losses to the global industry. NE presents a unique challenge, being a complex enteric disease that often leads to either clinical (acute) or subclinical (chronic) form. The latter typically results in poor performance (reduced feed intake, weight gain and eventually higher feed conversion ratio [FCR]) with low mortality rates, and represents the greatest economic impact on poultry production. The use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) has been an effective tool in protecting birds from enteric diseases by maintaining enteric health and modifying gut microbiota, thus improving broilers’ production efficiency and overall health. The removal of AGPs presented the poultry industry with several challenges, including reduced bird health and immunity as well as questioning the safety of poultry products. Consequently, research on antibiotic alternatives that can support gut health was intensified. Probiotics, prebiotics, essential oils, and organic acids were among various additives that have been tested for their efficacy against NE with some being effective but not to the level of AGPs. The focus of this review is on the relationship between NE pathogenesis, microbiome, and host immune responses, along with references to recent reviews addressing production aspects of NE. With a comprehensive understanding of these dynamic changes, new and programmed strategies could be developed to make use of the current products more effectively or build a stepping stone toward the development of a new generation of supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima K Emami
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Rami A Dalloul
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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16
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Madlala T, Okpeku M, Adeleke MA. Understanding the interactions between Eimeria infection and gut microbiota, towards the control of chicken coccidiosis: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 28:48. [PMID: 34076575 PMCID: PMC8171251 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract in poultry harbours a diverse microbial community that serves a crucial role in digestion and protection. Disruption of the gut environment due to Eimeria spp. parasite infection causes an imbalance in intestinal homeostasis, driving the increment of pathogens such as Clostridium species. Coccidiosis infection affects the composition and integrity of gut microbiota, resulting in elevated susceptibility to diseases that pose a serious threat to the overall health and productivity of chickens. Anticoccidial drugs have proven effective in curbing coccidiosis but with concerning drawbacks like drug resistance and drug residues in meat. The exploration of natural alternative strategies such as probiotics and phytochemicals is significant in controlling coccidiosis through modification and restoration of gut microbiota, without inducing drug resistance. Understanding the interaction between Eimeria parasites and gut microbiota is crucial for the control and prevention of coccidiosis, and the development of novel alternative treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thabile Madlala
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, P/Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Moses Okpeku
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, P/Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Matthew Adekunle Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, P/Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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17
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Abdelhady AY, El-Safty SA, Hashim M, Ibrahim MA, Mohammed FF, Elbaz AM, Abdel-Moneim AME. Comparative evaluation of single or combined anticoccidials on performance, antioxidant status, immune response, and intestinal architecture of broiler chickens challenged with mixed Eimeria species. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101162. [PMID: 33975034 PMCID: PMC8122173 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry production faces several threats and challenges, one of the most important of which is avian coccidiosis which causes annual losses exceeding US$ 3 billion. Discovering new drugs or combinations of existing anticoccidials has become inevitable to overcome the emergence of coccidiosis resistance. This study evaluated a new combination of maduramicin and diclazuril in comparison to the well-known product Maxiban72 which consisted of narasin and nicarbazin, and the single effect of monensin as treatments for avian coccidiosis. A total of 750 1-day-old Indian River broiler chicks were allocated equally into 5 experimental groups with 6 replicates each as follows: 1) negative unchallenged control group (NC) fed the basal diet; 2) positive control group (PC) received the basal diet and inoculated with Eimeria; 3) PC + 100 mg monensin sodium (Atomonsin)/kg diet (MS); 4) PC + 5 mg maduramicin ammonium (Madramycin) + 2.5 mg diclazuril (Atozuril)/kg diet (MMD); and 5) PC + 40 mg narasin + 40 mg nicarbazin (MaxibanT72)/kg diet (NN). Anticoccidials improved (P < 0.01) growth performance, dressing (%) and carcass yield of inoculated birds compared to untreated-inoculated ones. Erythrogram and leukogram parameters were affected by Eimeria challenge. Total protein, globulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase levels in PC birds' serum were reduced (P < 0.05) while their values of liver enzymes, malondialdehyde and catalase were elevated (P < 0.01) when compared to NC ones. Serum immunoglobulin A, and jejunal gene expressions of interleukin-6 and interferon gamma were increased (P < 0.05) in PC group compared to NC group. Anticoccidial drugs restored values of the aforementioned biomarkers near to those of NC. Jejunal architecture in inoculated birds was improved by the anticoccidial treatments in MS, MMD, and NN. Fecal oocyst counts were significantly reduced in MMD, NN, and MS groups compared to PC group. Conclusively, although all examined anticoccidial drugs were effective in treating Eimeriosis, the anticoccidial combinations in MMD and NN groups were more effective than the single administration of MS in treating avian coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdelRahman Y Abdelhady
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Hadayek Shoubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt; Applied Feed Research House (AFRH), Orabi Community, Qalyobia, Egypt
| | - Salah A El-Safty
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Hadayek Shoubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt; Applied Feed Research House (AFRH), Orabi Community, Qalyobia, Egypt
| | - Mosaad Hashim
- Applied Feed Research House (AFRH), Orabi Community, Qalyobia, Egypt
| | - Marwa A Ibrahim
- Biochemistry Department and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Faten F Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | | | - Abdel-Moneim Eid Abdel-Moneim
- Biological Applications Department, Nuclear Research Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Abu-Zaabal 13759, Egypt.
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18
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Yu H, Zou W, Mi C, Wang Q, Dai G, Zhang T, Zhang G, Xie K, Wang J, Shi H. Research Note: Expression of T cell-related cytokines in chicken cecal and spleen tissues following Eimeria tenella infection in vivo. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101161. [PMID: 34058567 PMCID: PMC8170425 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell-mediated immune response plays an important role in coccidiosis. To reveal the host T cell immune response following Eimeria tenella (E. tenella) infection in chickens, we performed quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the dynamic expression of the Th1-related cytokines IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-12; the Th17-related cytokines IL-17A, IL-17F, and IL-22; and the Treg-related cytokines IL-10, TGF-β, and CTLA-4 in the cecum and spleen at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 d postinfection (dpi). In the cecal tissue, the expression of the Th1-related cytokine IFN-γ was significantly higher at 6 and 8 dpi than at other time points (11.97-fold and 39.78-fold, respectively, compared with 0 dpi, P < 0.05). IL-2 and IL-12 expression was significantly higher at 6 and 8 dpi than at 0, 2 and 10 dpi (P < 0.05). The expression of the Th17-related cytokines IL-17A and IL-17F at 2 and 4 dpi and IL-22 expression at 4 dpi were significantly higher than those at 0, 6, 8 and 10 dpi (P < 0.05). The expression of the Treg-related cytokines IL-10, TGF-β and CTLA-4 was significantly higher at 6 and 8 dpi than at 0, 2 and 4 dpi (P < 0.05). In the spleen, IFN-γ and IL-12 expression peaked at 4 dpi, while IL-2 expression peaked at 10 dpi. IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-22 expression was significantly higher at 2 and 4 dpi than at 0, 6, 8 and 10 dpi (P < 0.05). Treg-related cytokine TGF-β expression was almost unchanged and significantly decreased at only 4 dpi (P < 0.05), while CTLA-4 expression showed an overall decreasing trend from 0 to 8 dpi but increased significantly at 10 dpi (P < 0.05). The expression patterns of three T cell subset-related cytokines were different in the cecum and spleen. Furthermore, Th1 and Treg cells participate in the immune response mainly in the latter stage of coccidia infection (6 and 8 dpi), while Th17 cells play a role mainly in the early stages of infection (2 and 4 dpi). Our data will help to deepen the understanding of the complex T cell immune response after coccidia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Wenbin Zou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Changhao Mi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guojun Dai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Genxi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kaizhou Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huiqiang Shi
- Jiangsu Jinghai Poultry Group Co., Ltd., Haimen 226100, China
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19
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Bremner A, Kim S, Morris KM, Nolan MJ, Borowska D, Wu Z, Tomley F, Blake DP, Hawken R, Kaiser P, Vervelde L. Kinetics of the Cellular and Transcriptomic Response to Eimeria maxima in Relatively Resistant and Susceptible Chicken Lines. Front Immunol 2021; 12:653085. [PMID: 33841436 PMCID: PMC8027475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.653085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria maxima is a common cause of coccidiosis in chickens, a disease that has a huge economic impact on poultry production. Knowledge of immunity to E. maxima and the specific mechanisms that contribute to differing levels of resistance observed between chicken breeds and between congenic lines derived from a single breed of chickens is required. This study aimed to define differences in the kinetics of the immune response of two inbred lines of White Leghorn chickens that exhibit differential resistance (line C.B12) or susceptibility (line 15I) to infection by E. maxima. Line C.B12 and 15I chickens were infected with E. maxima and transcriptome analysis of jejunal tissue was performed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 days post-infection (dpi). RNA-Seq analysis revealed differences in the rapidity and magnitude of cytokine transcription responses post-infection between the two lines. In particular, IFN-γ and IL-10 transcript expression increased in the jejunum earlier in line C.B12 (at 4 dpi) compared to line 15I (at 6 dpi). Line C.B12 chickens exhibited increases of IFNG and IL10 mRNA in the jejunum at 4 dpi, whereas in line 15I transcription was delayed but increased to a greater extent. RT-qPCR and ELISAs confirmed the results of the transcriptomic study. Higher serum IL-10 correlated strongly with higher E. maxima replication in line 15I compared to line C.B12 chickens. Overall, the findings suggest early induction of the IFN-γ and IL-10 responses, as well as immune-related genes including IL21 at 4 dpi identified by RNA-Seq, may be key to resistance to E. maxima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abi Bremner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Sungwon Kim
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina M Morris
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew John Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Dominika Borowska
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Damer P Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Hawken
- Cobb-Vantress Inc., Siloam Springs, AR, United States
| | - Pete Kaiser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh, Roslin, United Kingdom
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20
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Omara II, Pender CM, White MB, Dalloul RA. The Modulating Effect of Dietary Beta-Glucan Supplementation on Expression of Immune Response Genes of Broilers during a Coccidiosis Challenge. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010159. [PMID: 33445562 PMCID: PMC7827683 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Avian coccidiosis is the leading parasitic disease in the poultry industry and means to control its damages continue to be explored. This study evaluated the feeding effects of a yeast-derived β-glucan on expression of immune response genes in the spleen, thymus, and bursa of commercial broiler chickens during an Eimeria challenge. The study consisted of two dietary treatments (0% or 0.1% β-glucan) each with or without a coccidiosis challenge. There were significant effects from dietary β-glucan, Eimeria challenge, and their interaction for several gene targets in the spleen, thymus, and bursa on days 10 and 14 of age. Based on the current results, supplementation of dietary β-glucan in Eimeria-challenged birds enhanced and modulated the expression of immune response genes during coccidiosis. Abstract This study investigated the effects of a yeast-derived β-glucan (Auxoferm YGT) supplementation on mRNA expression of immune response genes in the spleen, thymus, and bursa of broiler chickens during a mixed Eimeria infection. Day (d)-old chicks (n = 1440) were fed diets containing 0% or 0.1% YGT. On d 8 post-hatch, half the replicate pens (n = 8) were challenged with a mixed inoculum of E. acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella. On d 10 and d 14 post-hatch, the spleen, thymus, and bursa were collected to evaluate mRNA abundance by quantitative real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX model (2-way interaction) and differences were established by LS-MEANS with significance reported at p ≤ 0.05. In spleen tissues at d 10, expression of interleukin (IL)-10 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were elevated in both 0.1% YGT-fed challenged and non-challenged birds. In thymus tissues at d 14, expression of IL-10, IL-17F, interferon (IFN)-γ, iNOS, and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were elevated in challenged birds fed 0.1% YGT. In bursal tissues at d 10 and d 14, expression of IL-10, IFN-γ, iNOS (d 10 only), and MIF were elevated in 0.1% YGT-fed challenged and non-challenged birds. Dietary β-glucan supplementation to chicken diets modulated their immune response to the Eimeria challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam I. Omara
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (I.I.O.); (C.M.P.); (M.B.W.)
- Animal and Poultry Division, Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Chasity M. Pender
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (I.I.O.); (C.M.P.); (M.B.W.)
| | - Mallory B. White
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (I.I.O.); (C.M.P.); (M.B.W.)
| | - Rami A. Dalloul
- Avian Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (I.I.O.); (C.M.P.); (M.B.W.)
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Correspondence:
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21
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Haseeb M, Lakho SA, Huang J, Hasan MW, Ali-Ul-Husnain Naqvi M, Zhou Z, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. In vitro effects of 5 recombinant antigens of Eimeria maxima on maturation, differentiation, and immunogenic functions of dendritic cells derived from chicken spleen. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5331-5343. [PMID: 33142449 PMCID: PMC7647736 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Eimeria maxima possesses integral families of immunogenic constituents that promote differentiation of immune cells during host-parasite interactions. Dendritic cells (DCs) have an irreplaceable role in the modulation of the host immunity. However, the selection of superlative antigen with immune stimulatory efficacies on host DCs is lacking. In this study, 5 recombinant proteins of E. maxima (Em), including Em14-3-3, rhomboid family domain containing proteins (ROM) EmROM1 and EmROM2, microneme protein 2 (EmMIC2), and Em8 were identified to stimulate chicken splenic derived DCs in vitro. The cultured populations were incubated with recombinant proteins, and typical morphologies of stimulated DCs were obtained. DC-associated markers major histocompatibility complex class II, CD86, CD11c, and CD1.1, showed upregulatory expressions by flow cytometry assay. Immunofluorescence assay revealed that recombinant proteins could bind with the surface of chicken splenic derived DCs. Moreover, quantitative real-time PCR results showed that distinct gene expressions of Toll-like receptors and Wnt signaling pathway were upregulated after the coincubation of recombinant proteins with DCs. The ELISA results indicated that the DCs produced a significant higher level of interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon-γ secretions after incubation with recombinant proteins. While transforming growth factor-β was significantly increased with rEmROM1, rEmROM2, and rEmMIC2 as compared to control groups, and IL-10 did not show significant alteration. Taken together, these results concluded that among 5 potential recombinant antigens, rEm14-3-3 could promote immunogenic functions of chicken splenic derived DCs more efficiently, which might represent an effective molecule for inducing the host Th1-mediated immune response against Eimeria infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Haseeb
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Shakeel Ahmed Lakho
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jianmei Huang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Muhammad Waqqas Hasan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Muhammad Ali-Ul-Husnain Naqvi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Zhouyang Zhou
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
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22
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Guo L, Huang W, Tong F, Chen X, Cao S, Xu H, Luo W, Li Z, Nie Q. Whole Transcriptome Analysis of Chicken Bursa Reveals Candidate Gene That Enhances the Host's Immune Response to Coccidiosis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:573676. [PMID: 33192575 PMCID: PMC7662072 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.573676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a major hazard to the chicken industry, but the host’s immune response to coccidiosis remains unclear. Here, we performed Eimeria coccidia challenge in 28-day-old ROSS 308 broilers and selected the bursa from the three most severely affected individuals and three healthy individuals for RNA sequencing. We obtained 347 DEGs from RNA-seq and found that 7 upregulated DEGs were enriched in Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway. As the DEGs with the highest expression abundance in these 7 genes, TNFRSF6B was speculated to participate in the process of host’s immune response to coccidiosis. It is showed that TNFRSF6B can polarize macrophages to M1 subtype and promote inflammatory cytokines expression. In addition, the expression of TNFRSF6B suppressed HD11 cells apoptosis by downregulating Fas signal pathway. Besides, TNFRSF6B-mediated macrophages immunity activation can be reversed by apoptosis. Overall, our study indicates that TNFRSF6B upregulated in BAE, is capable of aggravating the inflammatory response by inhibiting macrophages apoptosis via downregulating Fas signal pathway, which may participate in host’s immune response to coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijin Guo
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiling Huang
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Tong
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolan Chen
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sen Cao
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiping Xu
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhui Li
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qinghua Nie
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Chicken Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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24
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Lessard PA, Parker M, Bougri O, Shen B, Samoylov V, Broomhead J, Li X, Raab RM. Improved performance of Eimeria-infected chickens fed corn expressing a single-domain antibody against interleukin-10. NATURE FOOD 2020; 1:119-126. [PMID: 37127989 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-020-0029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a significant challenge for human and animal health, and developing effective antibiotic-free treatments is a strategy to help mitigate microbial resistance. The global poultry industry faces growing challenges from Eimeria-induced coccidiosis, a serious enteric disease of chickens that currently requires treatment using ionophore antibiotics. Eimeria stimulates interleukin-10 (IL-10) expression in the small intestine and caecum of infected chickens, suppressing their immune response and facilitating disease progression. Single-domain antibodies raised from llamas immunized with chicken IL-10 (cIL-10) were developed that bind cIL-10 in vitro, block cIL-10 receptor binding and induce interferon gamma (IFN-γ) secretion from cIL-10-repressed primary chicken splenocytes. Single-domain antibodies expressed in transgenic corn demonstrated significant accumulation in phenotypically normal plants. When fed to Eimeria-challenged chickens, the transgenic corn significantly improved body weight gain (equal to that of salinomycin-treated animals), normalized the feed conversion ratio (to the same level as uninfected control animals), lowered E. tenella lesion scores to those of salinomycin-treated control animals, and reduced oocyst counts below those of infected untreated control animals. Here, we propose that transgenic corn may have a role in reducing the use of antibiotics in poultry production and maintaining animal health and productivity, and may contribute to efforts against global antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Binzhang Shen
- Agrivida, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA
- Unum Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Jon Broomhead
- Agrivida, Inc., Woburn, MA, USA
- Perstop US, St Louis, MO, USA
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25
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Ren Z, Bütz DE, Whelan R, Naranjo V, Arendt MK, Ramuta MD, Yang X, Crenshaw TD, Cook ME. Effects of dietary methionine plus cysteine levels on growth performance and intestinal antibody production in broilers during Eimeria challenge. Poult Sci 2019; 99:374-384. [PMID: 32416822 PMCID: PMC7587792 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has shown that methionine+ cysteine (M+C) requirements may be higher when chickens are infected with Eimeria app. In a 4 × 2 factorial design, broilers (11 to 21 D) were fed one of 4 corn–soybean meal-based diets containing either 0.6, 0.8, 0.9, or 1.0% standardized ileal digestible (SID) M+C; on day 14, broilers from each diet were gavaged with either phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) or a commercial coccidiosis vaccine (at 100 × vaccine dose) which provide a mixture of live Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria tenella oocysts. Growth performance was recorded from day 11 to 21. Plasma and intestinal luminal samples were collected on days 14 and 21. Intestine lesion scores and fecal oocyst counts were conducted on day 21. Regardless of dietary SID M+C levels, compared to PBS gavaged broilers, the Eimeria-challenged broilers had (1) decreased (P < 0.05) body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F); (2) increased (P < 0.05) intestinal lesion scores and fecal oocyst counts; (3) increased (P < 0.05) plasma anti-Eimeria IgG, and intestinal luminal total IgA and anti-Eimeria IgA concentrations; and (4) increased (P < 0.05) levels of duodenum luminal gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), as well as jejunum and cecum luminal IFN-γ concentrations. Regardless of Eimeria challenge, when compared to 0.6% SID M+C, broilers fed ≥0.8% SID M+C had (1) increased (P < 0.05) BWG, FI, and G:F and (2) increased (P < 0.05) levels of jejunum luminal total IgA. After Eimeria challenge, broilers fed 0.8% SID M+C had increased (P < 0.05) levels of jejunum luminal anti-Eimeria IgA compared to broilers fed diets containing 0.6 and 1.0% SID M+C. Collectively, in 11- to 21-D broilers, the growth suppression caused by Eimeria infection could not be mitigated by further increasing dietary M+C alone ≥0.8%. Further research should investigate interactions between dietary M+C and other nutrients for support of immune function and growth in pathogen-challenged broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzheng Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Daniel E Bütz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Rose Whelan
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, 4 Rodenbacher Chaussee, Hanau-Wolfgang 63457, Germany
| | - Victor Naranjo
- Evonik Nutrition & Care GmbH, 4 Rodenbacher Chaussee, Hanau-Wolfgang 63457, Germany
| | - Maria K Arendt
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mitchell D Ramuta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Thomas D Crenshaw
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark E Cook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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26
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Arendt MK, Knoll LJ, Cook ME. Oral antibody to interleukin-10 receptor 2, but not interleukin-10 receptor 1, as an effective Eimeria species immunotherapy in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:3471-3480. [PMID: 30880340 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a major gastrointestinal disease caused by several Eimeria species in floor raised chickens. Feeding an antibody to interleukin 10 (aIL-10) ameliorates the negative symptoms of coccidiosis in broilers, i.e., lack of weight gain, decreased feed conversion, and mortality. IL-10 signals by forming a ligand-receptor complex with IL-10 Receptor 1 (IL-10 R1) and IL-10 Receptor 2 (IL-10 R2). In this study, we hypothesize oral antibodies to the IL-10 receptors will neutralize the IL-10 signaling pathway equal to or better than aIL-10 to act as an oral anti-coccidiosis immunotherapy. A total of 5 sequential feed trials, set up as a 4 (diet antibody) × 2 (Eimeria challenge) factorial design, tested oral egg yolk antibodies to a total of 6 IL-10 R1 epitopes and 3 IL-10 R2 epitopes compared to a control antibody diet. A total of 10 pens of 5 chicks/pen/diet antibody/Eimeria challenge were housed for 21 d. On day 3 of age, chicks were either infected or not infected with a 10× dose of an Eimeria vaccine containing Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria tenella, and Eimeria maxima. Pen feed consumption and mean body weights were assessed weekly (d1, d7, d14, and d21); fecal oocyst shedding was assessed on day 10. Data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA. No significant interaction on chick weight was observed in chicks fed IL-10 R1 antibodies compared to chicks fed the control antibody was observed. In studies evaluating aIL-10 R2 oral antibodies, infected chicks fed aIL-10 R2: epitope 1 overcame the negative effects of Eimeria infection and had similar 21-d body weight to uninfected chicks (P4 = 0.07). We hypothesized that feeding oral antibodies to the IL-10 receptors would result in equivalent anti-coccidial benefits to aIL-10. However, none of the 6 antibodies to IL-10 R1 epitopes yielded any benefits during Eimeria infection compared to controls. A total of 2 oral antibodies to IL-10 R2 showed promising results equivalent to the aIL-10 immunotherapeutic. Immunofluorescence staining shows that the IL-10R2 significantly increases in abundance in response to Eimeria infection, whereas IL-10R1 does not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Arendt
- Comparative Biomedical Sciences Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Laura J Knoll
- Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mark E Cook
- Animal Science Department, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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27
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Kim WH, Chaudhari AA, Lillehoj HS. Involvement of T Cell Immunity in Avian Coccidiosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2732. [PMID: 31824509 PMCID: PMC6886378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria, which is an intracellular apicomplexan parasite that invades through the intestinal tract to cause devastating disease. Upon invasion through the intestinal epithelial cells, a strong inflammatory response is induced that results in complete villous destruction, diarrhea, hemorrhage, and in severe cases, death. Since the life cycle of Eimeria parasites is complex and comprises several intra- and extracellular developmental stages, the host immune responses are diverse and complex. Interferon-γ-mediated T helper (Th)1 response was originally considered to be the predominant immune response in avian coccidiosis. However, recent studies on other avian T cell lineages such as Th17 and T regulatory cells have implicated their significant involvement in maintaining gut homeostasis in normal and disease states including coccidiosis. Therefore, there is a need to understand better their role in coccidiosis. This review focuses on research findings concerning the host immune response induced by avian coccidiosis in the context of T cell immunity, including expression of T-cell-related cytokines and surface molecules that determine the phenotype of T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo H Kim
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Atul A Chaudhari
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
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28
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Ren Z, Bütz DE, Ramuta M, Zhang K, Zeng Q, Yang X, Yang X, Crenshaw TD, Cook ME. Effect of anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 antibodies on phosphorus metabolism in laying hens and their progeny chicks. Poult Sci 2019; 98:5691-5699. [PMID: 31237331 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) signaling pathway is of interest in controlling body phosphate metabolism. This study investigated the effect of anti-fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1, major FGF-23 receptor in the kidney) antibodies on phosphate metabolism. White Leghorn laying hens (65-wk-old) were vaccinated with either a FGFR1 peptide vaccine (five 8-amino-acid peptides were selected, CrZ-1:LPEDPRWE, CrZ-2:LDKDKPNR, CrZ-3:RRPPGMEY, CrZ-4:GSPYPGVP, and CrZ-5:RMDKPSNC) or adjuvant control. At peak antibody titer, hens were artificially inseminated. Chicks from control-vaccinated hens were fed either a non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) sufficient (nPP = 0.45%, positive control) or deficient (nPP = 0.20%, negative control) diet, while chicks from each of the FGFR1 peptide vaccinated hens were fed with the above nPP-deficient diet, for 14 D. When compared to control hens, plasma phosphate in CrZ-1, CrZ-2, CrZ-3, CrZ-4, and CrZ-5 vaccinated hens were decreased by 33, 30, 24, 20, and 26%, respectively (P < 0.05); egg weight in CrZ-2 and CrZ-5 vaccinated hens were increased by 6 and 7%, respectively (P < 0.05); egg production in CrZ-3, CrZ-4, and CrZ-5 vaccinated hens tended to decrease (P = 0.085; decreased by 14, 15, and 13%, respectively). When compared to positive control, chicks from all other groups had decreased body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) during 1 to 14 D, and had decreased plasma phosphate, tibiotarsus ash, and 24-h phosphorus excretion on day 14. When compared to negative control, BWG of CrZ-1, CrZ-2, CrZ-3, and CrZ-4 antibody chicks were decreased by 23, 28, 26, and 20%, respectively (P < 0.05); FI of CrZ-1, CrZ-2, and CrZ-3 antibody chicks were decreased by 15, 15, and 18%, respectively (P < 0.05); plasma phosphate of CrZ-5 antibody chicks were decreased by 26% (P < 0.05); plasma FGF-23 levels of CrZ-4 antibody chicks were increased by 18% (P < 0.05); tibiotarsus ash content of CrZ-2, CrZ-3, and CrZ-4 antibody chicks were decreased by 20, 20, and 21%, respectively (P < 0.05). In conclusion, anti-FGFR1 peptide antibodies decreased egg production of hens and growth performance of their progeny chicks probably by activating FGF-23 signaling and stimulating FGF-23 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzheng Ren
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 XiNong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Daniel E Bütz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mitchell Ramuta
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Keying Zhang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Qiufeng Zeng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, 211 Huimin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 XiNong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaojun Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, 22 XiNong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Thomas D Crenshaw
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mark E Cook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706
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Arendt M, Elissa J, Schmidt N, Michael E, Potter N, Cook M, Knoll LJ. Investigating the role of interleukin 10 on Eimeria intestinal pathogenesis in broiler chickens. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 218:109934. [PMID: 31520870 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Eimeria species are intestinal protozoan parasites that cause lack of production, malabsorption and mortality in floor raised chickens. Administering an oral antibody to interleukin 10 (aIL-10) reduces the symptoms of coccidiosis in broilers, indicating interleukin 10 (IL-10) is key to Eimeria pathology. IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine and acts as a stand down signal to reduce inflammation and host pathology during disease. Related protozoan parasites exploit IL-10 to reduce pathogen-damaging host inflammatory responses. We hypothesize that IL-10 is increased during Eimeria infection through an unknown host-pathogen interaction, and by feeding aIL-10 to neutralize excess IL-10 the bird is allowed to mount an effective immune response to Eimeria. To determine the effects of aIL-10 during the intestinal immune response, intestinal pathology and the relationship between IL-10, interferon gamma (IFNγ) and Eimeria infection were evaluated in this study. In both experiments, broilers were administered either a 10x dose of Advent® Eimeria vaccine or saline. Duodenum, jejunum and cecum samples were collected, processed, stained and examined under a microscope. Evaluation of intestinal histomorphology during aIL-10 administration showed minimal differences in birds fed aIL-10 during infection compared to animals fed a control antibody during Eimeria infection. To further evaluate aIL-10's positive effect during infection, immunofluorescent histochemistry was performed on chicken intestines days 3-7 post Eimeria infection for IL-10 and IFNγ presence in intestinal mucosa in control and infected birds, in regions with and without visible Eimeria burden. IL-10 and IFNγ had significant changes between days 4.5-7 post-infection in birds fed aIL-10 compared to animals fed a control antibody. Overall we found that the duodenum had increased IL-10 presence and increased IFNγ presence, and the jejunum and cecum had decreased IL-10 presence and decreased IFNγ presence. These differences in spatial regulation of IL-10 and IFNγ may indicate Eimeria species induce slightly different cytokine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Arendt
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Comparative Biomedical Sciences Department, United States.
| | - Jonathan Elissa
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, United States
| | - Natalie Schmidt
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Animal Science Department, United States
| | - Emily Michael
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Animal Science Department, United States
| | - Nicole Potter
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Animal Science Department, United States
| | - Mark Cook
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Animal Science Department, United States
| | - Laura J Knoll
- University of Wisconsin - Madison, Medical Microbiology & Immunology Department, United States
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Khatlab ADS, Del Vesco AP, de Oliveira Neto AR, Fernandes RPM, Gasparino E. Dietary supplementation with free methionine or methionine dipeptide mitigates intestinal oxidative stress induced by Eimeria spp. challenge in broiler chickens. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2019; 10:58. [PMID: 31297194 PMCID: PMC6598363 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-019-0353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study evaluated the effects of Eimeria spp. challenge and dietary supplementation with free methionine or methionine dipeptide on animal performance; expression of genes associated with the immune system, antioxidant system, and amino acid transport in the jejunum; and redox status of the jejunum of broiler chickens. Methods A randomized, 2 × 3 factorial design was used, in which Eimeria spp. challenge was the first factor (Eimeria-challenged, EC, or unchallenged, UC, broilers) and methionine supplementation was the second factor (non-supplemented, NS; free dl-methionine, dl-Met; and methionine dipeptide, dl-methionyl-dl-methionine, dl-MMet). At 14 days of age, chickens were inoculated orally with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria acervulina, Eimeria praecox, Eimeria maxima, and Eimeria mitis. Birds were killed by cervical dislocation 144 h post-inoculation (PI), and the jejunum was collected for biochemical and molecular analyses. Results EC broilers had a 13% lower feed intake (FI), 37% lower body weight gain (BWG), and 39% higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) than UC broilers. Chickens fed the dl-Met diet had higher BWG (about 12% higher) and better FCR (about 12% lower) than chickens fed the NS diet. EC chickens had lower relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius (51.8%) and higher relative weights of the spleen and whole intestine (53.6% and 26.3%, respectively) than UC chickens. Eimeria spp. challenge led to an increase in the levels of oxidative substances, such as nitrite and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), in the jejunum of chickens 144 h PI. Among UC chickens, those fed the dl-Met diet had higher total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lower catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. EC chickens that received the NS diet had higher carbonylated protein content (CP). This result was associated with their lower TAC and catalase activity. The lower TAC in EC chickens might have been due to reduced expression of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) genes. Chickens fed the dl-Met and dl-MMet diets had lower nitrite content. Eimeria spp. challenge suppressed neutral amino acid transporter 1 (B0AT1), peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1), toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), interleukin 2 (IL2), and occludin (OCLN) gene expression and enhanced cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT-1) and interferon gamma (IFNG) gene expression. The highest PEPT1 expression level was observed in broilers fed the dl-MMet diet, and the lowest TLR5 expression level was found in broilers fed the NS diet. Conclusion Our results show for the first time that supplementation with methionine as free amino acid or dipeptide helps protect the intestinal cells of broilers under Eimeria spp. challenge from the oxidative damage induced by free radicals, mainly through modulation of the antioxidant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica de Souza Khatlab
- 1Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Del Vesco
- 2Animal Science Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, S/N, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000 Brazil
| | | | - Roberta Pereira Miranda Fernandes
- 4Physiology Departament, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, S/N, Jardim Rosa Elze, São Cristóvão, Sergipe 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Eliane Gasparino
- 1Animal Science Department, State University of Maringá, Colombo Avenue, 5790, Jardim Universitário, Maringá, Paraná 87020-900 Brazil
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Host⁻Microbe Interactions and Gut Health in Poultry-Focus on Innate Responses. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7050139. [PMID: 31100860 PMCID: PMC6560434 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7050139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial poultry are continually exposed to, frequently pathogenic, microorganisms, usually via mucosal surfaces such as the intestinal mucosa. Thus, understanding host–microbe interactions is vital. Many of these microorganisms may have no or limited contact with the host, while most of those interacting more meaningfully with the host will be dealt with by the innate immune response. Fundamentally, poultry have evolved to have immune responses that are generally appropriate and adequate for their acquired microbiomes, although this is challenged by commercial production practices. Innate immune cells and their functions, encompassing inflammatory responses, create the context for neutralising the stimulus and initiating resolution. Dysregulated inflammatory responses can be detrimental but, being a highly conserved biological process, inflammation is critical for host defence. Heterogeneity and functional plasticity of innate immune cells is underappreciated and offers the potential for (gut) health interventions, perhaps including exogenous opportunities to influence immune cell metabolism and thus function. New approaches could focus on identifying and enhancing decisive but less harmful immune processes, improving the efficiency of innate immune cells (e.g., targeted, efficient microbial killing) and promoting phenotypes that drive resolution of inflammation. Breeding strategies and suitable exogenous interventions offer potential solutions to enhance poultry gut health, performance and welfare.
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Broom LJ, Kogut MH. Deciphering desirable immune responses from disease models with resistant and susceptible chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1634-1642. [PMID: 30534980 PMCID: PMC6414032 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) are among the most significant diseases affecting the poultry industry. These diseases have become more prominent in the wake of policies to reduce the use of antibiotics in animal production. This has led to more research focused on better understanding the immune system and its responses to pathogen challenge, and thus developing informed strategies to exploit immune responses that can support enhanced disease resistance and growth performance. Some chicken breeds and lines show greater resistance or susceptibility to various diseases, and thus these birds maybe able to shed light on immune processes or pathways that contribute to the more resistant/susceptible state. This review attempts to identify potentially important genes that show some consistency in (relative) up or downregulation in key tissues between the resistant and susceptible chickens. For coccidiosis and NE, relative downregulation of IL-10 and (slightly less consistently) upregulation of IFN-γ appear to be features of more resistant birds. Data for IFN-α, IL-12, and IL-17D are currently less consistent. Gene expression data from NE studies have identified some potentially interesting, perhaps less well understood, immune-related genes (e.g., TCF12, BCL2, IRF2, TRAF3, TAB3, etc.,) that maybe associated with the resistant and/or susceptible phenotype. Salmonella and Campylobacter are important foodborne pathogens harbored by the chicken intestinal tract, while infectious bursal disease and infectious bronchitis are also important viral diseases of poultry. We, therefore, consider whether there are consistent features from resistant/susceptible disease models with these pathogens that relate to findings from the coccidiosis and NE studies. It is not anticipated that ideal immune responses to these pathogens will be identical but rather that consistent elements maybe identified that could help inform breeding or alternative strategies to support general disease resistance and enhanced (and efficient) flock productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon J Broom
- Gut Health Consultancy, Exeter, Devon EX14 1QY, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael H Kogut
- Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS, College Station, TX 77845, USA
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Kim WH, Lillehoj HS, Min W. Indole Treatment Alleviates Intestinal Tissue Damage Induced by Chicken Coccidiosis Through Activation of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor. Front Immunol 2019; 10:560. [PMID: 30972060 PMCID: PMC6443889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoles, as the ligands of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), have been shown to possess immune-modulating property in terms of the balancing between regulatory T cells (Treg) and T helper 17 cells (Th17) activities. In the present study, we examined the effects of dietary indoles, 3,3′-diindolylmethane (DIM) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C), on CD4+T cell population and functions in chickens. Furthermore, the effects of dietary DIM treatment on chicken coccidiosis caused by an apicomplexan parasite were investigated. Dietary treatment of healthy chickens with DIM and I3C induced increased CD4+CD25+ (Treg) cells and the mRNA expression of IL-10, while decreasing number of CD4+IL-17A+ (Th17) cells and Th17-related cytokines transcripts expression in the intestine. In addition, we explored the role of AhR in indole-treated splenic lymphocytes by using AhR antagonist and our results suggested that DIM is a ligand for chicken AhR. In chicken coccidiosis, treatment of DIM increased the ratio of Treg/Th17 cells and significantly reduced intestinal lesion although no significant changes in body weight and fecal oocyst production were noted compared to non-treated control group. These results indicate that DIM is likely to affect the ratios of Treg/Th17 reducing the level of local inflammatory response induced by Eimeria or facilitate repairing process of inflamed gut following Eimeria infection. The results described herein are thus consistent with the concept that AhR ligand modulates the T cell immunity through the alteration of Treg/Th17 cells with Treg dominance. To our knowledge, present study is the first scientific report showing the effects of dietary indole on T cell immunity in poultry species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo H Kim
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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Boulton K, Nolan MJ, Wu Z, Psifidi A, Riggio V, Harman K, Bishop SC, Kaiser P, Abrahamsen MS, Hawken R, Watson KA, Tomley FM, Blake DP, Hume DA. Phenotypic and genetic variation in the response of chickens to Eimeria tenella induced coccidiosis. Genet Sel Evol 2018; 50:63. [PMID: 30463512 PMCID: PMC6249784 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-018-0433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coccidiosis is a major contributor to losses in poultry production. With emerging constraints on the use of in-feed prophylactic anticoccidial drugs and the relatively high costs of effective vaccines, there are commercial incentives to breed chickens with greater resistance to this important production disease. To identify phenotypic biomarkers that are associated with the production impacts of coccidiosis, and to assess their covariance and heritability, 942 Cobb500 commercial broilers were subjected to a defined challenge with Eimeria tenella (Houghton). Three traits were measured: weight gain (WG) during the period of infection, caecal lesion score (CLS) post mortem, and the level of a serum biomarker of intestinal inflammation, i.e. circulating interleukin 10 (IL-10), measured at the height of the infection. RESULTS Phenotypic analysis of the challenged chicken cohort revealed a significant positive correlation between CLS and IL-10, with significant negative correlations of both these traits with WG. Eigenanalysis of phenotypic covariances between measured traits revealed three distinct eigenvectors. Trait weightings of the first eigenvector, (EV1, eigenvalue = 59%), were biologically interpreted as representing a response of birds that were susceptible to infection, with low WG, high CLS and high IL-10. Similarly, the second eigenvector represented infection resilience/resistance (EV2, 22%; high WG, low CLS and high IL-10), and the third eigenvector tolerance (EV3, 19%; high WG, high CLS and low IL-10), respectively. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified two SNPs that were associated with WG at the suggestive level. CONCLUSIONS Eigenanalysis separated the phenotypic impact of a defined challenge with E. tenella on WG, caecal inflammation/pathology, and production of IL-10 into three major eigenvectors, indicating that the susceptibility-resistance axis is not a single continuous quantitative trait. The SNPs identified by the GWAS for body weight were located in close proximity to two genes that are involved in innate immunity (FAM96B and RRAD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Boulton
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Matthew J. Nolan
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Zhiguang Wu
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Androniki Psifidi
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Valentina Riggio
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Kimberley Harman
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Stephen C. Bishop
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | | | - Rachel Hawken
- Cobb-Vantress Inc., PO Box 1030, Siloam Springs, AR USA
| | - Kellie A. Watson
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Fiona M. Tomley
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - Damer P. Blake
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - David A. Hume
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, St. Lucia, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
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35
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Lee Y, Kim WH, Lee SJ, Lillehoj HS. Detection of chicken interleukin-10 production in intestinal epithelial cells and necrotic enteritis induced by Clostridium perfringens using capture ELISA. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 204:52-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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36
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Ren ZZ, Piepenburg AJ, Bütz DE, Claus JR, Cook ME. Vaccine to fibroblast growth factor 23 peptides increases eggshell strength. Poult Sci 2018; 97:882-889. [PMID: 29272435 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies that would increase eggshell quality could be of considerable value to egg producers. This research demonstrated the effective use of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) peptide vaccines to increase eggshell quality of Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens (from 69 to 72 wk of age). Hens, fed a standard diet (containing 900 IU/kg vitamin D3), were intramuscularly injected (and boosted) with either a control vaccine (n = 14 hens) or one of 2 FGF-23 peptide vaccines (peptides NP1, GMNPPPYS; and NP7, YTSTERNSFH; n = 15 hens for each peptide). During peak antibody titer, eggs were collected for shell and internal quality analysis, hens were artificially inseminated, and the hatchability of fertilized eggs was determined. Laying hens vaccinated with either FGF-23 peptide NP1 or NP7 had increased (P < 0.05) plasma phosphate level (mmol/L; NP1 = 1.74, NP7 = 1.76, control = 1.47), egg specific gravity (NP1 = 1.083, NP7 = 1.083, control = 1.079), and eggshell strength (g of force; NP1 = 4002, NP7 = 4157, control = 3102) when compared to control vaccinated hens. FGF-23 peptide NP1 vaccinated hens also had increased eggshell thickness (mm, P < 0.001), shell weight (g, P = 0.032), and shell index (% of whole egg, P = 0.023) when compared to control vaccinated hens. FGF-23 peptide NP7 vaccinated hens tended to have decreased eggshell weight (P = 0.064) when compared to control vaccinated hens. Hatchability of fertilized eggs was not affected in incubations 1 and 3, but tended to be decreased (P = 0.097) by FGF-23 peptide NP1 vaccination in incubation 2. In conclusion, vaccines to FGF-23 peptides increased eggshell quality of laying hens with minimal adverse effects on egg internal quality. The effect of FGF-23 peptide vaccination on hatchability remains to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Z Ren
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, 211 Huimin Road, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - A J Piepenburg
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - D E Bütz
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - J R Claus
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
| | - M E Cook
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706
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37
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Ren ZZ, Bütz DE, Wahhab AN, Piepenburg AJ, Cook ME. Additive effects of fibroblast growth factor 23 neutralization and dietary phytase on chick calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Poult Sci 2018; 96:1167-1173. [PMID: 27665015 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytase hydrolyzes phytate rendering phosphorus available for intestinal absorption, while systemic neutralization of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), using anti-FGF-23 antibody, has been shown to increase phosphate retention. Hence, neutralization of FGF-23 should be additive with phytase in reducing dietary non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) needs in chickens fed plant-based diets rich in phytic acid. This study was designed to test the additive effects of maternally derived anti-FGF-23 antibody and dietary phytase on the performance of chicks fed a low nPP diet from one to 14 d. Single Comb White Leghorn laying hens were vaccinated with either an adjuvant control or a synthetic FGF-23 peptide (GMNPPPYS). Chicks from vaccinated hens with control or anti-FGF-23 maternal antibodies were fed either a diet containing 0.2% nPP and 0.9% calcium with or without 500 unit phytase per kg of diet (2 × 2 factorial with main effects of antibody type and phytase addition, n = 15 pens of chicks/treatment). A significant interaction between dietary phytase and maternally derived anti-FGF-23 antibody on growth and feed efficiency was observed (P ≤ 0.05), in which chicks receiving either phytase or maternally derived anti-FGF-23 antibody had improved body weight gain (21 or 15%, respectively) and feed efficiency (16 or 18%, respectively) as compared to chicks with control antibody and not fed phytase. Both phytase and maternally derived anti-FGF-23 antibody independently increased (P ≤ 0.05) plasma phosphate (11 and 11%, respectively) and percent tibiotarsus ash (13 and 11%, respectively). Significant main effects and the lack of an interaction supported an additive effect of phytase and anti-FGF-23 antibody on plasma phosphate and percent tibiotarsus ash. Feeding phytase to chicks fed 0.2% nPP increased plasma FGF-23 levels by 22% (P ≤ 0.05); however, no effects of anti-FGF-23 antibody on plasma FGF-23 levels were observed. In conclusion, dietary phytase and presence of anti-FGF-23 antibody have an additive effect on plasma phosphate and tibiotarsus ash in chicks fed low nPP diets. Data support that phytase and anti-FGF-23 antibody increase phosphate utilization by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Z Ren
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, 211 Huimin Road, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - D E Bütz
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - A N Wahhab
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - A J Piepenburg
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
| | - M E Cook
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison 53706
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38
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Ren Z, Bütz DE, Sand JM, Cook ME. Maternally derived anti-fibroblast growth factor 23 antibody as new tool to reduce phosphorus requirement of chicks. Poult Sci 2017; 96:878-885. [PMID: 27647928 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel means to reduce phosphate input into poultry feeds and increase its retention would preserve world phosphate reserves and reduce environmental impact of poultry production. Here we show that a maternally derived antibody to a fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) peptide (GMNPPPYS) alleviated phosphorus deficiency in chicks fed low non-phytate phosphorus (nPP) diets. White Leghorn laying hens were vaccinated with either an adjuvant control or the synthetic FGF-23 peptide, and chicks with control or anti-FGF-23 maternal antibodies were fed a diet containing either 0.13 or 0.45% nPP (experiment 1), and 0.20 or 0.45% nPP (experiment 2) for 14 d. In both experiments, decreasing nPP from 0.45 to 0.13 or 0.20% decreased BW gain, G:F, excreta phosphorus, plasma phosphate, and plasma FGF-23 at all time periods examined (nPP main effect, P < 0.05). In experiment 1, chicks with maternal anti-FGF-23 antibody had increased tibiotarsi ash (d 14), and decreased excreta phosphate (d 7, 14) and plasma intact parathyroid hormone (d 7) when compared to chicks with control antibody (antibody main effect, P < 0.05). Mortality (d 7 to 14, 1 to 14), posture scores (d 7, 14) and bone lesion scores (d 14) decreased and plasma phosphate (d 14) increased in anti-FGF-23 chicks fed 0.13% nPP, compared to those with control antibody on the same diet (P < 0.05). In experiment 2, chicks with maternal anti-FGF-23 antibody had increased tibiotarsi ash (d 14), and plasma phosphate (d 14) and 1,25(OH)2D3 (d 14) levels, compared to chicks with control antibody (antibody main effect, P < 0.05). BW gain and G:F were increased in chicks with anti-FGF-23 antibody fed 0.20% nPP, compared to control antibody chicks on the same diet, at all time periods examined (P < 0.05). In conclusion, maternally-derived anti-FGF-23 antibody increased phosphorus retention in chicks fed diets containing either 0.13 or 0.20% nPP and thereby, reduced signs of phosphorus deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzheng Ren
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.,Institute of Animal Nutrition, 211 Huimin Road, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Daniel E Bütz
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jordan M Sand
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Mark E Cook
- Department of Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Ren Z, Ebrahimi M, Bütz DE, Sand JM, Zhang K, Cook ME. Antibody to fibroblast growth factor 23-peptide reduces excreta phosphorus of laying hens. Poult Sci 2017; 96:127-134. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
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