Thymol improves the growth performance of blue foxes by regulating the gut microbiota

Introduction

The drawbacks of using antibiotics as feed additives for blue foxes have gradually become apparent; moreover, thymol has wide-spectrum antimicrobial activity and has the potential to replace antibiotics in various animals. However, there are few reports on the effects of thymol on blue foxes.

Methods

This study aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of thymol on the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical indicators, intestinal morphology, and gut microbiota of blue foxes. Twenty-four male blue foxes (120 ± 5 d) of similar weight (6.05 ± 0.16 kg) were randomly divided into 4 groups. 0, 100, 200, and 300 mg/kg thymol were added to the basal diets of groups C, L, M, and H, respectively.

Results

Compared with those in the C group, the addition of 100 mg/kg thymol to the diet significantly increased organic matter (OM) digestibility, crude protein (CP) digestibility, immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgM, the VH of the duodenum, the CD of the jejunum, the VH of the ileum, and the VH/CD of the ileum (P < 0.05) and strongly significantly increased IgG (P < 0.01). The addition of 200 mg/kg thymol to the diet increased the VH/CD of the duodenum (P < 0.05). The addition of 300 mg/kg thymol to the diet significantly increased the VH and CD of the jejunum (P < 0.05). The addition of 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg thymol to the diets increased the final weight (FW) (P < 0.05). Adding 100 mg/kg thymol significantly increased the levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and catalase (CAT) compared with those in the other groups (P < 0.05). 16S rRNA gene detection revealed that thymol can change the abundances of Bifidobacterium, Fusobacterium, Allobaculum, Streptococcus, Megasphaera, and Lactobacillus in the gut.

Conclusion

The addition of thymol to diets can increase the abundance of Bifidobacterium, Fusobacterium, and Allobaculum, which may contribute to improving the growth performance of blue foxes.

The impact of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on fatty acid composition and lipid stability in eggs stored at room temperature

*1. In many countries, eggs are not refrigerated and must be stored at room temperature. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of dietary oregano oil (275 mg/ kg; ORE) versus an unsupplemented control diet (CON) on laying hens on the shelf life and fatty acid profile of eggs.2. Treatments were randomly distributed into 10 pens containing 27 birds each. A total of 200 eggs were collected from both groups on the same day and were stored for either 0, 10, 21 and 35 d. At each storage time, egg yolks were analysed for fatty acid profile and lipid peroxidation.3. The main indicator of lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde (MDA), was significantly lower in ORE eggs compared to CON eggs (p = 0.001). Storage time had a significant impact on MDA concentrations (p = 0.023), with the highest found after 35 d. Significant differences were found for individual fatty acids, saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid were significantly lower in ORE eggs compared to CON eggs (p < 0.05). Palmitoleic acid (p = 0.002), linolenic acid (p = 0.001) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, p = 0.001) were significantly higher in ORE eggs.4. Storage only affected oleic, linolenic, linoleic, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (p < 0.05). Total SFA, MUFA, n-6 and ratio of n-3 to n-6 (n-3:n-6) PUFA were significantly higher in CON eggs (p < 0.05). The ratio of SFA to PUFA (SFA:PUFA, p = 0.005) and total n-3 PUFA (p = 0.001) were significantly higher in ORE eggs.5. The n-3:n-6 ratio was significantly impacted by treatment (p = 0.021) and storage (p = 0.031) with no significant interaction. This ratio is important for human health indication and could lead to the development of designer eggs.

Evaluation of in-feed supplementation of formic acid and thymol as non-antibiotic growth promoters and assessing their effect on antimicrobial resistant E.coli isolated in Turkey

With the rampant usage of antibiotics as growth promoters (AGPs) in poultry sector, there has been alarming concerns of antimicrobial resistant microbes such as Escherichia coli. Diversification of poultry farming due to consumer demand for safer products with higher protein content, turkey production is gaining popularity. Feed additives such as formic acid (FA) and thymol (TH) are effectively replacing AGPs due to their antimicrobial action. This directed the researchers to find alternatives to antibiotics such as thymol and formic acid because of their strong antimicrobial, anti-oxidative, digestive-stimulating properties. To assess the efficacy of FA and TH as growth promoters and their effect on the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) load, the current study (0-12 weeks) was conducted in CARI VIRAT turkey poults (n = 256; unsexed) those were randomly distributed into eight treatment groups: control(T1), AGP (T2), graded levels of FA (T3 to T5) @ 2.5, 5 and 7.5 ml/kg and TH (T6 to T8) @ 120, 240 and 350 mg/kg. Cloacal swab samples were collected at 0, 4th, 8th and 12th week interval and processed further for isolation, identification and assessment of resistance profile of E. coli. The final body weight, cumulative gain and FCR were significantly (p < 0.05) better for birds under supplementation. The Total plate count (TPC) and coliforms showcased a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in the FA and TH supplement groups as compared to control and AGP group. The resistance profile indicated E. coli isolates from AGP group with significantly (p < 0.001) highest resistivity against antibiotics (viz. chloramphenicol, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, chlortetracycline) while isolates from FA (T5) and TH (T8) groups were the least resistant. blaAmpC gene was significantly (p < 0.001) harbored in T2 isolates whereas least detected in T5 and T8. It was inferred that formic acid (7.5 ml/kg) and thymol (360 mg/kg) can effectively replace AGPs and lower AMR burden in poultry.

Phytogenic feed additives as natural antibiotic alternatives in animal health and production: A review of the literature of the last decade

The use of antibiotics in animal production raises great public safety concerns; therefore, there is an urgent need for the development of substitutes for antibiotics. In recent decades, plant-derived feed additives have been widely investigated as antibiotic alternatives for use in animal health and production because they exert multiple biological functions and are less likely to induce resistance development. This review summarizes the research history and classification of phytogenic feed additives and their main functions, potential modes of action, influencing factors, and potential negative effects. Further, we highlight the challenges in developing sustainable, safe, and affordable plant-derived antibiotic alternatives for use in livestock production.

Protective effects of carvacrol on lipid profiles, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction - A comprehensive review

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a class of illnesses that affect the heart or blood vessels, leading to the most common causes of death worldwide. In 2017, CVD caused approximately 17.8 million deaths that were increased approximately to 20.5 million deaths in 2021, globally. Also, nearly 80% of worldwide CVD deaths occur in some countries. Some herbs and their constituents due to their several pharmacological activities have been used for medicinal purposes. Carvacrol is a phenolic mono-terpenoid found in the oils of aromatic herbs with several biological properties. The possible therapeutic effects of carvacrol on lipid profiles, oxidative stress, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction were summarized in the current study. The data from this review article were obtained by searching the terms including; "Carvacrol", "Hypertension", Hypotensive, "Cardiac dysfunction", "Ischemia", "Lipid profile", and Oxidative stress in several web databases such as Web of Sciences, PubMed Central, and Google Scholar, until November 2023. The results of the reviewed studies revealed that carvacrol inhibits acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity and alters lipid profiles, reducing heart rate as well as systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP). Carvacrol also decreased the proinflammatory cytokine (IL-1β), while increasing secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10). Moreover, carvacrol improved oxidative stress and mitigated the number of apoptotic cells. The pharmacological effects of carvacrol on CVD might be through its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects. The mentioned therapeutic effects of carvacrol on lipid profile, hypertension, and cardiac dysfunction indicate the possible remedy effect of carvacrol for the treatment of CVD.

Oxidative stability in meat (pectoralis major) of broiler orally supplemented with essential oils of allium sativum, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, and Cinnamomum zeylanicum

Lipid oxidation is a normal process in living muscles, but is escalated postmortem due to the loss of inherent antioxidant defense, which causes quality deterioration of meat. This study investigates the effects of essential oil (EO) supplementation to the drinking water of broiler chicken on physical properties, antioxidants, and lipid oxidation in Pectoralis major during frozen storage. Two hundred day-old chicks of arbo acre were allocated to five groups; control (T1) and the groups supplemented with: Allium sativum (T2), Curcuma longa (T3), Zingiber officinale (T4) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum (T5) at the level of 300ml/L into drinking water throughout a 49-d study. Thereafter, birds were slaughtered and breast meat excised for assessments during a 28-d storage period at 4 °C using standard procedure. The results show that cooking loss of Pectoralis major from T1 birds was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from that of T4, and were significantly higher than those of T2, T3, and T5 birds. Meat from T5 birds showed the lowest drip loss. The results for total antioxidant activity are not similar among sampling days. In general, control group showed inferior values, but T2 and T4 had greater values on days 0 and 28. The rate of lipid peroxidation increased with time; however, EOs administration markedly reduced the peroxidation rates compared to controls. The catalase activity of breast meat was significantly declined from day 14, but was enhanced as an effect of EO consumption especially in group T5 at 21 and 28 d. Supplementation of garlic, turmeric, and cinnamon EOs to broiler chickens increased glutathione peroxidase in breast meat on days 21 and 28, while turmeric EO enhanced superoxide dismutase up to 7 d. In conclusion, EOs are valuable supplements for broiler chickens and potent in enhancing meat quality and prolonging the shelf life.

Evaluation of phytochemicals from Thymus serpyllum as potential drug candidates to manage oxidative stress in transition dairy cows

Dairy cows undergo immense stress and experience autoimmune reactions during the transition period, majorly due to the generation of ROS in the body. So, pharmacological approaches are needed to manage oxidative stress in the transition cows. Recently, the use of phytochemicals as feed additives in cows' nutrition has gained interest in managing various disease conditions. In the current study, we have evaluated the potential effects of phytochemicals derived from methanolic extract of Thymus serpyllum against oxidative stress and autoimmunity via inhibition of bovine nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). The free radical scavenging activity of Thymus serpyllum seed and leaf extracts was 71.8 and 75.6%, respectively at 100 µg/mL concentration. Similarly, both extracts displayed radicals reducing power and inhibition of lipid-peroxidation maximally at 100 µg/mL. A total of 52 bioactive compounds were identified when the plant extract was characterized by the GC-MS analysis, and five (Thymol, Luteolin 7-o-glucuronide, Rosmarinic acid, Apigenin 6,8-di-c-glucoside, Kaempferol) had binding free energy values of -11.6433, -10.002, -8.2615, -7.1714, -6.4870, respectively, in complexes with bovine NF-κB. Through computational analysis, the screened compounds showed good pharmacokinetic parameters, including non-toxicity, non-carcinogenic, high gastrointestinal absorption and thus can serve as potential drug candidates. MD simulation studies predicted the stability of complexes and the complex of Kaempferol was most stable based on RSMD value and MM/GBSA binding energy. The biochemical assays and computational studies indicated that Thymus serpyllum could be used as a promising feed additive in dairy cows to manage oxidative stress during the transition period.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Enhancing effect of oregano essential oil and Bacillus subtilis on broiler immune function, intestinal morphology and growth performance

The present study evaluated the effect of two categories of feed additives on chicken performance through immunological and intestinal histo-morphometric measurements. A total of 150 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb) were randomly assigned to three groups. Group I received a non-supplemented basal diet. While groups II and III were treated with a basal diet supplemented with oregano essential oil (OEO) and Bacillus subtilis, respectively, in water for 28 days. Blood samples were taken at 6, 18 and 28 days for hematological analysis, phagocytosis, lymphocyte proliferation and measuring antibody responses. Additionally, growth performance indices were recorded weekly. The results showed that groups supplemented with OEO and B. subtilis improved growth performance expressed by a significant increase in weight gain (P < 0.05), with a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in feed conversion ratio (FCR). Hematological findings indicated a significant increase in blood parameters as well as a significant increase in phagocytic % & phagocytic index at all time points with a greater probiotic effect. On the other hand, OEO produced a significant increase in lymphocyte proliferation at 18 & 28 days. Humoral immunity revealed a significant increase in serum antibody titer phytobiotic & probiotic-fed groups at time points of 18 & 28 days with a superior phytobiotic effect. The histological examination showed a significant increase in villi length, villi width, crypt depth & V/C ratio. In conclusion, these results indicated positive effects of B. subtilis & OEO on both growth and immunity and could be considered effective alternatives to the antibiotic.

Carvacrol in ovo delivery optimization and flow dynamics in broiler chicken eggs

In ovo delivery of carvacrol, the primary active compound in oregano essential oil (OEO) has the potential to enhance gut development in broilers. This study aimed to optimize in ovo application of OEO by investigating day and site of injection and delivery of carvacrol to different embryonic tissues. In Experiment 1, 2 d of injection (embryonic day (E) 12 or 17.5) and 3 sites of injection for OEO (air cell, amniotic fluid, or yolk) were evaluated based on hatchability and posthatching performance. Experiment 2 aimed to examine the impact of combining OEO with the nonionic surfactant polysorbate 80 (p80) at ratios to carvacrol of 0:0, 0:1, 0.5:1, and 1:1 on carvacrol concentration in amniotic fluid, blood, and yolk. The concentration of carvacrol was measured at 3, 6, and 9 h after OEO injection either without (0:1) or with (1:1) p80. Injection of OEO on E12 led to a significant lower hatchability compared to E17.5 (P ≤ 0.01; Δ = 9.2%). Injecting OEO into the air cell, amniotic fluid, or yolk at E17.5 did not significantly affect hatchability and posthatching performance. The highest concentrations of carvacrol found in egg tissues were observed when injected together with surfactant at the 1:1 ratio (P ≤ 0.001; 14.45 µM, 16.64 µM, and 124.82 µM, for air cell, amniotic fluid, and yolk, respectively) compared to the 0:0, 0:1 or 0.5:1 ratios. Carvacrol was highest in the amniotic fluid and blood at the first time point (3 h postinjection) and decreased afterward (P ≤ 0.001), whereas the concentration in yolk remained elevated up to 9 h postinjection. In conclusion, the optimization of the in ovo delivery of carvacrol resulted in that early injection (E12) had negative effects on hatchability and should be avoided. The findings also suggest that using a nonionic surfactant was crucial for an effective delivery of carvacrol in ovo and the migration from amniotic fluid to yolk within 3 h. In addition, carvacrol's persistence in yolk may serve as a route for delivery into the gastrointestinal tract via the yolk stalk during the peri-hatching phase, potentially influencing gut development.

Essential oils improve nursery pigs' performance and appetite via modulation of intestinal health and microbiota

Optimal intestinal health and functionality are essential for animal health and performance, and simultaneously intestinal nutrient transporters and intestinal peptides are also involved in appetite and feed intake control mechanisms. Given the potential of essential oil (EO) in improving animal performance and improving feed palatability, we hypothesized that dietary supplementation of cinnamaldehyde and carvacrol could improve performance and appetite of nursery pigs by modulating intestinal health and microbiota. Cinnamaldehyde (100 mg/kg), carvacrol (100 mg/kg), and their mixtures (including 50 mg/kg cinnamaldehyde and 50 mg/kg carvacrol) were supplemented into the diets of 240 nursery pigs for 42 d, and data related to performance were measured. Thereafter, the influence of EO on intestinal health, appetite and gut microbiota and their correlations were explored. EO supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the body weight, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of piglets, and reduced (P < 0.05) diarrhea rates in nursery pigs. Furthermore, EO increased (P < 0.05) the intestinal absorption area and the abundance of tight junction proteins, and decreased (P < 0.05) intestinal permeability and local inflammation. In terms of intestinal development and the mucus barrier, EO promoted intestinal development and increased (P < 0.05) the number of goblet cells. Additionally, we found that piglets in the EO-supplemented group had upregulated (P < 0.05) levels of transporters and digestive enzymes in the intestine, which were significantly associated with daily gain and feed utilization. In addition, EO supplementation somewhat improved appetite in nursery pigs, increased the diversity of the gut microbiome and the abundance of beneficial bacteria, and there was a correlation between altered bacterial structure and appetite-related hormones. These findings indicate that EO is effective in promoting growth performance and nutrient absorption as well as in regulating appetite by improving intestinal health and bacterial structure.

Effects of Lamiaceae family plants and their bioactive ingredients on coronavirus-induced lung inflammation

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a family of viruses that cause infection in respiratory and intestinal systems. Different types of CoVs, those responsible for the SARS-CoV and the new global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 in people, have been found. Some plants were used as food additives: spices and dietary and/or medicinal purposes in folk medicine. We aimed to provide evidence about possible effects of two Lamiaceae family plants on control or treatment of CoVs-induced inflammation. The keywords including coronaviruses, Thymus vulgaris, Zataria multiflora, thymol, carvacrol, antivirus, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects were searched in various databases such as PubMed, Web of Sciences (ISI), and Google Scholar until September 2022. The medicinal herbs and their main ingredients, thymol and carvacrol, showed antiviral properties and reduced inflammatory mediators, including IL-1β; IL-6, and TNF-α, at both gene and protein levels but increased the levels of IFN-γ in the serum as anti-inflammatory cytokine. These medicinal herbs and their constituents also reduce oxidative stress and enhance antioxidant capacity. The results of molecular docking analyses also indicated that polyphenol components such as thymol, carvone, and carvacrol could inhibit the entry of the viruses into the host cells in molecular docking analyses. The antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects of these plants may be due to actions of their phenolic compounds that modulate immune response and may be useful in the control and treatment of CoV-induced lung disorder.

Effect of herbal extracts in animal nutrition as feed additives

This paper is reviewed with the objective to understand the effect of herbal extracts on animal performance as feed additives. The number of both external and internal factors which affects the production and productivity of animals obviously includes nutrition as a major factor. Feed additives are products used in animal nutrition to increase the quality of feed and animal-derived foods, as well as the performance and the health of animals. Plant extracts as feed additives are described as herbal-derived components added to ration to improve livestock performance and product quality. Many herbal extracts contain chemical components that have antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticoccidial and anthelmintic properties to improve ruminal microbial activity, diet palatability and stimulate digestion. Bioactive chemicals found in nature, such as flavonoids and glucosinolates isoprene derivatives, are primarily responsible for the qualities of plant extracts. Plant extracts are commonly added to feed to increase palatability, productivity and to inhibit lipid oxidation. When added to meals, herbal extracts aid to decrease rancidity, delay the generation of hazardous oxidation products, and retain nutritional quality. It is concluded that; herbal extracts are important to improve growth performance and product quality.

The effect of Froriepia subpinnata on the performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, immune system, microbial population, intestinal morphology, and breast meat fatty acid content of broiler chickens

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of F. subpinnata powder (FSP) on the performance, carcass characteristics, blood parameters, immune system, microbial population, intestinal morphology, and percentage of fatty acids in the breast meat of broiler chickens. A total of 300 day-old male chickens from the ROSS 308 strain were used in the form of a completely random design with four treatments of five replicates (15 birds each). The experimental treatments were, respectively, (1) control with base diet (without additives), (2) base diet + 1% FSP, (3) base diet + 2% FSP, and (4) base diet + 3% FSP. The results showed that the feed intake and weight gain increased in the treatments containing 2% and 3% FSP when compared to the control (P < 0.05). Cholesterol and ALT levels in the treatment containing 3% FSP were lower that the control (P < 0.05), while the concentration of glutathione peroxidase enzyme in the treatment containing 3% FSP significantly increased (P < 0.05). Thymus weight and antibodies produced against AIV in all three levels of FSP increased significantly compared to the control (P < 0.05). The population of lactobacilli and coliforms in the treatments containing FSP increased and decreased significantly compared to the control (P < 0.05). The length and width of the intestinal villi of the chickens that were fed with 3% of FSP had a significant increase compared to the control (P < 0.05). The percentage of saturated fatty acids in the breast decreased significantly with the consumption of all three levels of FSP (P < 0.001). In general, the results showed that the use of 3% FSP in the broiler diet increased the efficiency of growth performance and enzyme activity, while strengthening the immune system, favorably altering the intestinal microbial population, and reducing the fat in breast meat.

Effects of essential oils on egg production and feed efficiency as influenced by laying hen breed: A meta-analysis

Background and Aim

Successful rearing of laying hens to achieve optimal egg production is an endeavor that often faces various constraints and challenges, such as infectious diseases, environmental stressors, and fluctuations in feed quality. The incorporation of essential oils (EOs) into the diet of laying hens has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Therefore, our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of EO inclusion in laying hen diets by considering the effects of production phase and breed on performance, egg quality, serum biochemistry, gut health, and antioxidant activity.

Materials and Methods

The articles were obtained from the Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed using the search terms "essential oils," "laying hens," and "phytobiotics." Data from 27 articles and 71 experiments were grouped according to laying hen production phase and breed in the database. The EO levels ranged from 0 to 1000 mg/kg, with thymol and carvacrol being the major EOs. A mixed model was used to analyze the data. Random effects were applied to the treatment, and fixed effects were applied to EO level, production phase, and breed.

Results

Egg production, feed intake, feed efficiency, eggshell quality, villus height, crypt depth, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase levels increased linearly (p = 0.05) and egg weight and mass increased quadratically (p < 0.05) with increasing EO concentrations. An interaction was observed between the EO level egg production and feed conversion ratio (p = 0.05). Serum glucose, cholesterol, and malondialdehyde levels decreased with increasing EO concentrations (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The inclusion of EOs effectively increased egg production, feed efficiency, egg weight, egg mass, eggshell quality, oxidative enzymes, and intestinal health. In addition, the proportion of dietary EOs in lightweight laying hens was higher than that in semi-heavy-weight laying hens in improving egg production and feeding efficiency.

Effects of Hydroxytyrosol Supplementation on Performance, Fat and Blood Parameters of Broiler Chickens

The study aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of hydroxytyrosol (HT) on performance, fat, and blood parameters of broilers. In total, 960 male chicks were distributed into four treatments groups with 12 replicates with 20 birds per pen, with varying HT levels (0, 5, 10, and 50 mg/kg of feed) added to the basal diet from 1 to 42 days old. Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were evaluated. Enzymes related to liver injury were evaluated in blood. Fatty acid profile and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration were determined in the breast meat. Dietary supplementation of HT did not improve broilers' performance (p > 0.05). Birds fed 50 mg HT/kg had lower AST, ALT, and GGT concentrations (p ≤ 0.05), whereas broilers fed 5, 10, and 50 mg HT/kg, had lower TBIL concentrations (p ≤ 0.05). Breast meat of broilers fed 50 mg HT/kg had lower lipid content, saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acids, MDA concentrations (p ≤ 0.05), and polyunsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.0001). In summary, supplementation of 5, 10, and 50 mg HT/kg does not improve the performance of broilers, but the dose of 50 mg HT/kg helps the liver against inflammation and improves fat parameters.

Increased Activity of β-Lactam Antibiotics in Combination with Carvacrol against MRSA Bacteremia and Catheter-Associated Biofilm Infections

β-Lactam antibiotics are the mainstay for the treatment of staphylococcal infections, but their utility is greatly limited by the emergence and rapid dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Herein, we evaluated the ability of the plant-derived monoterpene carvacrol to act as an antibiotic adjuvant, revitalizing the anti-MRSA activity of β-lactam antibiotics. Increased susceptibility of MRSA to β-lactam antibiotics and significant synergistic activities were observed with carvacrol-based combinations. Carvacrol significantly inhibited MRSA biofilms and reduced the production of exopolysaccharide, polysaccharide intercellular adhesin, and extracellular DNA and showed synergistic biofilm inhibition in combination with β-lactams. Transcriptome analysis revealed profound downregulation in the expression of genes involved in two-component systems and S. aureus infection. Mechanistic studies indicate that carvacrol inhibits the expression of staphylococcal accessory regulator sarA and interferes with SarA-mecA promoter binding that decreases mecA-mediated β-lactam resistance. Consistently, the in vivo experiment also supported that carvacrol restored MRSA sensitivity to β-lactam antibiotic treatments in both murine models of bacteremia and biofilm-associated infection. Our results indicated that carvacrol has a potential role as a combinatorial partner with β-lactam antibiotics to address MRSA infections.

Oregano essential oil modulates colonic homeostasis and intestinal barrier function in fattening bulls

Oregano essential oil (OEO) primarily contains phenolic compounds and can serve as a dietary supplement for fattening bulls. However, the precise molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains largely elusive. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of adding OEO to diet on the integrity of the intestinal barrier, composition of the colonic microbiome, and production of microbial metabolites in fattening bulls. Our goal was to provide insights into the utilization of plant essential oil products in promoting gastrointestinal health and welfare in animals. We employed amplicon sequencing and metabolome sequencing techniques to investigate how dietary supplementation with OEO impacted the intestinal barrier function in bulls. The inclusion of OEO in the diet resulted in several notable effects on the colon of fattening bulls. These effects included an increase in the muscle thickness of the colon, goblet cell number, short-chain fatty acid concentrations, digestive enzyme activity, relative mRNA expression of intestinal barrier-related genes, and relative expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. Additionally, α-amylase activity and the relative mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines decreased. Moreover, dietary OEO supplementation increased the abundance of intestinal Bacteroides, Coprobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_UCG_001, and Faecalitalea. Metabolomic analysis indicated that OEO primarily increased the levels of 5-aminovaleric acid, 3-methoxysalicylic acid, and creatinine. In contrast, the levels of maltose, lactulose, lactose, and D-trehalose decreased. Correlation analysis showed that altered colonic microbes and metabolites affected intestinal barrier function. Taken together, these results demonstrate that OEO facilitates internal intestinal environmental homeostasis by promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria while inhibiting harmful ones.

The effect of thyme herb in diets for fattening pigs on their growth performance and health

To enrich pork with valuable n-3 PUFA, it is common practice to include flaxseeds in the swine diet. However, due to the high susceptibility of these acids to oxidation, this treatment requires an additional supply of antioxidants. Thyme herb can be used for this purpose, which in addition to high antioxidant activity is characterized by numerous health-promoting properties. The present study aimed at evaluating the impact of the inclusion of 1% and 3% of thyme herb in mixtures with 4% of extruded flaxseeds as a source of n-3 PUFA on the performance results and health status of fatteners. The experiment was carried out on 120 weaners with an initial body weight of about 30 kg and kept until the end of fattening. They were divided into three experimental groups of 40 animals each (5 pens with 8 pigs in each). The control group (C) consisted of pigs receiving a base mixture with 4% of extruded flaxseeds. In the experimental groups, an additional 1% (T1) or 3% (T3) of thyme herb was added to the mixture. By supplementing the diet with 3% of thyme, an increase in average daily weight gain (P = 0.001) and a better feed conversion ratio (P < 0.001) were obtained. This could be the result of an improvement in the small intestine histology (greater villus height-P < 0.001) and better digestibility of basic nutrients (especially crude protein-P < 0.05) found in experimental animals. In addition to these effects, thyme herb supplementation contributed to the stimulation of immune mechanisms (increase in the number of WBC-P ≤ 0.05; plasma IgA - P < 0.05 and IgG-P < 0.005, and the level of lysozyme-P < 0.05). The obtained results indicate the advisability of the use of thyme as a feed additive beneficially influencing the health and performance results in pigs. The obtained results indicate the advisability of the use of thyme as a feed additive beneficially influencing the health and performance results in pigs.

Dietary oregano aqueous extract improves growth performance and intestinal health of broilers through modulating gut microbial compositions

BACKGROUND

Intestinal health plays a pivotal role in broiler chicken growth. Oregano aqueous extract (OAE) effectively exerts anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects. However, the protective effects of OAE on intestinal health in broilers and the underlying mechanism remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the potential effects of OAE on growth performance, the gut microbiota and intestinal health. A total of 840 1-d-old male and female broilers (Arbor Acres) were randomly allocated into 6 groups as follows: basal diet (Con), Con + antibiotics (Anti, colistin sulfate 7 g/kg, roxarsone 35 g/kg), Con + 400, 500, 600 and 700 mg/kg OAE (OAE400, OAE500, OAE600 and OAE700). Subsequently, fermentation in vitro together with oral administration trials were carried out to further assess the function of OAE on intestinal health of broilers.

RESULTS

Dietary 700 mg/kg OAE supplementation resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in body weight and a decrease (P < 0.05) in feed conversion ratio when compared with the control during d 22 to 42 of the trial. OAE addition resulted in lower (P < 0.05) jejunal crypt depth and mRNA expression of IL-4 and IL-10 at d 42. In addition, dietary OAE addition increased the abundance of Firmicutes (P = 0.087) and Lactobacillus (P < 0.05) in the cecum, and increased (P < 0.05) the content of acetic acid and butyric acid. In the in vitro fermentation test, OAE significantly increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of Lactobacillus, decreased (P < 0.05) the abundance of unspecified_Enterobacteriaceae, and increased the content of acetic acid (P < 0.05). In the oral administration trial, higher (P < 0.05) IL-4 expression was found in broilers when oral inoculation with oregano fermentation microorganisms at d 42. And SIgA content in the ileum was significantly increased (P = 0.073) when giving OAE fermentation supernatant.

CONCLUSIONS

Dietary OAE addition could maintain intestinal health and improve growth performance through enhancing intestinal mucosal immunity and barrier function mediated by gut microbiota changes.

G. Ranea J, Queipo-Ortuño MI, Plaza-Andrades I, Rodríguez-Capitán J, Pavón-Morón FJ, Jiménez-Navarro MF. Multi-Omics Approach Reveals Prebiotic and Potential Antioxidant Effects of Essential Oils from the Mediterranean Diet on Cardiometabolic Disorder Using Humanized Gnotobiotic Mice

Essential oils sourced from herbs commonly used in the Mediterranean diet have demonstrated advantageous attributes as nutraceuticals and prebiotics within a model of severe cardiometabolic disorder. The primary objective of this study was to assess the influences exerted by essential oils derived from thyme (Thymus vulgaris) and oregano (Origanum vulgare) via a comprehensive multi-omics approach within a gnotobiotic murine model featuring colonic microbiota acquired from patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease (CAD) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our findings demonstrated prebiotic and potential antioxidant effects elicited by these essential oils. We observed a substantial increase in the relative abundance of the Lactobacillus genus in the gut microbiota, accompanied by higher levels of short-chain fatty acids and a reduction in trimethylamine N-oxide levels and protein oxidation in the plasma. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis of the cardiac tissue proteome unveiled an over-representation of pathways related to mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and cardiac contraction. These findings provide compelling evidence of the prebiotic and antioxidant actions of thyme- and oregano-derived essential oils, which extend to cardiac function. These results encourage further investigation into the promising utility of essential oils derived from herbs commonly used in the Mediterranean diet as potential nutraceutical interventions for mitigating chronic diseases linked to CAD and T2DM.

The anticancer effects of thymol on HepG2 cell line

There is an increasing incidence of liver cancer, which is a hazard for global health. The present study was designed to evaluate possible cytotoxic, genotoxic, apoptotic, oxidant and antioxidant effects of thymol on hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. The cytotoxic effect of thymol on HepG2 cell line was determined by XTT test. We also used the HUVEC cell line to show whether thymol damages healthy cells. Oxidative stress level was determined with Total Oxidant Status (TOS) and Total Antioxidant Status (TAS) measurement kits. Apoptosis of cells was detected in flow cytometry with Annexin V apoptosis kit. Apoptotic gene expressions were analyzed by real-time PCR. Genotoxicity was determined by comet assay, which measures DNA damage. The thymol IC50 dose was found to be 11 μM on HepG2 cell line. This dose had no lethal effect on the healthy HUVEC cell line. While thymol significantly decreased the TOS level, it increased the TAS level significantly in HepG2 cells compared to control. Thymol significantly induced apoptosis in HepG2 cells (apoptosis rate in control group 1%, in thymol group 21%). Thymol did not alter the gene expressions of bax, bcl-2, and casp3, all of which are associated with apoptosis. Statistically significant change in favor of genotoxicity was observed in tail length measurements. Our results suggest that thymol decreases oxidative stress in HepG2 cell line, but it induces apoptosis and genotoxicity.

An Immobilized Form of a Blend of Essential Oils Improves the Density of Beneficial Bacteria, in Addition to Suppressing Pathogens in the Gut and Also Improves the Performance of Chicken Breeding

Antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) are used in chicken production to suppress pathogens in the gut and improve performance, but such products tend to suppress beneficial bacteria while favoring the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. A green alternative to AGP with the ability to suppress pathogens, but with an additional ability to spare beneficial gut bacteria and improve breeding performance is urgently required. We investigated the effect of supplementation of a blend of select essential oils (cinnamon oil, carvacrol, and thyme oil, henceforth referred to as EO; at two doses: 200 g/t and 400 g/t feed) exhibiting an ability to spare Lactobacillus while exhibiting strong E. coli inhibition ability under in vitro tests and immobilized in a sunflower oil and calcium alginate matrix, to broiler chickens and compared the effects with those of a probiotic yeast (Y), an AGP virginiamycin (V), and a negative control (C). qPCR analysis of metagenomic DNA from the gut content of experimental chickens indicated a significantly (p < 0.05) lower density of E. coli in the EO groups as compared to other groups. Amplicon sequence data of the gut microbiome indicated that all the additives had specific significant effects (DESeq2) on the gut microbiome, such as enrichment of uncultured Clostridia in the V and Y groups and uncultured Ruminococcaceae in the EO groups, as compared to the control. LEfSe analysis of the sequence data indicated a high abundance of beneficial bacteria Ruminococcaceae in the EO groups, Faecalibacterium in the Y group, and Blautia in the V group. Supplementation of the immobilized EO at the dose rate of 400 g/ton feed improved body weight gain (by 64 g/bird), feed efficiency (by 5 points), and cellular immunity (skin thickness response to phytoheamagglutinin lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris by 58%) significantly (p < 0.05), whereas neither yeast nor virginiamycin showed a significant effect on performance parameters. Expression of genes associated with gut barrier and immunity function such as CLAUDIN1, IL6, IFNG, TLR2A, and NOD1 were significantly higher in the EO groups. This study showed that the encapsulated EO mixture can improve the density of beneficial microbes in the gut significantly, with concomitant suppression of potential pathogens such as E.coli and improved performance and immunity, and hence, has a high potential to be used as an effective alternative to AGP in poultry.

Effects of Polysaccharides-Rich Extract from Gracilaria lemaneiformis on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Function, and Meat Quality in Broiler Chickens

This study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharides (GLPs) on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function, and meat quality of broiler chickens. A total of 320 one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were individually weighed and randomly assigned to four groups of eight replicate cages (10 broilers per cage). Birds were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 mg/kg GLPs. Compared to that of the control group, dietary supplementation with 2,000 mg/kg GLPs linearly increased the average daily weight gain during days 0-42 (P < 0.05) and linearly decreased the feed to gain ratio during days 1-21 and 22-42 (P < 0.05). Broilers fed GLP-supplemented diets showed linear (P < 0.05) and quadratic (P < 0.05) increases in serum superoxide dismutase (P < 0.05), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase activities in the liver, whereas GLP supplementation decreased serum and liver malondialdehyde concentrations (P < 0.05). A linear increase in serum catalase activity was observed following supplementation with 2,000 or 4,000 mg/kg GLPs (P < 0.05). Broilers fed GLP-supplemented diets showed linear (P < 0.05) and quadratic (P < 0.05) increases in serum immunoglobulin (Ig) A, IgG, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and interferon-γ concentrations (P < 0.05), and a trend towards linear improvement in IL-4 levels (P = 0.089). Dietary GLP supplementation increased the Lactobacillus spp. population compared to that of the control group (P < 0.05) and 2,000 and 4,000 mg/kg of GLPs nearly decreased the population of E. coli in the cecum (P = 0.056). Therefore, dietary GLP supplementation may improve broiler growth performance by altering antioxidant capacity, immune function, and the gut microbiota composition. Considering the effects of different doses of GLP on the above parameters, 2,000 mg/kg of GLPs was identified as the best dose.

Immunostimulant potential of Moringa Oleifera leaves alcoholic extract versus Oregano Essential Oil (OEO) against cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression in broilers chicks

The current study was conducted to evaluate the immunoenhancement effect of Moringa oleifera leaves alcoholic extract (MOLE) versus Oregano essential oil (OEO) against cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression in broilers chicks. A total of a three hundred one-day-old chicks were assigned randomly into three main dietary groups, control, MOLE, and OEO for 14 days. After 14 days the three main experimental groups were subdivided into six groups, control, cyclophosphamide, MOLE, MOLE and Cyclophosphamide, OEO, and OEO and cyclophosphamide. Each group of these six groups was subdivided into three subgroups. Supplementation of broiler chicks with MOLE and OEO for 14 days significantly increased body weight compared to the control group. However, injection of broiler chicks with cyclophosphamide significantly induced body weight loss, impaired immunological response represented by decreasing total leukocytic count, differential leukocytic count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, and hemagglutinin inhibition titer for New Castle disease virus, lymphoid organs depletion, and increased the mortality rate. In contrast, supplementation of cyclophosphamide treated chicks with MOLE and OEO significantly reduced cyclophosphamide induced body weight loss and impaired immunological responses, as it showed significant increase in body weight, total leukocytic count, differential leukocytic count, phagocytic activity, phagocytic index, and hemagglutinin inhibition titer for New Castle disease virus, lymphoid organs proliferation, and reduced the mortality rate. This study indicated that MOLE and OEO supplementation ameliorated cyclophosphamide induced body weight loss and impaired immunological responses.

Effect of Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) Used in Diets with Extruded Flaxseed on the Antioxidant and Lipid Profile of the Blood and Tissues of Fattening Pigs

Thyme has strong antioxidant properties and, therefore, can reduce the intensity of oxidative processes taking place in the body. The study aimed to assess whether the addition of thyme to diets for fattening pigs containing extruded flaxseeds, a source of n-3 PUFAs, which are particularly susceptible to oxidation, would have a positive effect on redox status and lipid metabolism. The experiment was conducted using 120 weaners (WBP × Neckar crosses) of about 30 kg BW, which were kept until the end of fattening (about 110 kg BW) and divided into three groups of 40 pigs. The control group received a diet with 4% extruded flaxseed. In groups T1 and T3, 1% or 3% of thyme was added to the basal diet. The introduction of 3% thyme resulted in a decrease in the total cholesterol level in the blood and the loin muscle. Moreover, an increase in SOD and CAT activity and a decrease in FRAP and LOOH was noted. Following supplementation with 3% thyme, the n-3 PUFA content and n-3/n-6 ratio increased, while the SFA content was significantly reduced. The results of the studies indicate that thyme has a positive effect on the redox status and lipid profile of the blood and muscles.

Glucose oxidase as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters improves the immunity function, antioxidative status, and cecal microbiota environment in white-feathered broilers

This study aimed to demonstrate the effects of glucose oxidase (GOD) on broilers as a potential antibiotic substitute. A total of four hundred twenty 1-day-old male Cobb500 broilers were randomly assigned into five dietary treatments, each with six replicates (12 chicks per replicate). The treatments included two control groups (a basal diet and a basal diet with 50 mg/kg aureomycin) and three GOD-additive groups involving three different concentrations of GOD. Analysis after the t-test showed that, on day 21, the feed:gain ratio significantly decreased in the 1,200 U/kg GOD-supplied group (GOD1200) compared to the antibiotic group (Ant). The same effect was also observed in GOD1200 during days 22-42 and in the 600 U/kg GOD-supplied group (GOD600) when compared to the control group (Ctr). The serum tests indicated that, on day 21, the TGF-β cytokine was significantly decreased in both GOD600 and GOD1200 when compared with Ctr. A decrease in malondialdehyde and an increase in superoxide dismutase in GOD1200 were observed, which is similar to the effects seen in Ant. On day 42, the D-lactate and glutathione peroxidase activity changed remarkably in GOD1200 and surpassed Ant. Furthermore, GOD upregulated the expression of the jejunal barrier genes (MUC-2 and ZO-1) in two phases relative to Ctr. In the aureomycin-supplied group, the secretory immunoglobulin A significantly decreased in the jejunum at 42 days. Changes in microbial genera were also discovered in the cecum by sequencing 16S rRNA genes at 42 days. The biomarkers for GOD supplementation were identified as Colidextribacter, Oscillibacter, Flavonifractor, Oscillospira, and Shuttleworthia. Except for Shuttleworthia, all the abovementioned genera were n-butyrate producers known for imparting their various benefits to broilers. The PICRUSt prediction of microbial communities revealed 11 pathways that were enriched in both the control and GOD-supplied groups. GOD1200 accounted for an increased number of metabolic pathways, demonstrating their potential in aiding nutrient absorption and digestion. In conclusion, a diet containing GOD can be beneficial to broiler health, particularly at a GOD concentration of 1,200 U/kg. The improved feed conversion ratio, immunity, antioxidative capacity, and intestinal condition demonstrated that GOD could be a valuable alternative to antibiotics in broiler breeding.

Effects of microencapsulated blend of organic acids and botanicals on growth performance, intestinal barrier function, inflammatory cytokines, and endocannabinoid system gene expression in broiler chickens

With restricted usage of growth-promoting antibiotics, identifying alternative feed additives that both improve intestinal barrier function and reduce inflammation is the center to improve chickens' health. This study examined the effects of a microencapsulated feed additive containing citric acid, sorbic acids, thymol, and vanillin on intestinal barrier function and inflammation status. A total of 240 birds were assigned to either a commercial control diet or control diet supplemented with 500 g/MT of the microencapsulated additive product. Birds were raised by feeding a 2-phase diet (starter, d 1 to d 21; and grower, d 15 to d 42). Growth performance was recorded weekly. At d 21 and d 42, total gastrointestinal tract permeability was evaluated by FITC-dextran (FD4) oral gavage. Jejunum-specific barrier functions were evaluated by Ussing chamber. Intestinal gene expression of selected epithelial cell markers, tight junction (TJ) proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and endocannabinoid system (ECS) markers were determined by RT-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using Student t test. Results showed significant improvement of feed efficiency in the birds supplemented with the blend of organic acids and botanicals. At d 21, both oral and jejunal FD4 permeability were lower in the supplemented group. Jejunal transepithelial resistance was higher in the supplemented birds. At d 21, expression of TJs mRNA (CLDN1 and ZO2) was both upregulated in the jejunum and ileum of supplemented birds, while CLDN2 was downregulated in cecum. Proliferating cell marker SOX9 was higher expressed in jejunum and ceca. Goblet cell marker (MUC2) was upregulated, while Paneth cell marker (LYZ) was downregulated in the ileum. Proinflammatory cytokine expressions of IL1B, TNFA, and IFNG were downregulated in jejunum, while anti-inflammatory IL10 expression was higher in jejunum, ileum, cecum, and cecal tonsil. The ECS markers expressions were upregulated in most intestinal regions. Together, these results demonstrated that the blend of organic acids and botanical supplementation reduced inflammation, improved the TJs expression and intestinal barrier function, and thus improved chicken feed efficiency. The activated ECS may play a role in reducing intestinal tissue inflammation.

Liposomal Encapsulated Oregano, Cinnamon, and Clove oils Enhanced the performance, bacterial metabolites Antioxidant potential, and Intestinal microbiota of Broiler Chickens

Encapsulated phytochemicals with augmented therapeutic and nutritional characteristics have become promising alternatives to antimicrobials in the poultry industry. Hence, our key target was to explore the efficacy of liposomal encapsulation, as a novel carrier, for essential oils (LEOs) on growth, digestibility, intestinal microbiota, and bacterial metabolites of broiler chickens. Moreover, the impact of encapsulated EOs on transcription mechanisms targeting the genes encoding digestive enzymes, gut barrier functions and antioxidant potential of broiler chickens was evidenced. Four equal broiler groups were fed 4 basal diets fortified with LEOs (oregano, cinnamon, and clove) at the levels of 0, 200, 300, and 400 mg/kg diet. Our findings revealed significant improvement in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds fed higher levels of LEOs. These results came concurrently with increasing the activities of digestive enzymes at both serum and molecular levels and consequently nutrient digestibility (dry matter, ether extract, crude protein, and crude fiber) in these groups. Remarkably, the abundance of beneficial bacteria as well as the bacterial metabolites (valeric acid, butyric acid, propionic acid, acetic acid, and total short-chain fatty acids) was increased, while that of pathogenic ones was reduced following dietary inclusion of LEOs. Of note, the mRNA expression of genes encoding antioxidant stability [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX-1), nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)] as well as barrier functions [mucin-2 (MUC-2)] and tight junction proteins, TJP [junctional adhesion molecule-2 (JAM-2) and occludin] were noticeably upregulated in broilers fortified with 400 mg/kg diet of LEOs. Overall, the present work recommended dietary inclusion of LEOs as beneficial additives for attaining targeted performance, gut health and antioxidant stability in poultry farming.

Effects of dietary supplementation with phytobiotic encapsulated plant extracts on broilers’ performance parameters, welfare traits and meat characteristics

Background: Medicinal plants exhibit significant effects on broiler physiology and production. This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with an aqueous or cyclodextrin extract derived from a mixture of Origanum vulgare L., Camelina sativa L. Crantz, Crithmum maritimum L., and Allium sativum L. at the level of 0.1% per kg of dry matter (DM) on broiler growth performance, welfare, meat chemical composition, and oxidative stability.

Results: Cyclodextrin treated group presented significantly higher final body weight, while feed intake and FCR were unaffected by the treatments. Both aqueous and cyclodextrin treated groups had significantly lower pododermatitis score compared to the control group. Additionally, both treatment groups presented increased thigh meat protein content and lower fat content, likewise meat color was also positively affected by both treatments. Supplementation of broilers diet with the cyclodextrin extract also resulted in ∑n-3 fatty acids and ∑n-6 fatty acids increase. The PUFA/SFA and H/H ratios were also increased in the thigh meat of both supplemented groups compared to the control group.

Conclusion: The application of aqueous or cyclodextrin extracts yielded positive results on meat composition, and supported growth performance, welfare, and the oxidative status of the chicken meat.

Application of botanical products as nutraceutical feed additives for improving poultry health and production

Poultry is one of the most consumed sources of animal protein around the world. To meet the global demands for poultry meat and eggs, it is necessary to improve their nutrition to sustain the poultry industry. However, the poultry industry faces several challenges, including feedstuff availability, the banning of antibiotics as growth promoters, and several environmental stressors. Therefore, there is a critical need to include available nutraceuticals in the diet to sustain the poultry industry. Nutraceuticals are natural chemical substances that positively influence animal physiological and productive traits. Botanical products (such as fenugreek seeds, ginger roots, and olive leaves) are among the most commonly used nutraceuticals and are gradually gaining popularity in the poultry industry due to their immense benefits in nutrition and therapeutic properties. They can be added to the diet separately or in combination (as a natural antioxidant and immunostimulant) to improve poultry health and production. Botanical products are rich in essential oils and essential fatty acids, which have multiple benefits on the animal's digestive system, such as activating the digestive enzymes and restoring microbiota balance, enhancing poultry health, and production. These nutraceuticals have been shown to stimulate the expression of several genes related to growth, metabolism, and immunity. In addition, the essential oil supplementation in poultry diets up-regulated the expression of some crucial genes associated with nutrient transportation (such as glucose transporter-2 and sodium-glucose cotransporter-1). Previous studies have suggested that supplementation of botanical compounds increased broiler body weight and hen egg production by approximately 7% and 15%, respectively. Furthermore, the supplementation of botanical compounds enhanced the reproductive efficiency of hens and the semen quality of roosters by 13%. This review article discusses the significant effects of some botanical products in the poultry industry and how they can benefit poultry, especially in light of the ban on antibiotics as growth promoters.

Effects of dietary organic acid and pure botanical supplementation on growth performance and circulating measures of metabolic health in Holstein calves challenged by heat stress

To evaluate the effects of heat stress environmental conditioning and dietary supplementation with organic acid and pure botanicals (OA/PB) on growth in dairy calves, we enrolled 62 bull (noncastrated) and heifer calves in a study with a completely randomized design. Calves were assigned to 1 of 5 groups (n = 11 to 14/group): (1) thermoneutral conditions (TN-Con), (2) HS conditions (HS-Con), (3) thermoneutral conditions and pair-fed to match nutrient intake with HS-Con (TN-PF), (4) HS with low-dose OA/PB [75 mg/kg of body weight (BW); 25% citric acid, 16.7% sorbic acid, 1.7% thymol, 1.0% vanillin, and 55.6% triglyceride; HS-Low], or (5) HS with high-dose OA/PB (150 mg/kg of BW; HS-High). Supplements were delivered as a twice-daily bolus via the esophagus from wk 1 through 13 of life; all calves, including those on the control treatments, received an equivalent amount of triglyceride used for microencapsulation. Calves were raised in TN conditions from birth until weaning. After weaning, calves (62 ± 2 d; 91 ± 10.9 kg of BW) were transported to a new facility and remained in TN conditions [temperature-humidity index (THI): 60 to 69] for a 7-d covariate period. Thereafter, calves remained in TN or were moved to HS conditions (THI: diurnal change 75 to 83 during night and day, respectively) for 19 d. Clinical assessments were performed thrice daily, BW was recorded weekly, and blood was sampled on d 1, 2, 3, 8, 15, and 19. Upon experiment completion, calves from HS-Con and TN-Con were euthanized, and hot carcass and visceral organ weights were recorded. The mixed model included calf as a random effect; treatment, day, hour (when appropriate) as fixed effects, and the interactions of treatment × day and treatment × hour (when appropriate). Rectal and skin temperatures and respiration rates were greater in HS-Con than in TN-Con. During heat stress exposure, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and gain to feed (G:F) were lower in HS-Con relative to TN-Con. Comparing HS-Con and TN-PF, ADG and G:F were similar. Plasma fatty acid concentrations were elevated in TN-PF compared with HS-Con and TN-Con. Despite tendencies for increased aspartate aminotransferase, HS conditions did not overtly influence liver and inflammation markers. Liver weights were lower in HS-Con relative to TN-Con. During the first week of heat exposure, DMI was greater for HS-Low relative to HS-Con. Supplementation of OA/PB at low and high levels had a similar G:F to HS-Con. We conclude that reductions in DMI accounted for production losses during HS conditioning and that dietary OA/PB supplementation was not able to improve growth performance in heat-stressed calves.

Encapsulated Essential Oils Improve the Growth Performance of Meat Ducks by Enhancing Intestinal Morphology, Barrier Function, Antioxidant Capacity and the Cecal Microbiota

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of encapsulated essential oils (EOs) on the gut microbiota, growth performance, intestinal morphology, antioxidant properties and barrier function of meat-type ducks. A total of 320 male Cherry Valley ducks (1 day old), were randomly assigned to four dietary experimental groups with eight replicates of ten ducks each. The groups consisted of the CON group (basal diet), the HEO group (basal diet + EO 1000 mg/kg), the LEO group (basal diet + EO 500 mg/kg), and the ANT group (basal diet + chlortetracycline 50 mg/kg). Our findings indicated that ducks fed with EO 1000 mg/kg had greater average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and body weight (BW) and a lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the other groups. The serum concentration of TG reduced in the HEO (p > 0.05) and LEO (p < 0.05) groups on day 42, while the concentration of CHOL increased with the EO concentration in the LEO (p > 0.05) and HEO (p < 0.05) groups. No differences were observed in the ileal mucosa for the activities of SOD, MPO and GSH-PX after EO dietary treatment. Dietary supplementation with EOs significantly increased the villus heights (p < 0.01) and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (c/v) in the duodenum and jejunum of ducks. Moreover, the mRNA expressions of Claudin1 and Occludin in the jejunal mucosa were observed to be higher in the LEO and HEO groups rather than the CON and ANT groups on d 42. The α diversity showed that the HEO group improved the bacterial diversity and abundance. The β diversity analysis indicated that the microbial structures of the four groups were obviously separated. EO dietary supplementation could increase the relative abundance (p < 0.01) of the Bacteroidetes phylum, Bacteroidaceae family, and Bacteroides, Desulfovibrio, Phascolarctobacterium, and Butyricimonas genera in the cecal microbiota of ducks. We demonstrated significant differences in the bacterial composition and functional potential of the gut microbiota in ducks that were fed either an EO diet or a basal diet. Therefore, supplemented EOs was found to have a positive effect on the growth performance and intestinal health of ducks, which was attributed to the improvement in cecal microbiota, intestinal morphology, and barrier function.

Effects of dietary supplementation with dandelion tannins or soybean isoflavones on growth performance, antioxidant function, intestinal morphology, and microbiota composition in Wenchang chickens

Many benefits have been found in supplementing tannins or soybean isoflavones to poultry, including increased body weight gain, antioxidant activity, and better intestinal morphology. However, few studies tested the influence of dandelion tannins or soybean isoflavones supplementation on Wenchang chickens. This study investigates the effects of dietary supplementation with dandelion tannins or soybean isoflavones on the growth performance, antioxidant function, and intestinal health of female Wenchang chickens. A total of 300 chickens were randomly divided into five groups, with six replicates per group and 10 broilers per replicate. The chickens in the control group (Con) were fed a basal diet; the four experimental groups were fed a basal diet with different supplements: 300 mg/kg of dandelion tannin (DT1), 500 mg/kg of dandelion tannin (DT2), 300 mg/kg of soybean isoflavone (SI1), or 500 mg/kg of soybean isoflavone (SI2). The experiment lasted 40 days. The results showed that the final body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG) were higher in the DT2 and SI1 groups than in the Con group (P < 0.05). In addition, dietary supplementation with dandelion tannin or soybean isoflavone increased the level of serum albumin (P <0.05); the concentrations of serum aspartate aminotransferase and glucose were significantly higher in the SI1 group (P < 0.05) than in the Con group and the concentration of triglycerides in the DT1 group (P < 0.05). The serum catalase (CAT) level was higher in the DT1 and SI1 groups than in the Con group (P < 0.05). The ileum pH value was lower in the DT2 or SI1 group than in the Con group (P < 0.05). The jejunum villus height and mucosal muscularis thickness were increased in the DT2 and SI1 groups (P < 0.05), whereas the jejunum crypt depth was decreased in the DT1 or DT2 group compared to the Con group (P < 0.05). In addition, the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level of zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) in the duodenum of the SI1 group and those of occludin, ZO-1, and claudin-1 in the ileum of the DT2 and SI1 groups were upregulated (P < 0.05) compared to the Con group. Moreover, the DT2 and SI1 groups exhibited reduced intestinal microbiota diversity relative to the Con group, as evidenced by decreased Simpson and Shannon indexes. Compared to the Con group, the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was lower and that of Barnesiella was higher in the DT2 group (P < 0.05). Overall, dietary supplementation with 500 mg/kg of dandelion tannin or 300 mg/kg of soybean isoflavone improved the growth performance, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant function, and intestinal morphology and modulated the cecal microbiota composition of Wenchang chickens.

Assessment of The Effect of Thymbra capitata Ethanolic Extract on Galleria mellonella Hemolymph Antioxidant Enzymes

Conehead thyme (Thymbra capitata) is widely distributed in the countries of the Mediterranean region and used due to its medical properties. The antibacterial, antifungal, and strong antioxidant properties of T. capitata are known. The model organism Galleria mellonella is mostly preferred for immunological studies and for the study of human pathogens. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the ethanolic extract of T. capitata on the antioxidant defense of the hemolymph in G. mellonella larva. Solutions prepared with Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS) from the dry matter obtained from ethanolic extract at doses between 2 mg mL-1 and 20 mg mL-1 were injected into G. mellonella larvae. According to our findings, T. capitata extract had no effect on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. However, it was determined that all doses between 10 to 20 mg mL-1 significantly reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities compared to the control groups. According to the results of our study, high doses of T. capitata extract had negative effects on G. mellonella antioxidant defense.

Dietary Thymol Improved Growth, Body Composition, Digestive Enzyme Activities, Hematology, Immunity, Antioxidant Defense, and Resistance to Streptococcus iniae in the Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

In this study, thymol (TYM) at dietary levels of 0, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 g/kg diet was used to evaluate its effects on growth, digestive performance, immunity, and resistances to the infection induced by Streptococcus iniae in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. A number of 450 fish (35.8 ± 4.4 g; Mean ± SD) were distributed to 15 tanks (30 fish/tank) in three replicates and fed TYM for 60 days. After feeding period, Fish fed 1.5-2.5 g TYM showed better growth, higher digestive enzyme activity, and body protein content compared to other diets (P < 0.05). Regression analysis indicated a polynomial relationship between growth parameters and dietary TYM levels. Based upon the varied growth parameters, the optimum dietary TYM level was 1.89% for FCR. TYM at dietary levels of 1.5-2.5 g significantly enhanced liver antioxidant enzyme activity [superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT)], immune components in blood [alternative complement activity (C3), total immunoglobulin (Ig), lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity, and total protein], and in mucus [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), protease activity, lysozyme activity, bactericidal activity, and total protein] compared to other diets (P < 0.05). TYM at dietary levels of 2-2.5 g significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels compared to other experimental groups (P < 0.05). In addition, use of TYM at dietary levels of 1.5-2.5 g upregulated the expression of the immune-related genes (C3, Lyz, and Ig) (P < 0.05). In contrast, the expression of inflammatory genes, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) significantly were downregulated in response to 2-2.5 g TYM (P < 0.05). The hematology of the fish also altered in response to dietary TYM, where the values of corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), hemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and white blood cell (WBC) significantly increased in fish fed 2-2.5 g TYM compared to other diets (P < 0.05). In addition, MCV significantly decreased in response to 2-2.5 g TYM (P < 0.05). After challenge with Streptococcus iniae, the survival rate was significantly higher in fish fed 2-2.5 g TYM compared to other diets (P < 0.05). The results of the present study concluded that TYM in the diet of rainbow trout can improve the fish growth and immunity and increase the resistance of the fish to Streptococcus iniae infection. The results of this study recommend an optimized dietary level of 2-2.5 g TYM for the fish.

The effect of oregano essential oil on the prevention and treatment of Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum infections in commercial Yellow-chicken breeders

In order to prevent pullorum disease and fowl typhoid in breeders, the use of oregano essential oil (OEO) was tested for the prevention and treatment of infections of multidrug-resistant Salmonella pullorum (SP) and Salmonella gallinarum (SG) in commercial Yellow-chicken breeders. In the challenge-protection experiment, commercial Hongguang-Black 1-day-old breeder chicks were randomly divided into four groups, including A (challenged, preventive dose), B (challenged, treatment dose), C (challenged, untreated), and D (unchallenged, untreated). Group A was supplemented with 200 μL/L OEO in the drinking water during the whole trial (1-35 days of age) and group B was supplemented with 400 μL/L OEO during 8-12 days of age, while groups C and D were kept as untreated controls. At 7 days of age, birds of groups A, B, and C were divided into two subgroups with equal number of birds (A₁-A₂, B₁-B₂, and C₁-C₂), and then subgroups A₁, B₁, and C₁ were challenged with SP, while subgroups A₂, B₂, and C₂ were challenged with SG. Clinical symptoms and death were observed and recorded daily. Every week during the experiment, serum antibodies against SP and SG of all the groups were detected by the plate agglutinate test (PAT). At the age of 35 days, all birds were weighed and necropsied, lesions were recorded and the challenging pathogens were isolated. The results showed that the positive rates of SP and SG isolation in groups A₁, A₂ and B₁, B₂ were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than those of groups C₁ and C₂, respectively, while groups A₁ and A₂ were slightly lower (P > 0.05) than those of groups B₁ and B₂. The average body weight (BW) of groups A₁ and A₂ were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of groups B₁, B₂ and C₁, C₂, respectively, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) with that of group D. The r-value between PAT positive and the recovery rates of Salmonella was 0.99, which means they are highly positively correlated. The results of this study demonstrated that the prevention dose (200μL/L) and the treatment dose (400 μL/L) of OEO supplemented in the drinking water could all effectively decrease infections of SP and SG and that the effect of the prevention was greater than that of the treatment and finally that the prevention could also significantly reduce the BW decline of birds challenged with SP and SG.

Effect of dietary essential oil of oregano on performance parameters, gastrointestinal traits, blood lipid profile, and antioxidant capacity of laying hens during the pullet phase

Many benefits have been found in supplementing essential oils such as oregano oil (EOO) to poultry, including increased body weight gain, antioxidant activity, and better gastrointestinal morphology. However, few studies tested the influence of EOO supplementation on laying hens and reported conflicting results regarding its efficacy in improving their health and performance. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effects of dietary EOO on performance, gastrointestinal (GIT) traits, blood lipid, and antioxidant capacity in laying hens during the rearing phase. A total of 300-day-old Hy-line-Brown chicks were used, and treatment diets consisted of corn-soybean based either without (CON) or with EOO (Ecodiar®, 0.275 g/kg diet). Birds were randomized across treatments with five pens/treatment and 30-birds/pen. Pen weights and feed rejected were recorded every two weeks (1-17 weeks of age), to calculate daily feed intake (ADFI), body weight (BW), and daily weight gain (ADWG). At 11 and 14 weeks of age, blood samples were collected from 3 birds/pen and analyzed for blood lipids and antioxidant levels, and 5-birds/treatment were euthanized, and GIT traits were tested. Differences in measured parameters across weeks and between treatments were assessed using GLMM with Tukey’s Post hoc test applied to significant results in R 3.3.1 (α set at 0.05). Body weights at weeks 3, 11, 13, and 17 were significantly higher in the EOO group compared to the CON group (all P ≤ 0.05), ADWG was significantly higher in EOO birds compared to CON birds at 9 and 13 weeks old (all P ≤ 0.05), while no significant differences in ADFI were observed between treatments across weeks of the trials. At both 11 and 17 weeks old, triglyceride levels were significantly lower, while high-density-lipoprotein levels were higher in EOO (all P ≤ 0.05). Malondialdehyde levels were lower in the EOO group versus CON (p=0.01), while EOO birds had higher glutathione levels (p=0.01) than CON. Finally, at 12 weeks old, the weight of the entire GIT and empty gizzard were higher in the EOO group versus CON (all P ≤ 0.05), while liver and spleen weights were not significantly different between groups. In conclusion, dietary oregano supplementation exerted promoting effects on the performance of Hy-Line Brown pullets.

In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoccidial, and Anti-Inflammatory Study of Essential Oils of Oregano, Thyme, and Sage from Epirus, Greece

Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum, Thymus vulgaris, and Salvia fructicosa are aromatic plants commonly found in Mediterranean countries and are traditionally used in Greece as a remedy for humans, since they are well known as potent antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents. Essential oils (EOs) derived from plants cultivated in the mountainous region of Epirus, Greece, were investigated for their inhibitory activity against key microorganisms with relevance to avian health, while also assessing their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the EOs was estimated according to the Folin−Ciocalteu method, while the antioxidant capacity was tested through the EOs’ ability to scavenge free radicals by means of the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects were examined by the agar disc diffusion method and the lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibition test, respectively. Furthermore, the EOs’ ability to inhibit the invasion of sporozoites of Eimeria tenella (Wisconsin strain) along with any toxic effects were assayed in Madin−Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cells. The antioxidant activity of the EOs was observed in descending order: oregano > thyme > sage. The antimicrobial effects of thyme and oregano were equivalent and higher than that of sage, while the anti-inflammatory effect of thyme was higher compared to both sage and oregano. The intracellular invasion of sporozoites was evaluated by the detection of E. tenella DNA by qPCR from cell monolayers harvested at 2 and 24 h post-infection. Parasite invasion was inhibited by the addition of oregano essential oil at the concentration of 100 μg/mL by 83% or 93% after 2 or 24 h, respectively, and was higher compared to the addition of thyme and sage, which had similar effects, but at a less intensive level. The cytotoxic assessment of all three essential oils revealed that they had no effect on MDBK cells compared to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), used as the control substance. The supplementation of oregano, thyme, and sage essential oils had a potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticoccidial in vitro effect that is comparable to synthetic substances or approved drugs, justifying the need for further evaluation by in vivo studies in broilers reared in the absence of antimicrobial and anticoccidial drugs or synthetic antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory compounds.

Beneficial Effects of Essential Oils from the Mediterranean Diet on Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites in Ischemic Heart Disease and Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remain major health problems worldwide and commonly coexist in individuals. Gut microbial metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), have been linked to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Previous studies have reported dysbiosis in the gut microbiota of these patients and the prebiotic effects of some components of the Mediterranean diet. Essential oil emulsions of savory (Satureja hortensis), parsley (Petroselinum crispum) and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) were assessed as nutraceuticals and prebiotics in IHD and T2DM. Humanized mice harboring gut microbiota derived from that of patients with IHD and T2DM were supplemented with L-carnitine and orally treated with essential oil emulsions for 40 days. We assessed the effects on gut microbiota composition and abundance, microbial metabolites and plasma markers of cardiovascular disease, inflammation and oxidative stress. Our results showed that essential oil emulsions in mice supplemented with L-carnitine have prebiotic effects on beneficial commensal bacteria, mainly Lactobacillus genus. There was a decrease in plasma TMAO and an increase in fecal SCFAs levels in mice treated with parsley and rosemary essential oils. Thrombomodulin levels were increased in mice treated with savory and parsley essential oils. While mice treated with parsley and rosemary essential oils showed a decrease in plasma cytokines (INFɣ, TNFα, IL-12p70 and IL-22); savory essential oil was associated with increased levels of chemokines (CXCL1, CCL2 and CCL11). Finally, there was a decrease in protein carbonyls and pentosidine according to the essential oil emulsion. These results suggest that changes in the gut microbiota induced by essential oils of parsley, savory and rosemary as prebiotics could differentially regulate cardiovascular and metabolic factors, which highlights the potential of these nutraceuticals for reducing IHD risk in patients affected by T2DM.

Advanced Practical Strategies to Enhance Table Egg Production

The global demand for table eggs has increased exponentially due to the growing human population. To meet this demand, major advances in hen genetics, nutrition, and husbandry procedures are required. Developing cost-effective and practically applicable strategies to improve egg production and quality is necessary for the development of egg industry worldwide. Consumers have shown a strong desire regarding the improvement of hens' welfare and egg quality. They also become interested in functional and designer foods. Modifications in the nutritional composition of laying hen diets significantly impact egg nutritional composition and quality preservation. According to previous scientific research, enriched egg products can benefit human health. However, producers are facing a serious challenge in optimizing breeding, housing, and dietary strategies to ensure hen health and high product quality. This review discussed several practical strategies to increase egg production, quality, and hens' welfare. These practical strategies can potentially be used in layer farms for sustainable egg production. One of these strategies is the transition from conventional to enriched or cage-free production systems, thereby improving bird behavior and welfare. In addition, widely use of plant/herbal substances as dietary supplements in layers' diets positively impacts hens' physiological, productive, reproductive, and immunological performances.

Dietary cinnamaldehyde with carvacrol or thymol improves the egg quality and intestinal health independent of gut microbiota in post-peak laying hens

Essential oils have been proven to exert multiple effects on growth performance, production quality, and health status in poultry nutrition, which is dependent on the component and/or dose of essential oils. Diets with the optimal combination of essential oils might be able to improve the performance traits and welfare of laying hens. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary essential oils, which are composed of cinnamaldehyde with carvacrol or thymol, on performance, egg quality, and intestinal health in post-peak laying hens. A total of 384, 50-week-old Hy-line brown laying hens were randomly divided into three groups with 8 replicates of 16 birds each: (1) a basal diet (Ctrl), (2) a basal diet with 100 mg/kg of essential oils consisting of 4.5% cinnamaldehyde with 13.5% carvacrol (CAR+CIN), and (3) a basal diet containing 100 mg/kg of essential oils composed of 4.5% cinnamaldehyde with 13.5% thymol (THY+CIN). The CAR+CIN diet increased the feed consumption from 52 to 55 weeks more than the Ctrl and the THY+CIN diet. Compared with the Ctrl group, the addition of essential oils decreased the dirty egg rate (P = 0.07) in the whole trial period. Regarding egg quality, the birds that received the CAR+CIN and THY+CIN diets increased the eggshell strength (P = 0.099) or Haugh unit (HU, p = 0.03) at 54 weeks, respectively. Supplementation of both CAR+CIN and THY+CIN diets significantly increased the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the duodenum through increasing villus height and decreasing crypt depth as well as upregulated the mRNA abundances of duodenal occluding and cadherin (P < 0.05). However, the treatment with dietary essential oils did not notably change the proportion of cecal microbiota and bacterial diversity. This study suggested that dietary supplementation of cinnamaldehyde with carvacrol or thymol, the active components of essential oils, could promote egg quality in post-peak laying hens, which might be associated with improved intestinal development and barrier.

Phytogenic Blend Improves Intestinal Health and Reduces Obesity, Diabetes, Cholesterol and Cancers: A Path toward Customised Supplementation

Poultry production is among the most challenging industries for pathogen control. High animal density and abundance of faecal material demand strict biosecurity measures and continual vigilance in monitoring animal health parameters. Despite this vigilance, dealing with disease outbreaks is a part of farmers’ routines. Phytogenic feed additives comprised of herbs, spices, essential oils, and oleoresins have potent antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory actions. Related studies are gaining substantial interest in human and animal health worldwide. In this study, a commercial blend phytogenic feed additive was supplemented to layers in an industrial free-range production system with 20,000 birds in both control and treatment groups. At the end of the trial, the ileum tissue was sampled for RNAseq transcriptomic analysis to study the host reaction to the supplement. Phytogenic supplement significantly inhibited four cholesterol-related pathways and reduced the Arteriosclerosis disease category towards improved cardiovascular health. The supplemented birds exhibited reduced disease susceptibility for 26 cancer categories with p-values in the range from 5.23 × 10⁻⁴ to 1.02 × 10⁻²⁵. Major metabolic shifts in Lipid metabolism in combination with Carbohydrate metabolism have resulted in a decrease in the Obesity category, altering the ratio of fat and carbohydrate metabolism toward lower fat storage.

Evaluation of Non-Fermented and Fermented Chinese Chive Juice as an Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters of Broilers

The present study explores the application of CC juice as a suitable feed additive and alternative to conventional antibiotics. We performed a comparative study to investigate the effects of non-fermented and fermented CC juice on broiler productivity, meat quality, blood characteristics, intestinal characteristics, and microbiota associated with intestinal characteristics. A total of 800 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatment groups: (1) basal diet (negative control; NC); (2) basal diet + 0.01% enramycin (positive control; PC); (3) basal diet + 3% non-fermented CC juice (NCC; CC juice 10%, water 90%); and (4) basal diet + 3% fermented CC juice (FCC; CC juice 10%, water 90%, Lactobacillus plantarum SK4719). Feed and water were provided ad libitum. Intriguingly, all treatments showed similar results in terms of broiler productivity and chicken meat quality. Considering organ characteristics, the FCC group showed a low spleen weight and lower (p < 0.05) blood levels of AST and total cholesterol (TCHO). Regarding intestinal characteristics, the CC feed additive (NCC and FCC) resulted in a heavier intestinal weight (p < 0.05) without affecting the length ratio of the villi or the crypt compared to the control (NC or PC). NCC and FCC lowered the growth of intestinal pathogens (p < 0.01). In summary, the addition of FCC can maintain poultry health by improving blood compositions and inhibiting the growth of intestinal pathogens, leading to a productivity comparable to that of poultry treated with growth-promoting antibiotics.

Effects of brown seaweed products on growth performance, plasma biochemistry, immune response, and antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens challenged with heat stress

Brown seaweed (Ascophyllum nodosum) is an exceptional bioactive substance known for its excellent antioxidant ability. Given the potential benefits of brown seaweed, the current study was conducted to determine its efficacy on growth performance, blood biochemistry, immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM), and the antioxidant capacity of broiler chickens challenged with heat stress (HS). A total of 336 mixed-sex Ross 308 broiler chicks (one-day-old) were randomly assigned into two groups; The thermoneutral group (TN, broilers were raised at 24 ± 1°C); and the heat stress group (HS; broilers were exposed to 32°C to 34°C, 8 h/d from day 21 to 27; the temperature in the remaining time was same as TN group). All birds in each group were randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments—Negative control (NC) (without seaweed), NC + 1 mL seaweed extract (SWE) in drinking water, NC + 2 mL SWE in drinking water, and NC + 2% seaweed meal (SWM) in feed. Each treatment was assigned to six replicates with 7 broilers/replicate. Average body weight gain (ABWG), average feed intake (AFI), average water intake (AWI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality were determined weekly. On day 28, two male birds/cage were euthanized to collect blood and immune organs for subsequent biochemical, antioxidant, and immune status analysis. Data were analyzed as a 4 × 2  factorial analysis of variance using the GLM procedure of Minitab software. Overall, 2% SWM inclusion significantly increased (P < 0.05) the AFI, ABWG, and AWI of broiler chickens irrespective of HS. HS significantly reduced (P < 0.05) AFI and increased (P < 0.05) the bird's rectal temperature, plasma concentrations of sodium, chloride, glucose, amylase, and uric acid compared to TN birds. HS increased (P < 0.05) serum IgM and IgG and decreased plasma glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase compared to TN birds, while the activity of superoxide dismutase was not affected by HS and dietary treatments. 1 mL SWE in water and 2% SWM in feed significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the plasma activity of alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase of heat-stressed broilers, respectively compared to other treatments. Conclusively, dietary supplementation of brown seaweed improved the growth performance of birds irrespective of HS and may help to reduce the negative effects of HS by improving the plasma enzyme activities of heat-stressed birds.

The Impact of Paulownia Leaves Extract on Performance, Blood Biochemical, Antioxidant, Immunological Indices, and Related Gene Expression of Broilers

The current research sought to assess the effects of paulownia leaves extract (PLE) on performance, blood hematological, antioxidant activity, and immunological response of broiler chicken. In total, two hundred 1-day-old male Cobb⁵⁰⁰ chicks were allocated randomly into four equal treatments with 5 replicates. The first treatment served as a control (CNT) and was fed the basal diet only, while the other treated treatments were fed on the basal diet supplemented with 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 g/kg diet of PLE, respectively. The performance results showed significant increments (P < 0.05) in live body weight (LBW), weight gain (WG), and European production efficiency factors (EPEIs) (linearly; p < 0.001) in cooperated with increasing PLE levels in broiler diets. At the same time, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and livability percentages were numerically enhanced under the effects of PLE supplementation. Moreover, a notable increase (P < 0.05 or 0.01) in oxidative remarks activity (GSH, glutathione; SOD, super oxide-dismutase and CAT, catalase) and elevated levels of immunoglobulin (IgM, immunoglobulin M and IgG, immunoglobulin G) were noted (P < 0.05) for treatments fed with PLE in a dose-dependent manner. Also, a dramatic linear increase was observed in mRNA expression of IGF-1, GHR, IL-1β, and IL-10 genes of broiler chickens. This study concluded that enriched broiler feeds with 0.5 g/kg PLE might be a beneficial strategy to promote broiler health and production.

Oregano Essential Oils Mediated Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolites and Improved Growth Performance and Intestinal Barrier Function in Sheep

With the increased demand for safe and sustainable alternatives to growth promoting antibiotics in the livestock industry, oregano essential oils (OEO) and Lactobacillus reuteri (LR) have been examined as alternatives to antibiotics for growth promotion and to improve animal health and performance. However, the mechanism underlying the OEO and LR mediation of sheep growth remains unknown. In this study, 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were used to determine the role of the gut microbiota in the growth improvements observed. The potential modulating roles of intestinal microbial metabolites of OEO and LR to intestinal health were systematically explored as well. It was observed that both OEO and LR had greater average daily gain (ADG) and lower F/G ratio. Furthermore, OEO also appeared to have produced a greater amylase enzyme activity and mucin gene expression in the jejunal mucosa. It was also observed that OEO reduced serum IL-2 and TNF-β as well as mRNA levels of NF-κB p65, toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), and IL-6 in the jejunal mucosa. Moreover, dietary OEO supplementation increased the abundances of Ruminococcus, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus, while the relative abundances of Succiniclasticum, Marvinbryantia and Streptococcus were enriched in LR group. Spearman’s correlation analysis revealed that the abundances of Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcus and Enterococcus were positively correlated with the mRNA expression of mucins. Moreover, the relative abundance of Enterococcus was positively correlated with amylase activity. Metabolomics analysis indicated that OEO and LR increased the levels of indole acetaldehyde and indole-3-acetic acid through the tryptophan metabolism pathway. It was observed that LR also decreased the inflammatory metabolites including tryptamine and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid. Collectively, these results suggested that OEO exerted a beneficial effect on growth performance and the mucosal barrier, affected tryptophan metabolism and improved the intestinal microbiota of sheep.