1
|
Liu SY, Chen LK, Jhong YT, Chen CW, Hsiao LE, Ku HC, Lee PH, Hwang GS, Juan CC. Endothelin-1 impairs skeletal muscle myogenesis and development via ETB receptors and p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:711-723. [PMID: 38804865 DOI: 10.1042/cs20240341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Myopenia is a condition marked by progressive decline of muscle mass and strength and is associated with aging or obesity. It poses the risk of falling, with potential bone fractures, thereby also increasing the burden on family and society. Skeletal muscle wasting is characterized by a reduced number of myoblasts, impaired muscle regeneration and increased muscle atrophy markers (Atrogin-1, MuRF-1). Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide. Increased circulating levels of ET-1 is noted with aging and is associated with muscular fibrosis and decline of strength. However, the regulatory mechanism controlling its effect on myogenesis and atrophy remains unknown. In the present study, the effects of ET-1 on myoblast proliferation, differentiation and development were investigated in C2C12 cells and in ET-1-infused mice. The results show that ET-1, acting via ETB receptors, reduced insulin-stimulated cell proliferation, and also reduced MyoD, MyoG and MyHC expression in the differentiation processes of C2C12 myoblasts. ET-1 inhibited myoblast differentiation through ETB receptors and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent pathway. Additionally, ET-1 decreased MyHC expression in differentiated myotubes. Inhibition of proteasome activity by MG132 ameliorated the ET-1-stimulated protein degradation in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. Furthermore, chronic ET-1 infusion caused skeletal muscle atrophy and impaired exercise performance in mice. In conclusion, ET-1 inhibits insulin-induced cell proliferation, impairs myogenesis and induces muscle atrophy via ETB receptors and the p38 MAPK-dependent pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Yu Liu
- Institutes of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Luei-Kui Chen
- Institutes of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Jhong
- Institutes of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wei Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Health, and Recreation, Teachers College, National Chiayi University, Chiayi, 621302, Taiwan
| | - Li-En Hsiao
- Institutes of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Chi Ku
- Institutes of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsuan Lee
- Institutes of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Shyang Hwang
- Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, 33303, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Juan
- Institutes of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112201, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Olea-Flores M, Sharma T, Verdejo-Torres O, DiBartolomeo I, Thompson PR, Padilla-Benavides T, Imbalzano AN. Muscle-specific pyruvate kinase isoforms, PKM1 and PKM2, regulate mammalian SWI/SNF proteins and histone 3 phosphorylation during myoblast differentiation. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23702. [PMID: 38837439 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400784r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase is a glycolytic enzyme that converts phosphoenolpyruvate and ADP into pyruvate and ATP. There are two genes that encode pyruvate kinase in vertebrates; Pkm and Pkl encode muscle- and liver/erythrocyte-specific forms, respectively. Each gene encodes two isoenzymes due to alternative splicing. Both muscle-specific enzymes, PKM1 and PKM2, function in glycolysis, but PKM2 also has been implicated in gene regulation due to its ability to phosphorylate histone 3 threonine 11 (H3T11) in cancer cells. Here, we examined the roles of PKM1 and PKM2 during myoblast differentiation. RNA-seq analysis revealed that PKM2 promotes the expression of Dpf2/Baf45d and Baf250a/Arid1A. DPF2 and BAF250a are subunits that identify a specific sub-family of the mammalian SWI/SNF (mSWI/SNF) of chromatin remodeling enzymes that is required for the activation of myogenic gene expression during differentiation. PKM2 also mediated the incorporation of DPF2 and BAF250a into the regulatory sequences controlling myogenic gene expression. PKM1 did not affect expression but was required for nuclear localization of DPF2. Additionally, PKM2 was required not only for the incorporation of phosphorylated H3T11 in myogenic promoters but also for the incorporation of phosphorylated H3T6 and H3T45 at myogenic promoters via regulation of AKT and protein kinase C isoforms that phosphorylate those amino acids. Our results identify multiple unique roles for PKM2 and a novel function for PKM1 in gene expression and chromatin regulation during myoblast differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat Olea-Flores
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tapan Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Odette Verdejo-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - Imaru DiBartolomeo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Anthony N Imbalzano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rauen KA, Tidyman WE. RASopathies - what they reveal about RAS/MAPK signaling in skeletal muscle development. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050609. [PMID: 38847227 PMCID: PMC11179721 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
RASopathies are rare developmental genetic syndromes caused by germline pathogenic variants in genes that encode components of the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway. Although the incidence of each RASopathy syndrome is rare, collectively, they represent one of the largest groups of multiple congenital anomaly syndromes and have severe developmental consequences. Here, we review our understanding of how RAS/MAPK dysregulation in RASopathies impacts skeletal muscle development and the importance of RAS/MAPK pathway regulation for embryonic myogenesis. We also discuss the complex interactions of this pathway with other intracellular signaling pathways in the regulation of skeletal muscle development and growth, and the opportunities that RASopathy animal models provide for exploring the use of pathway inhibitors, typically used for cancer treatment, to correct the unique skeletal myopathy caused by the dysregulation of this pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- University of California Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - William E Tidyman
- University of California Davis MIND Institute, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Millward DJ. Post-natal muscle growth and protein turnover: a narrative review of current understanding. Nutr Res Rev 2024; 37:141-168. [PMID: 37395180 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422423000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
A model explaining the dietary-protein-driven post-natal skeletal muscle growth and protein turnover in the rat is updated, and the mechanisms involved are described, in this narrative review. Dietary protein controls both bone length and muscle growth, which are interrelated through mechanotransduction mechanisms with muscle growth induced both from stretching subsequent to bone length growth and from internal work against gravity. This induces satellite cell activation, myogenesis and remodelling of the extracellular matrix, establishing a growth capacity for myofibre length and cross-sectional area. Protein deposition within this capacity is enabled by adequate dietary protein and other key nutrients. After briefly reviewing the experimental animal origins of the growth model, key concepts and processes important for growth are reviewed. These include the growth in number and size of the myonuclear domain, satellite cell activity during post-natal development and the autocrine/paracrine action of IGF-1. Regulatory and signalling pathways reviewed include developmental mechanotransduction, signalling through the insulin/IGF-1-PI3K-Akt and the Ras-MAPK pathways in the myofibre and during mechanotransduction of satellite cells. Likely pathways activated by maximal-intensity muscle contractions are highlighted and the regulation of the capacity for protein synthesis in terms of ribosome assembly and the translational regulation of 5-TOPmRNA classes by mTORC1 and LARP1 are discussed. Evidence for and potential mechanisms by which volume limitation of muscle growth can occur which would limit protein deposition within the myofibre are reviewed. An understanding of how muscle growth is achieved allows better nutritional management of its growth in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Joe Millward
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ahmad SS, Ahmad K, Lim JH, Shaikh S, Lee EJ, Choi I. Therapeutic applications of biological macromolecules and scaffolds for skeletal muscle regeneration: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131411. [PMID: 38588841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle (SM) mass and strength maintenance are important requirements for human well-being. SM regeneration to repair minor injuries depends upon the myogenic activities of muscle satellite (stem) cells. However, losses of regenerative properties following volumetric muscle loss or severe trauma or due to congenital muscular abnormalities are not self-restorable, and thus, these conditions have major healthcare implications and pose clinical challenges. In this context, tissue engineering based on different types of biomaterials and scaffolds provides an encouraging means of structural and functional SM reconstruction. In particular, biomimetic (able to transmit biological signals) and several porous scaffolds are rapidly evolving. Several biological macromolecules/biomaterials (collagen, gelatin, alginate, chitosan, and fibrin etc.) are being widely used for SM regeneration. However, available alternatives for SM regeneration must be redesigned to make them more user-friendly and economically feasible with longer shelf lives. This review aimed to explore the biological aspects of SM regeneration and the roles played by several biological macromolecules and scaffolds in SM regeneration in cases of volumetric muscle loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Sayeed Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Khurshid Ahmad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Lim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Sibhghatulla Shaikh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea; Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kiperman T, Ma K. Circadian Clock in Muscle Disease Etiology and Therapeutic Potential for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4767. [PMID: 38731986 PMCID: PMC11083552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian clock and clock-controlled output pathways exert temporal control in diverse aspects of skeletal muscle physiology, including the maintenance of muscle mass, structure, function, and metabolism. They have emerged as significant players in understanding muscle disease etiology and potential therapeutic avenues, particularly in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). This review examines the intricate interplay between circadian rhythms and muscle physiology, highlighting how disruptions of circadian regulation may contribute to muscle pathophysiology and the specific mechanisms linking circadian clock dysregulation with DMD. Moreover, we discuss recent advancements in chronobiological research that have shed light on the circadian control of muscle function and its relevance to DMD. Understanding clock output pathways involved in muscle mass and function offers novel insights into the pathogenesis of DMD and unveils promising avenues for therapeutic interventions. We further explore potential chronotherapeutic strategies targeting the circadian clock to ameliorate muscle degeneration which may inform drug development efforts for muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Diabetes Complications & Metabolism, Arthur Riggs Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Iyer K, Yan Z, Ross SR. Entry inhibitors as arenavirus antivirals. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1382953. [PMID: 38650890 PMCID: PMC11033450 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1382953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Arenaviruses belonging to the Arenaviridae family, genus mammarenavirus, are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses primarily found in rodent species, that cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. With high mortality rates and limited treatment options, the search for effective antivirals is imperative. Current treatments, notably ribavirin and other nucleoside inhibitors, are only partially effective and have significant side effects. The high lethality and lack of treatment, coupled with the absence of vaccines for all but Junín virus, has led to the classification of these viruses as Category A pathogens by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC). This review focuses on entry inhibitors as potential therapeutics against mammarenaviruses, which include both New World and Old World arenaviruses. Various entry inhibition strategies, including small molecule inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies, have been explored through high throughput screening, genome-wide studies, and drug repurposing. Notable progress has been made in identifying molecules that target receptor binding, internalization, or fusion steps. Despite promising preclinical results, the translation of entry inhibitors to approved human therapeutics has faced challenges. Many have only been tested in in vitro or animal models, and a number of candidates showed efficacy only against specific arenaviruses, limiting their broader applicability. The widespread existence of arenaviruses in various rodent species and their potential for their zoonotic transmission also underscores the need for rapid development and deployment of successful pan-arenavirus therapeutics. The diverse pool of candidate molecules in the pipeline provides hope for the eventual discovery of a broadly effective arenavirus antiviral.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Susan R. Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang J, Liu Y, Guo Y, Liu C, Yang Y, Fan X, Yang H, Liu Y, Ma T. Function and inhibition of P38 MAP kinase signaling: Targeting multiple inflammation diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 220:115973. [PMID: 38103797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a natural host defense mechanism that protects the body from pathogenic microorganisms. A growing body of research suggests that inflammation is a key factor in triggering other diseases (lung injury, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.). However, there is no consensus on the complex mechanism of inflammatory response, which may include enzyme activation, mediator release, and tissue repair. In recent years, p38 MAPK, a member of the MAPKs family, has attracted much attention as a central target for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. However, many p38 MAPK inhibitors attempting to obtain marketing approval have failed at the clinical trial stage due to selectivity and/or toxicity issues. In this paper, we discuss the mechanism of p38 MAPK in regulating inflammatory response and its key role in major inflammatory diseases and summarize the synthetic or natural products targeting p38 MAPK to improve the inflammatory response in the last five years, which will provide ideas for the development of novel clinical anti-inflammatory drugs based on p38 MAPK inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yongjian Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yushi Guo
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Cen Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yuping Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Fan
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Hongliu Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li J, Chen Z, Bai Y, Wei Y, Guo D, Liu Z, Niu Y, Shi B, Zhang X, Cai Y, Zhao Z, Hu J, Wang J, Liu X, Li S, Zhao F. Integration of ATAC-Seq and RNA-Seq Analysis to Identify Key Genes in the Longissimus Dorsi Muscle Development of the Tianzhu White Yak. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:158. [PMID: 38203329 PMCID: PMC10779322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
During the postnatal stages, skeletal muscle development undergoes a series of meticulously regulated alterations in gene expression. However, limited studies have employed chromatin accessibility to unravel the underlying molecular mechanisms governing muscle development in yak species. Therefore, we conducted an analysis of both gene expression levels and chromatin accessibility to comprehensively characterize the dynamic genome-wide chromatin accessibility during muscle growth and development in the Tianzhu white yak, thereby elucidating the features of accessible chromatin regions throughout this process. Initially, we compared the differences in chromatin accessibility between two groups and observed that calves exhibited higher levels of chromatin accessibility compared to adult cattle, particularly within ±2 kb of the transcription start site (TSS). In order to investigate the correlation between alterations in chromatin accessible regions and variations in gene expression levels, we employed a combination of ATAC-seq and RNA-seq techniques, leading to the identification of 18 central transcriptional factors (TFs) and 110 key genes with significant effects. Through further analysis, we successfully identified several TFs, including Sp1, YY1, MyoG, MEF2A and MEF2C, as well as a number of candidate genes (ANKRD2, ANKRD1, BTG2 and LMOD3) which may be closely associated with muscle growth and development. Moreover, we constructed an interactive network program encompassing hub TFs and key genes related to muscle growth and development. This innovative approach provided valuable insights into the molecular mechanism underlying skeletal muscle development in the postnatal stages of Tianzhu white yaks while also establishing a solid theoretical foundation for future research on yak muscle development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhidong Zhao
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dodonova SA, Zhidkova EM, Kryukov AA, Valiev TT, Kirsanov KI, Kulikov EP, Budunova IV, Yakubovskaya MG, Lesovaya EA. Synephrine and Its Derivative Compound A: Common and Specific Biological Effects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17537. [PMID: 38139366 PMCID: PMC10744207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on synephrine, the principal phytochemical found in bitter orange and other medicinal plants and widely used as a dietary supplement for weight loss/body fat reduction. We examine different aspects of synephrine biology, delving into its established and potential molecular targets, as well as its mechanisms of action. We present an overview of the origin, chemical composition, receptors, and pharmacological properties of synephrine, including its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activity in various in vitro and animal models. Additionally, we conduct a comparative analysis of the molecular targets and effects of synephrine with those of its metabolite, selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist (SEGRA) Compound A (CpdA), which shares a similar chemical structure with synephrine. SEGRAs, including CpdA, have been extensively studied as glucocorticoid receptor activators that have a better benefit/risk profile than glucocorticoids due to their reduced adverse effects. We discuss the potential of synephrine usage as a template for the synthesis of new generation of non-steroidal SEGRAs. The review also provides insights into the safe pharmacological profile of synephrine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana A. Dodonova
- Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Kursk State Medical University, 305041 Kursk, Russia; (S.A.D.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Ekaterina M. Zhidkova
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
| | - Alexey A. Kryukov
- Research Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Pathophysiology, Kursk State Medical University, 305041 Kursk, Russia; (S.A.D.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Timur T. Valiev
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
| | - Kirill I. Kirsanov
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
- Faculty of Oncology, Ryazan State Medical University Named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
| | - Evgeny P. Kulikov
- Laboratory of Single Cell Biology, Russian University of People’s Friendship (RUDN) University, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Irina V. Budunova
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Marianna G. Yakubovskaya
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
- Faculty of Oncology, Ryazan State Medical University Named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Lesovaya
- Department of Chemical Carcinogenesis, N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (E.M.Z.); (T.T.V.); (K.I.K.); (M.G.Y.)
- Faculty of Oncology, Ryazan State Medical University Named after Academician I.P. Pavlov, 390026 Ryazan, Russia
- Laboratory of Single Cell Biology, Russian University of People’s Friendship (RUDN) University, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Endo T. Postnatal skeletal muscle myogenesis governed by signal transduction networks: MAPKs and PI3K-Akt control multiple steps. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 682:223-243. [PMID: 37826946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle myogenesis represents one of the most intensively and extensively examined systems of cell differentiation, tissue formation, and regeneration. Muscle regeneration provides an in vivo model system of postnatal myogenesis. It comprises multiple steps including muscle stem cell (or satellite cell) quiescence, activation, migration, myogenic determination, myoblast proliferation, myocyte differentiation, myofiber maturation, and hypertrophy. A variety of extracellular signaling and subsequent intracellular signal transduction pathways or networks govern the individual steps of postnatal myogenesis. Among them, MAPK pathways (the ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK5 pathways) and PI3K-Akt signaling regulate multiple steps of myogenesis. Ca2+, cytokine, and Wnt signaling also participate in several myogenesis steps. These signaling pathways often control cell cycle regulatory proteins or the muscle-specific MyoD family and the MEF2 family of transcription factors. This article comprehensively reviews molecular mechanisms of the individual steps of postnatal skeletal muscle myogenesis by focusing on signal transduction pathways or networks. Nevertheless, no or only a partial signaling molecules or pathways have been identified in some responses during myogenesis. The elucidation of these unidentified signaling molecules and pathways leads to an extensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms of myogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Endo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim WS, Kim J. Exploring the impact of temporal heat stress on skeletal muscle hypertrophy in bovine myocytes. J Therm Biol 2023; 117:103684. [PMID: 37625343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this investigation was to explore the impact of different temporal stress conditions on the regulators associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy in bovine myocytes. Bovine satellite cells (BSCs) were extracted from three-month-old Holstein bull calves and subjected to myogenic differentiation under three thermal treatments: 38 °C (control; CON), 39.5 °C (moderate heat stress; MHS), and 41 °C (extreme heat stress; EHS) for a duration of 3 or 48 h. Exposure to EHS resulted in elevated (P < 0.01) expression levels of heat shock protein (HSP)20, HSP27, HSP70, and HSP90, along with increased (P < 0.01) protein levels. Moreover, cells exposed to MHS and EHS exhibited enhanced (P < 0.01) gene expression of myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD), while myogenin (MyoG) was overexpressed (P < 0.01) in cells exposed to EHS. These findings suggest that heat exposure can potentially induce myogenic differentiation through the modulation of myogenic regulatory factors. Furthermore, our investigations revealed that exposure to EHS upregulated (P < 0.01) myosin heavy chain (MHC) I expression, whereas MHC IIA (P < 0.01) and IIX (P < 0.01) expression were increased; P < 0.01) under MHS conditions. These observations suggest that the temperature of the muscle may alter the proportion of muscle fiber types. Additionally, our data indicated that EHS activated (P < 0.01) the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and triggered the activation of the Akt/mTOR/S6KB1 pathway, a known anabolic pathway associated with cellular protein synthesis. Consequently, these altered signaling pathways contributed to enhanced protein synthesis and increased myotube size. Overall, the results obtained from our current study revealed that extreme heat exposure (41 °C) may promote skeletal muscle hypertrophy by regulating myogenic regulatory factors and IGF-1-mediated mTOR pathway in bovine myocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Seob Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jongkyoo Kim
- Animal Science and Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiong S, Su X, Kang Y, Si J, Wang L, Li X, Ma K. Effect and mechanism of chlorogenic acid on cognitive dysfunction in mice by lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178188. [PMID: 37292216 PMCID: PMC10244504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation is an important factor causing numerous neurodegenerative pathologies. Inflammation can lead to abnormal neuronal structure and function and even death, followed by cognitive dysfunction. There is growing evidence that chlorogenic acid has anti-inflammatory effects and immunomodulatory activity. Purpose The aim of this study was to elucidate the potential targets and molecular mechanisms of chlorogenic acid in the treatment of neuroinflammation. Methods We used the lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation mouse model and the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells in vitro model. Behavioral scores and experiments were used to assess cognitive dysfunction in mice. HE staining and immunohistochemistry were used to assess neuronal damage in the mouse brain. Immunofluorescence detected microglia polarization in mouse brain. Western blot and flow cytometry detected the polarization of BV-2 cells. The migration of BV-2 cells was detected by wound healing assay and transwell assay. Potential targets for chlorogenic acid to exert protective effects were predicted by network pharmacology. These targets were then validated using molecular docking and experiments. Results The results of in vivo experiments showed that chlorogenic acid had an obvious ameliorating effect on neuroinflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction. We found that chlorogenic acid was able to inhibit BV-2 cells M1 polarization and promote BV-2 cells M2 polarization in vitro while also inhibiting the abnormal migration of BV-2 cells. Based on the network pharmacology results, we identified the TNF signaling pathway as a key signaling pathway in which chlorogenic acid exerts anti-neuroinflammatory effects. Among them, Akt1, TNF, MMP9, PTGS2, MAPK1, MAPK14, and RELA are the core targets for chlorogenic acid to function. Conclusion Chlorogenic acid can inhibit microglial polarization toward the M1 phenotype and improve neuroinflammation-induced cognitive dysfunction in mice by modulating these key targets in the TNF signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Xuyang Su
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Yingjie Kang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Junqiang Si
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Shihezi University School of Pharmacy, Shihezi, China
| | - Xinzhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| | - Ketao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- National Health Commission (NHC) Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
- Department of Physiology, Shihezi University School of Medicine, Shihezi, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shan S, Li Q, Criswell T, Atala A, Zhang Y. Stem cell therapy combined with controlled release of growth factors for the treatment of sphincter dysfunction. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:56. [PMID: 36927578 PMCID: PMC10018873 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphincter dysfunction often occurs at the end of tubule organs such as the urethra, anus, or gastroesophageal sphincters. It is the primary consequence of neuromuscular impairment caused by trauma, inflammation, and aging. Despite intensive efforts to recover sphincter function, pharmacological treatments have not achieved significant improvement. Cell- or growth factor-based therapy is a promising approach for neuromuscular regeneration and the recovery of sphincter function. However, a decrease in cell retention and viability, or the short half-life and rapid degradation of growth factors after implantation, remain obstacles to the translation of these therapies to the clinic. Natural biomaterials provide unique tools for controlled growth factor delivery, which leads to better outcomes for sphincter function recovery in vivo when stem cells and growth factors are co-administrated, in comparison to the delivery of single therapies. In this review, we discuss the role of stem cells combined with the controlled release of growth factors, the methods used for delivery, their potential therapeutic role in neuromuscular repair, and the outcomes of preclinical studies using combination therapy, with the hope of providing new therapeutic strategies to treat incontinence or sphincter dysfunction of the urethra, anus, or gastroesophageal tissues, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhou Shan
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qingfeng Li
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Tracy Criswell
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wei Y, Qi T, Cao S, Zhang W, Yu F, Zeng H, Weng J. LncRNA XLOC_015548 affects the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts via the MAPK signaling pathway. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2023; 248:469-480. [PMID: 36852460 PMCID: PMC10281533 DOI: 10.1177/15353702231151963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of studies have reported that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play essential regulatory roles in myogenic differentiation. In this study, a specific LncRNA XLOC_015548 (Lnc000280) was identified. However, little research has explored its mechanism of action by constructing XLOC_015548 gene editing cell models. In this study, relevant sequences were obtained according to the RNA-seq results. Subsequently, XLOC_015548 knockdown and over-expression lentiviral vectors were constructed, and the C2C12 myoblast cell line was transfected to prepare the XLOC_015548 gene-edited myoblast model. The in vitro analysis revealed that over-expression of XLOC_015548 significantly promoted the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts and the formation of myotubes, whereas the opposite result was obtained in the knockdown group. XLOC_015548 regulated myogenic differentiation and affected the expression of myogenic differentiation regulators such as Myod, myogenin, and MyHC. Regarding the signaling pathway, we found that XLOC_015548 correlated with the phosphorylation level of MAPK/MEK/ERK pathway proteins. And the degree of phosphorylation was positively correlated with the protein expression of myogenic differentiation regulators. In conclusion, a new gene-edited myoblast model was constructed based on the lncRNA regulator XLOC_015548. The in vitro cell experiments verified that XLOC_015548 had regulatory effects on muscle growth and myoblast differentiation. These findings provide a laboratory foundation for the clinical application of lncRNAs as regulatory factors in the treatment of disuse muscle atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Wei
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515000, China
| | - Tiantian Qi
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Siyang Cao
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Weifei Zhang
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| | - Jian Weng
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Orthopaedic Biomaterials, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518036, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lee YN, Wu YJ, Lee HI, Wang HH, Hung CL, Chang CY, Chou YH, Tien TY, Lee CW, Lin CF, Su CH, Yeh HI. Hsa-miR-409-3p regulates endothelial progenitor senescence via PP2A-P38 and is a potential ageing marker in humans. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:687-700. [PMID: 36756741 PMCID: PMC9983318 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We explored the roles of hsa-microRNA (miR)-409-3p in senescence and signalling mechanism of human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Hsa-miR-409-3p was found upregulated in senescent EPCs. Overexpression of miRNA mimics in young EPCs inhibited angiogenesis. In senescent EPCs, compared to young EPCs, protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) was downregulated, with activation of p38/JNK by phosphorylation. Young EPCs treated with siPP2A caused inhibited angiogenesis with activation of p38/JNK, similar to findings in senescent EPCs. Time series analysis showed, in young EPCs treated with hsa-miR-409-3p mimics, PP2A was steadily downregulated for 72 h, while p38/JNK was activated with a peak at 48 hours. The inhibited angiogenesis of young EPCs after miRNA-409-3p mimics treatment was reversed by the p38 inhibitor. The effect of hsa-miR-409-3p on PP2A signalling was attenuated by exogenous VEGF. Analysis of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from healthy people revealed hsa-miR-409-3p expression was higher in those older than 65 years, compared to those younger than 30 years, regardless of gender. In summary, hsa-miR-409-3p was upregulated in senescent EPCs and acted as a negative modulator of angiogenesis via targeting protein phosphatase 2 catalytic subunit alpha (PPP2CA) gene and regulating PP2A/p38 signalling. Data from human PBMCs suggested hsa-miR-409-3p a potential biomarker for human ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Lee
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jer Wu
- Division of Cardiology/Cardiovascular Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-I Lee
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Chung-Lieh Hung
- Division of Cardiology/Cardiovascular Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yin Chang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chou
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Tien
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Lee
- Division of Cardiology/Cardiovascular Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Feng Lin
- Division of Cardiology/Cardiovascular Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Huang Su
- Division of Cardiology/Cardiovascular Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-I Yeh
- Division of Cardiology/Cardiovascular Center, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan.,Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kim WS, Daddam JR, Keng BH, Kim J, Kim J. Heat shock protein 27 regulates myogenic and self-renewal potential of bovine satellite cells under heat stress. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad303. [PMID: 37688555 PMCID: PMC10629447 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
While satellite cells play a key role in the hypertrophy, repair, and regeneration of skeletal muscles, their response to heat exposure remains poorly understood, particularly in beef cattle. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the transcriptome, proteome, and proliferation capability of bovine satellite cells in response to different levels of heat stress (HS) and exposure times. Satellite cells were isolated from 3-mo-old Holstein bulls (body weight: 77.10 ± 2.02 kg) and subjected to incubation under various temperature conditions: 1) control (38 °C; CON), 2) moderate (39.5 °C; MHS), and extreme (41 °C; EHS) for different durations ranging from 0 to 48 h. Following 3 h of exposure to extreme heat (EHS), satellite cells exhibited significantly increased gene expression and protein abundance of heat shock proteins (HSPs; HSP70, HSP90, HSP20) and paired box gene 7 (Pax7; P < 0.05). HSP27 expression peaked at 3 h of EHS and remained elevated until 24 h of exposure (P < 0.05). In contrast, the expression of myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) and paired box gene 3 (Pax3) was decreased by EHS compared to the control at 3 h of exposure (P < 0.05). Notably, the introduction of HSP27 small interference RNA (siRNA) transfection restored Myf5 expression to control levels, suggesting an association between HSP27 and Myf5 in regulating the self-renewal properties of satellite cells upon heat exposure. Immunoprecipitation experiments further confirmed the direct binding of HSP27 to Myf5, supporting its role as a molecular chaperone for Myf5. Protein-protein docking algorithms predicted a high probability of HSP27-Myf5 interaction as well. These findings indicate that extreme heat exposure intrinsically promotes the accumulation of HSPs and modulates the early myogenic regulatory factors in satellite cells. Moreover, HSP27 acts as a molecular chaperone by binding to Myf5, thereby regulating the division or differentiation of satellite cells in response to HS. The results of this study provide a better understanding of muscle physiology in heat-stressed cells, while unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms that underlie the HS response in satellite cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Seob Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jayasimha R Daddam
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Boon Hong Keng
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jongkyoo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Animal Science and Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meng Q, Tian X, Li J, Pruekprasert N, Dhawan R, Holz GG, Cooney RN. GTS-21, a selective alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist, ameliorates diabetic nephropathy in Lepr db/db mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22360. [PMID: 36572735 PMCID: PMC9792461 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a serious complicating factor in human type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and it commonly results in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) that requires kidney dialysis. Here, we report that the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) agonist GTS-21 exerts a novel anti-inflammatory action to ameliorate DN, as studied using an inbred strain of Leprdb/db mice in which hyperglycemia and obesity co-exist owing to defective leptin receptor (Lepr) signaling. For this analysis, GTS-21 was administered to 10-12 week-old male and female mice as a 4 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection, twice-a-day, for 8 weeks. Kidney function and injury owing to DN were monitored by determination of plasma levels of BUN, creatinine, KIM-1 and NGAL. Histologic analysis of glomerular hypertrophy and mesangial matrix expansion were also used to assess DN in these mice. Concurrently, renal inflammation was assessed by measuring IL-6 and HMGB1, while also quantifying renal cell apoptosis, and apoptotic signaling pathways. We found that Leprdb/db mice exhibited increased markers of BUN, creatinine, NGAL, KIM-1, IL-6, cytochrome C, and HMGB-1. These abnormalities were also accompanied by histologic kidney injury (mesangial matrix expansion and apoptosis). Remarkably, all such pathologies were significantly reduced by GTS-21. Collectively, our results provide new evidence that the α7nAChR agonist GTS-21 has the ability to attenuate diabetes-induced kidney injury. Additional studies are warranted to further investigate the involvement of the vagal cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex pathway (CAP) in ameliorating diabetic nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qinghe Meng
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Xinghan Tian
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, No 20 Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai, 264000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Junwei Li
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Napat Pruekprasert
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Ravi Dhawan
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - George G Holz
- Department of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Robert N Cooney
- Department of Surgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E Adams St., Suite 8141, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Olson LC, Redden JT, Gilliam L, Nguyen TM, Vossen JA, Cohen DJ, Schwartz Z, McClure MJ. Human Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells Delivered on Decellularized Muscle Improve Muscle Regeneration and Regulate RAGE and P38 MAPK. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090426. [PMID: 36134970 PMCID: PMC9495328 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is the acute loss of muscle mass due to trauma. Such injuries occur primarily in the extremities and are debilitating, as there is no clinical treatment to restore muscle function. Pro-inflammatory advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) are known to increase in acute trauma patient’s serum and are correlated with increased injury severity. However, it is unclear whether AGEs and RAGE increase in muscle post-trauma. To test this, we used decellularized muscle matrix (DMM), a pro-myogenic, non-immunogenic extracellular matrix biomaterial derived from skeletal muscle. We delivered adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) and primary myoblasts to support myogenesis and immunomodulation (N = 8 rats/group). DMM non-seeded and seeded grafts were compared to empty defect and sham controls. Then, 56 days after surgery muscle force was assessed, histology characterized, and protein levels for AGEs, RAGE, p38 MAPK, and myosin heavy chains were measured. Overall, our data showed improved muscle regeneration in ASC-treated injury sites and a regulation of RAGE and p38 MAPK signaling, while myoblast-treated injuries resulted in minor improvements. Taken together, these results suggested that ASCs combined with DMM provides a pro-myogenic microenvironment with immunomodulatory capabilities and indicates further exploration of RAGE signaling in VML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas C. Olson
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Department of Gerontology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - James T. Redden
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - LaStar Gilliam
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Tri M. Nguyen
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Josephina A. Vossen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - David J. Cohen
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Zvi Schwartz
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Michael J. McClure
- College of Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-804-828-8337
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Barutcu AR, Elizalde G, Gonzalez AE, Soni K, Rinn JL, Wagers AJ, Almada AE. Prolonged FOS activity disrupts a global myogenic transcriptional program by altering 3D chromatin architecture in primary muscle progenitor cells. Skelet Muscle 2022; 12:20. [PMID: 35971133 PMCID: PMC9377060 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-022-00303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The AP-1 transcription factor, FBJ osteosarcoma oncogene (FOS), is induced in adult muscle satellite cells (SCs) within hours following muscle damage and is required for effective stem cell activation and muscle repair. However, why FOS is rapidly downregulated before SCs enter cell cycle as progenitor cells (i.e., transiently expressed) remains unclear. Further, whether boosting FOS levels in the proliferating progeny of SCs can enhance their myogenic properties needs further evaluation. METHODS We established an inducible, FOS expression system to evaluate the impact of persistent FOS activity in muscle progenitor cells ex vivo. We performed various assays to measure cellular proliferation and differentiation, as well as uncover changes in RNA levels and three-dimensional (3D) chromatin interactions. RESULTS Persistent FOS activity in primary muscle progenitor cells severely antagonizes their ability to differentiate and form myotubes within the first 2 weeks in culture. RNA-seq analysis revealed that ectopic FOS activity in muscle progenitor cells suppressed a global pro-myogenic transcriptional program, while activating a stress-induced, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) transcriptional signature. Additionally, we observed various FOS-dependent, chromosomal re-organization events in A/B compartments, topologically associated domains (TADs), and genomic loops near FOS-regulated genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that elevated FOS activity in recently activated muscle progenitor cells perturbs cellular differentiation by altering the 3D chromosome organization near critical pro-myogenic genes. This work highlights the crucial importance of tightly controlling FOS expression in the muscle lineage and suggests that in states of chronic stress or disease, persistent FOS activity in muscle precursor cells may disrupt the muscle-forming process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Rasim Barutcu
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Present address: Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gabriel Elizalde
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Alfredo E Gonzalez
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kartik Soni
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - John L Rinn
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Present address: BioFrontiers and Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80303, USA
| | - Amy J Wagers
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Albert E Almada
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
High Expression of PDK4 Could Play a Potentially Protective Role by Attenuating Oxidative Stress after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11143974. [PMID: 35887737 PMCID: PMC9323843 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11143974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), a key enzyme on the mitochondrial outer membrane, has been found to decrease activity notably in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). It has been demonstrated that PDH is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and apoptosis. Hence, in this study, we aimed to determine the cause of the decreased PDH activity and explore the potential role of PDH in EBI. We investigated the expression changes of PDH and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK) in vivo and in vitro. Then, we explored the possible effects of PDH and ROS after SAH. The results showed that early overexpression of PDK4 promoted the phosphorylation of PDH, inhibited PDH activity, and may play a protective role after SAH in vivo and in vitro. Finally, we investigated the levels of PDK4 and pyruvate, which accumulated due to decreased PDH activity, in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 34 patients with SAH. Statistical analysis revealed that PDK4 and pyruvate expression was elevated in the CSF of SAH patients compared with that of controls, and this high expression correlated with the degree of neurological impairment and long-term outcome. Taken together, the results show that PDK4 has the potential to serve as a new therapeutic target and biomarker for assisting in the diagnosis of SAH severity and prediction of recovery.
Collapse
|
22
|
Himeda CL, Jones PL. FSHD Therapeutic Strategies: What Will It Take to Get to Clinic? J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12060865. [PMID: 35743650 PMCID: PMC9225474 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12060865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is arguably one of the most challenging genetic diseases to understand and treat. The disease is caused by epigenetic dysregulation of a macrosatellite repeat, either by contraction of the repeat or by mutations in silencing proteins. Both cases lead to chromatin relaxation and, in the context of a permissive allele, pathogenic misexpression of DUX4 in skeletal muscle. The complex nature of the locus and the fact that FSHD is a toxic, gain-of-function disease present unique challenges for the design of therapeutic strategies. There are three major DUX4-targeting avenues of therapy for FSHD: small molecules, oligonucleotide therapeutics, and CRISPR-based approaches. Here, we evaluate the preclinical progress of each avenue, and discuss efforts being made to overcome major hurdles to translation.
Collapse
|
23
|
Knežić T, Janjušević L, Djisalov M, Yodmuang S, Gadjanski I. Using Vertebrate Stem and Progenitor Cells for Cellular Agriculture, State-of-the-Art, Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Biomolecules 2022; 12:699. [PMID: 35625626 PMCID: PMC9138761 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global food systems are under significant pressure to provide enough food, particularly protein-rich foods whose demand is on the rise in times of crisis and inflation, as presently existing due to post-COVID-19 pandemic effects and ongoing conflict in Ukraine and resulting in looming food insecurity, according to FAO. Cultivated meat (CM) and cultivated seafood (CS) are protein-rich alternatives for traditional meat and fish that are obtained via cellular agriculture (CA) i.e., tissue engineering for food applications. Stem and progenitor cells are the building blocks and starting point for any CA bioprocess. This review presents CA-relevant vertebrate cell types and procedures needed for their myogenic and adipogenic differentiation since muscle and fat tissue are the primary target tissues for CM/CS production. The review also describes existing challenges, such as a need for immortalized cell lines, or physical and biochemical parameters needed for enhanced meat/fat culture efficiency and ways to address them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teodora Knežić
- Center for Biosystems, BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr. Zorana Djindjica 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (T.K.); (L.J.); (M.D.)
| | - Ljiljana Janjušević
- Center for Biosystems, BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr. Zorana Djindjica 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (T.K.); (L.J.); (M.D.)
| | - Mila Djisalov
- Center for Biosystems, BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr. Zorana Djindjica 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (T.K.); (L.J.); (M.D.)
| | - Supansa Yodmuang
- Research Affairs, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, 1873 Rama 4 Rd, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Ivana Gadjanski
- Center for Biosystems, BioSense Institute, University of Novi Sad, Dr. Zorana Djindjica 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (T.K.); (L.J.); (M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Natural flavonoid luteolin promotes the differentiation of porcine myoblasts through activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
25
|
Bao Z, Wang J, He M, Zhang P, Shan L, Yao Y, Wang Q, Zheng L, Ge H, Zhou J. Benzo[a]pyrene inhibits myoblast differentiation through downregulating the Hsp70-K2-p38MAPK complex. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 82:105356. [PMID: 35427736 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking causes skeletal muscle dysfunction and worse prognosis for patients with diverse systemic diseases. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), one major constituent that is inhaled during smoking, is particularly known for its ability to impair neurodevelopment, impede reproductivity, or reduce birth weight. Here, we found that BaP exposure led to the inhibition of C2C12 myoblasts differentiation in a dose-dependent manner and reduced the expression of both early and late myogenic differentiation markers. BaP exposure significantly decreased the expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK), but not AKT, which are both critical during myogenic differentiation. Mechanistically, BaP deregulated the expression levels of MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2) and heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70), both of which stabilize p38MAPK. Interestingly, treatment of proteasome inhibitor MG132 was able to reverse BaP-induced degradation of Hsp70/ MK2 and p38MAPK in myoblasts, implying BaP-mediated p38MAPK degradation is proteasome-dependent. Overexpression of p38MAPK also rescued the defective differentiation phenotype of C2C12 induced by BaP. Taken together, we suggest that BaP exposure induces MK2/Hsp70/p38MAPK complex degradation in C2C12 myoblasts and impairs myogenic differentiation by proteasomal-dependent mechanisms. As application of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 or overexpression of p38MAPK could reverse impaired differentiation of myoblasts induced by BaP, this may suggest potential related strategies for preventing tobacco-related skeletal muscle diseases or for respiratory rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Bao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Mingjie He
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Lu Shan
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yinan Yao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Liling Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of General Intensive Care Unit of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Dr. Li Dak Sum & Yip Yio Chin Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huiqing Ge
- Department of Respiratory Care, Regional Medical Center for the National Institute of Respiratory Diseases, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, China.
| | - Jianying Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sun C, Kannan S, Choi IY, Lim H, Zhang H, Chen GS, Zhang N, Park SH, Serra C, Iyer SR, Lloyd TE, Kwon C, Lovering RM, Lim SB, Andersen P, Wagner KR, Lee G. Human pluripotent stem cell-derived myogenic progenitors undergo maturation to quiescent satellite cells upon engraftment. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:610-619.e5. [PMID: 35395188 PMCID: PMC9000524 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived myogenic progenitor cell (MPC) transplantation is a promising therapeutic approach for a variety of degenerative muscle disorders. Here, using an MPC-specific fluorescent reporter system (PAX7::GFP), we demonstrate that hPSC-derived MPCs can contribute to the regeneration of myofibers in mice following local injury and in mice deficient of dystrophin (mdx). We also demonstrate that a subset of PAX7::GFP MPCs engraft within the basal lamina of regenerated myofibers, adopt a quiescent state, and contribute to regeneration upon reinjury and in mdx mouse models. This subset of PAX7::GFP MPCs undergo a maturation process and remodel their molecular characteristics to resemble those of late-stage fetal MPCs/adult satellite cells following in vivo engraftment. These in-vivo-matured PAX7::GFP MPCs retain a cell-autonomous ability to regenerate and can repopulate in the niche of secondary recipient mice, providing a proof of principle for future hPSC-based cell therapy for muscle disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Congshan Sun
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Genetic Muscle Disorders, The Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Suraj Kannan
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Biomedical Engineering and Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - In Young Choi
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - HoTae Lim
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Grace S Chen
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Nancy Zhang
- Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Seong-Hyun Park
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Carlo Serra
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Genetic Muscle Disorders, The Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shama R Iyer
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Thomas E Lloyd
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Chulan Kwon
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Biomedical Engineering and Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Richard M Lovering
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Su Bin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Peter Andersen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Kathryn R Wagner
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Center for Genetic Muscle Disorders, The Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cho JH, Lee JH, Lee KM, Lee CK, Shin DM. BMP-2 Induced Signaling Pathways and Phenotypes: Comparisons Between Senescent and Non-senescent Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:489-503. [PMID: 34714366 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00923-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The use of BMP-2 in orthopedic surgery is limited by uncertainty surrounding its effects on the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and how this is affected by cellular aging. This study compared the effects of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation between senescent and non-senescent MSCs. Senescent and non-senescent MSCs were cultured in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation medium containing various concentrations of rhBMP-2. The phenotypes of these cells were compared by performing a calcium assay, adipogenesis assay, staining, real-time PCR, western blotting, and microarray analysis. rhBMP-2 induced osteogenic differentiation to a lesser extent (P < 0.001 and P = 0.005 for alkaline phosphatase activity and Ca2+ release) in senescent MSCs regardless of dose-dependent increase in both cells. However, the induction of adipogenic differentiation by rhBMP-2 was comparable between them. There was no difference between these two groups of cells in the adipogenesis assay (P = 0.279) and their expression levels of PPARγ were similar. Several genes such as CHRDL1, NOG, SMAD1, SMAD7, and FST encoding transcription factors were proposed to underlie the different responses of senescent and non-senescent MSCs to rhBMP-2 in microarray analyses. Furthermore, inflammatory, adipogenic, or cell death-related signaling pathways such as NF-kB or p38-MAPK pathways were upregulated by BMP-2 in senescent MSCs, whereas bone forming signaling pathways involving BMP, SMAD, and TGF- ß were upregulated in non-senescent MSCs as expected. This phenomenon explains bone forming dominance by non-senescent MSCs and possible frequent complications such as seroma, osteolysis, or neuritis in senescent MSCs during BMP-2 use in orthopedic surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hwan Cho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyup Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyung Mee Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Ki Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Myung Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Campos JF, Besson T, Berteina-Raboin S. Review on the Synthesis and Therapeutic Potential of Pyrido[2,3-d], [3,2-d], [3,4-d] and [4,3-d]pyrimidine Derivatives. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15030352. [PMID: 35337149 PMCID: PMC8949896 DOI: 10.3390/ph15030352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this review is to list the structures composed of a pyridopyrimidine moiety which have shown a therapeutic interest or have already been approved for use as therapeutics. We consider all the synthetic protocols to prepare these pyridopyrimidine derivatives. The review is organized into four sections, successively pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines, pyrido[3,4-d]pyrimidines, pyrido[4,3-d]pyrimidines and pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines. For each compound we present the biological activity and the synthetic route reported. To produce this manuscript, the bibliographic research was done using Reaxys and Scifinder for each kind of pyridopyrimidine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana F. Campos
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d’Orléans CNRS, ICOA UMR 7311, BP 6759, Rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France;
| | - Thierry Besson
- Université de Rouen-Normandie (UNIROUEN), INSA Rouen, CNRS, COBRA UMR 6014, 76000 Rouen, France;
| | - Sabine Berteina-Raboin
- Institut de Chimie Organique et Analytique (ICOA), Université d’Orléans CNRS, ICOA UMR 7311, BP 6759, Rue de Chartres, CEDEX 2, 45067 Orléans, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-238-494-856
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rodgers BD, Ward CW. Myostatin/Activin Receptor Ligands in Muscle and the Development Status of Attenuating Drugs. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:329-365. [PMID: 34520530 PMCID: PMC8905337 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscle wasting disease indications are among the most debilitating and often deadly noncommunicable disease states. As a comorbidity, muscle wasting is associated with different neuromuscular diseases and myopathies, cancer, heart failure, chronic pulmonary and renal diseases, peripheral neuropathies, inflammatory disorders, and, of course, musculoskeletal injuries. Current treatment strategies are relatively ineffective and can at best only limit the rate of muscle degeneration. This includes nutritional supplementation and appetite stimulants as well as immunosuppressants capable of exacerbating muscle loss. Arguably, the most promising treatments in development attempt to disrupt myostatin and activin receptor signaling because these circulating factors are potent inhibitors of muscle growth and regulators of muscle progenitor cell differentiation. Indeed, several studies demonstrated the clinical potential of "inhibiting the inhibitors," increasing muscle cell protein synthesis, decreasing degradation, enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis, and preserving muscle function. Such changes can prevent muscle wasting in various disease animal models yet many drugs targeting this pathway failed during clinical trials, some from serious treatment-related adverse events and off-target interactions. More often, however, failures resulted from the inability to improve muscle function despite preserving muscle mass. Drugs still in development include antibodies and gene therapeutics, all with different targets and thus, safety, efficacy, and proposed use profiles. Each is unique in design and, if successful, could revolutionize the treatment of both acute and chronic muscle wasting. They could also be used in combination with other developing therapeutics for related muscle pathologies or even metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher W Ward
- Department of Orthopedics and Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology (BioMET), University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
The pro-tumorigenic activity of p38γ overexpression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:210. [PMID: 35246508 PMCID: PMC8897421 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It is urgent to identify and validate biomarkers for early diagnosis and efficient treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Recent studies have proposed p38 gamma (p38γ) as a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-like kinase that phosphorylates retinoblastoma (Rb) to promote cyclins expression and tumorigenesis. Here the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) database and results from the local NPC tissues demonstrate that p38γ is significantly upregulated in NPC tissues, correlating with poor overall survival. Furthermore, p38γ mRNA and protein expression is elevated in established NPC cell lines (CNE-1 HONE-1 and CNE-2) and primary human NPC cells, but low expression detected in human nasal epithelial cells. In established and primary NPC cells, p38γ depletion, using the shRNA strategy or the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing method, largely inhibited cell growth, proliferation and migration, and induced significant apoptosis activation. Contrarily, ectopic p38γ overexpression exerted opposite activity and promoted NPC cell proliferation and migration. Retinoblastoma (Rb) phosphorylation and cyclin E1/A expression were decreased in NPC cells with p38γ silencing or knockout, but increased after p38γ overexpression. Moreover, mitochondrial subcellular p38γ localization was detected in NPC cells. Significantly, p38γ depletion disrupted mitochondrial functions, causing mitochondrial depolarization, reactive oxygen species production, oxidative injury and ATP depletion in NPC cells. In vivo, intratumoral injection of adeno-associated virus-packed p38γ shRNA potently inhibited primary human NPC xenograft growth in nude mice. In p38γ shRNA virus-injected NPC xenograft tissues, p38γ expression, Rb phosphorylation, cyclin E1/A expression and ATP levels were dramatically decreased. Taken together, we conclude that p38γ overexpression is required for NPC cell growth, acting as a promising therapeutic target of NPC.
Collapse
|
31
|
Eigler T, Zarfati G, Amzallag E, Sinha S, Segev N, Zabary Y, Zaritsky A, Shakked A, Umansky KB, Schejter ED, Millay DP, Tzahor E, Avinoam O. ERK1/2 inhibition promotes robust myotube growth via CaMKII activation resulting in myoblast-to-myotube fusion. Dev Cell 2021; 56:3349-3363.e6. [PMID: 34932950 PMCID: PMC8693863 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Myoblast fusion is essential for muscle development and regeneration. Yet, it remains poorly understood how mononucleated myoblasts fuse with preexisting fibers. We demonstrate that ERK1/2 inhibition (ERKi) induces robust differentiation and fusion of primary mouse myoblasts through a linear pathway involving RXR, ryanodine receptors, and calcium-dependent activation of CaMKII in nascent myotubes. CaMKII activation results in myotube growth via fusion with mononucleated myoblasts at a fusogenic synapse. Mechanistically, CaMKII interacts with and regulates MYMK and Rac1, and CaMKIIδ/γ knockout mice exhibit smaller regenerated myofibers following injury. In addition, the expression of a dominant negative CaMKII inhibits the formation of large multinucleated myotubes. Finally, we demonstrate the evolutionary conservation of the pathway in chicken myoblasts. We conclude that ERK1/2 represses a signaling cascade leading to CaMKII-mediated fusion of myoblasts to myotubes, providing an attractive target for the cultivated meat industry and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Eigler
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Giulia Zarfati
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Emmanuel Amzallag
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sansrity Sinha
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nadav Segev
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yishaia Zabary
- Department of Software & Information Systems Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Assaf Zaritsky
- Department of Software & Information Systems Engineering, Ben Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| | - Avraham Shakked
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Kfir-Baruch Umansky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal D Schejter
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Douglas P Millay
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Eldad Tzahor
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Ori Avinoam
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Liu W, Du JJ, Li ZH, Zhang XY, Zuo HD. Liver injury associated with acute pancreatitis: The current status of clinical evaluation and involved mechanisms. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:10418-10429. [PMID: 35004974 PMCID: PMC8686151 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i34.10418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a very common acute disease, and the mortality rate of severe AP (SAP) is between 15% and 35%. The main causes of death are multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and infections. The mortality rate of patients with SAP related to liver failure is as high as 83%, and approximately 5% of the SAP patients have fulminant liver failure. Liver function is closely related to the progression and prognosis of AP. In this review, we aim to elaborate on the clinical manifestations and mechanism of liver injury in patients with AP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Juan-Juan Du
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zeng-Hui Li
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hou-Dong Zuo
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging, Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, Sichuan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Guan X, Zhou J, Du G, Chen J. Bioprocessing technology of muscle stem cells: implications for cultured meat. Trends Biotechnol 2021; 40:721-734. [PMID: 34887105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) are essential for the growth, maintenance, and repair of skeletal muscle. In the emerging area of cultured meat, meat products are manufactured with MuSCs using theory and technology from the fields of cell culture, tissue engineering, and food processing. Recently, considerable progress has been made in bioprocessing technologies for MuSCs, including isolation, expansion, differentiation, and tissue building. Here we summarize cutting-edge operational strategies and recently characterized regulatory mechanisms for MuSCs. Furthermore, we discuss their applicability to refining the production process for cultured meat and accelerating its industrialization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jingwen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology (NELCF), Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Deng K, Fan Y, Liang Y, Cai Y, Zhang G, Deng M, Wang Z, Lu J, Shi J, Wang F, Zhang Y. FTO-mediated demethylation of GADD45B promotes myogenesis through the activation of p38 MAPK pathway. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 26:34-48. [PMID: 34513292 PMCID: PMC8408560 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays a critical role in mammalian development. However, the role of m6A in the skeletal muscle development remains largely unknown. Here, we report a global m6A modification pattern of goat skeletal muscle at two key development stages and identified that the m6A modification regulated the expression of the growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45B (GADD45B) gene, which is involved in myogenic differentiation. We showed that GADD45B expression increased during myoblast differentiation, whereas the downregulation of GADD45B inhibits myogenic differentiation and mitochondrial biogenesis. Moreover, the expression of GADD45B regulates the expression of myogenic regulatory factors and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha by activating the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Conversely, the inactivation of p38 MAPK abolished the GADD45B-mediated myogenic differentiation. Furthermore, we found that the knockdown of fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO) increases GADD45B m6A modification and decreases the stability of GADD45B mRNA, which impairs myogenic differentiation. Our results indicate that the FTO-mediated m6A modification in GADD45B mRNA drives skeletal muscle differentiation by activating the p38 MAPK pathway, which provides a molecular mechanism for the regulation of myogenesis via RNA methylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaiping Deng
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixuan Fan
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yaxu Liang
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Guomin Zhang
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mingtian Deng
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhibo Wang
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiawei Lu
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianfei Shi
- Haimen Goat Breeding Farm, Nantong 226100, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.,Institute of Haimen Goat Industry, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Institute of Sheep and Goat Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mao Y, Han CY, Hao L, Bang IH, Bae EJ, Park BH. p21-activated kinase 4 phosphorylates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor Υ and suppresses skeletal muscle regeneration. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:1776-1788. [PMID: 34431242 PMCID: PMC8718036 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skeletal muscle regeneration is an adaptive response to injury that is crucial to the maintenance of muscle mass and function. A p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) serine/threonine kinase is critical to the regulation of cytoskeletal changes, cell proliferation, and growth. However, PAK4's role in myoblast differentiation and regenerative myogenesis remains to be determined. METHODS We used a mouse model of myotoxin (notexin)-induced muscle regeneration. In vitro myogenesis was performed in the C2C12 myoblast cell line, primary myoblasts, and primary satellite cells. In vivo overexpression of PAK4 or kinase-inactive mutant PAK4S474A was conducted in skeletal muscle to examine PAK4's kinase-dependent effect on muscle regeneration. The regeneration process was evaluated by determining the number and size of multinucleated myofibres and expression patterns of myogenin and eMyHC. To explore whether PAK4 inhibition improves muscle regeneration, mice were injected intramuscularly with siRNA that targeted PAK4 or orally administered with a chemical inhibitor of PAK4. RESULTS p21-activated kinase 4 was highly expressed during the myoblast stage, but expression gradually and substantially decreased as myoblasts differentiated into myotubes. PAK4 overexpression, but not kinase-inactive mutant PAK4S474A overexpression, significantly impeded myoblast fusion and MyHC-positive myotube formation in C2C12 cells, primary myoblasts, and satellite cells (P < 0.01). Conversely, PAK4 silencing led to an 8.7% and a 20.3% increase in the number of multinucleated larger myotubes in C2C12 cells and primary myoblasts. Further, in vivo overexpression of PAK4 by adenovirus injection to mice prior to and after myotoxin-induced injury led to a 52.6% decrease in the number of eMyHC-positive myofibres on Day 5 in tibialis anterior muscles as compared with those injected with control adenoviruses (P < 0.01), while Ad-PAK4S474A showed comparable muscle regeneration parameters. PAK4-induced repression of muscle regeneration coincided with an increase in phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) expression and a decrease in phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt signalling. In contrast, PAK4 silencing reduced PTEN expression in mice. Consistent with these findings, prodrug of PAK4 inhibitor CZh-226 (30 mg/kg) orally administered to mice repressed PTEN expression and accelerated myotube formation. Subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that PAK4 directly phosphorylates PPARγ at S273 to increase its transcription activity, thereby up-regulating PTEN expression. Importantly, an analysis of the Genotype-Tissue Expression database showed a positive correlation between PAK4 and PTEN in human skeletal muscle tissues (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS p1-activated kinase 4 is a new member of PPARγ kinase, and PAK4 inhibition may have a therapeutic role as an accelerant of muscle regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuancheng Mao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chang Yeob Han
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Lihua Hao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - In Hyuk Bang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Eun Ju Bae
- School of Pharmacy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Byung-Hyun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Barruet E, Garcia SM, Wu J, Morales BM, Tamaki S, Moody T, Pomerantz JH, Hsiao EC. Modeling the ACVR1 R206H mutation in human skeletal muscle stem cells. eLife 2021; 10:66107. [PMID: 34755602 PMCID: PMC8691832 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormalities in skeletal muscle repair can lead to poor function and complications such as scarring or heterotopic ossification (HO). Here, we use fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), a disease of progressive HO caused by ACVR1R206H (Activin receptor type-1 receptor) mutation, to elucidate how ACVR1 affects skeletal muscle repair. Rare and unique primary FOP human muscle stem cells (Hu-MuSCs) isolated from cadaveric skeletal muscle demonstrated increased extracellular matric (ECM) marker expression, showed skeletal muscle-specific impaired engraftment and regeneration ability. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived muscle stem/progenitor cells (iMPCs) single-cell transcriptome analyses from FOP also revealed unusually increased ECM and osteogenic marker expression compared to control iMPCs. These results show that iMPCs can recapitulate many aspects of Hu-MuSCs for detailed in vitro study; that ACVR1 is a key regulator of Hu-MuSC function and skeletal muscle repair; and that ACVR1 activation in iMPCs or Hu-MuSCs may contribute to HO by changing the local tissue environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Barruet
- Departments of Surgery and Orofacial Sciences, Division of Plastic Surgery, Program in Craniofacial Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Steven M Garcia
- Departments of Surgery and Orofacial Sciences, Division of Plastic Surgery, Program in Craniofacial Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jake Wu
- Departments of Surgery and Orofacial Sciences, Division of Plastic Surgery, Program in Craniofacial Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Blanca M Morales
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Stanley Tamaki
- Departments of Surgery and Orofacial Sciences, Division of Plastic Surgery, Program in Craniofacial Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Tania Moody
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jason H Pomerantz
- Departments of Surgery and Orofacial Sciences, Division of Plastic Surgery, Program in Craniofacial Biology, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Edward C Hsiao
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Masuzawa R, Takahashi K, Takano K, Nishino I, Sakai T, Endo T. DA-Raf and the MEK inhibitor trametinib reverse skeletal myocyte differentiation inhibition or muscle atrophy caused by myostatin and GDF11 through the non-Smad Ras-ERK pathway. J Biochem 2021; 171:109-122. [PMID: 34676394 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (Mstn) and GDF11 are critical factors that are involved in muscle atrophy in the young and sarcopenia in the elderly, respectively. These TGF-β superfamily proteins activate not only Smad signaling but also non-Smad signaling including the Ras-mediated ERK pathway (Raf-MEK-ERK phosphorylation cascade). Although Mstn and GDF11 have been shown to induce muscle atrophy or sarcopenia by Smad2/3-mediated Akt inhibition, participation of the non-Smad Ras-ERK pathway in atrophy and sarcopenia has not been well determined. We show here that both Mstn and GDF11 prevented skeletal myocyte differentiation but that the MEK inhibitor U0126 or trametinib restored differentiation in Mstn- or GDF11-treated myocytes. These MEK inhibitors induced the expression of DA-Raf1 (DA-Raf), which is a dominant-negative antagonist of the Ras-ERK pathway. Exogenous expression of DA-Raf in Mstn- or GDF11-treated myocytes restored differentiation. Furthermore, administration of trametinib to aged mice resulted in an increase in myofiber size, or recovery from muscle atrophy. The trametinib administration downregulated ERK activity in these muscles. These results imply that the Mstn/GDF11-induced Ras-ERK pathway plays critical roles in the inhibition of myocyte differentiation and muscle regeneration, which leads to muscle atrophy. Trametinib and similar approved drugs might be applicable to the treatment of muscle atrophy in sarcopenia or cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Masuzawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kazuya Takahashi
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kazunori Takano
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Ichizo Nishino
- Department of Neuromuscular Research, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sakai
- Drug Discovery Center and Department of Drug Discovery Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Takeshi Endo
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoicho, Inageku, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
ZSWIM8 is a myogenic protein that partly prevents C2C12 differentiation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20880. [PMID: 34686700 PMCID: PMC8536758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00306-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecule-related/downregulated by oncogenes (Cdon) is a cell-surface receptor that mediates cell–cell interactions and positively regulates myogenesis. The cytoplasmic region of Cdon interacts with other proteins to form a Cdon/JLP/Bnip-2/CDC42 complex that activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and induces myogenesis. However, Cdon complex may include other proteins during myogenesis. In this study, we found that Cullin 2-interacting protein zinc finger SWIM type containing 8 (ZSWIM8) ubiquitin ligase is induced during C2C12 differentiation and is included in the Cdon complex. We knocked-down Zswim8 in C2C12 cells to determine the effect of ZSWIM8 on differentiation. However, we detected neither ZSWIM8-dependent ubiquitination nor the degradation of Bnip2, Cdon, or JLP. In contrast, ZSWIM8 knockdown accelerated C2C12 differentiation. These results suggest that ZSWIM8 is a Cdon complex-included myogenic protein that prevents C2C12 differentiation without affecting the stability of Bnip2, Cdon, and JLP.
Collapse
|
39
|
Cerri DG, Rodrigues LC, Alves VM, Machado J, Bastos VAF, Carmo Kettelhut I, Alberici LC, Costa MCR, Stowell SR, Cummings RD, Dias-Baruffi M. Endogenous Galectin-3 is required for skeletal muscle repair. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1295-1307. [PMID: 34224566 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has the intrinsic ability to self-repair through a multifactorial process, but many aspects of its cellular and molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. There is increasing evidence that some members of the mammalian β-galactoside-binding protein family (galectins) are involved in the muscular repair process (MRP), including galectin-3 (Gal-3). However, there are many questions about the role of this protein on muscle self-repair. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous Gal-3 is required for: i) muscle repair in vivo using a chloride-barium myolesion mouse model, and ii) mouse primary myoblasts myogenic programming. Injured muscle from Gal-3 knockout mice (GAL3KO) showed persistent inflammation associated with compromised muscle repair and the formation of fibrotic tissue on the lesion site. In GAL3KO mice, osteopontin expression remained high even after 7 and 14 days of the myolesion, while MyoD and myogenin had decreased their expression. In GAL3KO mouse primary myoblast cell culture, Pax7 detection seems to sustain even when cells are stimulated to differentiation and MyoD expression is drastically reduced. The detection and temporal expression levels of these transcriptional factors appear to be altered in Gal-3-deficient myoblast. Gal-3 expression in WT states, both in vivo and in vitro, in sarcoplasm/cytoplasm and myonuclei; as differentiation proceeds, Gal-3 expression is drastically reduced, and its location is confined to the sarcolemma/plasma cell membrane. We also observed a change in the temporal-spatial profile of Gal-3 expression and muscle transcription factors levels during the myolesion. Overall, these results demonstrate that endogenous Gal-3 is required for the skeletal muscle repair process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Giuliano Cerri
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cataldi Rodrigues
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Vani Maria Alves
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano Machado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Víctor Alexandre Félix Bastos
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Isis Carmo Kettelhut
- Department of Biochemistry/Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School/University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciane Carla Alberici
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Sean R Stowell
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 3 Blackfan Circle, Room 11087, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Marcelo Dias-Baruffi
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Darlyuk-Saadon I, Heng CKM, Bai C, Gilad N, Yu WP, Meng Huang Mok M, Wong WSF, Engelberg D. Expression of a constitutively active p38α mutant in mice causes early death, anemia, and accumulation of immunosuppressive cells. FEBS J 2021; 288:3978-3999. [PMID: 33410203 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The MAP kinase p38α is associated with numerous processes in eukaryotes, and its elevated activity is a prominent feature of inflammatory diseases, allergies, and aging. Since p38α is a nodal component of a complex signaling network, it is difficult to reveal exactly how p38α contributes to disparate outcomes. Identification of p38α -specific effects requires activation of p38α per se in vivo. We generated a transgenic mouse model that meets this requirement by allowing inducible and reversible expression of an intrinsically active p38α molecule (p38αD176A+F327S ). p38α's activation across all murine tissues resulted in a significant loss of body weight and death of about 40% of the mice within 17 weeks of activation, although most tissues were unaffected. Flow cytometric analysis of the lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid detected an accumulation of 'debris' within the airways, suggesting impaired clearance. It also revealed increased numbers of alternatively activated alveolar macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells within the lung, pointing at suppression and resolution of inflammation. Blood count suggested that mice expressing p38αD176A+F327S suffer from hemolytic anemia. Flow cytometry of bone marrow revealed a reduced number of hematopoietic stem cells and abnormalities in the erythroid lineage. Unexpectedly, p38α's substrate MAPKAPK2, mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 was downregulated in mice expressing p38αD176A+F327S , suggesting that constitutive activity of p38α may impose pathological phenotypes by downregulating downstream components, perhaps via a feedback inhibition mechanism. In summary, this new mouse model shows that induced p38α activity per se is hazardous to mouse vitality and welfare, although pathological parameters are apparent only in blood count, bone marrow, and lungs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Darlyuk-Saadon
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chew Kiat Matthew Heng
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Chen Bai
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nechama Gilad
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Wei-Ping Yu
- Animal Gene Editing Laboratory (AGEL), Biological Resource Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | | | - W S Fred Wong
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Engelberg
- CREATE-NUS-HUJ, Molecular Mechanisms of Inflammatory Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Institute of Life Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Brennan CM, Emerson CP, Owens J, Christoforou N. p38 MAPKs - roles in skeletal muscle physiology, disease mechanisms, and as potential therapeutic targets. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149915. [PMID: 34156029 PMCID: PMC8262482 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
p38 MAPKs play a central role in orchestrating the cellular response to stress and inflammation and in the regulation of myogenesis. Potent inhibitors of p38 MAPKs have been pursued as potential therapies for several disease indications due to their antiinflammatory properties, although none have been approved to date. Here, we provide a brief overview of p38 MAPKs, including their role in regulating myogenesis and their association with disease progression. Finally, we discuss targeting p38 MAPKs as a therapeutic approach for treating facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy and other muscular dystrophies by addressing multiple pathological mechanisms in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Charles P Emerson
- Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Program, Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jane Owens
- Rare Disease Research Unit, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Katoku-Kikyo N, Paatela E, Houtz DL, Lee B, Munson D, Wang X, Hussein M, Bhatia J, Lim S, Yuan C, Asakura Y, Asakura A, Kikyo N. Per1/Per2-Igf2 axis-mediated circadian regulation of myogenic differentiation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212164. [PMID: 34009269 PMCID: PMC8138781 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202101057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms regulate cell proliferation and differentiation, but circadian control of tissue regeneration remains elusive at the molecular level. Here, we show that proper myoblast differentiation and muscle regeneration are regulated by the circadian master regulators Per1 and Per2. Depletion of Per1 or Per2 suppressed myoblast differentiation in vitro and muscle regeneration in vivo, demonstrating their nonredundant functions. Both Per1 and Per2 were required for the activation of Igf2, an autocrine promoter of myoblast differentiation, accompanied by Per-dependent recruitment of RNA polymerase II, dynamic histone modifications at the Igf2 promoter and enhancer, and the promoter–enhancer interaction. This circadian epigenetic priming created a preferred time window for initiating myoblast differentiation. Consistently, muscle regeneration was faster if initiated at night, when Per1, Per2, and Igf2 were highly expressed compared with morning. This study reveals the circadian timing as a significant factor for effective muscle cell differentiation and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Katoku-Kikyo
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ellen Paatela
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Daniel L Houtz
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Britney Lee
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Dane Munson
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Xuerui Wang
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Paul & Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Mohammed Hussein
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Paul & Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Jasmeet Bhatia
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Paul & Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Seunghyun Lim
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Ce Yuan
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Yoko Asakura
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Paul & Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Atsushi Asakura
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Paul & Sheila Wellstone Muscular Dystrophy Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nobuaki Kikyo
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Theret M, Low M, Rempel L, Li FF, Tung LW, Contreras O, Chang CK, Wu A, Soliman H, Rossi FMV. In vitro assessment of anti-fibrotic drug activity does not predict in vivo efficacy in murine models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Life Sci 2021; 279:119482. [PMID: 33891939 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM Fibrosis is the most common complication from chronic diseases, and yet no therapy capable of mitigating its effects is available. Our goal is to unveil specific signaling regulating the fibrogenic process and to identify potential small molecule candidates that block fibrogenic differentiation of fibro/adipogenic progenitors. METHOD We performed a large-scale drug screen using muscle-resident fibro/adipogenic progenitors from a mouse model expressing EGFP under the Collagen1a1 promotor. We first confirmed that the EGFP was expressed in response to TGFβ1 stimulation in vitro. Then we treated cells with TGFβ1 alone or with drugs from two libraries of known compounds. The drugs ability to block the fibrogenic differentiation was quantified by imaging and flow cytometry. From a two-rounds screening, positive hits were tested in vivo in the mice model for the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (mdx mice). The histopathology of the muscles was assessed with picrosirius red (fibrosis) and laminin staining (myofiber size). KEY FINDINGS From the in vitro drug screening, we identified 21 drugs and tested 3 in vivo on the mdx mice. None of the three drugs significantly improved muscle histopathology. SIGNIFICANCE The in vitro drug screen identified various efficient compounds, none of them strongly inhibited fibrosis in skeletal muscle of mdx mice. To explain these observations, we hypothesize that in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, in which fibrosis is a secondary event due to chronic degeneration and inflammation, the drugs tested could have adverse effect on regeneration or inflammation, balancing off any positive effects and leading to the absence of significant results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marine Theret
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Marcela Low
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lucas Rempel
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Fang Fang Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lin Wei Tung
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Osvaldo Contreras
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular and Center for Aging and Regeneration (CARE-ChileUC), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150 Santiago, Chile
| | - Chih-Kai Chang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Andrew Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Hesham Soliman
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Fabio M V Rossi
- School of Biomedical Engineering and the Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Medical Genetics, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Said-Fernandez SL, Sanchez-Domínguez CN, Salinas-Santander MA, Martinez-Rodriguez HG, Kubelis-Lopez DE, Zapata-Salazar NA, Vazquez-Martinez OT, Wollina U, Lotti T, Ocampo-Candiani J. Novel immunological and genetic factors associated with vitiligo: A review. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:312. [PMID: 33717255 PMCID: PMC7885061 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a skin disorder characterized by depigmentation of the skin due to a lack of melanin. This condition affects men and woman of all ages and its incidence is not restricted by ethnicity or region. Vitiligo is a multifactorial disease, in which melanocytes, which serve important functions in skin pigmentation and immune processes, are impaired. There is sufficient evidence that immunological and genetic factors are primarily responsible for the destruction and dysfunction of melanocytes. Therefore, genetic DNA sequence variants that participate in skin homeostasis, pigmentation and immune response regulation, as well as altered expression patterns, may contribute to the risk of developing vitiligo. The current review presented an overview of the mechanism of pigmentation and of currently known factors involved in depigmentation, as well as the classification, epidemiology, associated comorbidities, risk factors, immunopathogenesis and several genetic and molecular changes associated with vitiligo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Luis Said-Fernandez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez Medicine School and University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
| | - Celia Nohemi Sanchez-Domínguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez Medicine School and University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
| | | | - Herminia Guadalupe Martinez-Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez Medicine School and University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
| | - David Emmanuel Kubelis-Lopez
- Dermatology Service, Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez Medicine School and University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
| | - Natalia Aranza Zapata-Salazar
- Dermatology Service, Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez Medicine School and University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
| | - Osvaldo Tomas Vazquez-Martinez
- Dermatology Service, Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez Medicine School and University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center, Städtisches Klinikum, D-01067 Dresden, Germany
| | - Torello Lotti
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Guglielmo Marconi of Rome, I-00193 Rome, Italy
| | - Jorge Ocampo-Candiani
- Dermatology Service, Jose Eleuterio Gonzalez Medicine School and University Hospital, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Monterrey, Nuevo León 64460, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chaudhary MK, Prajapati P, Srivastava K, Silva KF, Joshi BD, Tandon P, Ayala AP. Molecular interactions and vibrational properties of ricobendazole: Insights from quantum chemical calculation and spectroscopic methods. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.129889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
46
|
The PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-Organic Osmolytes Pathway in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: From Essential Player in Osmotic Homeostasis, Inflammation and Skeletal Muscle Regeneration to Therapeutic Target. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040350. [PMID: 33808305 PMCID: PMC8066813 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), the absence of dystrophin from the dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) causes muscle membrane instability, which leads to myofiber necrosis, hampered regeneration, and chronic inflammation. The resulting disabled DAPC-associated cellular pathways have been described both at the molecular and the therapeutical level, with the Toll-like receptor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells pathway (NF-ƘB), Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins, and the transforming growth factor-β pathways receiving the most attention. In this review, we specifically focus on the protein kinase A/ mitogen-activated protein kinase/nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5/organic osmolytes (PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-organic osmolytes) pathway. This pathway plays an important role in osmotic homeostasis essential to normal cell physiology via its regulation of the influx/efflux of organic osmolytes. Besides, NFAT5 plays an essential role in cell survival under hyperosmolar conditions, in skeletal muscle regeneration, and in tissue inflammation, closely interacting with the master regulator of inflammation NF-ƘB. We describe the involvement of the PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-organic osmolytes pathway in DMD pathophysiology and provide a clear overview of which therapeutic molecules could be of potential benefit to DMD patients. We conclude that modulation of the PKA-p38MAPK-NFAT5-organic osmolytes pathway could be developed as supportive treatment for DMD in conjunction with genetic therapy.
Collapse
|
47
|
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 2,3,4-Triaryl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-ones as p38 MAPK Inhibitors. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061745. [PMID: 33804659 PMCID: PMC8003627 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of azastilbene derivatives, characterized by the presence of the 1,2,4-oxadiazole-5-one system as a linker of the two aromatic rings of stilbenes, have been prepared as novel potential inhibitors of p38 MAPK. Biological assays indicated that some of the synthesized compounds are endowed with good inhibitory activity towards the kinase. Molecular modeling data support the biological results showing that the designed compounds possess a reasonable binding mode in the ATP binding pocket of p38α kinase with a good binding affinity.
Collapse
|
48
|
Schätzl T, Kaiser L, Deigner HP. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy: genetics, gene activation and downstream signalling with regard to recent therapeutic approaches: an update. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:129. [PMID: 33712050 PMCID: PMC7953708 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01760-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst a disease-modifying treatment for Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) does not exist currently, recent advances in complex molecular pathophysiology studies of FSHD have led to possible therapeutic approaches for its targeted treatment. Although the underlying genetics of FSHD have been researched extensively, there remains an incomplete understanding of the pathophysiology of FSHD in relation to the molecules leading to DUX4 gene activation and the downstream gene targets of DUX4 that cause its toxic effects. In the context of the local proximity of chromosome 4q to the nuclear envelope, a contraction of the D4Z4 macrosatellite induces lower methylation levels, enabling the ectopic expression of DUX4. This disrupts numerous signalling pathways that mostly result in cell death, detrimentally affecting skeletal muscle in affected individuals. In this regard different options are currently explored either to suppress the transcription of DUX4 gene, inhibiting DUX4 protein from its toxic effects, or to alleviate the symptoms triggered by its numerous targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Schätzl
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Straße 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Straße 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, 79104, Freiburg i. Br., Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Straße 17, 78054, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
- EXIM Department, Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, Schillingallee 68, 18057, Rostock, Germany.
- Faculty of Science, Tuebingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ray R, Sinha S, Aidinis V, Rai V. Atx regulates skeletal muscle regeneration via LPAR1 and promotes hypertrophy. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108809. [PMID: 33657371 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle differentiation is a multifaceted and tightly controlled process required for the formation of skeletal muscle fibers. Satellite cells are the direct cellular contributors to muscle repair in injuries or disorders. Here, we show that autotaxin (Atx) expression and activity is required for satellite cell differentiation. Conditional ablation of Atx or its pharmacological inhibition impairs muscle repair. Mechanistically, we identify LPAR1 as the key receptor in Atx-LPA signaling. Myogenic gene array and pathway analysis identified that Atx-LPA signaling activates ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K), an mTOR-dependent master regulator of muscle cell growth via LPAR1. Furthermore, Atx transgenic mice show muscle hypertrophic effects and accelerated regeneration. Intramuscular injections of Atx/LPA show muscle hypertrophy. In addition, the regulatory effects of Atx on differentiation are conserved in human myoblasts. This study identifies Atx as a critical master regulator in murine and human muscles, identifying a promising extracellular ligand in muscle formation, regeneration, and hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Ray
- Institute of Life Sciences (An Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology), Bhubaneswar 751023, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Sunita Sinha
- Institute of Life Sciences (An Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology), Bhubaneswar 751023, India; Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Vivek Rai
- Institute of Life Sciences (An Autonomous Institute of Department of Biotechnology), Bhubaneswar 751023, India.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Millward DJ. Interactions between Growth of Muscle and Stature: Mechanisms Involved and Their Nutritional Sensitivity to Dietary Protein: The Protein-Stat Revisited. Nutrients 2021; 13:729. [PMID: 33668846 PMCID: PMC7996181 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood growth and its sensitivity to dietary protein is reviewed within a Protein-Stat model of growth regulation. The coordination of growth of muscle and stature is a combination of genetic programming, and of two-way mechanical interactions involving the mechanotransduction of muscle growth through stretching by bone length growth, the core Protein-Stat feature, and the strengthening of bone through muscle contraction via the mechanostat. Thus, growth in bone length is the initiating event and this is always observed. Endocrine and cellular mechanisms of growth in stature are reviewed in terms of the growth hormone-insulin like growth factor-1 (GH-IGF-1) and thyroid axes and the sex hormones, which together mediate endochondral ossification in the growth plate and bone lengthening. Cellular mechanisms of muscle growth during development are then reviewed identifying (a) the difficulties posed by the need to maintain its ultrastructure during myofibre hypertrophy within the extracellular matrix and the concept of muscle as concentric "bags" allowing growth to be conceived as bag enlargement and filling, (b) the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the mechanotransduction of satellite and mesenchymal stromal cells, to enable both connective tissue remodelling and provision of new myonuclei to aid myofibre hypertrophy and (c) the implications of myofibre hypertrophy for protein turnover within the myonuclear domain. Experimental data from rodent and avian animal models illustrate likely changes in DNA domain size and protein turnover during developmental and stretch-induced muscle growth and between different muscle fibre types. Growth of muscle in male rats during adulthood suggests that "bag enlargement" is achieved mainly through the action of mesenchymal stromal cells. Current understanding of the nutritional regulation of protein deposition in muscle, deriving from experimental studies in animals and human adults, is reviewed, identifying regulation by amino acids, insulin and myofibre volume changes acting to increase both ribosomal capacity and efficiency of muscle protein synthesis via the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and the phenomenon of a "bag-full" inhibitory signal has been identified in human skeletal muscle. The final section deals with the nutritional sensitivity of growth of muscle and stature to dietary protein in children. Growth in length/height as a function of dietary protein intake is described in the context of the breastfed child as the normative growth model, and the "Early Protein Hypothesis" linking high protein intakes in infancy to later adiposity. The extensive paediatric studies on serum IGF-1 and child growth are reviewed but their clinical relevance is of limited value for understanding growth regulation; a role in energy metabolism and homeostasis, acting with insulin to mediate adiposity, is probably more important. Information on the influence of dietary protein on muscle mass per se as opposed to lean body mass is limited but suggests that increased protein intake in children is unable to promote muscle growth in excess of that linked to genotypic growth in length/height. One possible exception is milk protein intake, which cohort and cross-cultural studies suggest can increase height and associated muscle growth, although such effects have yet to be demonstrated by randomised controlled trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Joe Millward
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
| |
Collapse
|