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Tien SC, Chang CC, Huang CH, Peng HY, Chang YT, Chang MC, Lee WH, Hu CM. Exosomal miRNA 16-5p/29a-3p from pancreatic cancer induce adipose atrophy by inhibiting adipogenesis and promoting lipolysis. iScience 2024; 27:110346. [PMID: 39055920 PMCID: PMC11269291 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Over 80% of the patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have cachexia/wasting syndrome. Cachexia is associated with reduced survival, decreased quality of life, and higher metastasis rates. Here, we demonstrate that fat loss is the earliest feature of PDAC-exosome-induced cachexia. MicroRNA sequencing of exosomal components from normal and cancer-derived exosomes revealed enrichment of miR-16-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-29a-3p, and miR-125b-5p in serum exosomes of mice harboring PDAC and patients with PDAC. Further, miR-16-5p and miR-29a-3p inhibited adipogenesis through decreasing Erlin2 and Cmpk1 expression which downregulates C/EBPβ and PPARγ. Synergistically, miR-29a-3p promotes lipolysis through increasing ATGL expression by suppressing MCT1 expression. Furthermore, PDAC-exosomes deprived of miR-16-5p and miR-29a-3p fail to induce fat loss. Hence, miR-16-5p and miR-29a-3p exosomal miRs are essential for PDAC-induced fat loss. Thus, we unravel that PDAC induces adipose atrophy via exosomal miRs. This knowledge may provide new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for PDAC-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sui-Chih Tien
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chun Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | | | - Hsuan-Yu Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
- National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Zhubei City, Hsinchu County 302058, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chu Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hwa Lee
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
- Drug Development Center, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chun-Mei Hu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
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2
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Jang H, Kim H, Lyu JH, Muthamil S, Shin UC, Kim HS, Jeong J, Chang S, Lee YK, Park JH. Bee ( Apis mellifera L. 1758) wax restores adipogenesis and lipid accumulation of 3T3-L1 cells in cancer-associated cachexia condition. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:5027-5035. [PMID: 39055217 PMCID: PMC11266878 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.4153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is associated with various diseases, such as heart disease, infectious disease, and cancer. In particular, cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) accounts for more than 20% of mortality in cancer patients worldwide. Adipose tissue in CAC is characterized by adipocyte atrophy, mainly due to excessively increased lipolysis and impairment of adipogenesis. CAC is well known for the loss of skeletal muscle mass and/or fat mass. CAC induces severe metabolic alterations, including protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of bee wax (Apis mellifera L. 1758) (BW) extract on adipogenesis, lipolysis, and mitochondrial oxygen consumption through white adipocytes, 3T3-L1. To achieve this study, cancer-associated cachexia condition was established by incubation of 3T3-L1 with colon cancer cell line CT26 cultured media. BW extract recovered the reduced adipogenesis under cachectic conditions in CT26 media. Treatment of BW showed increasing lipid accumulation as well as adipogenic gene expression and its target gene during adipogenesis. The administration of BW to adipocytes could decrease lipolysis. Also, BW could significantly downregulated the mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation-related genes, oxygen consumption rate, and extracellular acidification rate. Our results suggest that BW could improve metabolic disorders such as CAC through the activation of adipogenesis and inhibition of lipolysis in adipocytes, although we need further validation in vivo CAC model to check the effects of BW extract. Therefore, BW extract supplements could be useful as an alternative medicine to reverse energy imbalances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun‐Jun Jang
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research CenterKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineNajuKorea
- Research Group of Personalized DietKorea Food Research InstituteWanju‐gunKorea
| | - Hyun‐Yong Kim
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research CenterKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineNajuKorea
| | - Ji Hyo Lyu
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research CenterKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineNajuKorea
| | - Subramanian Muthamil
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research CenterKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineNajuKorea
| | - Ung Cheol Shin
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research CenterKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineNajuKorea
| | - Hyo Seon Kim
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research CenterKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineNajuKorea
| | - Jieun Jeong
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncolomics, Department of Biomedical Science, College of MedicineUniversity of UlsanSeoulKorea
| | - Suwhan Chang
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncolomics, Department of Biomedical Science, College of MedicineUniversity of UlsanSeoulKorea
| | - Yun Kyung Lee
- Laboratory of Integrative Oncolomics, Department of Biomedical Science, College of MedicineUniversity of UlsanSeoulKorea
| | - Jun Hong Park
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research CenterKorea Institute of Oriental MedicineNajuKorea
- Korean Convergence Medicine MajorUniversity of Science & Technology (UST)DaejeonKorea
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3
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Lefevre C, Thibaut MM, Loumaye A, Thissen JP, Neyrinck AM, Navez B, Delzenne NM, Feron O, Bindels LB. Tumoral acidosis promotes adipose tissue depletion by fostering adipocyte lipolysis. Mol Metab 2024; 83:101930. [PMID: 38570069 PMCID: PMC11027574 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumour progression drives profound alterations in host metabolism, such as adipose tissue depletion, an early event of cancer cachexia. As fatty acid consumption by cancer cells increases upon acidosis of the tumour microenvironment, we reasoned that fatty acids derived from distant adipose lipolysis may sustain tumour fatty acid craving, leading to the adipose tissue loss observed in cancer cachexia. METHODS To evaluate the pro-lipolytic capacities of acid-exposed cancer cells, primary mouse adipocytes from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue were exposed to pH-matched conditioned medium from human and murine acid-exposed cancer cells (pH 6.5), compared to naive cancer cells (pH 7.4). To further address the role of tumoral acidosis on adipose tissue loss, a pH-low insertion peptide was injected into tumour-bearing mice, and tumoral acidosis was neutralised with a sodium bicarbonate buffer. Prolipolytic mediators were identified by transcriptomic approaches and validated on murine and human adipocytes. RESULTS Here, we reveal that acid-exposed cancer cells promote lipolysis from subcutaneous and visceral adipocytes and that dampening acidosis in vivo inhibits adipose tissue depletion. We further found a set of well-known prolipolytic factors enhanced upon acidosis adaptation and unravelled a role for β-glucuronidase (GUSB) as a promising new actor in adipocyte lipolysis. CONCLUSIONS Tumoral acidosis promotes the mobilization of fatty acids derived from adipocytes via the release of soluble factors by cancer cells. Our work paves the way for therapeutic approaches aimed at tackling cachexia by targeting the tumour acidic compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lefevre
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Morgane M Thibaut
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Loumaye
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, IREC, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Thissen
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nutrition, IREC, UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey M Neyrinck
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Benoit Navez
- Department of Abdominal Surgery and Transplantation, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nathalie M Delzenne
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olivier Feron
- Pole of Pharmacology and Therapeutics (FATH), Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), UCLouvain, Brussels, Belgium; Welbio Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium
| | - Laure B Bindels
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, UCLouvain, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Welbio Department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium.
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4
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Mota INR, Satari S, Marques IS, Santos JMO, Medeiros R. Adipose tissue rearrangement in cancer cachexia: The involvement of β3-adrenergic receptor associated pathways. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189103. [PMID: 38679401 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a complex multiple organ syndrome that significantly contributes to reduced quality of life and increased mortality among many cancer patients. Its multifactorial nature makes its early diagnosis and effective therapeutic interventions challenging. Adipose tissue is particularly impacted by cachexia, typically through increased lipolysis, browning and thermogenesis, mainly at the onset of the disease. These processes lead to depletion of fat mass and contribute to the dysfunction of other organs. The β-adrenergic signalling pathways are classical players in the regulation of adipose tissue metabolism. They are activated upon sympathetic stimulation inducing lipolysis, browning and thermogenesis, therefore contributing to energy expenditure. Despite accumulating evidence suggesting that β3-adrenergic receptor stimulation may be crucial to the adipose tissue remodelling during cachexia, the literature remains controversial. Moreover, there is limited knowledge regarding sexual dimorphism of adipose tissue in the context of cachexia. This review paper aims to present the current knowledge regarding adipose tissue wasting during CAC, with a specific focus on the role of the β3-adrenergic receptor, placing it as a potential therapeutic target against cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês N R Mota
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Setareh Satari
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Inês Soares Marques
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto (FCUP), 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana M O Santos
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer - Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro - Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-172 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, Research Center of IPO Porto (CI-IPOP)/RISE@CI-IPOP (Health Research Network), Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), Porto Comprehensive Cancer Center Raquel Seruca (Porto.CCC), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Research Department of the Portuguese League Against Cancer - Regional Nucleus of the North (Liga Portuguesa Contra o Cancro - Núcleo Regional do Norte), 4200-172 Porto, Portugal; Virology Service, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (IPO Porto), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal; Biomedical Research Center (CEBIMED), Faculty of Health Sciences of the Fernando Pessoa University, 4249-004 Porto, Portugal.
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5
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Nambala P, Mulindwa J, Noyes H, Alibu VP, Nerima B, Namulondo J, Nyangiri O, Matovu E, MacLeod A, Musaya J. Differences in gene expression profiles in early and late stage rhodesiense HAT individuals in Malawi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011803. [PMID: 38055777 PMCID: PMC10727365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
T. b. rhodesiense is the causative agent of Rhodesian human African trypanosomiasis (r-HAT) in Malawi. Clinical presentation of r-HAT in Malawi varies between foci and differs from East African HAT clinical phenotypes. The purpose of this study was to gain more insights into the transcriptomic profiles of patients with early stage 1 and late stage 2 HAT disease in Malawi. Whole blood from individuals infected with T. b. rhodesiense was used for RNA-Seq. Control samples were from healthy trypanosome negative individuals matched on sex, age range, and disease foci. Illumina sequence FASTQ reads were aligned to the GRCh38 release 84 human genome sequence using HiSat2 and differential analysis was done in R Studio using the DESeq2 package. XGR, ExpressAnalyst and InnateDB algorithms were used for functional annotation and gene enrichment analysis of significant differentially expressed genes. RNA-seq was done on 23 r-HAT case samples and 28 healthy controls with 7 controls excluded for downstream analysis as outliers. A total of 4519 genes were significant differentially expressed (p adjusted <0.05) in individuals with early stage 1 r-HAT disease (n = 12) and 1824 genes in individuals with late stage 2 r-HAT disease (n = 11) compared to controls. Enrichment of innate immune response genes through neutrophil activation was identified in individuals with both early and late stages of the disease. Additionally, lipid metabolism genes were enriched in late stage 2 disease. We further identified uniquely upregulated genes (log2 Fold Change 1.4-2.0) in stage 1 (ZNF354C) and stage 2 (TCN1 and MAGI3) blood. Our data add to the current understanding of the human transcriptome profiles during T. b. rhodesiense infection. We further identified biological pathways and transcripts enriched than were enriched during stage 1 and stage 2 r-HAT. Lastly, we have identified transcripts which should be explored in future research whether they have potential of being used in combination with other markers for staging or r-HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nambala
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Julius Mulindwa
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Harry Noyes
- Centre for Genomic Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Pius Alibu
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Barbara Nerima
- Department of Biochemistry and Sports Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Joyce Namulondo
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Oscar Nyangiri
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Enock Matovu
- Department of Biotechnical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Janelisa Musaya
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
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6
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Sinton MC, Chandrasegaran PRG, Capewell P, Cooper A, Girard A, Ogunsola J, Perona-Wright G, M Ngoyi D, Kuispond N, Bucheton B, Camara M, Kajimura S, Bénézech C, Mabbott NA, MacLeod A, Quintana JF. IL-17 signalling is critical for controlling subcutaneous adipose tissue dynamics and parasite burden during chronic murine Trypanosoma brucei infection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7070. [PMID: 37923768 PMCID: PMC10624677 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the skin, Trypanosoma brucei colonises the subcutaneous white adipose tissue, and is proposed to be competent for forward transmission. The interaction between parasites, adipose tissue, and the local immune system is likely to drive the adipose tissue wasting and weight loss observed in cattle and humans infected with T. brucei. However, mechanistically, events leading to subcutaneous white adipose tissue wasting are not fully understood. Here, using several complementary approaches, including mass cytometry by time of flight, bulk and single cell transcriptomics, and in vivo genetic models, we show that T. brucei infection drives local expansion of several IL-17A-producing cells in the murine WAT, including TH17 and Vγ6+ cells. We also show that global IL-17 deficiency, or deletion of the adipocyte IL-17 receptor protect from infection-induced WAT wasting and weight loss. Unexpectedly, we find that abrogation of adipocyte IL-17 signalling results in a significant accumulation of Dpp4+ Pi16+ interstitial preadipocytes and increased extravascular parasites in the WAT, highlighting a critical role for IL-17 signalling in controlling preadipocyte fate, subcutaneous WAT dynamics, and local parasite burden. Taken together, our study highlights the central role of adipocyte IL-17 signalling in controlling WAT responses to infection, suggesting that adipocytes are critical coordinators of tissue dynamics and immune responses to T. brucei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Sinton
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- Division of Cardiovascular Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Praveena R G Chandrasegaran
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Capewell
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anneli Cooper
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alex Girard
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Ogunsola
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Georgia Perona-Wright
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dieudonné M Ngoyi
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Member of TrypanoGEN, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Nono Kuispond
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Member of TrypanoGEN, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Member of TrypanoGEN, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Member of TrypanoGEN, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Ministère de la Santé, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Shingo Kajimura
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Cécile Bénézech
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Neil A Mabbott
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Member of TrypanoGEN, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Juan F Quintana
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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7
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Kasumi E, Chiba M, Kuzumaki Y, Kuzuoka H, Sato N, Takahashi B. Development and Characterization of a Cancer Cachexia Rat Model Transplanted with Cells of the Rat Lung Adenocarcinoma Cell Line Sato Lung Cancer (SLC). Biomedicines 2023; 11:2824. [PMID: 37893197 PMCID: PMC10604092 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a complex malnutrition syndrome that causes progressive dysfunction. This syndrome is accompanied by protein and energy losses caused by reduced nutrient intake and the development of metabolic disorders. As many as 80% of patients with advanced cancer develop cancer cachexia; however, an effective targeted treatment remains to be developed. In this study, we developed a novel rat model that mimics the human pathology during cancer cachexia to elucidate the mechanism underlying the onset and progression of this syndrome. We subcutaneously transplanted rats with SLC cells, a rat lung adenocarcinoma cell line, and evaluated the rats' pathophysiological characteristics. To ensure that our observations were not attributable to simple starvation, we evaluated the characteristics under tube feeding. We observed that SLC-transplanted rats exhibited severe anorexia, weight loss, muscle atrophy, and weakness. Furthermore, they showed obvious signs of cachexia, such as anemia, inflammation, and low serum albumin. The rats also exhibited weight and muscle losses despite sufficient nutrition delivered by tube feeding. Our novel cancer cachexia rat model is a promising tool to elucidate the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia and to conduct further research on the development of treatments and supportive care for patients with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Kasumi
- R&D Laboratories, EN Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Hanamaki 025-0312, Japan (N.S.)
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8
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Park MR, Lee HJ, Jang HM, Kim NH, Lee JS, Jeong YT, Kim I, Choi SH, Seo KS, Kim DH. Cytarabine induces cachexia with lipid malabsorption via zippering the junctions of lacteal in murine small intestine. J Lipid Res 2023; 64:100387. [PMID: 37201659 PMCID: PMC10323926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2023.100387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced cachexia causes severe metabolic abnormalities independently of cancer and reduces the therapeutic efficacy of chemotherapy. The underlying mechanism of chemotherapy-induced cachexia remains unclear. Here we investigated the cytarabine (CYT)-induced alteration in energy balance and its underlying mechanisms in mice. We compared energy balance-associated parameters among the three groups of mice: CON, CYT, and PF (pair-fed mice with the CYT group) that were intravenously administered vehicle or CYT. Weight gain, fat mass, skeletal muscle mass, grip strength, and nocturnal energy expenditure were significantly lowered in the CYT group than in the CON and PF groups. The CYT group demonstrated less energy intake than the CON group and higher respiratory quotient than the PF group, indicating that CYT induced cachexia independently from the anorexia-induced weight loss. Serum triglyceride was significantly lower in the CYT group than in the CON group, whereas the intestinal mucosal triglyceride levels and the lipid content within the small intestine enterocyte were higher after lipid loading in the CYT group than in the CON and PF groups, suggesting that CYT inhibited lipid uptake in the intestine. This was not associated with obvious intestinal damage. The CYT group showed increased zipper-like junctions of lymphatic endothelial vessel in duodenal villi compared to that in the CON and CYT groups, suggesting their imperative role in the CYT-induced inhibition of lipid uptake. CYT worsens cachexia independently of anorexia by inhibiting the intestinal lipid uptake, via the increased zipper-like junctions of lymphatic endothelial vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Rae Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Min Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kim
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taek Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Sik Seo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Trevellin E, Bettini S, Pilatone A, Vettor R, Milan G. Obesity, the Adipose Organ and Cancer in Humans: Association or Causation? Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051319. [PMID: 37238992 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological observations, experimental studies and clinical data show that obesity is associated with a higher risk of developing different types of cancer; however, proof of a cause-effect relationship that meets the causality criteria is still lacking. Several data suggest that the adipose organ could be the protagonist in this crosstalk. In particular, the adipose tissue (AT) alterations occurring in obesity parallel some tumour behaviours, such as their theoretically unlimited expandability, infiltration capacity, angiogenesis regulation, local and systemic inflammation and changes to the immunometabolism and secretome. Moreover, AT and cancer share similar morpho-functional units which regulate tissue expansion: the adiponiche and tumour-niche, respectively. Through direct and indirect interactions involving different cellular types and molecular mechanisms, the obesity-altered adiponiche contributes to cancer development, progression, metastasis and chemoresistance. Moreover, modifications to the gut microbiome and circadian rhythm disruption also play important roles. Clinical studies clearly demonstrate that weight loss is associated with a decreased risk of developing obesity-related cancers, matching the reverse-causality criteria and providing a causality correlation between the two variables. Here, we provide an overview of the methodological, epidemiological and pathophysiological aspects, with a special focus on clinical implications for cancer risk and prognosis and potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Trevellin
- Center for the Study and Integrated Treatment of Obesity (CeSTIO), Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Bettini
- Center for the Study and Integrated Treatment of Obesity (CeSTIO), Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Pilatone
- Center for the Study and Integrated Treatment of Obesity (CeSTIO), Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberto Vettor
- Center for the Study and Integrated Treatment of Obesity (CeSTIO), Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Gabriella Milan
- Center for the Study and Integrated Treatment of Obesity (CeSTIO), Internal Medicine 3, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
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Wang X, Li J, Zhang W, Wang F, Wu Y, Guo Y, Wang D, Yu X, Li A, Li F, Xie Y. IGFBP-3 promotes cachexia-associated lipid loss by suppressing insulin-like growth factor/insulin signaling. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023; 136:974-985. [PMID: 37014770 PMCID: PMC10278738 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Progressive lipid loss of adipose tissue is a major feature of cancer-associated cachexia. In addition to systemic immune/inflammatory effects in response to tumor progression, tumor-secreted cachectic ligands also play essential roles in tumor-induced lipid loss. However, the mechanisms of tumor-adipose tissue interaction in lipid homeostasis are not fully understood. METHODS The yki -gut tumors were induced in fruit flies. Lipid metabolic assays were performed to investigate the lipolysis level of different types of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) treated cells. Immunoblotting was used to display phenotypes of tumor cells and adipocytes. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analysis was carried out to examine the gene expression levels such as Acc1 , Acly , and Fasn et al . RESULTS In this study, it was revealed that tumor-derived IGFBP-3 was an important ligand directly causing lipid loss in matured adipocytes. IGFBP-3, which is highly expressed in cachectic tumor cells, antagonized insulin/IGF-like signaling (IIS) and impaired the balance between lipolysis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Conditioned medium from cachectic tumor cells, such as Capan-1 and C26 cells, contained excessive IGFBP-3 that potently induced lipolysis in adipocytes. Notably, neutralization of IGFBP-3 by neutralizing antibody in the conditioned medium of cachectic tumor cells significantly alleviated the lipolytic effect and restored lipid storage in adipocytes. Furthermore, cachectic tumor cells were resistant to IGFBP-3 inhibition of IIS, ensuring their escape from IGFBP-3-associated growth suppression. Finally, cachectic tumor-derived ImpL2, the IGFBP-3 homolog, also impaired lipid homeostasis of host cells in an established cancer-cachexia model in Drosophila . Most importantly, IGFBP-3 was highly expressed in cancer tissues in pancreatic and colorectal cancer patients, especially higher in the sera of cachectic cancer patients than non-cachexia cancer patients. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates that tumor-derived IGFBP-3 plays a critical role in cachexia-associated lipid loss and could be a biomarker for diagnosis of cachexia in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 102218, China
| | - Yunzi Wu
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yulin Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xinfeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Yibin Xie
- Department of Pancreatic and Gastric Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Eljalby M, Huang X, Becher T, Wibmer AG, Jiang CS, Vaughan R, Schöder H, Cohen P. Brown adipose tissue is not associated with cachexia or increased mortality in a retrospective study of patients with cancer. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 324:E144-E153. [PMID: 36576355 PMCID: PMC9902220 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00187.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Although brown fat is strongly associated with a constellation of cardiometabolic benefits in animal models and humans, it has also been tied to cancer cachexia. In humans, cancer-associated cachexia increases mortality, raising the possibility that brown fat in this context may be associated with increased cancer death. However, the effect of brown fat on cancer-associated cachexia and survival in humans remains unclear. Here, we retrospectively identify patients with and without brown fat on fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET) scans obtained as part of routine cancer care and assemble a cohort to address these questions. We did not find an association between brown fat status and cachexia. Furthermore, we did not observe an association between brown fat and increased mortality in patients with cachexia. Our analyses controlled for confounding factors including age at cancer diagnosis, sex, body mass index, cancer site, cancer stage, outdoor temperature, comorbid conditions (heart failure, type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary artery disease, hypertension, dyslipidemia, cerebrovascular disease), and β-blocker use. Taken together, our results suggest that brown fat is not linked to cancer-associated cachexia and does not worsen overall survival in patients with cachexia.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study finds that brown fat is not linked to cancer-associated cachexia. Moreover, this work shows that brown fat does not worsen overall survival in patients with cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Eljalby
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Tobias Becher
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
- First Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology), University Medical Center Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas G Wibmer
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Caroline S Jiang
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York City, New York
| | - Roger Vaughan
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York City, New York
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York
| | - Heiko Schöder
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, New York
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York
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Beneficial effects of buspirone in endothelin-1 induced stroke cachexia in rats. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-022-04653-4. [PMID: 36609633 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stroke cachexia is associated with prolonged inflammation, muscle loss, poor prognosis, and early death of stroke patients. No particular treatment is available to cure the symptoms or disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of a 5-HT1a agonist, buspirone on stroke cachexia. Wistar rats were injected with endothelin-1 to the bregma region of the brain to induce ischemic stroke followed by induction of cachexia after 4 days. Treatment with buspirone (3 mg/kg p.o) was given for 4 weeks after confirmation of cachexia in animals. Disease control animals exhibited decrease in wire hanging time and increase in foot fault numbers compared to normal animals. Disease control animals also showed weight loss, decrease in food intake, increased serum glucose and lipid profile along with high serum levels of inflammatory cytokines-TNF-α, IL-6 and decrease in weight of skeletal muscle and adipose tissues. Treatment with buspirone improves behavioural parameters along with increases food intake and body weight, decreased inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and serum glucose levels with increase in lipid profile. Buspirone also increased the weight of adipose tissue and maintain the skeletal muscle architecture and function as depicted in histopathological studies. Our study suggests that buspirone produces beneficial role in stroke cachexia by increasing body weight, food intake and adipose tissue depots by activating on 5-HT receptors. Buspirone decreases inflammatory markers in stroke cachexia although mechanism behind it was not fully understood. Buspirone decreases circulating blood glucose by stimulating glucose uptake in skeletal muscle via 5-HT receptors and maintained lipid profile. Buspirone was found to be effective in ameliorating cachectic conditions in stroke.
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Abstract
White adipose tissue wasting plays a critical role in the development and progression of cancer cachexia. However, the mechanism behind the loss of adipose tissue remains ill-defined. In this study, we found that cancer cell-derived exosomes highly expressed miR-425-3p. Administration of cancer cell-derived exosomes significantly inhibited proliferation and differentiation of human preadipocytes-viscereal (HPA-v) cells. In mature adipocytes, cancer cell-derived exosomes activated cAMP/PKA signalling and lipophagy, leading to adipocyte lipolysis and browning of white adipocytes. These exosomes-induced alterations were almost abolished by endocytosis inhibitor cytochalasin D (CytoD) and antagomiR-425-3p, or reproduced by miR-425-3p mimics. In addition, bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay revealed that miR-425-3p directly targeted proliferation-related genes such as GATA2, IGFBP4, MMP15, differentiation-related gene CEBPA, and phosphodiesterase 4B gene (PDE4B). Depletion of PDE4B enhanced cAMP/PKA signalling and lipophagy, but had no effects on HPA-v proliferation and differentiation. Taken together, these results suggested that cancer cell-derived exosomal miR-425-3p inhibited preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation, increased adipocyte lipolysis, and promoted browning of white adipocytes, all of which might contribute to adipocyte atrophy and ultimately the loss of adipose tissue in cancer cachexia. Abbreviations: ADPN: adiponectin; aP2: adipocyte protein 2 or fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4); BCA: bicinchoninic acid assay; BFA: bafilomycin A1; BMI: body mass index; C/EBP: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein; CEBPA: CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha; C-Exo: cancer cell-derived exosomes; CNTL: control; CREB: cAMP-response element binding protein; CytoD: cytochalasin D; ECL: chemiluminescence; GATA2: GATA Binding Protein 2; HFD: high fat diet; HSL: hormone-sensitive lipase; IGFBP4: insulin like growth factor binding protein 4; IRS-1: insulin receptor substrate-1; ISO: isoproterenol hydrochloride; KD: knockdown; KO: knock out; LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; LMF: lipid mobilizing factor; LPL: lipoprotein lipase; MMP15: matrix metallopeptidase 15; Mir-Inh-C-Exo: cancer cell-derived exosomes with miR-425-3p inhibition; mTOR: mammalian target of rapamycin; Mut: mutant; N-Exo: normal cell-derived exosomes; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; PGC-1: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1; PDEs: phosphodiesterases; PKI: PKA inhibitor; PKA: cAMP-dependent protein kinase; PLIN1: Perilipin 1; PTHRP: parathyroid hormone-related protein; PVDF: polyvinylidene difluoride; shRNA: short hairpin RNA; UCP1: uncoupling protein 1; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwen Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenxia Pan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shutong Zhuang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuanzhi Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Yu YC, Ahmed A, Lai HC, Cheng WC, Yang JC, Chang WC, Chen LM, Shan YS, Ma WL. Review of the endocrine organ-like tumor hypothesis of cancer cachexia in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1057930. [PMID: 36465353 PMCID: PMC9713001 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1057930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most fatal types of solid tumors, associated with a high prevalence of cachexia (~80%). PDAC-derived cachexia (PDAC-CC) is a systemic disease involving the complex interplay between the tumor and multiple organs. The endocrine organ-like tumor (EOLT) hypothesis may explain the systemic crosstalk underlying the deleterious homeostatic shifts that occur in PDAC-CC. Several studies have reported a markedly heterogeneous collection of cachectic mediators, signaling mechanisms, and metabolic pathways, including exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, hormonal disturbance, pro-inflammatory cytokine storm, digestive and tumor-derived factors, and PDAC progression. The complexities of PDAC-CC necessitate a careful review of recent literature summarizing cachectic mediators, corresponding metabolic functions, and the collateral impacts on wasting organs. The EOLT hypothesis suggests that metabolites, genetic instability, and epigenetic changes (microRNAs) are involved in cachexia development. Both tumors and host tissues can secrete multiple cachectic factors (beyond only inflammatory mediators). Some regulatory molecules, metabolites, and microRNAs are tissue-specific, resulting in insufficient energy production to support tumor/cachexia development. Due to these complexities, changes in a single factor can trigger bi-directional feedback circuits that exacerbate PDAC and result in the development of irreversible cachexia. We provide an integrated review based on 267 papers and 20 clinical trials from PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov database proposed under the EOLT hypothesis that may provide a fundamental understanding of cachexia development and response to current treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chun Yu
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Azaj Ahmed
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chung Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Juan-Chern Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Chang
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Min Chen
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Shen Shan
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chen Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Lung Ma
- Department of Medical Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gastroenterology, and Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Tumor Biology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Han J, Ding Z, Zhuang Q, Shen L, Yang F, Sah S, Wu G. Analysis of different adipose depot gene expression in cachectic patients with gastric cancer. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:72. [PMID: 36316707 PMCID: PMC9624057 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00708-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that contributed to the different amount of fat loss between subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) among cachectic patients. Methods RNA sequencing was performed and bioinformatic tools were utilized to analyze the biological functions and construct regulation networks of DEGs. We presumed that iroquois homeobox 1 (IRX1) to be a hub gene and analyzed its clinical significance. Mouse model of cancer cachexia was established and differences between SAT and VAT were compared. The function of IRX1 on lipid metabolism was clarified by Oil Red O staining, qRT-PCR, and Western blotting in adipocytes. Results A total of 455 DEGs were screened between SAT and VAT in cachectic patients. Several hub genes were selected and IRX1 was presumed to contribute to the pathological difference between SAT and VAT in cancer cachexia. Patients with higher expression of IRX1 in SAT than VAT revealed significantly higher weight loss, IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as lower BMI, SAT, and VAT area. IRX1 expression in SAT was negatively correlated with SAT area. In cachectic mice, the expression of IRX1 in SAT was significantly higher than that in VAT. The inhibition effect on adipogenesis exerted by IRX1 was also proved in vitro. Conclusion These data supported that DEGs contribute to the different degrees of fat loss among adipose depots in cachectic patients. IRX1 in SAT promoted fat loss by inhibiting adipocyte differentiation and adipogenesis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12986-022-00708-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuoyou Ding
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiulin Zhuang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shen
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Yang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Szechun Sah
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Guohao Wu
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032 China ,Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Shanghai, China
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Jo Y, Yeo MK, Dao T, Kwon J, Yi H, Ryu D. Machine learning-featured Secretogranin V is a circulating diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic adenocarcinomas associated with adipopenia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:942774. [PMID: 36059698 PMCID: PMC9428794 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.942774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal malignancies of the gastrointestinal cancer, with a challenging early diagnosis due to lack of distinctive symptoms and specific biomarkers. The exact etiology of pancreatic cancer is unknown, making the development of reliable biomarkers difficult. The accumulation of patient-derived omics data along with technological advances in artificial intelligence is giving way to a new era in the discovery of suitable biomarkers. Methods We performed machine learning (ML)-based modeling using four independent transcriptomic datasets, including GSE16515, GSE62165, GSE71729, and the pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAC) dataset of the Cancer Genome Atlas. To find candidates for circulating biomarkers, we exported expression profiles of 1,703 genes encoding secretory proteins. Integrating three transcriptomic datasets into either a training or test set, ML-based modeling distinguishing PAC from normal was carried out. Another ML-model classifying long-lived and short-lived patients with PAC was also built to select prognosis-associated features. Finally, circulating level of SCG5 in the plasma was determined from the independent cohort (non-tumor = 25 and pancreatic cancer = 25). We also investigated the impact of SCG5 on adipocyte biology using recombinant protein. Results Three distinctive ML-classifiers selected 29-, 64- and 18-featured genes, recognizing the only common gene, SCG5. As per the prediction of ML-models, the SCG5 transcripts was significantly reduced in PAC and decreased further with the progression of the tumor, indicating its potential as a diagnostic as well as prognostic marker for PAC. External validation of SCG5 using plasma samples from patients with PAC confirmed that SCG5 was reduced significantly in patients with PAC when compared to controls. Interestingly, plasma SCG5 levels were correlated with the body mass index and age of donors, implying pancreas-originated SCG5 could regulate energy metabolism systemically. Additionally, analyses using publicly available Genotype-Tissue Expression datasets, including adipose tissue histology and pancreatic SCG5 expression, further validated the association between pancreatic SCG5 expression and the size of subcutaneous adipocytes in humans. However, we could not observe any definite effect of rSCG5 on the cultured adipocyte, in 2D in vitro culture. Conclusion Circulating SCG5, which may be associated with adipopenia, is a promising diagnostic biomarker for PAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunju Jo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Yeo
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Tam Dao
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Jeongho Kwon
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyon‐Seung Yi
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Laboratory of Endocrinology and Immune System, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyon‐Seung Yi, ; Dongryeol Ryu,
| | - Dongryeol Ryu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Hyon‐Seung Yi, ; Dongryeol Ryu,
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Divella R, Gadaleta Caldarola G, Mazzocca A. Chronic Inflammation in Obesity and Cancer Cachexia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2191. [PMID: 35456284 PMCID: PMC9027625 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has long been linked to obesity and related conditions such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. According to current research, the increased risk of cancer in people with certain metabolic diseases may be due to chronic inflammation. Adipocytokines, which are pro-inflammatory cytokines secreted in excess, are elevated in many chronic metabolic diseases. Cytokines and inflammatory mediators, which are not directly linked to DNA, are important in tumorigenesis. Cachexia, a type of metabolic syndrome linked to the disease, is associated with a dysregulation of metabolic pathways. Obesity and cachexia have distinct metabolic characteristics, such as insulin resistance, increased lipolysis, elevated free fatty acids (FFA), and ceramide levels, which are discussed in this section. The goal of this research project is to create a framework for bringing together our knowledge of inflammation-mediated insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Divella
- ASD Nordic Walking Apulia Lifestyle, Corso Giuseppe Di Vittorio 14, 70024 Gravina in Puglia, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Mazzocca
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari School of Medicine, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
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The burning furnace: Alteration in lipid metabolism in cancer-associated cachexia. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:1709-1723. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Diverse inflammatory diseases, infections and malignancies are associated with wasting syndromes. In many of these conditions, the standards for diagnosis and treatment are lacking due to our limited understanding of the causative molecular mechanisms. Here, we discuss the complex immunological context of cachexia, a systemic catabolic syndrome that depletes both fat and muscle mass with profound consequences for patient prognosis. We highlight the main cytokine and immune cell-driven pathways that have been linked to weight loss and tissue wasting in the context of cancer-associated and infection-associated cachexia. Moreover, we discuss the potential immunometabolic consequences of cachexia on the basis of newly identified pathways and explore the multilayered area of immunometabolic crosstalk both upstream and downstream of tissue catabolism. Collectively, this Review highlights the intricate relationship of the immune system with cachexia in the context of malignant and infectious diseases.
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Ma D, Li X, Wang Y, Cai L, Wang Y. Excessive fat expenditure in cachexia is associated with dysregulated circadian rhythm: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:89. [PMID: 34627306 PMCID: PMC8502262 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00616-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a progressive metabolic disorder characterized by the excessive depletion of adipose tissue. This hypermetabolic condition has catastrophic impacts on the survival and quality of life for patients suffering from critical illness. However, efficient therapies to prevent adipose expenditure have not been discovered. It has been established that the circadian clock plays an important role in modulating fat metabolic processes. Recently, an increasing number of studies had provided evidence showing that disrupted circadian rhythm leads to insulin resistance and obesity; however, studies analyzing the relationship between circadian misalignment and adipose tissue expenditure in cachexia are scarce. In the present review, we cover the involvement of the circadian clocks in the regulation of adipogenesis, lipid metabolism and thermogenesis as well as inflammation in white and brown adipose tissue. According to the present review, we conclude that circadian clock disruption is associated with lipid metabolism imbalance and elevated adipose tissue inflammation. Moreover, under cachexia conditions, lipid synthesis and storage processes lost rhythm and decreased, while lipolysis and thermogenesis activities remained high for 24 h. Therefore, disordered circadian clock may be responsible for fat expenditure in cachexia by adversely influencing lipid synthesis/ storage/lipolysis/utilization. Further study needs to be performed to explore the direct interaction between circadian clock and fat expenditure in cachexia, it will likely provide potential efficient drugs for the treatment of fat expenditure in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dufang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yongcheng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, China.
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21
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Francis CE, Allee L, Nguyen H, Grindstaff RD, Miller CN, Rayalam S. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: Friend or foe to brown and beige adipose tissue? Toxicology 2021; 463:152972. [PMID: 34606950 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) on the current obesity epidemic is a growing field of interest. Numerous EDCs have shown the potential to alter energy metabolism, which may increase the risk of obesity, in part, through direct actions on adipose tissue. While white adipose tissue has historically been the primary focus of this work, evidence of the EDC-induced disruption of brown and beige adipose tissues continues to build. Both brown and beige fat are thermogenic adipose depots rich in mitochondria that dispense heat when activated. Due to these properties, brown and beige fat are implicated in metabolic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cachexia. This review delves into the current literature of different EDCs, including bisphenols, dioxins, air pollutants, phthalates, and phytochemicals. The possible implications that these EDCs have on thermogenic adipose tissues are covered. This review also introduces the possibility of using brown and beige fat as a therapeutic target organ by taking advantage of some of the properties of EDCs. Collectively, we provide a comprehensive discussion of the evidence of EDC disruption in white, brown, and beige fat and highlight gaps worthy of further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Logan Allee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA, USA
| | - Helen Nguyen
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Rachel D Grindstaff
- Neuroendocrine Toxicology Brach, Public Health and Integrative Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Colette N Miller
- Cardiopulmonary Immunotoxicology Branch, Public Health and Integrative Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
| | - Srujana Rayalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Georgia Campus, Suwanee, GA, USA.
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22
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Han J, Tang M, Lu C, Shen L, She J, Wu G. Subcutaneous, but not visceral, adipose tissue as a marker for prognosis in gastric cancer patients with cachexia. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:5156-5161. [PMID: 34461589 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Adipose tissue loss is one of the features in patients with cancer cachexia. However, whether subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) contribute differently to the progress of cancer cachexia in gastric cancer patients with cachexia remains unclear. This study aim to investigate the effect of SAT and VAT in gastric cancer patients with cachexia. METHODS Gastric cancer patients who underwent surgery were divided into cancer cachexia group and non-cachexia group. A new deep learning system was developed to segment SAT and VAT from the computed tomography images at the third lumbar vertebra. Indexes of SAT (SATI) and VAT (VATI) were compared between cachexia and non-cachexia groups. The prognostic values of SATI and VATI for patients with gastric cancer cachexia were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression. RESULTS A total of 1627 gastric cancer patients (411 cachexia and 1216 non-cachexia) were included in this study. A new V-Net-Based segmentation deep learning system was developed to quickly (0.02 s/image) and accurately segment SAT (dice scores = 0.96) and VAT (dice scores = 0.98). The SATI of gastric cancer patients with cachexia were significantly lower than non-cachexia patients (44.91 ± 0.90 vs. 50.92 ± 0.71 cm2/m2, P < 0.001), whereas no significant difference was detected in VATI (35.98 ± 0.84 VS. 37.90 ± 0.45 cm2/m2, P = 0.076). Cachexia patients with low SATI showed poor survival than those with high SATI (HR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.06-1.74). In contrast, VATI did not show close correlation with survival in patients with cachexia (HR = 1.18; 95% CI = 0.92-1.51). CONCLUSION SAT and VAT showed different effects on gastric cancer patients with cachexia. More attention should be paid to the loss of SAT during the progress of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaocheng Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi She
- Department of Radiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guohao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Shanghai, China.
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23
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Nishikawa H, Goto M, Fukunishi S, Asai A, Nishiguchi S, Higuchi K. Cancer Cachexia: Its Mechanism and Clinical Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8491. [PMID: 34445197 PMCID: PMC8395185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The term "cachexia" is derived from the Greek words kakos (bad) and hexis (habit). Cachexia is a malnutrition associated with chronic diseases such as cancer, chronic heart failure, chronic renal failure, and autoimmune diseases, and is characterized by decreased skeletal muscle mass. Cancer cachexia is quite common in patients with advanced cancer. Weight loss is also a characteristic symptom of cancer cachexia, along with decreased skeletal muscle mass. As nutritional supplementation alone cannot improve cachexia, cytokines and tumor-derived substances have been attracting attention as its relevant factors. Cancer cachexia can be also associated with reduced chemotherapeutic effects, increased side effects and treatment interruptions, and even poorer survival. In 2011, a consensus definition of cachexia has been proposed, and the number of relevant research reports has increased significantly. However, the pathogenesis of cachexia is not fully understood, and there are currently few regulatory-approved standard treatments for cachexia. The main reason for this is that multiple etiologies are involved in the development of cachexia. In this review, we will outline the current status of cachexia, the mechanisms of which have been elucidated in recent years, especially from the perspective of advanced cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Nishikawa
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan; (M.G.); (S.F.); (A.A.); (K.H.)
- The Premier Departmental Research of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
| | - Masahiro Goto
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan; (M.G.); (S.F.); (A.A.); (K.H.)
| | - Shinya Fukunishi
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan; (M.G.); (S.F.); (A.A.); (K.H.)
- The Premier Departmental Research of Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan
| | - Akira Asai
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan; (M.G.); (S.F.); (A.A.); (K.H.)
| | | | - Kazuhide Higuchi
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan; (M.G.); (S.F.); (A.A.); (K.H.)
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24
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Cheung WW, Zheng R, Hao S, Wang Z, Gonzalez A, Zhou P, Hoffman HM, Mak RH. The role of IL-1 in adipose browning and muscle wasting in CKD-associated cachexia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15141. [PMID: 34302016 PMCID: PMC8302616 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94565-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β trigger inflammatory cascades which may play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD)-associated cachexia. CKD was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy in mice. We studied energy homeostasis in Il1β-/-/CKD, Il6-/-/CKD and Tnfα-/-/CKD mice and compared with wild type (WT)/CKD controls. Parameters of cachexia phenotype were completely normalized in Il1β-/-/CKD mice but were only partially rescued in Il6-/-/CKD and Tnfα-/-/CKD mice. We tested the effects of anakinra, an IL-1 receptor antagonist, on CKD-associated cachexia. WT/CKD mice were treated with anakinra (2.5 mg/kg/day, IP) or saline for 6 weeks and compared with WT/Sham controls. Anakinra normalized food intake and weight gain, fat and lean mass content, metabolic rate and muscle function, and also attenuated molecular perturbations of energy homeostasis in adipose tissue and muscle in WT/CKD mice. Anakinra decreased serum and muscle expression of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-1β in WT/CKD mice. Anakinra attenuated browning of white adipose tissue in WT/CKD mice. Moreover, anakinra normalized gastrocnemius weight and fiber size as well as attenuated muscle fat infiltration in WT/CKD mice. This was accompanied by correcting the increased muscle wasting signaling pathways while promoting the decreased myogenesis process in gastrocnemius of WT/CKD mice. We performed qPCR analysis for the top 20 differentially expressed muscle genes previously identified via RNAseq analysis in WT/CKD mice versus controls. Importantly, 17 differentially expressed muscle genes were attenuated in anakinra treated WT/CKD mice. In conclusion, IL-1 receptor antagonism may represent a novel targeted treatment for adipose tissue browning and muscle wasting in CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai W Cheung
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0831, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0831, USA
| | - Ronghao Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Rheumatology, and Immunology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sheng Hao
- Department of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Shanghai Children's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Alex Gonzalez
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0831, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0831, USA
| | - Ping Zhou
- Sichuan Provincial Hospital for Women and Children, and Affiliated Women and Children's Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Sichuan, China
| | - Hal M Hoffman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Robert H Mak
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Rady Children's Hospital, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0831, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0831, USA.
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25
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Molecular and Neural Mechanism of Dysphagia Due to Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137033. [PMID: 34210012 PMCID: PMC8269194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most common causes of death worldwide. Along with the advances in diagnostic technology achieved through industry–academia partnerships, the survival rate of cancer patients has improved dramatically through treatments that include surgery, radiation therapy, and pharmacotherapy. This has increased the population of cancer “survivors” and made cancer survivorship an important part of life for patients. The senses of taste and smell during swallowing and cachexia play important roles in dysphagia associated with nutritional disorders in cancer patients. Cancerous lesions in the brain can cause dysphagia. Taste and smell disorders that contribute to swallowing can worsen or develop because of pharmacotherapy or radiation therapy; metabolic or central nervous system damage due to cachexia, sarcopenia, or inflammation can also cause dysphagia. As the causes of eating disorders in cancer patients are complex and involve multiple factors, cancer patients require a multifaceted and long-term approach by the medical care team.
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26
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Rupert JE, Narasimhan A, Jengelley DH, Jiang Y, Liu J, Au E, Silverman LM, Sandusky G, Bonetto A, Cao S, Lu X, O’Connell TM, Liu Y, Koniaris LG, Zimmers TA. Tumor-derived IL-6 and trans-signaling among tumor, fat, and muscle mediate pancreatic cancer cachexia. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20190450. [PMID: 33851955 PMCID: PMC8185651 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20190450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) suffer cachexia; some do not. To model heterogeneity, we used patient-derived orthotopic xenografts. These phenocopied donor weight loss. Furthermore, muscle wasting correlated with mortality and murine IL-6, and human IL-6 associated with the greatest murine cachexia. In cell culture and mice, PDAC cells elicited adipocyte IL-6 expression and IL-6 plus IL-6 receptor (IL6R) in myocytes and blood. PDAC induced adipocyte lipolysis and muscle steatosis, dysmetabolism, and wasting. Depletion of IL-6 from malignant cells halved adipose wasting and abolished myosteatosis, dysmetabolism, and atrophy. In culture, adipocyte lipolysis required soluble (s)IL6R, while IL-6, sIL6R, or palmitate induced myotube atrophy. PDAC cells activated adipocytes to induce myotube wasting and activated myotubes to induce adipocyte lipolysis. Thus, PDAC cachexia results from tissue crosstalk via a feed-forward, IL-6 trans-signaling loop. Malignant cells signal via IL-6 to muscle and fat, muscle to fat via sIL6R, and fat to muscle via lipids and IL-6, all targetable mechanisms for treatment of cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Rupert
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ashok Narasimhan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | | | - Yanlin Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ernie Au
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Libbie M. Silverman
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - George Sandusky
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sha Cao
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Thomas M. O’Connell
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Leonidas G. Koniaris
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Teresa A. Zimmers
- Department of Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
- Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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27
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Narasimhan A, Zhong X, Au EP, Ceppa EP, Nakeeb A, House MG, Zyromski NJ, Schmidt CM, Schloss KNH, Schloss DEI, Liu Y, Jiang G, Hancock BA, Radovich M, Kays JK, Shahda S, Couch ME, Koniaris LG, Zimmers TA. Profiling of Adipose and Skeletal Muscle in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cachexia Reveals Distinct Gene Profiles with Convergent Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1975. [PMID: 33923976 PMCID: PMC8073275 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) suffer cachexia. Although cachexia results from concurrent loss of adipose and muscle tissue, most studies focus on muscle alone. Emerging data demonstrate the prognostic value of fat loss in cachexia. Here we sought to identify the muscle and adipose gene profiles and pathways regulated in cachexia. Matched rectus abdominis muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained at surgery from patients with benign conditions (n = 11) and patients with PDAC (n = 24). Self-reported weight loss and body composition measurements defined cachexia status. Gene profiling was done using ion proton sequencing. Results were queried against external datasets for validation. 961 DE genes were identified from muscle and 2000 from adipose tissue, demonstrating greater response of adipose than muscle. In addition to known cachexia genes such as FOXO1, novel genes from muscle, including PPP1R8 and AEN correlated with cancer weight loss. All the adipose correlated genes including SCGN and EDR17 are novel for PDAC cachexia. Pathway analysis demonstrated shared pathways but largely non-overlapping genes in both tissues. Age related muscle loss predominantly had a distinct gene profiles compared to cachexia. This analysis of matched, externally validate gene expression points to novel targets in cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Narasimhan
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Xiaoling Zhong
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
| | - Ernie P. Au
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Eugene P. Ceppa
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Atilla Nakeeb
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Michael G. House
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Zyromski
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - C. Max Schmidt
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Katheryn N. H. Schloss
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Daniel E. I. Schloss
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Yunlong Liu
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Guanglong Jiang
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA;
| | - Bradley A. Hancock
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Milan Radovich
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Joshua K. Kays
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
| | - Safi Shahda
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Marion E. Couch
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Leonidas G. Koniaris
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Teresa A. Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (A.N.); (X.Z.); (E.P.A.); (E.P.C.); (A.N.); (M.G.H.); (N.J.Z.); (C.M.S.); (K.N.H.S.); (D.E.I.S.); (B.A.H.); (M.R.); (J.K.K.); (L.G.K.)
- IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA; (Y.L.); (S.S.); (M.E.C.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana University Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Investigation into the role of anti-diabetic agents in cachexia associated with metastatic cancer. Life Sci 2021; 274:119329. [PMID: 33711389 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a syndrome associated with cancer, and the global burden is increasing rapidly. Alteration in carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism along with systemic inflammation are characteristics of CC. Until now the available treatment for CC is limited to controlling inflammation and nutrition. Anti-diabetics are widely used agents to treat diabetics, this agent's act by regulating the carbohydrate metabolism, also they are known to have beneficial effects in maintaining protein and lipid balance. Role of anti-diabetics in cancer is being evaluated continuously and biguanides, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) inhibitors and Sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have proven anti-cancer potential. In this study, metastatic B16-F1 cell line induced cancer cachexia model used to evaluate potential of biguanides (metformin), DPP-4 inhibitors (teneligliptin and vildagliptin) and SGLT2 inhibitors (empagliflozin and dapagliflozin) in cancer cachexia. Our results suggest that anti-diabetic agents have potential to decrease rate of proliferation of tumor, restrict body mass markers, decrease inflammation, regulate carbohydrate mechanism and induce skeletal muscle hypertrophy. These findings may be helpful in management of cancer cachexia and increase the quality of life and survival chances of cancer cachexia patient.
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29
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Kumar S, Mahmud N, Goldberg DS, Datta J, Kaplan DE. Disentangling the obesity paradox in upper gastrointestinal cancers: Weight loss matters more than body mass index. Cancer Epidemiol 2021; 72:101912. [PMID: 33647837 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2021.101912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The obesity paradox, whereby obesity appears to confer protection against cancer-related mortality, remains controversial. This has not yet been evaluated in upper gastrointestinal cancers. DESIGNS We identified esophageal, cardia, and non-cardia gastric adenocarcinomas in the Veterans Health Administration between 2006-2016. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard models evaluate the impact of BMI at- and prior to- cancer diagnosis on mortality, adjusting for demographics, clinical characteristics, weight loss, and clinical stage (early: T1B/2N0; locally advanced: ≥T2N+). RESULTS We identify 1308 patients: 99 % male, median 66 years. In early disease, relative to BMI 30, BMI 18 and 20 at diagnosis had increased risk of death (HR 1.83, 95 %CI: 1.38-2.44 and HR 1.50, 95 %CI: 1.20-1.87, respectively, p < 0.0001). Patients with BMI > 30 did not. In locally advanced disease, at diagnosis BMI 18 (HR 1.58, 95 %CI: 1.0001-1.48, p = 0.05), BMI 20 (HR 1.46, 95 %CI: 1.01-2.09, p = 0.04), and BMI 25 (HR 1.20, 95 %CI: 1.04-1.38, p = 0.01) had increased risk of death, but BMI > 30 did not. In models assessing premorbid BMI and weight loss, increasing amounts of weight loss were associated with mortality independent of BMI in early cancers. For locally advanced cancers, without weight loss, there was no association with death, regardless of BMI. CONCLUSION The predominant driver of mortality across clinical stages is weight loss. The obesity paradox appears to exist in early stage disease only. Future studies should investigate mechanisms for the obesity paradox, accompanying physiologic changes with weight loss preceding diagnosis, and if patients with low BMI and weight loss benefit from early nutritional support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shria Kumar
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Nadim Mahmud
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - David S Goldberg
- Division of Digestive Health and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, United States
| | - Jashodeep Datta
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, United States
| | - David E Kaplan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, United States; Gastroenterology Section, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, United States.
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30
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Soni S, Torvund M, Mandal CC. Molecular insights into the interplay between adiposity, breast cancer and bone metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:119-138. [PMID: 33591548 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease, with various pre-existing health ailments enhancing its pathology. In cancer, the extracellular environment contains various intrinsic physiological factors whose levels are altered with aging and pre-existing conditions. In obesity, the tumor microenvironment and metastases are enriched with factors that are both derived locally, and from other physiological compartments. Similarly, in obesity, the cancer cell environment both at the site of origin and at the secondary site i.e., metastatic niche, contains significantly more phenotypically-altered adipocytes than that of un-obese cancer patients. Indeed, obesity has been linked with cancer progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance. Adipocytes not only interact with tumor cells, but also with adjacent stromal cells at primary and metastatic sites. This review emphasizes the importance of bidirectional interactions between adipocytes and breast tumor cells in breast cancer progression and its bone metastases. This paper not only chronicles the role of various adipocyte-derived factors in tumor growth, but also describes the significance of adipocyte-derived bone metastatic factors in the development of bone metastasis of breast cancer. It provides a molecular view of the interplay between the adipocytes and tumor cells involved in breast cancer bone metastasis. However, more research is needed to determine if targeting cancer-associated adipocytes holds promise as a potential therapeutic approach for breast cancer bone metastasis treatment. Interplay between adipocytes and breast cancer cells at primary cancer site and metastatic bone microenvironment. AMSC Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell, CAA Cancer associated adipocytes, CAF Cancer associated fibroblast, BMSC Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cell, BMA Bone marrow adipocyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Soni
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Meaghan Torvund
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chandi C Mandal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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31
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Senthivinayagam S, Serbulea V, Upchurch CM, Polanowska-Grabowska R, Mendu SK, Sahu S, Jayaguru P, Aylor KW, Chordia MD, Steinberg L, Oberholtzer N, Uchiyama S, Inada N, Lorenz UM, Harris TE, Keller SR, Meher AK, Kadl A, Desai BN, Kundu BK, Leitinger N. Adaptive thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue involves activation of pannexin-1 channels. Mol Metab 2021; 44:101130. [PMID: 33248294 PMCID: PMC7779784 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is specialized in thermogenesis. The conversion of energy into heat in brown adipocytes proceeds via stimulation of β-adrenergic receptor (βAR)-dependent signaling and activation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). We have previously demonstrated a functional role for pannexin-1 (Panx1) channels in white adipose tissue; however, it is not known whether Panx1 channels play a role in the regulation of brown adipocyte function. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Panx1 channels are involved in brown adipocyte activation and thermogenesis. METHODS In an immortalized brown pre-adipocytes cell line, Panx1 currents were measured using patch-clamp electrophysiology. Flow cytometry was used for assessment of dye uptake and luminescence assays for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) release, and cellular temperature measurement was performed using a ratiometric fluorescence thermometer. We used RNA interference and expression plasmids to manipulate expression of wild-type and mutant Panx1. We used previously described adipocyte-specific Panx1 knockout mice (Panx1Adip-/-) and generated brown adipocyte-specific Panx1 knockout mice (Panx1BAT-/-) to study pharmacological or cold-induced thermogenesis. Glucose uptake into brown adipose tissue was quantified by positron emission tomography (PET) analysis of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) content. BAT temperature was measured using an implantable telemetric temperature probe. RESULTS In brown adipocytes, Panx1 channel activity was induced either by apoptosis-dependent caspase activation or by β3AR stimulation via a novel mechanism that involves Gβγ subunit binding to Panx1. Inactivation of Panx1 channels in cultured brown adipocytes resulted in inhibition of β3AR-induced lipolysis, UCP-1 expression, and cellular thermogenesis. In mice, adiponectin-Cre-dependent genetic deletion of Panx1 in all adipose tissue depots resulted in defective β3AR agonist- or cold-induced thermogenesis in BAT and suppressed beigeing of white adipose tissue. UCP1-Cre-dependent Panx1 deletion specifically in brown adipocytes reduced the capacity for adaptive thermogenesis without affecting beigeing of white adipose tissue and aggravated diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that Gβγ-dependent Panx1 channel activation is involved in β3AR-induced thermogenic regulation in brown adipocytes. Identification of Panx1 channels in BAT as novel thermo-regulatory elements downstream of β3AR activation may have therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vlad Serbulea
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Clint M Upchurch
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | | | - Suresh K Mendu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Srabani Sahu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Prathiba Jayaguru
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Kevin W Aylor
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Mahendra D Chordia
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Limor Steinberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Nathaniel Oberholtzer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Seichii Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Inada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ulrike M Lorenz
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, Center for Cell Clearance, the Beirne B. Carter Center for Immunology Research, USA
| | - Thurl E Harris
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Susanna R Keller
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Akshaya K Meher
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Alexandra Kadl
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Bimal N Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Bijoy K Kundu
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA; Robert M Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
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32
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Verza FA, Valente VB, Oliveira LK, Kayahara GM, Crivelini MM, Furuse C, Biasoli ÉR, Miyahara GI, Oliveira SHP, Bernabé DG. Social isolation stress facilitates chemically induced oral carcinogenesis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245190. [PMID: 33411841 PMCID: PMC7790246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Social isolation has affected a large number of people and may lead to impairment of physical and mental health. Although stress resulting from social isolation may increase cancer progression, its interference on tumorigenesis is poorly known. In this study, we used a preclinical model to evaluate the effects of social isolation stress on chemically induced oral carcinogenesis. Sixty-two 21-day-old male Wistar rats were divided into isolated and grouped groups. After 90 days of age, the rats from both groups underwent oral carcinogenesis with 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) for 20 weeks. All rats were assessed for depressive-like behavior and euthanized for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) diagnosis and measurement of inflammatory mediators in the tumor microenvironment. Social isolation stress increased the OSCC occurrence by 20.4% when compared to control. Isolated rats also showed higher tumor volume and cachexia than the grouped rats. Social isolation did not induce changes in the depressive-like behavior after carcinogenic induction. Tumors from stressed rats had increased levels of the inflammatory mediators, TNF-alpha, IL1-beta and MCP-1. The concentrations of TNF-alpha and MCP-1 were significantly increased in the large tumors from isolated animals. Higher tumor levels of TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL1-beta and MCP-1 were positively correlated with OSCC growth. This study provides the first evidence that social isolation stress may facilitate OSCC occurrence and tumor progression, an event accompanied by increased local levels of inflammatory mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Alves Verza
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Psychosomatic Research Center and Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Bonetti Valente
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Psychosomatic Research Center and Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lia Kobayashi Oliveira
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Psychosomatic Research Center and Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giseli Mitsuy Kayahara
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Psychosomatic Research Center and Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Macedo Crivelini
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Furuse
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Éder Ricardo Biasoli
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Psychosomatic Research Center and Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glauco Issamu Miyahara
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Psychosomatic Research Center and Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Galera Bernabé
- Laboratory of Psychoneuroimmunology, Psychosomatic Research Center and Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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33
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Masi T, Patel BM. Altered glucose metabolism and insulin resistance in cancer-induced cachexia: a sweet poison. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 73:17-30. [PMID: 33141425 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a wasting disorder characterised by specific skeletal muscle and adipose tissue loss. Cancer cachexia is also driven by inflammation, altered metabolic changes such as increased energy expenditure, elevated plasma glucose, insulin resistance and excess catabolism. In cachexia, host-tumor interaction causes release of the lactate and inflammatory cytokines. Lactate released by tumor cells takes part in hepatic glucose production with the help of gluconeogenic enzymes. Thus, Cori cycle between organs and cancerous cells contributes to increased glucose production and energy expenditure. A high amount of blood glucose leads to increased production of insulin. Overproduction of insulin causes inactivation of PI3K/Akt/m-TOR pathway and finally results in insulin resistance. Insulin is involved in maintaining the vitality of organs and regulate the metabolism of glucose, protein and lipids. Insulin insensitivity decreases the uptake of glucose in the organs and results in loss of skeletal muscles and adipose tissues. However, looking into the complexity of this metabolic syndrome, it is impossible to rely on a single variable to treat patients having cancer cachexia. Hence, it becomes greater a challenge to produce a clinically effective treatment for this metabolic syndrome. Thus, the present paper aims to provide an understanding of pathogenesis and mechanism underlining the altered glucose metabolism and insulin resistance and its contribution to the progression of skeletal muscle wasting and lipolysis, providing future direction of research to develop new pharmacological treatment in cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamhida Masi
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India
| | - Bhoomika M Patel
- Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Sarkhej-Gandhinagar Highway, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382 481, India.
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34
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Trivanović D, Vignjević Petrinović S, Okić Djordjević I, Kukolj T, Bugarski D, Jauković A. Adipogenesis in Different Body Depots and Tumor Development. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:571648. [PMID: 33072753 PMCID: PMC7536553 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.571648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) forms depots at different anatomical locations throughout the body, being in subcutaneous and visceral regions, as well as the bone marrow. These ATs differ in the adipocyte functional profile, their insulin sensitivity, adipokines’ production, lipolysis, and response to pathologic conditions. Despite the recent advances in lineage tracing, which have demonstrated that individual adipose depots are composed of adipocytes derived from distinct progenitor populations, the cellular and molecular dissection of the adipose clonogenic stem cell niche is still a great challenge. Additional complexity in AT regulation is associated with tumor-induced changes that affect adipocyte phenotype. As an integrative unit of cell differentiation, AT microenvironment regulates various phenotype outcomes of differentiating adipogenic lineages, which consequently may contribute to the neoplastic phenotype manifestations. Particularly interesting is the capacity of AT to impose and support the aberrant potency of stem cells that accompanies tumor development. In this review, we summarize the current findings on the communication between adipocytes and their progenitors with tumor cells, pointing out to the co-existence of healthy and neoplastic stem cell niches developed during tumor evolution. We also discuss tumor-induced adaptations in mature adipocytes and the involvement of alternative differentiation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drenka Trivanović
- IZKF Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Clinics, Wuerzburg, Germany.,Bernhard-Heine Center for Locomotion Research, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Sanja Vignjević Petrinović
- Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Okić Djordjević
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara Kukolj
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Diana Bugarski
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Jauković
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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