Disorders of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism and the Proteomics/Metabolomics-Based Research

Quinoa snack elaborated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL 1964 sourdough increases the mineral bioavailability in mice

BACKGROUND

Consumption of pseudocereal-based foods decreased in phytate concentration can provide better nutrition concerning mineral bioavailability. This study aimed to evaluate the mineral bioavailability of quinoa sourdough-based snacks in a murine model. The mice were divided into five groups. One group was fed with basal snacks; three control groups received quinoa-based snacks made from non-fermented dough, dough without inoculum, and chemically acidified dough; and the test group (GF) received quinoa snacks elaborated from sourdough fermented by a phytase-positive strain, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CRL 1964. Food intake, body weight, and mineral concentration in blood and organs (liver, kidney, and femur) were determined.

RESULTS

Food consumption increased during the feeding period and had the highest (16.2-24.5%) consumption in the GF group. Body weight also increased during the 6-weeks of trial. The GF group showed higher (6.0-10.2%) body weight compared with the other groups from the fifth week. The concentrations of iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in blood, iron and phosphorus in the liver, manganese and magnesium in the kidney, and calcium and phosphorus in the femur increased significantly (1.1-2.7-fold) in the GF group compared to the control groups.

CONCLUSION

The diet that includes quinoa snacks elaborated with sourdough fermented by phytase-positive strain L. plantarum CRL 1964 increased the concentrations of minerals in the blood, liver, kidney, and femur of mice, counteracting the antinutritional effects of phytate. This study demonstrates that the diminution in phytate content and the consequent biofortification in minerals are a suitable tool for producing novel foods. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phosphorus release and distribution in sediment resuspension systems under disturbing conditions

The resuspension of phosphorus (P) in sediments has the most significant contribution to the overlying water. The PP release characterization during resuspension was investigated. The results indicated that the P in suspensions had more release risk compared to the sediments. The particulate P (PP) concentration (0.54 mg L-1) under high-intensity rotational speed (250 rad min-1) was about five times higher than others (0.11 mg L-1). The sorption parameters of zero equilibrium P concentration (EPC0F) and soluble reactive P (SRP) were significantly correlated with each other (p < 0.01, r = 0.73). Suspended solids expressed stronger P source than sediments. The values of EPC0F was highly significantly correlated with the sorption coefficient (KF) and native adsorbed P (NAP) (p < 0.01). The mean values of NAP were 0.0612 mg g-1 and 0.0604 mg g-1 in the Prophase and Metaphase, respectively, and 0.0586 mg g-1 at Anaphase. The values of P sorption index (PSI) ranged from 0.4359 to 0.6862 L g-1, with mean values of 0.5350 L g-1 (Prophase), 0.6061 L g-1 (Metaphase), and 0.4967 L g-1 (Anaphase). The degree of P saturation (DPS) decreased in the order of Anaphase (2.73%) > Prophase (2.53%) > Metaphase (2.12%). The release risk index of P (ERI) decreased in the order of Anaphase (5.47%) > Prophase (4.72%) > Metaphase (3.59%), with a range of 2.12%-8.56%. To fast and slow scale, the results of NaOH-P (V1<0, V2>0) contribution indicated that the persistent disturbance promoted the release of adsorbed dissolved PP from NaOH-P in suspended sediment to the overlying water. The contribution of HCl-P (V2 > 0) was positive in the Anaphase of the slow scale, and HCl-P was a PP source in the frequently disturbing conditions.

Calcium, Phosphate, and Vitamin D in Children and Adolescents with Chronic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study

Chronic diseases may affect the nutritional status of children and adolescents. Calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), and vitamin D (Vit-D) are crucial nutrients for their growth and development. Proper diagnosis and treatment are critical components of personalized and precision medicine. Hence, we conducted a cross-sectional and comparative study to evaluate Ca, P, and Vit-D levels in their non-skeletal functions and their association with health and nutritional biomarkers in children and adolescents with diverse chronic conditions. We performed anthropometric, body composition, clinical evaluation, biochemical analysis, and dietary survey methods. A total of 78 patients (1-19 years, 43 females, 42 children) took part in this study. Overall, 24, 30, and 24 participants were obese, undernourished, and eutrophic, respectively. Results found that 74% and 35% of individuals had deficient Vit-D and Ca intake, respectively. Most cases were normocalcemic. Results also found that 47% of the subjects had Vit-D deficiency (VDD), 37% were insufficient, and 37% had hypophosphatemia. Of the 46% and 31% of patients with VDD and insufficient levels, 19% and 11% were hypophosphatemic, respectively. Calcium, P, and Vit-D levels were associated with anthropometric parameters, body mass index, body composition, physical activity, diet, growth hormones, and the immune, liver, and kidney systems. These results show the coincident risk of altered Ca, P, and Vit-D metabolism in children and adolescents with chronic diseases.

The Most Important Metabolic Diseases in Dairy Cattle during the Transition Period

This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of three critical metabolic diseases affecting dairy cattle such as subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), ketosis, and hypocalcemia. SARA represents a disorder of ruminal fermentation that is characterized by extended periods of depressed ruminal pH below 5.5-5.6. In the long term, dairy herds experiencing SARA usually exhibit secondary signs of the disease, such as episodes of laminitis, weight loss and poor body condition despite adequate energy intake, and unexplained abscesses usually 3-6 months after an episode of SARA. Depressed milk-fat content is commonly used as a diagnostic tool for SARA. A normal milk-fat test in Holstein dairy cows is >4%, so a milk-fat test of <3% can indicate SARA. However, bulk tank testing of milk fat is inappropriate to diagnose SARA at the herd level, so when >4 cows out of 12 and <60 days in milk are suspected to have SARA it can be considered that the herd has a problem. The rapid or abrupt introduction of fresh cows to high-concentrate diets is the most common cause of SARA. Changes in ruminal bacterial populations when exposed to higher concentrate rations require at least about 3 weeks, and it is recommended that concentrate levels increase by no more than 400 g/day during this period to avoid SARA. Ketosis, a prevalent metabolic disorder in dairy cattle, is scrutinized with a focus on its etiological factors and the physiological changes leading to elevated ketone bodies. In total mix ration-fed herds, an increased risk of mastitis and reduced fertility are usually the first clinical signs of ketosis. All dairy cows in early lactation are at risk of ketosis, with most cases occurring in the first 2-4 weeks of lactation. Cows with a body condition score ≥3.75 on a 5-point scale at calving are at a greater risk of ketosis than those with lower body condition scores. The determination of serum or whole blood acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and liver biopsies is considered the best way to detect and monitor subclinical ketosis, while urine or milk cowside tests can also be used in on-farm monitoring programs. Concentrations >1.0 mmol/L or 1.4 mmol/L blood or serum BHB are considered diagnostic of subclinical ketosis. The standard threshold used for blood is 1.2 mmol/L, which corresponds to thresholds of 100 mcmol/L for milk and 15 mg/dL for urine. Oral administration of propylene glycol (250-400 g, every 24 h for 3-5 days) is the standard and most efficacious treatment, as well as additional therapy with bolus glucose treatment. Hypocalcemia is a disease of adult dairy cows in which acute hypocalcemia causes acute to peracute, afebrile, flaccid paralysis that occurs most commonly at or soon after parturition. Dairy cows are at considerable risk for hypocalcemia at the onset of lactation, when daily calcium excretion suddenly increases from about 10 g to 30 g per day. Cows with hypocalcemia have a more profound decrease in blood calcium concentration-typically below 5.5 mg/dL. The prevention of parturient paresis has been historically approached by feeding cows low-calcium diets during the dry period. Negative calcium balance triggers calcium mobilization before calving and better equips the cow to respond to the massive calcium needs at the onset of lactation. Calcium intake must be limited to <20 g per day for calcium restriction to be effective. The most practical and proven method for monitoring hypocalcemia is by feeding cows an acidogenic diet for ~3 weeks before calving. Throughout the review, emphasis is placed on the importance of early diagnosis and proactive management strategies to mitigate the impact of these metabolic diseases on dairy cattle health and productivity. The comprehensive nature of this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for veterinarians, researchers, and dairy farmers seeking a deeper understanding of these prevalent metabolic disorders in dairy cattle.

Effects of Dietary Colostrum Basic Protein on Bone Growth and Calcium Absorption in Mice

Colostrum basic protein (CBP) is a trace protein extracted from bovine colostrum. Previous studies have shown that CBP can promote bone cell differentiation and increase bone density. However, the mechanism by which CBP promotes bone activity remains unclear. This study investigated the mechanism of the effect of CBP on bone growth in mice following dietary supplementation of CBP at doses that included 0.015%, 0.15%, 1.5%, and 5%. Compared with mice fed a normal diet, feeding 5% CBP significantly enhanced bone rigidity and improved the microstructure of bone trabeculae. Five-percent CBP intake triggered significant positive regulation of calcium metabolism in the direction of bone calcium accumulation. The expression levels of paracellular calcium transport proteins CLDN2 and CLDN12 were upregulated nearly 1.5-fold by 5% CBP. We conclude that CBP promotes calcium absorption in mice by upregulating the expression of the calcium-transporting paracellular proteins CLND2 and CLND12, thereby increasing bone density and promoting bone growth. Overall, CBP contributes to bone growth by affecting calcium metabolism.

Diagnostic and New Therapeutic Approaches to Two Challenging Pediatric Metabolic Bone Disorders: Hypophosphatasia and X-linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets

The diagnosis and management of metabolic bone disease among children can be challenging. This difficulty could be due to many factors, including limited awareness of these rare conditions, the complex pathophysiology of calcium and phosphate homeostasis, the overlapping phenotype with more common disorders (such as rickets), and the lack of specific treatments for these rare disorders. As a result, affected individuals could experience delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, leading to improper management. In this review, we describe the challenges facing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to two metabolic bone disorders (MBD) among children: hypophosphatasia (HPP) and X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH). We focus on explaining the pathophysiological processes that conceptually underpin novel therapeutic approaches, as well as these conditions' clinical or radiological similarity to nutritional rickets. Particularly in areas with limited sun exposure and among patients not supplementing vitamin D, nutritional rickets are still more common than HPP and XLH, and pediatricians and primary physicians frequently encounter this disorder in their practices. More recently, our understanding of these disorders has significantly improved, leading to the development of novel therapies. Asfotas alfa, a recombinant, human- tissue, nonspecific alkaline phosphatase, improved the survival of patients with HPP. Burosumab, a human monoclonal anti-FGF23 antibody, was recently approved as a specific therapy for XLH. We also highlight the current evidence on these two specific therapies' safety and effectiveness, though long-term data are still needed. Both HPP and XLH are multisystemic disorders that should be managed by multidisciplinary teams. Finally, recognizing these conditions in early stages will enable affected children and young adults to benefit from newly introduced, specific therapies.

Unmasking the complex roles of hypocalcemia in cancer, COVID-19, and sepsis: Engineered nanodelivery and diagnosis

Calcium (Ca2+) homeostasis is essential for maintaining physiological processes in the body. Disruptions in Ca2+ signaling can lead to various pathological conditions including inflammation, fibrosis, impaired immune function, and accelerated senescence. Hypocalcemia, a common symptom in diseases such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), cancer, septic shock, and COVID-19, can have both potential protective and detrimental effects. This article explores the multifaceted role of Ca2+ dysregulation in inflammation, fibrosis, impaired immune function, and accelerated senescence, contributing to disease severity. Targeting Ca2+ signaling pathways may provide opportunities to develop novel therapeutics for age-related diseases and combat viral infections. However, the role of Ca2+ in viral infections is complex, and evidence suggests that hypocalcemia may have a protective effect against certain viruses, while changes in Ca2+ homeostasis can influence susceptibility to viral infections. The effectiveness and safety of Ca2+ supplements in COVID-19 patients remain a subject of ongoing research and debate. Further investigations are needed to understand the intricate interplay between Ca2+ signaling and disease pathogenesis.

Calcium Homeostasis and Psychiatric Disorders: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Observational studies have investigated the impact of calcium homeostasis on psychiatric disorders; however, the causality of associations is yet to be established. Bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis of calcium homeostasis hormones was conducted on nine psychiatric disorders. Calcium, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (25OHD), parathyroid hormone, and fibroblast growth factor 23 are the major calcium homeostasis hormones. The causality was evaluated by the inverse variance weighted method (IVW) and the MR Steiger test, while Cochran's Q test, the MR-Egger intercept test, funnel plot, and the leave-one-out method were used for sensitivity analyses. Bonferroni correction was used to determine the causative association features (p < 6.94 × 10-4). Schizophrenia (SCZ) was significantly associated with decreased 25OHD concentrations with an estimated effect of -0.0164 (Prandom-effect IVW = 2.39 × 10-7). In the Multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis adjusting for potentially confounding traits including body mass index, obesity, mineral supplements (calcium, fish oil, and vitamin D) and outdoor time (winter and summer), the relationship between SCZ and 25OHD remained. The genetically predicted autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder were also nominally associated with decreased 25OHD. This study provided evidence for a causal effect of psychiatric disorders on calcium homeostasis. The clinical monitoring of 25OHD levels in patients with psychiatric disorders is beneficial.

Role of transporters in regulating mammalian intracellular inorganic phosphate

This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of plasma membrane transporters in regulating intracellular inorganic phosphate ([Pi]In) in mammals. Pi influx is mediated by SLC34 and SLC20 Na+-Pi cotransporters. In non-epithelial cells other than erythrocytes, Pi influx via SLC20 transporters PiT1 and/or PiT2 is balanced by efflux through XPR1 (xenotropic and polytropic retrovirus receptor 1). Two new pathways for mammalian Pi transport regulation have been described recently: 1) in the presence of adequate Pi, cells continuously internalize and degrade PiT1. Pi starvation causes recycling of PiT1 from early endosomes to the plasma membrane and thereby increases the capacity for Pi influx; and 2) binding of inositol pyrophosphate InsP8 to the SPX domain of XPR1 increases Pi efflux. InsP8 is degraded by a phosphatase that is strongly inhibited by Pi. Therefore, an increase in [Pi]In decreases InsP8 degradation, increases InsP8 binding to SPX, and increases Pi efflux, completing a feedback loop for [Pi]In homeostasis. Published data on [Pi]In by magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate that the steady state [Pi]In of skeletal muscle, heart, and brain is normally in the range of 1–5 mM, but it is not yet known whether PiT1 recycling or XPR1 activation by InsP8 contributes to Pi homeostasis in these organs. Data on [Pi]In in cultured cells are variable and suggest that some cells can regulate [Pi] better than others, following a change in [Pi]Ex. More measurements of [Pi]In, influx, and efflux are needed to determine how closely, and how rapidly, mammalian [Pi]In is regulated during either hyper- or hypophosphatemia.

One half-century of advances in the evaluation and management of disorders of bone and mineral metabolism in children and adolescents

The past 50 years of research in pediatric bone and mineral metabolism have led to remarkable progress in the identification and characterization of disorders that affect the developing skeleton. Progress has been facilitated through advances in both technology and biology and this paper provides a brief description of some but not all of the key findings, including identification of the calcium sensing receptor and the polypeptides parathyroid hormone and parathyroid hormone-related protein as well as their shared receptor and signal generating pathways; the elucidation of vitamin D metabolism and actions; discovery of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), the sodium-phosphate co-transporters and the other components that regulate phosphate metabolism. Moreover, the past half-century of research has led to the delineation of the molecular bases for genetic forms of hypoparathyroidism, pseudohypoparathyroidism, and primary hyperparathyroidism as well as the determination of the genetic causes of osteogenesis imperfecta, osteopetrosis, hypophosphatasia, and other disorders of mineral/bone homeostasis. During the next decade we expect that many of these fundamental discoveries will lead to the development of innovative treatments that will improve the lives of children with these disorders.

Efficacy of Lanthanum Carbonate and Sevelamer Carbonate as Phosphate Binders in Chronic Kidney Disease-A Comparative Clinical Study

(1) Background: Hyperphosphatemia is correlated with an increased rate of mortality and morbidity due to cardiovascular diseases in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. It can be improved by restricting dietary intake of phosphate and oral phosphate binders, such as lanthanum carbonate and sevelamer carbonate. (2) Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of sevelamer carbonate in comparison to lanthanum carbonate as phosphate binders for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in CKD patients. (3) Methods: A randomized control comparative clinical study was conducted for one year on 150 CKD patients associated with hyperphosphatemia, divided into two groups, i.e., Group 1 (n = 75) treated with sevelamer carbonate 800 mg thrice daily and Group 2 (n = 75) treated with lanthanum carbonate 500 mg thrice daily. The patients were assessed at the time of enrollment in the study, after three months and after six months from baseline for different parameters, i.e., complete blood count, liver function tests, renal function tests, electrolytes, and serum phosphate level. (4) Results: 150 CKD patients aged 51-60 participated in the study. The mean age of patients was 54 ± 4.6 years, and males (55.71%) were more common than females (44.29%). Hypertension was the common comorbidity in both groups with chronic kidney disease. After six months of treatment, the mean serum phosphate level was significantly decreased from 8.31 ± 0.09 mg/dL to 5.11 ± 0.18 (38%) in Group 1 and from 8.79 ± 0.28 mg/dl to 4.02 ± 0.12 (54%; p < 0.05) in Group 2, respectively. In both groups, no significant difference was found in other parameters such as parathyroid hormone, calcium, uric acid, LFT, RFT, CBC, etc. (5) Conclusion: Lanthanum carbonate is more efficacious in lowering serum phosphate concentrations and effectively managing hyperphosphatemia as compared to sevelamer carbonate.

Dietary macrominerals: Updated review of their role and orchestration in human nutrition throughout the life cycle with sex differences

Macrominerals play vital roles in a multitude of physiologic systems. A myriad of biochemical reactions are dependent on or affected by these electrolytes. The current review attempts to identify the role of macrominerals as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium and sulfur in human health, in addition to their absorption and homeostasis inside the body. We also focused on their amount in major food sources and the recommended daily intake of each macromineral. In addition, a deep insight into the orchestration of the 6 different macrominerals' requirements is presented across the human life cycle, beginning from fertility and pregnancy, and reaching adulthood and senility, with insight on interactions among them and underlying action mechanisms. The effect of sex is also presented for each mineral at each life stage to highlight the different daily requirements and/ or effects. The current review identified the role of macrominerals in human health, in addition to their absorption and homeostasis in the body. Based on the in-depth understanding of the factors influencing the metabolism of macrominerals, we could better explore their safety and possible therapeutic potential in specific disorders. There is still a need to precisely demonstrate the bioavailability of macrominerals from various types of functional food.

Associations between Elemental Metabolic Dynamics and Default Mode Network Functional Connectivity Are Altered in Autism

Autism is a neurodevelopmental condition associated with atypical social communication, cognitive, and sensory faculties. Recent advances in exposure biology suggest that biomarkers of elemental uptake and metabolism measured in hair samples can yield an effective signal predictive of autism diagnosis. Here, we investigated if elemental biomarkers in hair were associated with functional connectivity in regions of the default mode network (DMN) previously linked to autism. In a study sample which included twin pairs with concordant and discordant diagnoses for autism, our analysis of hair samples and neuroimaging data supported two general findings. First, independent of autism diagnosis, we found a broad pattern of association between elemental biomarkers and functional connectivity in the DMN, which primarily involved dynamics in zinc metabolism. Second, we found that associations between the DMN and elemental biomarkers, particularly involving phosphorus, calcium, manganese, and magnesium, differed significantly in autistic participants from control participants. In sum, these findings suggest that functional dynamics in elemental metabolism relate broadly to persistent patterns of functional connectivity in the DMN, and that these associations are altered in the emergence of autism.

Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism is an early stage of primary hyperparathyroidism according to fibroblast growth factor 23 level

INTRODUCTION

Normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism is a variant of primary hyperparathyroidism with consistently normal albumin-adjusted or free-ionized calcium levels. It may be an early stage of classic primary hyperparathyroidism or could represent primary kidney or bone disorder characterized by permanent elevation of PTH level.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The study aims to compare the FGF-23 levels in patients with PHPT, NPHPT, and normal calcium and PTH levels.

METHODS

Our study included patients who were referred to the endocrinology clinic with a presumptive diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism, an isolated increased level of PTH, or reduced bone densitometry. For each patient, we performed blood analysis of FGF-23, calcium, phosphate, vitamin D [25(OH)D3], estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), bone turnover markers, and urine analysis for calcium/creatinine ratio.

RESULTS

Our study included 105 patients. Thirty patients with hypercalcemic hyperparathyroidism (HPHPT group), thirty patients with elevated PTH and normal calcium levels (NPHPT group), and 45 patients with normal calcium and PTH levels in the control group. FGF 23 level was 59.5± 23 pg/ml in the NPHPT group, 77 ± 33 pg/ml in the HPHPT group, and 49.7 ± 21.7 pg/ml in the control group (p=0.012). The phosphate level was lowest in the HPHPT group: 2.9 ± 0.6 vs 3.5 ± 0.44 in the NPHPT and 3.8 ± 0.5 in the control groups (p=0.001). No differences were found in eGFR, 25(OH)D3, C-terminal telopeptide type I collagen (CTX) and procollagen type 1 N-terminal propeptide (P1NP) levels, and bone densitometry scores between the three study groups.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that NPHPT is an early stage of PHPT. Further studies are needed to determine the role of FGF-23 and its usefulness in NPHPT.

Cancer Cachexia and Dysregulated Phosphate Metabolism: Insights from Mutant p53 and Mutant Klotho Mouse Models

The present perspective article proposes that cachexia, muscle wasting in cancer, is mediated by dysregulated phosphate metabolism and phosphate toxicity that can damage tissues in most major organ systems. A diet high in phosphorus fed to mice deficient in klotho, a cofactor that regulates phosphate metabolism, accelerates aging, sarcopenia, general organ atrophy, kyphosis, and osteoporosis. Similar effects are seen in phenotypes of mutant p53 mice that overexpress the p53 tumor suppressor gene. Although mutant p53 mice do not develop tumors compared to wild-type mice, mutant p53 mice have shorter mean lifespans. Furthermore, tumorigenesis is associated with the sequestration of excessive inorganic phosphate, and dangerous levels of phosphate are released into circulation during tumor lysis syndrome. In total, this evidence implies that tumorigenesis may be a compensatory mechanism that provides protective effects against systemic exposure to dysregulated phosphate metabolism and phosphate toxicity related to cachexia in cancer. Moreover, the hypothetical protection against phosphate toxicity afforded by tumorigenesis also provides an alternate explanation for putative tumor evasion of the immune system. Insights proposed in this perspective paper provide new directions for further research, with potential to develop novel interventions and clinical applications that modify dietary phosphate intake to reduce cachexia in cancer patients.

Fighting Obesity-Related Micronutrient Deficiencies through Biofortification of Agri-Food Crops with Sustainable Fertilization Practices

Obesity is a critical medical condition worldwide that is increasingly involved with nutritional derangements associated with micronutrient deficiencies, including iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium, selenium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E. Nutritional deficiencies in obesity are mainly caused by poor-quality diets, higher nutrient requirements, alterations in micronutrient metabolism, and invasive obesity treatments. The current conventional agricultural system is designed for intensive food production, focusing on food quantity rather than food quality, consuming excessive agricultural inputs, and producing nutrient-deficient foods, thus generating severe health and environmental problems; agricultural food products may worsen obesity-related malnutrition. Therefore, modern agriculture is adopting new biofortification technologies to combat micronutrient deficiencies and improve agricultural productivity and sustainability. Biofertilization and nanofertilization practices are increasingly used due to their efficiency, safety, and reduced environmental impact. Biofertilizers are preparations of PGP-microorganisms that promote plant growth by influencing plant metabolism and improving the nutrient uptake, and nanofertilizers consist of synthesized nanoparticles with unique physicochemical properties that are capable of increasing plant nutrition and enriching agricultural products. This review presents the current micronutrient deficiencies associated with obesity, the modern unsustainable agri-food system contributing to obesity progression, and the development of bio- and nanofertilizers capable of biofortifying agri-food crops with micronutrients commonly deficient in patients with obesity.

Enhancement of fruit byproducts through bioconversion by Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae)

Bioconversion is a biological process by which organic materials are converted into products with higher biological and commercial value. During its larval stage the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens is extremely voracious and can feed on a wide variety of organic materials. To study the impact of different fruit byproducts on the insect's growth, final larval biomass, substrate reduction, bioconversion parameters, and larval nutritional composition, 10 000 black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) were reared on 7.0 kg of one of three substrates (strawberry, tangerine, or orange) or on a standard diet as a control. The results highlight that BSFL can successfully feed and grow on each of these diets, though their development time, growth rate, and final biomass were differently impacted by the substrates, with strawberry being the most suitable. The lipid and protein contents of BSFL were similar among larvae fed on different substrates; however, major differences were detected in ash, micronutrient, fiber, fatty acid, and amino acid contents. Overall, the results indicate that fruit waste management through the BSFL bioconversion process represents a commercially promising resource for regional and national agrifood companies. Our study offers new perspectives for sustainable and environmentally friendly industrial development by which fruit byproducts or waste might be disposed of or unconventionally enhanced to create secondary products of high biological and economic value, including BSFL biomass as animal feed or, in perspective, as alternative protein source for human nutrition.

Regular Supplementation with Antioxidants Rescues Doxorubicin-Induced Bone Deformities and Mineralization Delay in Zebrafish

Osteoporosis is characterized by an abnormal bone structure with low bone mass and degradation of microarchitecture. Oxidative stress induces imbalances in osteoblast and osteoclast activity, leading to bone degradation, a primary cause of secondary osteoporosis. Doxorubicin (DOX) is a widely used chemotherapy drug for treating cancer, known to induce secondary osteoporosis. The mechanism underlying DOX-induced bone loss is still not fully understood, but one of the relevant mechanisms is through a massive accumulation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (i.e., ROS and NOS) leading to oxidative stress. We investigated the effects of antioxidants Resveratrol and MitoTEMPO on DOX-induced bone impairment using the zebrafish model. DOX was shown to increase mortality, promote skeletal deformities, induce alterations on intestinal villi, impair growth and mineralization and significantly downregulate osteoblast differentiation markers osteocalcin 2 and osterix/sp7. Lipid peroxidation was significantly increased in DOX-supplemented groups as compared to control and antioxidants, suggesting ROS formation as one of the key factors for DOX-induced bone loss. Furthermore, DOX affected mineral contents, suggesting an altered mineral metabolism. However, upon supplementation with antioxidants, DOX-induced effects on mineral content were rescued. Our data show that supplementation with antioxidants effectively improves the overall growth and mineralization in zebrafish and counteracts DOX-induced bone anomalies.

Calcium, Its Regulatory Hormones, and Their Causal Role on Blood Pressure: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

CONTEXT

Vitamin D (Vit-D), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) are the major calciotropic hormones involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels from the intestine, kidney, and bone through a tight endocrine feedback loop system. Altered levels of calcium itself or through the effect of its regulatory hormones could affect blood pressure (BP), but the exact mechanisms remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether a causal relationship exists between serum calcium level and/or the regulatory hormones involved in its homeostasis with BP, we performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study.

METHODS

From 4 large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) we obtained independent (r2 < 0.001) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with serum calcium (119 SNPs), Vit-D (78 SNPs), PTH (5 SNPs), and FGF23 (5 SNPs), to investigate through MR their association with systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) in a Swedish urban-based study, the Malmö Diet and Cancer study (n = 29 298). Causality was evaluated by the inverse variance weighted method (IVW) and weighted median, while MR Egger and MR-PRESSO were used as sensitivity analyses.

RESULTS

Genetically predicted serum calcium level was found to be associated with DBP (IVW: beta = 0.10, SE = 0.04, P = 0.007) and SBP (IVW: beta = 0.07, SE = 0.04, P = 0.04). Genetically predicted Vit-D and PTH showed no association with the traits, while FGF23 was inversely associated with SBP (IVW: beta = -0.11, SE = 0.04, P = 0.01), although this association lost statistical significance in sensitivity analysis.

CONCLUSION

Our study shows a direct association between genetically predicted calcium level and DBP, and a weaker association with SBP. No such clear association was found for genetically predicted calciotropic hormone levels. It is of interest to detect which target genes involved in calcium homeostasis mediate the effect of calcium on BP, particularly for improving personalized intervention strategies.

New treatments for rare bone diseases: hypophosphatemic rickets/osteomalacia

Phosphorus is one of the most abundant minerals in the human body; it is required to maintain bone integrity and mineralization, in addition to other biological processes. Phosphorus is regulated by parathyroid hormone, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D₃ [1,25(OH)₂D₃], and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) in a complex set of processes that occur in the gut, skeleton, and kidneys. Different molecular mechanisms - overproduction of FGF-23 by tumors responsible for oncogenic osteomalacia, generation of an FGF-23 mutant that is resistant to cleavage by enzymes, and impaired FGF-23 degradation due to a reduction in or loss of the PHEX gene - can lead to FGF-23-stimulating activity and the consequent waste of urinary phosphate and low levels of 1,25(OH)₂D₃. Conventional treatment consists of multiple daily doses of oral phosphate salts and vitamin D analogs, which may improve radiographic rickets but do not normalize growth. Complications of the conventional long-term treatment consist of hypercalcemia, hypercalciuria, nephrolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis, impaired renal function, and potentially chronic kidney disease. Recently, burosumab, an antibody against FGF-23, was approved as a novel therapy for children and adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia and patients with tumor-induced osteomalacia. Burosumab showed good performance in different trials in children and adults. It increased and sustained the serum phosphorus levels, decreased the rickets severity and pain scores, and improved mineralization. It offers a new perspective on the treatment of chronic and disabling diseases.

Investigating on the influence mechanism of sausage of sea bass on calcium absorption and transport based on Caco-2 cell monolayer model

A monolayer Caco-2 cell model was established to explore the effects of sea bass sausage digestive juice containing phosphate on calcium ion transport. Differential proteins of Caco-2 cells treated with fish sausage juice were detected and analyzed by gene ontology (GO) functional annotation and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses. Results revealed that after treatment with 0.23 mg/mL digestive juice of perch sausage in vitro, Caco-2 cell viability was the highest at 72 h (99.84%). Additionally, 0.23 mg/mL digestive juice of perch sausage in vitro significantly increased calcium ion transport. The transfer volume was 1.396 μg/well. Fish sausages containing phosphate significantly affected the protein expression levels of Caco-2 cells. Two hundred one differential proteins were detected, including 114 up-regulated and 87 down-regulated proteins. The main differential proteins included P02795, Q9P0W0, Q96PU5, Q9GZT9 and Q5EBL8. The adjustment ratios of the fish sausage group were 0.7485, 1.373, 1.2535, 0.6775, and 0.809, respectively. The pathway analysis showed that phosphate affected calcium ion absorption and transport through the P02795 enrichment pathway. The fish sausage group showed that the immune-related functions of cells were affected. This study expounds the effects of water-retaining agents on the nutritional quality of aquatic products and provides theoretical support for the research and application of surimi products.

Association of α-klotho with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Background

Compelling evidence suggests that the fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) / α-klotho axis is impaired in subjects with diabetes mellitus. We examined the relationship between parameters related to calcium/phosphate homeostasis, including FGF23 and α-klotho, and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis burden in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) subjects.

Methods

This cross-sectional study involved 226 subjects with T1D and 147 age-, sex- and plaque-matched, non-diabetic (non-T1D) subjects, both with normal renal function. Carotid ultrasound was performed to determine the presence and burden of atheromatous plaques. Concentrations of the intact form of FGF23 and α-klotho were assessed by ELISA. Calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, and vitamin D levels were also determined. Negative binomial regression models were used to examine relationship between parameters studied and subclinical carotid atherosclerosis.

Results

Only FGF23 was increased in T1D compared with non-diabetic subjects (> 2-fold; p < 0.05). α-klotho was higher in subjects with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis (1.4-fold, p < 0.05). Regression analysis revealed that the log α-klotho concentration was positively associated with the presence of subclinical carotid atherosclerosis both in T1D subjects (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06–1.89; p < 0.05) and in non-T1D subjects (IRR: 1.65; 95% CI, 1.02–2.75; p < 0.05). The models also showed that age, smoking and albuminuria-to-creatinine ratio were positively associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerosis in T1D subjects. Interestingly, sex-related protection against plaque was also revealed in T1D women.

Conclusion

Higher α-klotho was associated with subclinical carotid atherosclerotic in the absence of kidney dysfunction. This finding also points to a new pathophysiological pathway involved in the development and progression of this complication.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12933-022-01640-3.

Applications of Metabolomics in Calcium Metabolism Disorders in Humans

The pathogenesis of the disorders of calcium metabolism is not fully understood. This review discusses the studies in which metabolomics was applied in this area. Indeed, metabolomics could play an essential role in discovering biomarkers and elucidating pathological mechanisms. Despite the limited bibliography, the present review highlights the potential of metabolomics in identifying the biomarkers of some of the most common endocrine disorders, such as primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), calcium deficiency, osteoporosis and vitamin D supplementation. Metabolites related to above-mentioned diseorders were grouped into specific classes and mapped into metabolic pathways. Furthermore, disturbed metabolic pathways can open up new directions for the in-depth exploration of the basic mechanisms of these diseases at the molecular level.

Serum Vitamin D Levels Explored in the Latvian Cohort of Patients with Basal Cell Carcinoma Linked to the Sonic Hedgehog and Vitamin D Binding Protein Cutaneous Tissue Indices

Ultraviolet radiation is known as one of the major contributors to skin malignancies, including basal cell carcinoma (BCC), which is the most common type of skin cancer. It is a heterogeneous tumor, which presents with various types that are stratified into low- and high-risk tumors. Sunlight is important for overall health and vitamin D synthesis in the skin, whereas deviations from the optimal level of vitamin D are shown to be associated with the risk of the development of BCC. The accumulating evidence suggests the ability of vitamin D to antagonize the Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) signaling, the key tumor pathway, and play a protective role in the development of BCC. Additionally, a vitamin D binding protein (DBP) is shown to be implicated in the complex regulation of vitamin D. Here, we aimed to explore serum vitamin D in patients with different primary and recurrent BCC of the head and neck and investigate cutaneous DBP and SHH indices, confirmed immunohistochemically in these subjects. According to the results, 94.9% of the Latvian cohort of BCC patients were found to be deficient in vitamin D. No significant differences in serum vitamin D levels were found between genders, primary and recurrent tumors, and different types of BCC. Serum vitamin D was inversely associated with tumor size. Susceptible male individuals with low blood vitamin D levels were recognized at risk of developing aggressive and recurrent BCC confirmed by the use of hierarchical clustering analysis. In smaller tumors with a favorable course, such as superficial and nodular BCC, the association between high DBP and low SHH tissue expression was found, providing supportive evidence of the existence of a link between vitamin D, proteins involved in its metabolism, as exemplified by the DBP and SHH signaling pathway. The assumption of a deficiency in the protective effect of vitamin D in patients with high-risk BCCs was proposed in low DBP and high SHH tissue indices. New extensions to existing knowledge and characterization of the BCC signaling pathways and their cross-talk with vitamin D are warranted when searching for a preferential effect of vitamin D on skin cancer.

Phosphate in the Context of Cognitive Impairment and Other Neurological Disorders Occurrence in Chronic Kidney Disease

The nervous system and the kidneys are linked under physiological states to maintain normal body homeostasis. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), damaged kidneys can impair the central nervous system, including cerebrovascular disease and cognitive impairment (CI). Recently, kidney disease has been proposed as a new modifiable risk factor for dementia. It is reported that uremic toxins may have direct neurotoxic (astrocyte activation and neuronal death) and/or indirect action through vascular effects (cerebral endothelial dysfunction, calcification, and inflammation). This review summarizes the evidence from research investigating the pathophysiological effects of phosphate toxicity in the nervous system, raising the question of whether the control of hyperphosphatemia in CKD would lower patients’ risk of developing cognitive impairment and dementia.

Molecular Probes, Chemosensors, and Nanosensors for Optical Detection of Biorelevant Molecules and Ions in Aqueous Media and Biofluids

Synthetic molecular probes, chemosensors, and nanosensors used in combination with innovative assay protocols hold great potential for the development of robust, low-cost, and fast-responding sensors that are applicable in biofluids (urine, blood, and saliva). Particularly, the development of sensors for metabolites, neurotransmitters, drugs, and inorganic ions is highly desirable due to a lack of suitable biosensors. In addition, the monitoring and analysis of metabolic and signaling networks in cells and organisms by optical probes and chemosensors is becoming increasingly important in molecular biology and medicine. Thus, new perspectives for personalized diagnostics, theranostics, and biochemical/medical research will be unlocked when standing limitations of artificial binders and receptors are overcome. In this review, we survey synthetic sensing systems that have promising (future) application potential for the detection of small molecules, cations, and anions in aqueous media and biofluids. Special attention was given to sensing systems that provide a readily measurable optical signal through dynamic covalent chemistry, supramolecular host-guest interactions, or nanoparticles featuring plasmonic effects. This review shall also enable the reader to evaluate the current performance of molecular probes, chemosensors, and nanosensors in terms of sensitivity and selectivity with respect to practical requirement, and thereby inspiring new ideas for the development of further advanced systems.

Declining serum bone turnover markers are associated with the short-term positive change of lumbar spine bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

OBJECTIVE

While serum bone turnover markers (BTMs) and bone mineral density (BMD) have been confirmed as useable risk assessment tools for postmenopausal osteoporosis, the associations between BTMs and BMD changes are still ambiguous. The aim of this study was to explore the underlying associations between BTMs and BMD changes in postmenopausal women.

METHODS

Between January 2015 and October 2020, 135 postmenopausal women were retrospectively enrolled. They were divided into two groups according to lumbar spine (LS) 1-4 BMD change (1 y T-score minus baseline T-score, Group 1 [n = 36] < 0 and Group 2 [n = 99] ≥ 0). The changes of BTMs (N-terminal middle segment osteocalcin [N-MID], propeptide of type I procollagen [P1NP], and β-C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [β-CTX]) and their associations with LS 1-4 BMD change were analyzed. The biochemical indices and clinical parameters related with LS 1-4 BMD change were also evaluated.

RESULTS

The 1 year N-MID, P1NP, β-CTX and Phosphorus in Group 2 were lower than those in Group 1 (P < 0.05), their changes within 1 year were significantly negatively correlated with LS 1-4 BMD change (R2 = -0.200, P < 0.001; R2 = -0.230, P < 0.001; R2 = -0.186, P < 0.001; R2 = -0.044, P = 0.015; respectively). Except for the Phosphorus change (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.623), the changes of N-MID, P1NP, and β-CTX and their 1 year levels had similar AUC to diagnose the short-term LS 1-4 BMD change (AUC > 0.7 for all, with the AUC of 1 y P1NP being the largest at 0.803). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the physical activity and drug intervention were the determinant factors for the LS 1-4 BMD change (odds ratio = 6.856, 95% confidence interval: 2.058-22.839, P = 0.002; odds ratio  = 5.114, 95% confidence interval: 1.551-16.864, P = 0.007; respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Declining N-MID, P1NP, β-CTX, and Phosphorus are associated with the short-term increase of LS 1-4 BMD within 1 year. Physical activity and drug intervention are factors significantly influencing the change of LS 1-4 BMD in postmenopausal women.

Multielemental Analysis of Bee Pollen, Propolis, and Royal Jelly Collected in West-Central Poland

Beehive products possess nutritional value and health-promoting properties and are recommended as so-called "superfoods". However, because of their natural origin, they may contain relevant elemental contaminants. Therefore, to assess the quality of bee products, we examined concentrations of a broad range of 24 selected elements in propolis, bee pollen, and royal jelly. The quantitative analyses were performed with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) techniques. The results of our research indicate that bee products contain essential macronutrients (i.e., K, P, and S) and micronutrients (i.e., Zn and Fe) in concentrations depending on the products' type. However, the presence of toxic heavy metals makes it necessary to test the quality of bee products before using them as dietary supplements. Bearing in mind that bee products are highly heterogenous and, depending on the environmental factors, differ in their elemental content, it is necessary to develop standards regulating the acceptable levels of inorganic pollutants. Furthermore, since bees and their products are considered to be an effective biomonitoring tool, our results may reflect the environment's condition in west-central Poland, affecting the health and well-being of both humans and bees.