Relationship Between Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Degree of Hepatic Steatosis and Bone Mineral Density

Association between the American Heart Association's new "Life Essentials 8" metrics and urgency urinary incontinence and nocturia

BACKGROUND

Despite its widespread adoption in cardiovascular research, the application of LE8 in other health conditions, particularly urgency urinary incontinence (UUI) and nocturia, has not been thoroughly investigated. Our study used the Life's Essential 8 (LE8) score to evaluate the relationship between cardiovascular health (CVH) and urge urinary incontinence and nocturia in adults.

METHODS

This analysis utilized data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2011-2018. We used the LE8 score as the independent variable, and UUI and nocturia as the dependent variables. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to explore the association between the LE8 score and the occurrence of UUI and nocturia.

RESULTS

The study included 12,566 adults aged 20 and older. After adjusting for potential confounders, a higher LE8 score was inversely associated with the risk of UUI (OR = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.27-0.52, p < 0.0001) and nocturia (OR = 0.53; 95% CI: 0.44-0.65, p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

This cross-sectional study revealed an inverse relationship between the LE8 score and the likelihood of both UUI and nocturia.

Mediating role of depression in linking rheumatoid arthritis to all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality: A prospective cohort study

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to analyze the associations between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related mortality using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and examine the potential mediating role of depression in these correlations.

METHODS

19,165 participants across five NHANES cycles from 2007 to 2016 participated in this study. Multifactorial Cox regression models between RA, depression and two mortality outcomes and multifactorial regression models between RA and depression were constructed to examine their associations. The mediating role of depression has also been investigated.

RESULTS

The prevalence of RA in this study was 6.57 %, the all-cause mortality of RA patients was 20.57 %, and the CVD-related mortality was 6.12 %. In the fully adjusted model, RA was associated with all-cause mortality [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.28, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.12 to 1.48] and CVD-related mortality (HR = 1.33, 95 % CI = 1.03 to 1.72), without detectable interaction among subgroups (P for interaction >0.05). RA also had a positive correlation with depression. Depression score demonstrated pronounced mediating effects in the connections between RA and two types of mortality, with mediation ratios of 18.2 % and 18.9 %.

LIMITATIONS

The diagnosis of RA is self-reported and may be subject to recall bias.

CONCLUSIONS

RA was positively correlated with the risk of all-cause mortality and CVD-related mortality. Depression partially mediates these associations. Close attention to and active improvement of mental health in RA patients will be critical to decrease all-cause mortality and CVD-related mortality.

Correlation between serum hemoglobin levels and bone mineral density in adults: A cross-sectional study

Serum hemoglobin plays an important role in bone metabolism. However, the association between serum hemoglobin levels and bone mineral density (BMD) remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the relationship between serum hemoglobin levels and lumbar spine BMD in adults. We conducted a cross-sectional study by utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2011 to 2018. The serum hemoglobin level was examined as an independent variable, while the lumbar spine BMD was utilized as the dependent variable. Weighted multivariate linear regression models and stratified analysis by age, sex, and race/ethnicity were applied after controlling for confounding factors to assess the relationship between serum hemoglobin levels and the lumbar spine BMD. Additionally, smooth curve fitting and threshold effect analyses were utilized to depict the nonlinear relationship between the 2 variables. A total of 11,658 participants (6004 men and 5654 women) aged ≥ 18 years were included in this study. When the serum hemoglobin level was represented as a continuous variable and fully adjusted in the regression model, the hemoglobin level was significantly negatively correlated with the lumbar spine BMD (β = -0.0035, 95% confidence interval: -0.0065 to -0.0004, P = .024555); this significant negative correlation persisted when the serum hemoglobin level was transformed into a categorical variable, except in the Q2 group (β = -0.0046, 95% confidence interval: -0.0142 to -0.0050, P = .348413). When different confounding factors were used including sex, age, and race/ethnicity, the stratified subgroups exhibited a negative correlation between the serum hemoglobin level and the lumbar spine BMD. Additionally, smooth curve fitting and threshold effect analyses showed a negative correlation between the serum hemoglobin level and the lumbar spine BMD, with a saturation effect at 15 g/dL. Our findings demonstrated an association between hemoglobin levels and the lumbar spine BMD in adults, characterized by a nonlinear relationship. Thus, monitoring the serum hemoglobin level could aid in the early detection of risks associated with bone metabolic disorders such as osteoporosis.

Associations between life's essential 8 and femoral neck bone mineral density among adults: A national population-based study

Osteoporosis represents a significant public health issue, impacting both health outcomes and economic costs. This research investigates how cardiovascular health, as indicated by the LE8 score, correlates with bone mineral density (BMD). Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2011 to 2018 were analyzed in this cross-sectional analysis, including 9018 subjects following the exclusion of individuals lacking BMD or LE8 data. The LE8 score, comprising factors such as diet, physical activity, smoking status, sleep quality, body mass index, lipid profiles, blood glucose, and blood pressure, was used to evaluate cardiovascular health. BMD was determined through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Relationships between the LE8 scores and BMD at the femoral neck were assessed using linear regression and smooth curve fitting techniques. Enhanced LE8 scores were linked to improved BMD at the femoral neck. Notably, a 10-point increment in the LE8 score was associated with a rise in BMD by 0.04 g/cm² [β = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.03-0.05]. The data indicate a strong positive association between cardiovascular health, as measured by LE8, and BMD. These results support the development of holistic health strategies that promote cardiovascular health to potentially improve bone density.

Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and bone mineral density: Mendelian randomization and mediation analysis

Background

Observational studies have reported significant association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and bone mineral density (BMD), a critical indicator of bone health. We aimed to investigate whether NAFLD is a cause for changes in BMD.

Methods

We selected 29 independent SNPs as instrumental variables for NAFLD. A range of Mendelian randomization (MR) methods, namely the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method, weighted-median, weighted-mode, and MR-Egger regression, were utilized to determine the causal effects of NAFLD on BMD. Two-step MR analysis was conducted to determine the mediating effect of fasting glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin, low-density cholesterol, and body-mass index on the association between NAFLD and BMD. False-discovery-rate (FDR) was used to correct for multiple testing bias.

Results

The IVW-method indicated a significantly inverse association between genetically predicted NAFLD and total body BMD (β = -0.04, 95 % CI -0.07 to -0.02, FDR = 0.010). Notably, the relationship was more pronounced in participants over 60 years of age (β = -0.06, 95 % CI -0.11 to -0.02, FDR = 0.030). Inverse associations were observed in other subpopulations and in site-specific BMD, though they were not statistically significant after correcting for multiple testing. We observed a significantly positive association between NAFLD and the risk of osteoporosis. Consistency in results was observed across multiple MR methods and in the repeated analysis. Fasting glucose, insulin, and glycosylated hemoglobin mediated 25.4 % (95 % CI 17.6-31.5 %), 18.9 % (12.0-24.9 %), and 27.9 % (19.9-36.7 %) of the effect of NAFLD on BMD, respectively.

Conclusion

Our findings underscore a probable causal negative link between NAFLD and BMD, indicating that NAFLD might detrimentally affect bone health, especially in older individuals.

Emerging role of liver-bone axis in osteoporosis

Background

Increasing attention to liver-bone crosstalk has spurred interest in targeted interventions for various forms of osteoporosis. Liver injury induced by different liver diseases can cause an imbalance in bone metabolism, indicating a novel regulatory paradigm between the liver and bone. However, the role of the liver-bone axis in both primary and secondary osteoporosis remains inadequately elucidated. Therefore, exploring the exact regulatory mechanisms of the liver-bone axis may offer innovative clinical approaches for treating diseases associated with the liver and bone.

Methods

Here, we summarize the latest research on the liver-bone axis by searching the PubMed and Web of Science databases and discuss the possible mechanism of the liver-bone axis in different types of osteoporosis. The literature directly reporting the regulatory role of the liver-bone axis in different types of osteoporosis from the PubMed and Web of Science databases has been included in the discussion of this review (including but not limited to the definition of the liver-bone axis, clinical studies, and basic research). In addition, articles discussing changes in bone metabolism caused by different etiologies of liver injury have also been included in the discussion of this review (including but not limited to clinical studies and basic research).

Results

Several endocrine factors (IGF-1, FGF21, hepcidin, vitamin D, osteocalcin, OPN, LCAT, Fetuin-A, PGs, BMP2/9, IL-1/6/17, and TNF-α) and key genes (SIRT2, ABCB4, ALDH2, TFR2, SPTBN1, ZNF687 and SREBP2) might be involved in the regulation of the liver-bone axis. In addition to the classic metabolic pathways involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, iron metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, lipid metabolism and immunometabolism mediated by the liver-bone axis require more research to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms involved in osteoporosis.

Conclusion

During primary and secondary osteoporosis, the liver-bone axis is responsible for liver and bone homeostasis via several hepatokines and osteokines as well as biochemical signaling. Combining multiomics technology and data mining technology could further advance our understanding of the liver-bone axis, providing new clinical strategies for managing liver and bone-related diseases.The translational potential of this article is as follows: Abnormal metabolism in the liver could seriously affect the metabolic imbalance of bone. This review summarizes the indispensable role of several endocrine factors and biochemical signaling pathways involved in the liver-bone axis and emphasizes the important role of liver metabolic homeostasis in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis, which provides novel potential directions for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of liver and bone-related diseases.

The association between the triglyceride-glucose index and sarcopenia: data from the NHANES 2011-2018

BACKGROUND

The Triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is a marker of insulin resistance, but its role in sarcopenia is controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of the TyG index with sarcopenia.

METHODS

4030 participants aged 20 years and above were selected from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for cross sectional study. Weighted logistic regression model was used to estimate the association between TyG index and sarcopenia. Threshold effect analysis and restricted cubic spline were employed to describe nonlinear link, with interaction tests and subgroup analyses performed.

RESULTS

It was found in the fully adjusted model that the TyG index was positively associated with sarcopenia (per 1-unit increase in the TyG index: OR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.07, 1.60). This association was further highlighted in groups characterized by the absence of MetS or diabetes, as well as the absence of vigorous or moderate work activity. Furthermore, analysis of the curve fitting and threshold effects indicated a nonlinear relationship, which exhibited a turning point at 9.14.

CONCLUSION

The study results indicated that the TyG index was positively associated with sarcopenia. Enhancing the management of insulin resistance could help reduce the risk of developing sarcopenia.

Associations between cardiovascular health and female infertility: A national population-based study

OBJECTIVE

This study investigates the relationship between cardiovascular health (CVH), as quantified by the American Heart Association's Life's Essential 8 (LE8) metric, and female infertility, utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) spanning 2013-2018.

METHODS

We encompassed females aged 20-49 years and above from the NHANES in this cross-sectional analysis. We assessed CVH using the LE8 score, encompassing eight domains: dietary pattern, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep duration, body mass index (BMI), lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and blood pressure levels. Logistic regression models were applied to explore the association between CVH scores and reported infertility, adjusting for potential confounders including age, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status.

RESULTS

Findings revealed a notable inverse association between CVH scores (per 10 scores) and female infertility [OR = 0.93, 95%CI: 0.90-0.96], Participants with higher CVH levels were 41% less likely to had female infertility compared to those with lower levels [OR = 0.59, 95%CI: 0.41-0.84]. Higher overall CVH scores, particularly in physical activity, BMI, and blood glucose, were associated with lower odds of infertility. This trend remained consistent across various demographic subgroups.

CONCLUSION

Our findings underscore the significance of maintaining optimal cardiovascular health, as evidenced by higher LE8 scores, in mitigating the risk of female infertility. These insights advocate for the integration of CVH improvement strategies within the broader framework of reproductive health care, emphasizing the dual benefits of cardiovascular and reproductive health optimization.

The relationship between advanced liver fibrosis and osteoporosis in type 2 diabetes patients with MAFLD

PURPOSE

To investigate the relationship between advanced liver fibrosis and osteoporosis in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

METHODS

A total of 1144 T2DM patients were divided into the MAFLD and non-MAFLD groups, 460 T2DM patients with MAFLD (277 males aged ≥50 years and 183 postmenopausal females) were divided into N1 (advanced liver fibrosis excluded), N2 (indeterminate advanced liver fibrosis), and N3 (advanced liver fibrosis) groups according to the non-alcoholic fatty liver fibrosis score (NFS), the differences in bone mineral density (BMD) levels and prevalence of osteoporosis were compared. Based on the tertile levels of BMD of the lumbar spine (L), T2DM patients were divided into three groups (T1, T2, and T3), and the differences in the prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis were compared.

RESULTS

The BMD levels of the L4, and L1-4 in the MAFLD group were lower than those of the non-MAFLD groups in male and female T2DM patients .The BMD levels of the total hip, L4, and L1-4 in the N3 group were lower than those of the N2 and N1 groups in male and female T2DM patients with MAFLD, and the prevalence of osteoporosis in the N3 group of males was higher than that in the N1 group. The BMD levels of the total hip, L4, and L1-4 were negatively correlated with NFS in both males and females. The BMD levels of the total hip and L4 in males, and the BMD level of L4 in females were negatively associated with NFS. The prevalence of advanced liver fibrosis was higher in the T1 group than in the T2 and T3 groups in T2DM patients with MAFLD.

CONCLUSION

The BMD levels in male aged ≥50 years or postmenopausal female diabetic patients with MAFLD were negatively correlated with the degree of advanced liver fibrosis, which means an increased risk of liver fibrosis with decreasing BMD.

Effects of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease on Bone Density and Fragility Fractures: Associations and Mechanisms

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has profound adverse effects on bone health and homeostasis. MASLD appears to be associated with changes in bone mineral density (BMD) and fracture rate. However, the data are ambiguous and conflicting. Although several studies have shown that children and adolescents with MASLD have decreased BMD, the data on the prevalence of fragility fractures among children are scarce. In adults, increasing evidence suggests that MASLD decreases BMD and increases the risk of fragility fractures, which appears to be due to deterioration of bone architecture in addition to a decrease in BMD. Effects of MASLD on bone health may also be age- and race-specific. MASLD does not seem to increase fracture risk in children and adolescents but increases the risk of fractures in elderly men, especially those of Asian origin. From a mechanistic perspective, bone remodeling is a continuous process between osteoblasts (bone-forming) and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing), with any imbalance resulting in metabolic bone disease. In individuals with MASLD, loss of anabolic insulin receptor signaling (insulin resistance) in osteoblasts and increased receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK)/RANK ligand signaling in osteoclasts (proinflammatory cytokines) swings the pendulum toward accelerated bone loss. These processes are further complicated by the concomitant presence of obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, or sarcopenia in individuals with MASLD. This study reviews the current literature associated with the effects of MASLD on BMD and fragility fractures in children/adolescents and adults. This review also discusses the pathomechanisms that link MASLD with changes in BMD and fragility fractures.

Associations between allostatic load and hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis: evidence from NHANES 2017-2020

BACKGROUND

Allostatic load, the cumulative strain resulting from chronic stress responses, has been linked to disease occurrence and progression, yet research quantifying this relationship is limited. This study aimed to explore the relationship between allostatic load score (ALS) levels and the degree of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis.

METHODS

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2020 were analyzed. The ALS was based on the statistical distribution, assigning one point for each biomarker if it was in the highest risk quartile, and then summing them to generate the ALS score (range, 0-8). The multivariate linear regression was employed to analyze the association between the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM) with ALS. Additionally, multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate the association between ALS and the degree of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis.

RESULTS

Participants had a weighted mean age of 52.69 years and 56.14% were female. In the multivariate linear regression analysis, ALS showed a significant positive correlation with CAP (β = 15.56, 95% CI: 14.50-16.62) and LSM (β = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.48-0.67). Age, healthy dietary level, and PIR had significant interactions with this positive correlation. In the multinomial logistic regression analysis, ALS exhibited a significant positive correlation with different degrees of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Consistency of the results was observed in sensitivity analyses using clinical thresholds of ALS.

CONCLUSIONS

Comprehensive clinical assessment targeting load adaptation may enhance the effectiveness of risk assessment in patients with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis.

Exploring the association between theobromine intake and hepatic steatosis in young people

The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) tends to be younger. And the role of theobromine in fatty liver disease remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between dietary theobromine intake and degree of hepatic steatosis in individuals aged 45 and below, using data from the 2017-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and liver ultrasonography transient elastography. A total of 1796 participants aged below 45 years were included from NHANES 2017-2020 data after applying exclusion criteria. Multivariate regression and subgroup analyses were conducted to examine the associations between theobromine intake and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP), adjusting for potential confounders. Generalized additive models and two-piecewise linear regression were used to analyze nonlinear relationships. In the unadjusted Model 1 and preliminarily adjusted Model 2, there was no significant correlation between theobromine intake and CAP values. However, in Models 3 and 4, which accounted for confounding factors, a higher intake of theobromine was significantly associated with lower CAP values. Subgroup analyses in the fully adjusted Model 4 revealed a significant negative correlation among individuals aged 18-45, women, and white populations. Nonlinear analysis revealed a U-shaped relationship in black Americans, with the lowest CAP values at 44.5 mg/day theobromine. This study provides evidence that higher theobromine intake is correlated with lower degree of hepatic steatosis in young people, especially those aged 18-45 years, women, and whites. For black Americans, maintaining theobromine intake around 44.5 mg/day may help minimize liver steatosis. These findings may help personalize clinical nutritional guidance, prevent the degree of hepatic steatosis, and provide pharmacological approaches to reverse fatty liver disease in young people.

Systemic immune-inflammatory index and its association with female sexual dysfunction, specifically low sexual frequency, in depressive patients: Results from NHANES 2005 to 2016

Sexual dysfunction, particularly in females, is a complex issue influenced by various factors, including depression and inflammation. The Systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), an inflammatory biomarker, has shown associations with different health conditions, but its relationship with female sexual dysfunction (FSD) remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between SII and FSD in the context of depression, utilizing low sexual frequency as an assessment indicator. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005 to 2016, involving 1042 depressed female participants, were analyzed. FSD, indicated by low sexual frequency, and SII, derived from complete blood count results, were assessed. Logistic regression and subgroup analyses were conducted, considering demographic and health-related factors. A total of 1042 individuals were included in our analysis; 11.5163% of participants were categorized as having FSD, which decreased with the higher SII tertiles (tertile 1, 13.8329%; tertile 2, 13.5447%; tertile 3, 7.1839%; p for trend < 0.0001). Multivariate linear regression analysis showed a significant negative association between SII and FSD [0.9993 (0.9987, 0.9999)]. This negative association in a subgroup analysis is distinctly and significantly present in the Mexican American subgroup [0.9959 (0.9923, 0.9996)], while it does not reach statistical significance in other racial categories. Furthermore, the association between SII and FSD was nonlinear; using a 2-segment linear regression model, we found a U-shaped relationship between SII and FSD with an inflection point of 2100 (1000 cells/µL). In summary, in depressed individuals, a higher SII is independently associated with a decreased likelihood of FSD, emphasizing the potential role of inflammation in female sexual health.

High C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio levels are associated with osteoporosis in patients with primary biliary cholangitis

Objective

Inflammation contributes to the development of metabolic bone diseases. The C-reactive protein-to-albumin ratio (CAR) is an inflammation-based marker with a prognostic value for several metabolic diseases. This study investigated the relationship between the CAR and osteoporosis (OP) in patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC).

Methods

Patients with PBC treated at Beijing Ditan Hospital between January 2018 and June 2023 were enrolled. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors influencing OP. The predictive value of CAR for OP was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Moreover, a restricted cubic spline (RCS) fitted with a logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between CAR and OP.

Results

The prevalence of OP among the patients with PBC was 26.9% (n = 82). CAR levels were higher in the OP group than in the non-OP group (0.33 (0.09, 0.61) vs. 0.08 (0.04, 0.18), P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that CAR was an independent predictor of OP in patients with PBC (odds ratio = 2.642, 95% confidence interval = 1.537-4.540, P < 0.001). CAR exhibited a good predictive ability for OP, with an areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.741. We found that individuals with CAR values > 0.1 have higher odds of OP. In addition, high CAR levels were associated with an increased prevalence of fragility fractures and high 10-year fracture risk.

Conclusion

High CAR levels were associated with greater odds of developing OP, and the CAR could serve as an independent predictor of OP in patients with PBC.

Development and internal validation of a clinical prediction model for osteopenia in Chinese middle-aged and elderly men: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Early identification of patients at risk of osteopenia is an essential step in reducing the population at risk for fractures. We aimed to develop and validate a prediction model for osteopenia in Chinese middle-aged and elderly men that provides individualized risk estimates.

METHODS

In this prospective cohort study, 1109 patients who attend regular physical examinations in the Second Medical Centre of Chinese PLA General Hospital were enrolled from 2015.03 to 2015.09. The baseline risk factors included dietary habits, exercise habits, medical histories and medication records. Osteopenia during follow-up were collected from Electronic Health Records (EHRs) and telephone interviews. Internal validation was conducted using bootstrapping to correct the optimism. The independent sample T-test analysis, Mann_Whitney U test, Chi-Square Test and multivariable Cox regression analysis were utilized to identify predictive factors for osteopenia in Chinese middle-aged and elderly men. A nomogram based on the seven variables was built for clinical use. Concordance index (C-index), receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC), decision curve analysis (DCA) and calibration curve were used to evaluate the efficiency of the nomogram.

RESULTS

The risk factors included in the prediction model were bone mineral density at left femoral neck (LNBMD), hemoglobin (Hb), serum albumin (ALB), postprandial blood glucose (PBG), fatty liver disease (FLD), smoking and tea consumption. The C-index for the risk nomogram was 0.773 in the prediction model, which presented good refinement. The AUC of the risk nomogram at different time points ranged from 0.785 to 0.817, exhibiting good predictive ability and performance. In addition, the DCA showed that the nomogram had a good clinical application value. The nomogram calibration curve indicated that the prediction model was consistent.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study provides a novel nomogram and a web calculator that can effectively predict the 7-year incidence risk of osteopenia in Chinese middle-aged and elderly men. It is convenient for clinicians to prevent fragility fractures in the male population.

Association of hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among adults

With high prevalence and substantial mortality, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are significant public health concerns. Utilizing a large, population-based dataset from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, our study probes the relationship between COPD prevalence and hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, as measured by Vibration-Controlled Transient Elastography. We analyzed data from 693 individuals with COPD and 7229 without. Through weighted multivariate logistic regression analysis, a restricted cubic spline curve, and threshold effect analysis, we investigated the correlation between the severity of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis and the presence of COPD. Our findings revealed a positive correlation between the controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and COPD prevalence [OR = 1.03 (95% CI 1.01, 1.05)], even after multivariate adjustment. Furthermore, we observed a U-shaped association between CAP and COPD, where the inflection point, CAP value of 264.85 dB/m, corresponded to the lowest COPD prevalence. Our study emphasizes a substantial and complex link between hepatic steatosis and COPD. These findings urge healthcare professionals to factor liver health into COPD management and prompt further exploration into the underlying mechanisms. This could pave the way for the development of improved prevention and treatment strategies.

Exploring the association between dietary fiber intake and hepatic steatosis: insights from NHANES

PURPOSE

The link between dietary fiber intake and Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is under exploration, yielding inconsistent findings. Considering the limitations of previous research and the significance of dietary fiber in hepatic steatosis, this study investigates the association between dietary fiber intake and Controlled Attenuation Parameter (CAP) among 5935 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Multivariable regression was used to evaluate the association between dietary fiber intake and CAP. Smoothed curve fitting and threshold effect analysis techniques were applied to illustrate non-linear relationships.

RESULTS

After adjusting for other variables, a negative correlation emerged between dietary fiber intake and CAP. Subgroup analysis by gender and race/ethnicity revealed a sustained negative association between dietary fiber intake and CAP among females and Whites. Additionally, an inverted U-shaped relationship was observed between dietary fiber intake and CAP among women and other race, with inflection points at 13.80 g/day and 33.45 g/day, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our research indicates that in the majority of Americans, there is an inverse relationship between dietary fiber intake and hepatic steatosis. This relationship exhibits an inverted U-shaped curve in women and other race, with a threshold effect. The findings of this study hold potential significance for clinical nutrition interventions, personalized dietary guidance, and advancing research into the diet-disease mechanism relationship.

The Impact of Non-alcohol Fatty Liver Disease on Bone Mineral Density is Mediated by Sclerostin by Mendelian Randomization Study

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been found to be associated with osteoporosis (OP) in observational studies. However, the precise causal relationship between NAFLD and OP remains unclear. Here, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore the causal relationship. We selected NAFLD-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms from a genome-wide meta-analysis (8434 cases and 434,770 controls) as instrumental variants. We used inverse variance weighted analysis for the primary MR analysis. Furthermore, we used similar methodologies in parallel investigations of other chronic liver diseases (CLDs). We performed sensitivity analyses to ensure the reliability of the results. We observed a causality between NAFLD and forearm bone mineral density (FABMD) (beta-estimate [β]: - 0.212; p-value: 0.034). We also found that sclerostin can act as a mediator to influence the NAFLD and FABMD pathways to form a mediated MR network (mediated proportion = 8.8%). We also identified indications of causal relationships between other CLDs and OP. However, we were unable to establish any associated mediators. Notably, our analyses did not yield any evidence of pleiotropy. Our findings have implications in the development of preventive and interventional measures aimed at managing low bone mineral density in patients with NAFLD.

Linking Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Severity With Metabolic Syndrome Features: An Integrative Study on Clinical and Radiological Fronts

Introduction Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a widespread cause of chronic liver disease, ranging from simple steatosis to severe conditions like non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. Despite its similarity to alcohol-induced liver damage, NAFLD affects individuals with no significant alcohol consumption. This study explores the association between NAFLD, bone mineral density (BMD), insulin resistance, and subclinical inflammation, focusing on the Asian Indian population. The primary objective was to investigate the relationship between NAFLD and BMD, insulin levels, and markers of subclinical inflammation, hypothesizing that patients with NAFLD exhibit lower BMD, possibly linked to insulin resistance and inflammation. Methodology A cross-sectional study with 100 subjects aged 18-50 years (50 cases with NAFLD and 50 controls) was conducted. Exclusion criteria included excessive alcohol consumption, drug-induced fatty liver, severe organ dysfunction, infections, pregnancy, and acute or chronic illness. Data were collected through clinical examinations, anthropometric measurements, biochemical investigations, ultrasound diagnosis of NAFLD, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scans for BMD assessment. Statistical analysis employed the chi-squared tests, t-tests, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Results NAFLD patients had higher body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio, and markers of insulin resistance and inflammation compared to non-NAFLD controls. DEXA scans revealed significantly lower BMD in NAFLD cases, along with a higher prevalence of osteopenia. Positive correlations were observed between BMD and insulin resistance. The study contributes to understanding the link between NAFLD and lower BMD in the Asian Indian population, emphasizing the impact of insulin resistance and inflammation on bone health. The literature review supports the relevance of exploring NAFLD as an independent risk factor for low BMD. Conclusion This case-control study underscores the significant association between NAFLD and lower BMD in the Asian Indian population. Despite limitations, the findings highlight the importance of further research with larger samples and comprehensive assessments to elucidate the interplay between NAFLD, metabolic factors, and bone health.

The association between monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio and hyperuricemia: Results from 2009 to 2018

Previous research has suggested that the monocyte-to-high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR), an emerging inflammatory biomarker, holds promise in predicting the prevalence of various cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. However, earlier investigations were constrained by the relatively modest sample sizes. This study endeavored to expand the sample size and conduct a more comprehensive exploration of the potential relationship between MHR and hyperuricemia. This cross-sectional study incorporated data from participants of the 2009 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with complete and qualifying information. MHR was determined by calculating the ratio between monocyte count and high-density lipoprotein levels. Various statistical methodologies such as weighted multivariate logistic regression, subgroup analysis, smoothed curve fitting, and threshold analysis, have been used to explore the correlation between hyperuricemia and MHR. The study included a cohort of 17,694 participants, of whom 3512 were diagnosed with hyperuricemia. MHR levels were notably higher in the hyperuricemia group than in the normal group, aligning with an elevated body mass index (BMI). A comprehensive multivariate logistic analysis, accounting for all relevant adjustments, revealed a notable positive correlation between MHR and hyperuricemia (P < .001, OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.54-2.54). Subgroup analysis indicated that the MHR exhibited an enhanced predictive capacity for identifying hyperuricemia risk, particularly in females (P < .05). Curvilinear and threshold analyses revealed a nonlinear association between MHR and hyperuricemia prevalence, with a notable inflection point at 0.826. In the US population, a clear positive correlation was observed between the MHR and prevalence of hyperuricemia. Importantly, the MHR is a more robust predictor of hyperuricemia risk in females. Further investigations are required to confirm these findings.

Association between life's essential 8 and periodontitis: a study based on NHANES 2009-2014

Background

This research aims to investigate the relationship between Life's Essentials 8 (LE8), the American Heart Association's latest indicator, and periodontitis. The purpose is to provide guidance on preventative measures.

Methods

Data for our investigation were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2014, with a total of 8,784 participants eligible. LE8 scores were compiled from 8 index scores (the score for each component of diet, physical activity, nicotine exposure, sleep duration, body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose, and blood pressure). Periodontitis was classified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American Academy of Periodontology (CDC/AAP). The study utilized multivariable logistic analyses to investigate the potential correlation.

Results

After controlling for all covariates, LE8 was discovered to have a significant negative correlation with periodontitis prevalence [0.91 (0.88, 0.94)]. This trend continued to hold statistical significance even after converting LE8 into a categorical variable. Furthermore, a noteworthy adverse correlation was discovered across both genders, specifically males [0.35 (0.22, 0.55)] and females [0.39 (0.25, 0.60)], as well as for the majority of categorical classifications, namely ethnicity, age, education level, and marital status. However, only the age subgroups displayed some degree of significant difference from each other.

Conclusion

Life's essential 8 was negatively associated with periodontitis, but more prospective trails are needed to confirm our findings.

Association between fatty liver index and controlled attenuation parameters as markers of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and bone mineral density: observational and two-sample Mendelian randomization studies

Previously observational studies did not draw a clear conclusion on the association between fatty liver diseases and bone mineral density (BMD). Our large-scale studies revealed that MAFLD and hepatic steatosis had no causal effect on BMD, while some metabolic factors were correlated with BMD. The findings have important implications for the relationship between fatty liver diseases and BMD, and may help direct the clinical management of MAFLD patients who experience osteoporosis and osteopenia.

PURPOSE

Liver and bone are active endocrine organs with several metabolic functions. However, the link between metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and bone mineral density (BMD) is contradictory.

METHODS

Using the UK Biobank and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dataset, we investigated the association between MAFLD, steatosis, and BMD in the observational analysis. We performed genome-wide association analysis to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with MAFLD. Large-scale two-sample Mendelian randomization (TSMR) analyses examined the potential causal relationship between MAFLD, hepatic steatosis, or major comorbid metabolic factors, and BMD.

RESULTS

After adjusting for demographic factors and body mass index, logistic regression analysis demonstrated a significant association between MAFLD and reduced heel BMD. However, this association disappeared after adjusting for additional metabolic factors. MAFLD was not associated with total body, femur neck, and lumbar BMD in the NHANES dataset. Magnetic resonance imaging-measured steatosis did not show significant associations with reduced total body, femur neck, and lumbar BMD in multivariate analysis. TSMR analyses indicated that MAFLD and hepatic steatosis were not associated with BMD. Among all MAFLD-related comorbid factors, overweight and type 2 diabetes showed a causal relationship with increased BMD, while waist circumference and hyperlipidemia had the opposite effect.

CONCLUSION

No causal effect of MAFLD and hepatic steatosis on BMD was observed in this study, while some metabolic factors were correlated with BMD. This has important implications for understanding the relationship between fatty liver disease and BMD, which may help direct the clinical management of MAFLD patients with osteoporosis.

Dietary inflammatory index is associated with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease among United States adults

Background

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is presently the most prevalent chronic liver disorder globally that is closely linked to obesity, dyslipidemia metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Its pathogenesis is strongly associated with inflammation, and diet is a major factor in reducing inflammation. However, current research has focused primarily on exploring the relationship between diet and NAFLD, with less research on its link to MAFLD.

Methods

In this research, using dietary inflammatory index (DII) as a measure to assess dietary quality, we analyzed the relationship between diet and MAFLD. Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018, including 3,633 adults with complete DII and MAFLD, were used to develop cross-sectional analyses. Logistic regression analysis was adapted for investigating the relationship between DII and MAFLD development. Additionally, subgroup analysis and threshold effect analysis were carried out.

Results

A positive link between DII and MAFLD was found in the fully adjusted model (OR = 1.05; 95%CI, 1.00-1.11, p < 0.05). Subgroup analysis indicated that there was no significant dependence for the connection between DII and MAFLD except for the subgroup stratified by age. Compared with other age groups, people with MAFLD had 20% higher DII scores than non-MAFLD participants in those aged 20-41 years old (OR = 1.20; 95%CI, 1.08-1.33, p < 0.001). Furthermore, we found a U-shaped curve with an inflection point of 3.06 illustrating the non-linear connection between DII and MAFLD.

Conclusion

As a result, our research indicates that pro-inflammatory diet may increase the chance of MAFLD development, thus improved dietary patterns as a lifestyle intervention is an important strategy to decrease the incidence of MAFLD.

Association between lipid accumulation products and osteoarthritis among adults in the United States: A cross-sectional study, NHANES 2017-2020

OBJECTIVE

Using cross-sectional data from the 2017-2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for American, the aim of this research is to investigate the potential association between Lipid Accumulation Products (LAP) and the risk of osteoarthritis (OA).

METHODS

Data from the NHANES (2017-2020) were downloaded and further analyzed. The participants between 20 and 80 years reported having OA, and other relevant variables and information on LAP were included. The linear and non-linear associations between LAP and OA were evaluated using multivariable logistic regression analysis and smoothed curve fitting methods. A two-part linear regression model was also used to estimate threshold effects.

RESULTS

The increased risk of OA was shown to have a nonlinear relationship with higher LAP, showing a solid threshold impact with a saturation value of 120.00 cm × mmol/L, according to our data. The two variables showed a positive relationship to the left of the saturation point but no significant association to the right, pointing to a complicated nonlinear relationship between OA prevalence and LAP.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings revealed that LAP was an independent risk factor for OA when it was <120.00 cm × mmol/L. The LAP index may serve as a valuable method for predicting and diagnosed OA. To validate our results, further large-scale prospective research are required.

Association of cardiovascular health and periodontitis: a population-based study

BACKGROUND

There is a strong association between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and periodontitis. This study utilized the Life Essentials 8 (LE8) score, a composite measure of cardiovascular health (CVH), to elucidate the relationship between CVH and periodontitis.

METHODS

Data from 8,649 nationally representative participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. The independent variable in our study was the CVH score (a higher CVH score indicates better cardiovascular health), and the dependent variable was the presence or absence of periodontitis. The association between CVH and periodontitis was investigated using weighted multivariable logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS). We controlled for potential confounders such as age, sex, race, education, and socioeconomic status to minimize bias.

RESULTS

There was a negative association between the total CVH score and the odds of periodontitis. After adjusting for all covariates, a 10-point increase in total CVH score was associated with a 10% lower in the odds of periodontitis [0.90 (0.87, 0.93)]. Participants with a higher CVH had 40% lower odds of periodontitis compared with those with a lower CVH. Socioeconomic status (education and income) modified this association (P for interaction < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Our study suggests that better cardiovascular health, as indicated by higher CVH scores, is associated with a reduced likelihood of periodontitis among US adults. The relationship between CVH and periodontitis appears to be influenced by socioeconomic status, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions in populations with lower socioeconomic status.

Association between life's essential 8 and periodontitis: a population-based study

BACKGROUND

The American Heart Association has developed a novel cardiovascular health indicator called Life's Essential 8 (LE8). However, no one has reported using LE8 to assess periodontitis. This study aimed to investigate the association between LE8 and periodontitis in American adults.

METHODS

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2009 to 2014 were used for this investigation. LE8 was the independent variable, and it is divided into three grades: high, moderate, and low. Periodontitis was the dependent variable, and the classification of periodontitis was based on the criteria of Eke in 2012. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to explore the relationship between LE8 and periodontitis.

RESULTS

A total of 9,039 participants with an average age of 52.16 ± 14.21 years were enrolled in this study, of whom 48.29% were male and 51.71% were female. The mean and standard deviation of LE8 was 66.29 ± 14.57, and the prevalence of periodontitis was 50.48% overall. The LE8 score and periodontitis in the fully adjusted logistic regression model showed a negative correlation (OR = 0.98; 95% CI, 0.98-0.99, p < 0.001). This result persisted when Life's Essential 8 was categorized into low, moderate, and high groups. Compared with those in the lowest group, those in the highest LE8 group had a 47% decreased risk of periodontitis (OR = 0.53; 95% CI, 0.46-0.66, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

This cross-sectional investigation revealed a negative relationship between the LE8 score and the likelihood of periodontitis.

Associations of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease and hepatic fibrosis with bone mineral density and risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis in T2DM patients

Background

Existing evidence on the associations of liver steatosis and fibrosis with bone mineral density (BMD) and risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis was limited with conflicting results. We aimed to evaluate the associations of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and hepatic fibrosis with BMD and risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.

Methods

Baseline information of an ongoing cohort of 249 T2DM patients in Xiamen, China was analyzed. MAFLD was defined as the presence of hepatic steatosis [diagnosed by either hepatic ultrasonography scanning or fatty liver index (FLI) score >60] for T2DM patients. BMD was measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry at total lumbar (L2-4), femur neck (FN), and total hip (TH) and was categorized as normal (T ≥ -1.0), osteopenia (-2.5 < T < -1.0), or osteoporosis (T ≤ -2.5) according to its minimum T-score.

Results

Among the 249 T2DM patients, prevalence rates of MAFLD, osteopenia, and osteoporosis were 57.8%, 50.6%, and 17.7%, respectively. Patients with MAFLD had significantly higher BMD T-scores of L2-4, FN, and TH and the minimum as well as lower prevalence of osteoporosis than patients without MAFLD. Hepatic steatosis indices, including FLI score, fatty liver (FLI ≥ 60 or hepatic ultrasonography scanning), and MAFLD, were significantly and positively associated with all T-scores, while hepatic fibrosis index and FIB-4 score, but not NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), were negatively associated with all T-scores. MAFLD was significantly associated with the decreased risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis and osteoporosis with unadjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% CI) of 0.565 (0.324-0.987) and 0.434 (0.224-0.843) (both p-values < 0.05), respectively. As for liver fibrosis, FIB-4 score, but not NFS, was significantly associated with elevated risk of osteoporosis with an unadjusted OR (95% CI) per SD increase of FIB-4 score of 1.446 (1.080-1.936, p-value = 0.013). Adjusting for potential confounding variables, especially body mass index, in the multivariable regression analyses, all associations of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis indices with BMD and risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis were not statistically significant.

Conclusion

MAFLD and hepatic fibrosis were not significantly associated with BMD and risk of osteopenia/osteoporosis independent of obesity. Nevertheless, screening and management of MAFLD and osteopenia/osteoporosis were still important for the prevention of fracture in T2DM patients.

MRI Methods to Visualize and Quantify Adipose Tissue in Health and Disease

MRI is the modality of choice for a vast range of pathologies but also a sensitive probe into human physiology and tissue function. For this reason, several methodologies have been developed and continuously evolve in order to non-invasively monitor underlying phenomena in human adipose tissue that were difficult to assess in the past through visual inspection of standard imaging modalities. To this end, this work describes the imaging methodologies used in medical practice and lists the most important quantitative markers related to adipose tissue physiology and pathology that are currently supporting diagnosis, longitudinal evaluation and patient management decisions. The underlying physical principles and the resulting markers are presented and associated with frequently encountered pathologies in radiology in order to set the frame of the ability of MRI to reveal the complex role of adipose tissue, not as an inert tissue but as an active endocrine organ.

Association between urine caffeine metabolites and bone mineral density: A population-based study

The association between coffee intake and bone mineral density (BMD) remains a subject of debate in epidemiological research. Furthermore, the potential relationship between BMD and urine caffeine or caffeine metabolites has not yet been explored. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the possible association between BMD and urine caffeine and its metabolites in U.S. adults. We employed multivariate linear and logistic regression models to analyze the relationship between urine caffeine and caffeine metabolites and lumbar BMD using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2009 to 2014. Additionally, fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models were used. After adjusting for several factors, we found no significant association between urine caffeine and its metabolites and BMD. However, subgroup analyses stratified by gender and ethnicity showed that the relationship between urine caffeine and its metabolites and lumbar BMD remained consistent. Our investigation revealed that the inflection points for the U-shaped relationship between urinary theophylline and paraxanthine and BMD were observed at levels of 0.006 mmol/L for theophylline and 0.052 mmol/L for paraxanthine. In this cross-sectional study, we found no significant correlation between urine caffeine and its metabolites and BMD. However, more research is required to confirm our findings, as well as to investigate the underlying mechanisms.

Relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and bone mineral density in elderly Chinese

OBJECTIVE

As our society grows older, both bone loss and fatty liver have become important issues. However, the relationship between reduced bone mineral density and fatty liver remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and less bone mineral density in the ankles of Chinese people over 65.

METHODS

The research included 716 older adults over the age of 65 who underwent a comprehensive health screening. A logistic regression model was used to investigate the relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and ankle bone mineral density.

RESULTS

A logistic regression model was used to analyze the odds ratios of reduced bone mineral density between patients with fatty liver and controls. In the adjusted model, adjustments were made for age, sex, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, overweight rate, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, history of smoking, history of alcohol consumption, fasting glucose, hemoglobin, urea, creatinine, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, waist circumference, total protein, albumin, and globulin. The adjusted OR (aOR) for reduced bone mineral density was 0.66 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.45-0.97, P = 0.034 < 0.05]. In subgroup analysis by age, sex, and BMI, women, age > 75 years, and BIM < 25 were statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

This study suggested that NAFLD is associated with a reduced risk of reduced heel bone mass. More research needs to be done to back up the results of this study and look into possible problems.

Associations between cadmium exposure and whole-body aging: mediation analysis in the NHANES

INTRODUCTION

Even though cadmium (Cd) exposure and cellular senescence (telomere length) have been linked in previous studies, composite molecular aging biomarkers are more significant and reliable factors to consider when examining the connection between metal exposure and health outcomes. The purpose of this research was to assess the association between urinary cadmium (U-Cd) and whole-body aging (phenotypic age).

METHODS

Phenotypic age was calculated from chronological age and 9 molecular biomarkers. Multivariate linear regression models, subgroup analysis, and smoothing curve fitting were used to explore the linear and nonlinear relationship between U-Cd and phenotypic age. Mediation analysis was performed to explore the mediating effect of U-Cd on the association between smoking and phenotypic age.

RESULTS

This study included 10,083 participants with a mean chronological age and a mean phenotypic age of 42.24 years and 42.34 years, respectively. In the fully adjusted model, there was a positive relationship between U-Cd and phenotypic age [2.13 years per 1 ng/g U-Cd, (1.67, 2.58)]. This association differed by sex, age, and smoking subgroups (P for interaction < 0.05). U-Cd mediated a positive association between serum cotinine and phenotypic age, mediating a proportion of 23.2%.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that high levels of Cd exposure are associated with whole-body aging.

Impact renaming non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to metabolic associated fatty liver disease in prevalence, characteristics and risk factors

BACKGROUND

Recently, a group of hepatologists proposed to rename non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) with modified diagnostic criteria. It is important to note, however, that there are some differences between the diagnostic criteria used for NAFLD and MAFLD. Since the research on MAFLD is just beginning, however, evidence on its incidence and prevalence in the general population and in specific subpopulations remains limited.

AIM

To assess epidemiology of fatty liver in new definition and compare MAFLD with NAFLD. Exploring risk factors of MAFLD individuals.

METHODS

This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study. A total of 85242 adults were selected from the Chinese health management database in 2017-2022. The data of general information, laboratory indicators, lifestyle management and psychological status were obtained. MAFLD was diagnosed as ultrasound diagnosis of fatty liver and at least one between these three conditions: Overweight/obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or metabolic dysregulation. Metabolic factors were not considered in NAFLD diagnosis standard. The clinical characteristics of MAFLD and NAFLD were analysed using descriptive statistics. Continuous variables normally distributed were expressed as means ± SD. Categorical variables were expressed as frequencies and proportions. Binary logistic regression was used to determine risk factors of the MAFLD.

RESULTS

The prevalence of MAFLD and NAFLD was 40.5% and 31.0%, respectively. The MAFLD or NAFLD population is more likely to be older (M: 47.19 ± 10.82 vs 43.43 ± 11.96; N: 47.72 ± 11.17 vs 43.71 ± 11.66), male (M: 77.21% vs 44.43%; N: 67.90% vs 53.12%) and high body mass index (M: 26.79 ± 2.69 vs 22.44 ± 2.48; N: 26.29 ± 2.84 vs 23.29 ± 3.12) than the non-MAFLD or non-MAFLD population. In multivariate analysis, general information (e.g., ≥ 2 metabolic abnormalities OR = 3.38, (95%CI: 2.99-3.81), P < 0.001; diastolic blood pressure OR = 1.01, (95%CI: 1.00-1.01), P = 0.002), laboratory results [e.g.,total bilirubin (TBIL) OR = 0.98, (95%CI: 0.98-0.99), P < 0.001; serum uric acid(SUA) OR = 1.01, (95%CI: 1.01-1.01), P < 0.001], and lifestyle factors [e.g., drink beverage OR = 0.32, (95%CI: 0.17-0.63), P = 0.001] were influence factors for MAFLD. Our study results offer new insight into potential risk factors associated with fatty liver disease, including SUA, TBIL and creatinine, all of which are related to chronic renal disease (CKD).

CONCLUSION

MAFLD is more prevalent than NAFLD, with two-fifths of individuals meeting the diagnosis criteria. MAFLD and NAFLD populations have different clinical characteristics. CKD may be related with MAFLD.

Association between the platelet/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results from NHANES 2017-2020

The platelet/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (PHR) is a novel inflammatory and hypercoagulability marker that represents the severity of metabolic syndrome. Liver metabolic syndrome is manifested by nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which is associated with inflammation and hypercoagulability. This cross-sectional investigation aimed to identify the relationship between PHR and NAFLD. Participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2020 were evaluated for hepatic steatosis and fibrosis using vibration-controlled transient elastography. The PHR was calculated as the ratio of platelets to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Increased PHR was associated with an increased incidence of NAFLD and hepatic fibrosis. Compared with patients in the first PHR quartile, after adjustment for clinical variables, the corresponding odds ratio (OR) for NAFLD in the fourth quartile was 2.36 (95% CI, 1.76 to 3.18) (p < 0.05); however, the OR for hepatic fibrosis was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Furthermore, restricted cubic spline analyses showed an S-shaped association between PHR and NAFLD and an L-shaped relationship between PHR and hepatic fibrosis. The results support the effectiveness of PHR as a marker for NAFLD and hepatic fibrosis. Therefore, interventions to improve the PHR may be of benefit in reducing the incidence of both hepatic steatosis and fibrosis.

Causal association of NAFLD with osteoporosis, fracture and falling risk: a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study

Introduction

The causal association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and osteoporosis remains controversial in previous epidemiological studies. We employed a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian analysis to explore the causal relationship between NAFLD and osteoporosis.

Method

The NAFLD instrumental variables (IVs) were obtained from a large Genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis dataset of European descent. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were used to estimate the causal effect of NAFLD on osteoporosis, fracture, and fall. Reverse Mendelian randomization analysis was conducted to estimate the causal effect of osteoporosis on NAFLD. The inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was the primary analysis in this analysis. We used the MR-Egger method to determine horizontal pleiotropic. The heterogeneity effect of IVs was detected by MR-Egger and IVW analyses.

Results

Five SNPs (rs2980854, rs429358, rs1040196, rs738409, and rs5764430) were chosen as IVs for NAFLD. In forward MR analysis, the IVW-random effect indicated the causal effect of NAFLD on osteoporosis (OR= 1.0021, 95% CI: 1.0006-1.0037, P= 0.007) but not on fracture (OR= 1.0016, 95% CI: 0.998-1.0053, P= 0.389) and fall (OR= 0.9912, 95% CI: 0.9412-1.0440, P= 0.740). Furthermore, the reverse Mendelian randomization did not support a causal effect of osteoporosis on NAFLD (OR= 1.0002, 95% CI: 0.9997-1.0007, P= 0.231). No horizontal pleiotropic was detected in all MR analyses.

Conclusions

The results of this study indicate a causal association between NAFLD and osteoporosis. NAFLD patients have a higher risk of osteoporosis but not fracture and falling risk. In addition, our results do not support a causal effect of osteoporosis on NAFLD.

Associations between weight-adjusted waist index and bone mineral density: results of a nationwide survey

BACKGROUND

The weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI) is a novel obesity indicator that offers improved accuracy in assessing both muscle and fat mass compared to traditional measures. This study aimed to investigate the association between WWI and bone mineral density (BMD) in adults.

METHODS

Weighted multivariate logistic regression, subgroup analysis, interaction tests and restricted cubic spline (RCS) curves were used to explore the relationship between WWI and BMD based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES).

RESULTS

This study had 40,568 individuals in total. At all four measurement sites, we detected a negative linear correlation between WWI and BMD. Even when quartile factors for WWI were created, this unfavorable connection maintained. In comparison to those in the lowest quartile, those in the highest percentile of WWI showed declines in lumbar BMD of 0.08 g/cm2 and femoral neck BMD of 0.03 g/cm2, respectively. This adverse correlation, nevertheless, differed among several categories.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest an adverse correlation between WWI and BMD among US adults. Employing WWI as a tool for osteoporosis prevention in the general population may enhance interventions.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Associated With Decreased Bone Mineral Density in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the effect of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) on bone mineral density (BMD) and the risk of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture in adults. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus for observational studies published from inception to January 2023 that reported adjusted effect sizes of NAFLD on BMD, osteopenia/osteoporosis, and osteoporotic fracture. The data were synthesized using multilevel and random-effects models. A total of 19 studies were included; of these, nine (21,294 participants) evaluated the effect of NAFLD on BMD, six (133,319 participants) investigated the risk of osteoporosis, and five (227,901 participants) assessed the risk of osteoporotic fracture. This meta-analysis showed that NAFLD was associated with decreased BMD (mean difference -0.019 g/cm2 , 95% confidence interval [CI] -0.036 to -0.002, I2 = 93%) and increased risks of osteoporosis (adjusted risk ratio [RR] = 1.28, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.52, I2 = 84%) and osteoporotic fractures (adjusted RR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.37, I2 = 67%). Subgroup analyses revealed that NAFLD had a significantly detrimental effect on BMD in men and on the BMD of the femoral neck and total hip. Stratified analyses by ethnicity demonstrated that NAFLD was not associated with BMD, osteoporosis, or osteoporotic fracture in non-Asian populations. The publication bias of all included studies was low; however, there was considerable heterogeneity among the studies, warranting a careful interpretation of the findings. Overall, our results suggest that NAFLD is associated with decreased BMD and an increased risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures. Male sex and the BMD of the femoral neck and total hip may be potential risk factors for decreased BMD in adults with NAFLD. Additionally, ethnic disparities were observed between Asian and non-Asian populations regarding BMD and osteoporotic fractures. © 2023 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Associations between dietary flavonoid intake with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis quantified by VCTE: Evidence from NHANES and FNDDS

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Flavonoids are natural products of plant origin and have been shown to be beneficial for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in animal studies. However, relevant epidemiological evidence is still lacking, and the relationship between flavonoid and subclass intake with quantified hepatic steatosis and fibrosis has not been investigated.

METHODS AND RESULTS

This study was based on the Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS) expanded flavonoid intake database and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2018 and included a total of 4113 participants with vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) data. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess linear relationships between flavonoids and hepatic steatosis and fibrosis. Smoothed curve fit and a generalized additive model were used to investigate the non-linear relationship, and a two-tailed linear regression model was used to find potential inflection points. Of the 4113 participants, 1045 (25.41%) were diagnosed with NAFLD. After adjusting for energy and major non-dietary covariates, significant linear negative correlations were observed between total flavonoids and CAP [-1.53 (-2.59, -0.47)] and LSM [-0.17 (-0.27, -0.07)]. After adjusting for all covariates, flavones had the strongest and most significant negative association with hepatic steatosis [-1.98 (-3.79, -0.17)]. The results of smooth curve fitting and subgroup analysis demonstrated gender differences, and threshold effect analysis further identified a U-shaped relationship and inflection point between flavonoid intake and hepatic steatosis (infection point: 287.25 mg/d).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest negative associations between flavonoid and subclass intake with hepatic steatosis and fibrosis.

Associations between weight-adjusted waist index and fractures: a population-based study

INTRODUCTION

The weight-adjusted waist circumference index (WWI) is a novel obesity evaluation indicator that appears to be superior to body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in evaluating muscle and fat mass. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between WWI and fractures among adults.

METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, multivariate logistic regression and smoothed curve fitting were used to investigate linear and nonlinear associations between WWI and fractures, based on data from 28,679 adult participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 to 2018.

RESULTS

After adjusting for all covariates, the prevalence of hip/wrist/spine fractures among all participants was 1.09%, 8.87%, and 1.97%, respectively. A 1-unit increase in WWI was associated with a 5% increase in the odds of hip fractures [1.05 (1.01, 1.10)], and a 9% increase in the odds of spine fractures [1.09 (1.06, 1.13)], but not with the prevalence of wrist fractures [0.97 (0.94, 1.06)].

CONCLUSIONS

Higher WWI was associated with an increased prevalence of hip fracture and spine fracture, but not wrist fracture.

Dietary fiber intake associated with risk of rheumatoid arthritis among U.S. adults: NHANES 2010-2020

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prevalent inflammatory joint disease that imposes a significant medical burden and morbidity. Recent scientific evidence suggests that dietary components and patterns could be associated with RA risk. In this study, we aim to investigate the possible relationship between dietary fiber intake and RA risk. We included 15,114 participants from the 2010 to 2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database in our study. Participants aged 20 or above were categorized into those with and without RA. Univariate logistic regression analysis and multivariate regression models were used to test the association between dietary fiber intake, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and RA. Out of all the participants, 1053 were diagnosed with RA (6.97%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that fiber intake was negatively associated with high-sensitivity c-reactive protein (-0.09 [-0.18, -0.02]) and RA risk (0.99 [0.98, 0.99]). Furthermore, our sensitivity analysis suggested that individuals with higher fiber intake (>19.1 g/day) had a 25% lower risk of developing RA than those with lower fiber intake [0.75 (0.63, 0.88)]. Our findings suggest that higher dietary fiber intake is associated with a reduced risk of RA and may help reduce systemic inflammation, thereby potentially slowing down RA progression.

Metabolic associated fatty liver disease and bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018

This research is a cross-sectional study based on the participants aged 50 years and older from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database. The metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) population has higher BMD and a lower risk of osteoporosis than those without MAFLD.

INTRODUCTION

MAFLD is a new definition presented by panel of experts based on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in 2020. However, the link between MAFLD and bone mineral density (BMD) is uncertain. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the relationship between MAFLD and BMD.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included subjects aged ≥ 50 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018. Multivariate linear regression models were performed to investigate the association between MAFLD and BMD. Moreover, the relationship between MAFLD and osteoporosis was assessed using multiple logistic regression models.

RESULTS

Finally, 817 participants (non-MAFLD, n = 436; MAFLD, n = 381) were included in the final analysis. The results demonstrated that participants with MAFLD showed higher femoral BMDs than those without MAFLD, especially among males aged ≥ 50 years and females aged ≥ 65 years. Moreover, the results showed that obese men (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) with MAFLD had higher femoral BMDs than the control group according to subgroup analyses stratified by BMI, but this trend was not present in women. In addition, multiple logistic regression models showed that participants with MAFLD had no increased risks of osteoporosis.

CONCLUSION

The present study found that the MAFLD population has higher BMD and a lower risk of osteoporosis than those without MAFLD. Because the present study was a cross-sectional study, we could not identify the cause-effect relation between MAFLD and BMD. Therefore, additional research needs to be performed to explore the influences of MAFLD on bone metabolism in the future.

Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reversed Ovarian Aging-related m6A RNA Methylation Modification Profile in Aged Granulosa Cells

BACKGROUND

Ovarian ageing causes endocrine disturbances and the degeneration of systemic tissue and organ functions to seriously affect women's physical and mental health, and effective treatment methods are urgently needed. Based on our previous studies using juvenile rhesus monkey bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) to treat ovarian ageing in rhesus monkey, we found that BMMSCs improved ovarian structure and function. This study continues to explore the mechanism by which BMMSCs reversed granulosa cell (GC) ageing.

METHODS

A GC ageing model and coculture system of BMMSCs were established, changes in the level of the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification were detected, m6A-modified RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) were performed, correlations between m6A peaks and mRNA expression were determined, and the expression of hub genes was identified using Q-PCR, immunofluorescence staining, and western blot.

RESULTS

Our results showed that H₂O₂ successfully induced GC ageing and that BMMSCs reversed measures of GC ageing. BMMSCs increased the expression of the FTO protein and reduced the overall level of m6A. We identified 797 m6A peaks (348 hypomethylated and 449 hypermethylated peaks) and 817 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (412 upregulated and 405 downregulated) after aged GCs were cocultured with BMMSCs, which significantly associated with ovarian function and epigenetic modification. The epigenetic repressive mark and important cell cycle regulator lysine demethylase 8 (KDM8) was downregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels, histone H3 was upregulated in aged GCs after BMMSC coculture, and KDM8 was upregulated after FTO was inhibited through FB23.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study revealed an essential role for m6A in BMMSCs in reversing GC ageing, and FTO regulated KDM8 mediates histone H3 changes may as a novel regulatory mechanism in BMMSCs to reverse GC ageing.

The association between oxidative balance score and periodontitis in adults: a population-based study

Introduction

The pathogenesis between oxidative stress and periodontitis was correlated. The Oxidative Balance Score (OBS) is a systematic tool to assess the effects of diet and lifestyle in relation to oxidative stress. However, the association between OBS and periodontitis has not been reported previously.

Methods

Sixteen dietary factors and four lifestyle factors were selected to score the OBS. Multivariate logistic regression and sensitivity analysis were used to investigate the relationship between OBS and periodontitis based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests were used to investigate whether this association was stable across populations.

Results

This study included 3,706 participants. There was a negative linear association between OBS and periodontitis in all participants [0.89 (0.80, 0.97)], and after converting OBS to a quartile variable, participants with OBS in the highest quartile had a 29% lower risk of periodontitis than those with OBS in the lowest quartile [0.71 (0.42, 0.98)]. This negative association differed with respect to age and diabetes.

Conclusion

There is a negative association between OBS and periodontitis in US adults. Our results suggest that OBS may be used as a biomarker for measuring periodontitis.

BMI, socioeconomic status, and bone mineral density in U.S. adults: Mediation analysis in the NHANES

Introduction

The mechanism by which socioeconomic status (SES) affects bone mineral density (BMD) remains unknown, and body mass index (BMI) may be a potential mediator. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether BMI mediates the relationship between SES [education level and poverty income ratio (PIR)] and lumbar BMD and the proportion it mediates.

Methods

This study included a total of 11,075 adults from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Lumbar BMD was measured at the lumbar spine by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Multivariate linear regression and smoothing curve fitting were used to investigate the relationship between SES and lumbar BMD. Mediator analysis was used to investigate the proportion of BMI mediating the association between SES and BMD.

Results

In the fully adjusted model, there was a positive correlation between SES and BMD (education level: β = 0.025, 95% CI: 0.005, 0.045; PIR: β = 0.007, 95% CI: 0.002, 0.011). Mediation analysis showed that BMI mediated the relationship between PIR, education level, and lumbar BMD with a range of mediation proportions from 13.33 to 18.20%.

Conclusion

BMI partially mediated the positive association between SES and BMD, and this association may be largely mediated by factors other than BMI.

Association of family income to poverty ratio and vibration-controlled transient elastography quantified degree of hepatic steatosis in U.S. adolescents

INTRODUCTION

Inequality in socioeconomic status plays an important role in the prevalence of metabolic diseases in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between family income and the degree of hepatic steatosis quantified by vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) among U.S. adolescents.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study included two cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2020. Multivariate linear regression and smoothing curve fitting were used to investigate the linear and nonlinear relationship between PIR and hepatic steatosis, respectively. Subgroup analysis and interaction tests were used to test whether this relationship was stable across groups.

RESULTS

Of the 1,574 adolescent participants, 456 lived in poor households and 307 lived in wealthy households. After adjusting for all covariates, PIR (Ratio of family income to poverty) was significantly negatively associated with the degree of hepatic steatosis [-4.78 (-7.39, -2.17)], and this remained stable after converting PIR to a categorical variable. In addition, this significant negative association was more pronounced in women [-7.62 (-11.38, -3.87)], non-Hispanic blacks [-7.19 (-14.43, 0.06)], Mexican Americans [-6.80 (-13.63, 0.03)], and participants with BMI >30 cm² [-10.83 (-19.70, -1.96)].

CONCLUSIONS

PIR was significantly and negatively associated with the degree of hepatic steatosis in US adolescents. Additional prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings.

Race and Gender Differences in the Associations Between Cadmium Exposure and Bone Mineral Density in US Adults

Several previous studies have found the deleterious effects of cadmium exposure on bone. However, studies on the effects of cadmium exposure on bone mineral density (BMD) in gender- and race-specific groups are still lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between cadmium exposure and BMD in adults and the gender and racial differences therein. Weighted multivariate regression, generalized weighted model, and smoothed curve fitting were used to explore the relationship between lumbar BMD with blood cadmium (B-Cd) and urine cadmium (U-Cd) based on data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). In addition, subgroup analyses were further used to investigate the differential associations across gender and race. Of the 4335 adult participants. After adjusting for primary demographic variables, B-Cd [- 0.018 (- 0.028, - 0.008)] and U-Cd [- 0.010 (- 0.020, - 0.001)] were shown to be negatively related to lumbar BMD. In the fully adjusted model, the negative association between B-Cd and lumbar BMD was maintained [- 0.010 (- 0.018, - 0.002)]. In the subgroup analysis stratified by gender and race, this relationship was retained in females and non-Hispanic blacks. Furthermore, these negative associations were most pronounced among non-Hispanic black women [B-Cd and lumbar BMD, - 0.046 (- 0.076, - 0.017); U-Cd and lumbar BMD, -0.034 (- 0.063, - 0.006)]. Our findings suggest that there are significant sex and race differences in the negative association between cadmium exposure and BMD. This negative association was most prominent in non-Hispanic black females.

Association of urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites with bone mineral density in children and adolescents

In epidemiological research, the link between coffee consumption and bone mineral density (BMD) is still debated. Moreover, there hasn't been any research on the relationship between urine caffeine and caffeine metabolites and BMD. This study aimed to investigate if there was a connection between urine caffeine and its metabolites and BMD in people between the ages of 8 and 19. Using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 to 2014, multivariate logistic regression models were utilized to investigate the association between urinary caffeine and caffeine metabolites and total BMD. Fitted smoothing curves and generalized additive models were also used. A total of 1235 adolescents were included in this analysis, after controlling for various variables, we found that the association between urinary theophylline and total BMD was negative, whereas the association between urinary paraxanthine, theobromine and caffeine and total BMD was positive. In our study, an inverted U-shaped association between urinary paraxanthine and urinary caffeine was found with BMD in women. In this cross-sectional study, the correlation between urinary caffeine and its metabolites and total BMD differed by sex and race. More studies are needed to confirm the results of this study and to investigate the underlying causes.

Relationship between prevalence and risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prevalence and risks of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture and NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD should be monitored regularly for bone mineral density and bone metabolism indicators to prevent osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the relationship between prevalence and risks of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

METHODS

Five databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and Cochrane Library, were searched since the conception of these databases until December 2021. The cohort studies, cross-sectional analyses or case-control studies evaluating the relationship between osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture and NAFLD were retrieved from these databases. Relevant data were extracted from the included studies, and a meta-analysis was performed.

RESULTS

A total of seven studies were included. The prevalence of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures was higher in the NAFLD group than in the non-NAFLD group [OR = 1.17, 95%CI(1.04,1.31)], while the prevalence of osteoporosis was higher in the NAFLD group than in the non-NAFLD group [OR = 1.46, 95%CI (1.21,1.77) and OR = 1.48, 95%CI (1.31,1.68), respectively] in men and women. The risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures was higher in the NAFLD group than in the non-NAFLD group [OR = 1.33,95%CI (1.24,1.44) and OR = 1.57,95%CI (1.08,2.29), respectively]. The risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures was higher in male and female NAFLD groups than that in the non-NAFLD group [OR = 1.29, 95%CI(1.14,1.47) and OR = 1.36, 95%CI (1.25,1.48), respectively]. After parameter adjustment, the risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fracture was higher in the male NAFLD group than in the non-NAFLD group [OR = 2.10, 95%CI(1.36,3.25)], while no significant difference was found among women [OR = 1.13, 95%CI (0.86,1.48)].

CONCLUSIONS

The prevalence and risk of osteoporosis or osteoporotic fractures were significantly associated with NAFLD in men and women.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022304708.

Relationship between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and bone mineral density in adolescents

Liver metabolism is strongly linked to bone metabolism, and a significant correlation between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and bone mineral density (BMD) in adults has been demonstrated. However, the current relationship between NAFLD and BMD in the adolescent population remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to investigate the specific relationship between NAFLD and BMD in adolescents aged 12 to 19 years in the United States. The quantitative relationship between NAFLD and total BMD was investigated using multivariate logistic regression and smoothed fitted curve curves based on multiperspective data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A total of 740 adolescents were included in this study after excluding unusable samples. The results showed that NAFLD was positively associated with total BMD in adolescents. The results of the subgroup analysis showed that this positive association was mainly found in boys, whites and blacks. The association was not significant in girls, Mexican Americans and other racial groups. Among US adolescents, there was a significant positive association between NAFLD and total BMD, and this relationship varied by gender and race.

Association between SII and hepatic steatosis and liver fibrosis: A population-based study

Background

The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) is a novel marker of inflammation, and hepatic steatosis and fibrosis are associated with inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the possible relationship between SII and hepatic steatosis and fibrosis.

Methods

The datasets from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017–2020 were used in a cross-sectional investigation. Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine the linear connection between SII and controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (LSM). Fitted smoothing curves and threshold effect analysis were used to describe the nonlinear relationship.

Results

This population-based study included a total of 6,792 adults aged 18–80 years. In a multivariate linear regression analysis, a significant positive association between SII and CAP was shown [0.006 (0.001, 0.010)]. This positive association in a subgroup analysis was maintained in men [0.011 (0.004, 0.018)] but not in women. Furthermore, the association between SII and CAP was nonlinear; using a two-segment linear regression model, we found an inverted U-shaped relationship between SII and CAP with an inflection point of 687.059 (1,000 cells/µl). The results of the multiple regression analysis showed that the relationship between SII and LSM was not significant (P = 0.263).

Conclusions

Our findings imply that increased SII levels are linked to hepatic steatosis, but SII is not linked to liver fibrosis. To confirm our findings, more large-scale prospective investigations are needed.

Inverse association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and bone mineral density in young- and middle-aged people: The NHANES 2011–2018

Objectives

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) plays an essential part in bone metabolism. However, the correlation between LDL-C levels and bone mineral density (BMD) is still controversial. This study aimed to explore the relationship between LDL-C levels and lumbar BMD in young- and middle-aged people.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study comprising 4,441 participants aged 20–59 from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). LDL-C levels and lumbar BMD were used as independent and dependent variables, respectively. We evaluated the correlation between LDL-C levels and lumbar BMD through a weighted multivariate linear regression model. We performed a subgroup analysis of the relationship between LDL-C levels and lumbar BMD based on age, gender, and body mass index (BMI).

Results

After adjusting for confounding factors, LDL-C levels were negatively correlated with lumbar BMD. In subgroup analyses stratified by gender, this negative association was statistically significant in men and women. In the subgroup analysis stratified by age, a negative connection existed in people aged 30–49 years. In the subgroup analysis divided by BMI, there was an inverse correlation in overweight people (25 ≤ BMI &lt; 30).

Conclusions

Our research observed an inverse association between LDL-C levels and lumbar BMD in young- and middle-aged people, especially in people aged 30–49 years and who are overweight. Close monitoring of BMD and early intervention may be required for these people.