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Wang Y, Xu M, Sun J, Li X, Shi H, Wang X, Liu B, Zhang T, Jiang X, Lin L, Li Q, Huang Y, Liang Y, Hu M, Zheng F, Zhang F, Sun J, Shi Y, Wang Y. Glycolytic neutrophils accrued in the spleen compromise anti-tumour T cell immunity in breast cancer. Nat Metab 2023; 5:1408-1422. [PMID: 37563468 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of immunity across organs is fundamental to cancer development and progression. It is well known that the hostile metabolic microenvironment in the tumour is a major obstacle to effective anti-tumour immunity. However, whether metabolic alterations in secondary lymphoid tissues beyond the tumour can affect anti-tumour immunity remains elusive. Using positron-emission tomography-computed tomography, we show that the spleens of humans and mice with breast cancer are metabolically reprogrammed to a glycolytic state. Such an increase in glucose consumption in the spleen primarily occurs in neutrophils generated by extramedullary haematopoiesis and recruitment from the bone marrow. These neutrophils in the white pulp create a glucose-deprived microenvironment, which, in turn, induces T cell anergy by impairing pyruvate kinase M2 and its action on STAT5, thus compromising their anti-tumour activities. Furthermore, CCL9 chemokine produced by splenic stromal cells is central to splenic neutrophil accumulation, and blockade of the CCR1 receptor favours tumour eradication. Thus, neutrophils metabolically influence the spleen microenvironment and control anti-tumour T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Muhan Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Shanghai Universal Cloud Medical Imaging Diagnostic Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Li
- Shanghai Universal Cloud Medical Imaging Diagnostic Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Huazheng Shi
- Shanghai Universal Cloud Medical Imaging Diagnostic Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institute for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Benming Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangyu Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yin Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyuan Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fanjun Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Obstetrics and Gynaecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institute for Translational Medicine, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Gut-Spleen Axis: Microbiota via Vascular and Immune Pathways Improve Busulfan-Induced Spleen Disruption. mSphere 2023; 8:e0058122. [PMID: 36511706 PMCID: PMC9942571 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00581-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective means of modulating gut microbiota for the treatment of many diseases, including Clostridioides difficile infections. The gut-spleen axis has been established, and this is involved in the development and function of the spleen. However, it is not understood whether gut microbiota can be used to improve spleen function, especially in spleens disrupted by a disease or an anti-cancer treatment. In the current investigation, we established that alginate oligosaccharide (AOS)-improved gut microbiota (A10-FMT) can rescue anticancer drug busulfan-disrupted spleen vasculature and spleen function. A10-FMT improved the gene and/or protein expression of genes involved in vasculature development, increased the cell proliferation rate, enhanced the endothelial progenitor cell capability, and elevated the expression of the cell junction molecules to increase the vascularization of the spleen. This investigation found for the first time that the reestablishment of spleen vascularization restored spleen function by improving spleen immune cells and iron metabolism. These findings may be used as a strategy to minimize the side effects of anti-cancer drugs or to improve spleen vasculature-related diseases. IMPORTANCE Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS)-improved gut microbiota (A10-FMT) can rescue busulfan disrupted spleen vasculature. A10-FMT improved the cell proliferation rate, endothelial progenitor cell capability, and cell junction molecules to increase vasculature formation in the spleen. This reestablishment restored spleen function by improving spleen immune cells and iron metabolism. These findings are useful for the treatment of spleen vasculature-related diseases.
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3
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Zhang F, Li J, Chang C, Gu L, Su Y, Yang Y. Immunomodulatory Function of Egg White Peptides in RAW264.7 Macrophage Cells and Immunosuppressive Mice Induced by Cyclophosphamide. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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4
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Andryukhova ES, Tashireva LA, Isaeva AV, Vtorushin SV, Zavyalova MV, Perelmuter VM. The Rarity of Metastasis to the Spleen — a Phenomenon with an Unknown Mechanism. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 173:575-582. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-022-05591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Fernández-García V, González-Ramos S, Avendaño-Ortiz J, Martín-Sanz P, Gómez-Coronado D, Delgado C, Castrillo A, Boscá L. High-fat diet activates splenic NOD1 and enhances neutrophil recruitment and neutrophil extracellular traps release in the spleen of ApoE-deficient mice. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:396. [PMID: 35789437 PMCID: PMC9256580 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04415-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the course of atherogenesis, the spleen plays an important role in the regulation of extramedullary hematopoiesis, and in the control of circulating immune cells, which contributes to plaque progression. Here, we have investigated the role of splenic nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) in the recruitment of circulating immune cells, as well as the involvement of this immune organ in extramedullary hematopoiesis in mice fed on a high-fat high-cholesterol diet (HFD). Under HFD conditions, the absence of NOD1 enhances the mobilization of immune cells, mainly neutrophils, from the bone marrow to the blood. To determine the effect of NOD1-dependent mobilization of immune cells under pro-atherogenic conditions, Apoe−/− and Apoe−/−Nod1−/− mice fed on HFD for 4 weeks were used. Splenic NOD1 from Apoe−/− mice was activated after feeding HFD as inferred by the phosphorylation of the NOD1 downstream targets RIPK2 and TAK1. Moreover, this activation was accompanied by the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), as determined by the increase in the expression of peptidyl arginine deiminase 4, and the identification of citrullinated histone H3 in this organ. This formation of NETs was significantly reduced in Apoe−/−Nod1−/− mice. Indeed, the presence of Ly6G+ cells and the lipidic content in the spleen of mice deficient in Apoe and Nod1 was reduced when compared to the Apoe−/− counterparts, which suggests that the mobilization and activation of circulating immune cells are altered in the absence of NOD1. Furthermore, confirming previous studies, Apoe−/−Nod1−/− mice showed a reduced atherogenic disease, and diminished recruitment of neutrophils in the spleen, compared to Apoe−/− mice. However, splenic artery ligation reduced the atherogenic burden in Apoe−/− mice an effect that, unexpectedly was lost in Apoe−/−Nod1−/− mice. Together, these results suggest that neutrophil accumulation and activity in the spleen are driven in part by NOD1 activation in mice fed on HFD, contributing in this way to regulating atherogenic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Silvia González-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Avendaño-Ortiz
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ., C. de Pedro Rico, 6, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Gómez-Coronado
- Servicio de Bioquímica-Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Ctra. M-607 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Delgado
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada Al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Arturo Duperier 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Unidad de Biomedicina (Unidad Asociada Al CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS) de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.
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Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Biochemical Studies of Murine Hepatosplenic Tissues Affected by Chronic Toxoplasmosis. J Parasitol Res 2022; 2022:2165205. [PMID: 35755604 PMCID: PMC9225867 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2165205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a serious health problem in humans and animals resulting from obligatory intracellular invasion of reticuloendothelial tissue by Toxoplasma gondii. The profound pathologic effect of toxoplasmosis is confined to nervous tissue, but many other organs, including the liver and spleen, are insulted. Many molecules like caspase-3, CD3, and CD138 are implicated in the tissue immune response in a trial to alleviate hazardous toxoplasmosis impact. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chronic toxoplasmosis on the liver and spleen tissues of mice using biochemical and histopathological techniques and to detect the activity and level of expression of caspase-3, CD3, and CD138 in these tissues using immunohistochemical labeling. Compared with normal control, altered normal histological features accompanied by inflammatory reaction were recorded in hepatosplenic reticuloendothelial tissues in chronically infected mice. The biochemical profile of the liver has been changed in the form of increased liver enzymes, and oxidative stress has been evidenced by elevated nitric oxide (NO) concentration in liver homogenate. The levels of caspase3, CD3, and CD138 were markedly expressed in the liver and spleen of infected mice. Our findings revealed the persistent effect of latent toxoplasmosis on the host's histological architecture, metabolic, and immunological profile, creating a continued challenging host-parasite relationship.
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7
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Zheng D, Bhuvan T, Payne NL, Heng TSP. Secondary Lymphoid Organs in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy: More Than Just a Filter. Front Immunol 2022; 13:892443. [PMID: 35784291 PMCID: PMC9243307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.892443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have demonstrated therapeutic potential in inflammatory models of human disease. However, clinical translation has fallen short of expectations, with many trials failing to meet primary endpoints. Failure to fully understand their mechanisms of action is a key factor contributing to the lack of successful commercialisation. Indeed, it remains unclear how the long-ranging immunomodulatory effects of MSCs can be attributed to their secretome, when MSCs undergo apoptosis in the lung shortly after intravenous infusion. Their apoptotic fate suggests that efficacy is not based solely on their viable properties, but also on the immune response to dying MSCs. The secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) orchestrate immune responses and play a key role in immune regulation. In this review, we will discuss how apoptotic cells can modify immune responses and highlight the importance of MSC-immune cell interactions in SLOs for therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zheng
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tejasvini Bhuvan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Natalie L. Payne
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Tracy S. P. Heng
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Cell and Tissue Engineering Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- *Correspondence: Tracy S. P. Heng,
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Zhang H, Shen F, Yu J, Ge J, Sun Y, Fu H, Cheng Y. Plasmodium vivax Protein PvTRAg23 Triggers Spleen Fibroblasts for Inflammatory Profile and Reduces Type I Collagen Secretion via NF-κBp65 Pathway. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877122. [PMID: 35769479 PMCID: PMC9235351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium vivax is the most widespread human malaria parasite. The spleen is one of the most significant immune organs in the course of Plasmodium infection, and it contains splenic fibroblasts (SFs), which supports immunologic function by secreting type I collagen (collagen I). Plasmodium proteins have rarely been found to be involved in collagen alterations in the spleen during infection. Here, we selected the protein P. vivax tryptophan-rich antigen 23 (PvTRAg23), which is expressed by the spleen-dependent gene Pv-fam-a and is a member of the PvTRAgs family of export proteins, suggesting that it might have an effect on SFs. The protein specifically reduced the level of collagen I in human splenic fibroblasts (HSFs) and bound to cells with vimentin as receptors. However, such collagen changes were not mediated by binding to vimentin, but rather activating the NF-κBp65 pathway to produce inflammatory cytokines. Collagen impaired synthesis accompanied by extracellular matrix-related changes occurred in the spleen of mice infected with P. yoelii 17XNL. Overall, this study is the first one to report and verify the role of Plasmodium proteins on collagen in HSF in vitro. Results will contribute to further understanding of host spleen structural changes and immune responses after Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangye Zhang
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Feihu Shen
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- Lianyungan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, China
| | - Jiali Yu
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jieyun Ge
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haitian Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yang Cheng
- Laboratory of Pathogen Infection and Immunity, Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Cheng,
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Hao Y, Feng Y, Yan X, Chen L, Zhong R, Tang X, Shen W, Sun Q, Sun Z, Ren Y, Zhang H, Zhao Y. Gut microbiota-testis axis: FMT improves systemic and testicular micro-environment to increase semen quality in type 1 diabetes. Mol Med 2022; 28:45. [PMID: 35468731 PMCID: PMC9036783 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00473-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical data suggest that male reproductive dysfunction especially infertility is a critical issue for type 1 diabetic patient (T1D) because most of them are at the reproductive age. Gut dysbiosis is involved in T1D related male infertility. However, the improved gut microbiota can be used to boost spermatogenesis and male fertility in T1D remains incompletely understood. METHODS T1D was established in ICR (CD1) mice with streptozotocin. Alginate oligosaccharide (AOS) improved gut microbiota (fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from AOS improved gut microbiota; A10-FMT) was transplanted into the T1D mice by oral administration. Semen quality, gut microbiota, blood metabolism, liver, and spleen tissues were determined to investigate the beneficial effects of A10-FMT on spermatogenesis and underlying mechanisms. RESULTS We found that A10-FMT significantly decreased blood glucose and glycogen, and increased semen quality in streptozotocin-induced T1D subjects. A10-FMT improved T1D-disturbed gut microbiota, especially the increase in small intestinal lactobacillus, and blood and testicular metabolome to produce n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to ameliorate spermatogenesis and semen quality. Moreover, A10-FMT can improve spleen and liver functions to strengthen the systemic environment for sperm development. FMT from gut microbiota of control animals (Con-FMT) produced some beneficial effects; however, to a smaller extent. CONCLUSIONS AOS-improved gut microbiota (specific microbes) may serve as a novel, promising therapeutic approach for the improvement of semen quality and male fertility in T1D patients via gut microbiota-testis axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Hao
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 People’s Republic of China ,grid.1025.60000 0004 0436 6763College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, 6150 Australia
| | - Yanni Feng
- grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Yan
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China ,grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruqing Zhong
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangfang Tang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Shen
- grid.412608.90000 0000 9526 6338College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyuan Sun
- grid.413405.70000 0004 1808 0686Fertility Preservation Lab, Reproductive Medicine Center, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhongyi Sun
- grid.263488.30000 0001 0472 9649Urology Department, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518055 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yonglin Ren
- grid.1025.60000 0004 0436 6763College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, 6150 Australia
| | - Hongfu Zhang
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China ,grid.1025.60000 0004 0436 6763College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, 6150 Australia
| | - Yong Zhao
- grid.410727.70000 0001 0526 1937State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193 People’s Republic of China ,grid.1025.60000 0004 0436 6763College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, 6150 Australia
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10
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Bégay V, Cirovic B, Barker AJ, Klopfleisch R, Hart DW, Bennett NC, Lewin GR. Immune competence and spleen size scale with colony status in the naked mole-rat. Open Biol 2022; 12:210292. [PMID: 35382566 PMCID: PMC8984379 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Naked mole-rats (NM-R; Heterocephalus glaber) live in multi-generational colonies with a social hierarchy, and show low cancer incidence and long life-spans. Here we asked if an immune component might underlie such extreme physiology. The largest lymphoid organ is the spleen, which plays an essential role in responding to immunological insults and may participate in combating cancer and slowing ageing. We investigated the anatomy, molecular composition and function of the NM-R spleen using RNA-sequencing and histological analysis in healthy NM-Rs. Spleen size in healthy NM-Rs showed considerable inter-individual variability, with some animals displaying enlarged spleens. In all healthy NM-Rs, the spleen is a major site of adult haematopoiesis under normal physiological conditions. However, myeloid-to-lymphoid cell ratio is increased and splenic marginal zone showed markedly altered morphology when compared to other rodents. Healthy NM-Rs with enlarged spleens showed potentially better anti-microbial profiles and were much more likely to have a high rank within the colony. We propose that the anatomical plasticity of the spleen might be regulated by social interaction and gives immunological advantage to increase the lifespan of higher-ranked animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bégay
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Laboratory for Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Robert-Rössle Straße 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Branko Cirovic
- Division of Cellular Immunology, German Cancer Research Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alison J. Barker
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Laboratory for Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Robert-Rössle Straße 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Free University Berlin, Robert von Ostertag Strasse 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel W. Hart
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - Nigel C. Bennett
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - Gary R. Lewin
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Laboratory for Molecular Physiology of Somatic Sensation, Robert-Rössle Straße 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany
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Asam S, Nayar S, Gardner D, Barone F. Stromal cells in tertiary lymphoid structures: Architects of autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2021; 302:184-195. [PMID: 34060101 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mediators present within the inflammatory microenvironment are able, in certain conditions, to favor the initiation of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) development. TLS is organized lymphocyte clusters able to support antigen-specific immune response in non-immune organs. Importantly, chronic inflammation does not always result in TLS formation; instead, TLS has been observed to develop specifically in permissive organs, suggesting the presence of tissue-specific cues that are able to imprint the immune responses and form TLS hubs. Fibroblasts are tissue-resident cells that define the anatomy and function of a specific tissue. Fibroblast plasticity and specialization in inflammatory conditions have recently been unraveled in both immune and non-immune organs revealing a critical role for these structural cells in human physiology. Here, we describe the role of fibroblasts in the context of TLS formation and its functional maintenance in the tissue, highlighting their potential role as therapeutic disease targets in TLS-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Asam
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Saba Nayar
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,bNIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - David Gardner
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Francesca Barone
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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12
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Ren Z, Gao P, Okyere SK, Cui Y, Wen J, Jing B, Deng J, Hu Y. Ageratina adenophora Inhibits Spleen Immune Function in Rats via the Loss of the FRC Network and Th1-Th2 Cell Ratio Elevation. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050309. [PMID: 33926136 PMCID: PMC8145992 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the impact of Ageratina adenophora (A. adenophora) on splenic immune function in a rat model. Rats were fed with 10 g/100 g normal feed and an experimental feed, which was composed of 3:7 A. adenophora powder and normal feed for 60 days. On days 14, 28, and 60, subsets of rats (n = 8 rats/group/time point) were selected for blood and spleen tissue sample collection. The results showed that the proportion of CD3+ T cells in the spleen was decreased at day 60 (vs. control). Also, mRNA and protein expression of chemokines CCL21 and CCL19 and functional protein gp38 in spleen decreased significantly versus the control at day 60. In addition, ER-TR7 antigen protein expression was also decreased at day 60. Levels of T-helper (Th)1 cells significantly increased, whereas those of Th2 cells decreased significantly versus the control at day 60 in spleen. The finding revealed that A. adenophora could affect splenic immune function in rats by altering the fibroblast reticulocyte (FRC) network, as well as by causing an imbalance in Th1/Th2 cell ratios. This research provides new insights into potential mechanisms of spleen immunotoxicity due to exposures to A. Adenophora.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanchun Hu
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-28-8629-1162
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13
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Fernández-García V, González-Ramos S, Martín-Sanz P, Castrillo A, Boscá L. Contribution of Extramedullary Hematopoiesis to Atherosclerosis. The Spleen as a Neglected Hub of Inflammatory Cells. Front Immunol 2020; 11:586527. [PMID: 33193412 PMCID: PMC7649205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.586527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) incidence is becoming higher. This fact is promoted by metabolic disorders such as obesity, and aging. Atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of most of these pathologies. It is a chronic inflammatory disease that begins with the progressive accumulation of lipids and fibrotic materials in the blood-vessel wall, which leads to massive leukocyte recruitment. Rupture of the fibrous cap of the atherogenic cusps is responsible for tissue ischemic events, among them myocardial infarction. Extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH), or blood cell production outside the bone marrow (BM), occurs when the normal production of these cells is impaired (chronic hematological and genetic disorders, leukemia, etc.) or is altered by metabolic disorders, such as hypercholesterolemia, or after myocardial infarction. Recent studies indicate that the main EMH tissues (spleen, liver, adipose and lymph nodes) complement the hematopoietic function of the BM, producing circulating inflammatory cells that infiltrate into the atheroma. Indeed, the spleen, which is a secondary lymphopoietic organ with high metabolic activity, contains a reservoir of myeloid progenitors and monocytes, constituting an important source of inflammatory cells to the atherosclerotic lesion. Furthermore, the spleen also plays an important role in lipid homeostasis and immune-cell selection. Interestingly, clinical evidence from splenectomized subjects shows that they are more susceptible to developing pathologies, such as dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis due to the loss of immune selection. Although CVDs represent the leading cause of death worldwide, the mechanisms involving the spleen-atherosclerosis-heart axis cross-talk remain poorly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Fernández-García
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia González-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín-Sanz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Castrillo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biomedicina, (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM) and Universidad de Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias, Grupo de Investigación Medio Ambiente y Salud, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Lisardo Boscá
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Biomedicina, (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols (CSIC-UAM) and Universidad de Las Palmas, Gran Canaria, Spain
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14
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Cytokines and splenic remodelling during Leishmania donovani infection. Cytokine X 2020; 2:100036. [PMID: 33604560 PMCID: PMC7885873 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytox.2020.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis leads to extensive remodelling of splenic microarchitecture. Splenomegaly is associated with compartmentalised vascular remodelling. Alterations in white pulp stromal cells affects leucocyte segregation. Splenic remodelling involves multiple cytokines from diverse cellular sources. Understanding splenic remodelling may lead to new therapeutic interventions.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) causes extensive splenic pathology that contributes to dysfunctional immune responses, in part through displacement and destruction of cell populations involved in maintaining splenic structural integrity. The expression of pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines is crucial in orchestrating the delicate balance that exists between host resistance and tissue pathology. In an effort to restore homeostatic balance to the local microenvironment, remodelling of the splenic architecture occurs in a compartmentalised manner to retain some level of functionality, despite persistent inflammatory pressures. Animal models of VL as well as human studies have significantly contributed to our understanding of the architectural changes that occur in the spleen during VL. Here, we review the role of cytokines in mediating microarchitectural changes associated with the development of splenomegaly during VL.
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15
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Morgado FN, da Silva AVA, Porrozzi R. Infectious Diseases and the Lymphoid Extracellular Matrix Remodeling: A Focus on Conduit System. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030725. [PMID: 32187985 PMCID: PMC7140664 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The conduit system was described in lymphoid organs as a tubular and reticular set of structures compounded by collagen, laminin, perlecan, and heparin sulfate proteoglycan wrapped by reticular fibroblasts. This tubular system is capable of rapidly transport small molecules such as viruses, antigens, chemokines, cytokines, and immunoglobulins through lymphoid organs. This structure plays an important role in guiding the cells to their particular niches, therefore participating in cell cooperation, antigen presentation, and cellular activation. The remodeling of conduits has been described in chronic inflammation and infectious diseases to improve the transport of antigens to specific T and B cells in lymphoid tissue. However, malnutrition and infectious agents may induce extracellular matrix remodeling directly or indirectly, leading to the microarchitecture disorganization of secondary lymphoid organs and their conduit system. In this process, the fibers and cells that compound the conduit system may also be altered, which affects the development of a specific immune response. This review aims to discuss the extracellular matrix remodeling during infectious diseases with an emphasis on the alterations of molecules from the conduit system, which damages the cellular and molecular transit in secondary lymphoid organs compromising the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda N. Morgado
- Correspondence: (F.N.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +55-2138658226 (F.N.M.); +55-2138658203 (R.P.)
| | | | - Renato Porrozzi
- Correspondence: (F.N.M.); (R.P.); Tel.: +55-2138658226 (F.N.M.); +55-2138658203 (R.P.)
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16
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Willard-Mack CL, Elmore SA, Hall WC, Harleman J, Kuper CF, Losco P, Rehg JE, Rühl-Fehlert C, Ward JM, Weinstock D, Bradley A, Hosokawa S, Pearse G, Mahler BW, Herbert RA, Keenan CM. Nonproliferative and Proliferative Lesions of the Rat and Mouse Hematolymphoid System. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 47:665-783. [PMID: 31526133 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319867053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The INHAND Project (International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions in Rats and Mice) is a joint initiative of the Societies of Toxicologic Pathology from Europe (ESTP), Great Britain (BSTP), Japan (JSTP), and North America (STP) to develop an internationally accepted nomenclature for proliferative and nonproliferative changes in rats and mice. The purpose of this publication is to provide a standardized nomenclature for classifying changes observed in the hematolymphoid organs, including the bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, and other lymphoid tissues (serosa-associated lymphoid clusters and tertiary lymphoid structures) with color photomicrographs illustrating examples of the lesions. Sources of material included histopathology databases from government, academia, and industrial laboratories throughout the world. Content includes spontaneous lesions as well as lesions induced by exposure to test materials. The nomenclature for these organs is divided into 3 terminologies: descriptive, conventional, and enhanced. Three terms are listed for each diagnosis. The rationale for this approach and guidance for its application to toxicologic pathology are described in detail below.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susan A Elmore
- Thymus subgroup lead.,National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Johannes Harleman
- Lymph node subgroup lead.,Neoplasm subgroup leads.,Independent Consultant, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - C Frieke Kuper
- Associated lymphoid organs subgroup lead.,Independent Consultant, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Patricia Losco
- General hematolymphoid subgroup lead.,Independent Consultant, West Chester, PA, USA
| | - Jerold E Rehg
- Spleen subgroup leads.,Neoplasm subgroup leads.,Saint Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Jerrold M Ward
- Spleen subgroup leads.,Neoplasm subgroup leads.,Global VetPathology, Montgomery Village, MD, USA
| | | | - Alys Bradley
- Charles River Laboratories, Tranent, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Satoru Hosokawa
- Eisai Co, Ltd, Drug Safety Research Laboratories, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Beth W Mahler
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Ronald A Herbert
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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17
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Origin and differentiation trajectories of fibroblastic reticular cells in the splenic white pulp. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1739. [PMID: 30988302 PMCID: PMC6465367 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09728-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The splenic white pulp is underpinned by poorly characterized stromal cells that demarcate distinct immune cell microenvironments. Here we establish fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC)-specific fate-mapping in mice to define their embryonic origin and differentiation trajectories. Our data show that all reticular cell subsets descend from multipotent progenitors emerging at embryonic day 19.5 from periarterial progenitors. Commitment of FRC progenitors is concluded during the first week of postnatal life through occupation of niches along developing central arterioles. Single cell transcriptomic analysis facilitated deconvolution of FRC differentiation trajectories and indicated that perivascular reticular cells function both as adult lymphoid organizer cells and mural cell progenitors. The lymphotoxin-β receptor-independent sustenance of postnatal progenitor stemness unveils that systemic immune surveillance in the splenic white pulp is governed through subset specification of reticular cells from a multipotent periarterial progenitor cell. In sum, the finding that discrete signaling events in perivascular niches determine the differentiation trajectories of reticular cell networks explains the development of distinct microenvironmental niches in secondary and tertiary lymphoid tissues that are crucial for the induction and regulation of innate and adaptive immune processes. The white pulp of spleen is an important immune structure dynamically modulated during development and immune responses. Here the authors define, using multi-color lineage tracing and single-cell transcriptome analysis, the subset distribution and differentiation trajectory of fibroblastic reticular cells to serve structural insights for splenic white pulps.
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18
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Alexandre YO, Mueller SN. Stromal cell networks coordinate immune response generation and maintenance. Immunol Rev 2019; 283:77-85. [PMID: 29664562 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphoid organs (SLO), including the spleen and lymph nodes (LN) are a meeting place for immune cells to initiate adaptive immune responses. Lymphocytes constantly circulate between SLO through the blood and lymph in search of their cognate antigen and are activated within the organized microarchitecture of SLO. Lymphoid stromal cells (LSC) of mesenchymal and endothelial origin construct and support the microarchitecture of SLO by defining distinct compartments and providing signals that can either promote or inhibit immune responses. Here, we discuss recent studies indicating that LSC, including fibroblastic reticular cells (FRC), contribute substantially to immune responses and may tune responses to secondary challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick O Alexandre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Scott N Mueller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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19
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Lim HK, O'Neill HC. Identification of Stromal Cells in Spleen Which Support Myelopoiesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:1. [PMID: 30733944 PMCID: PMC6354566 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Stromal cells in spleen organize tissue into red pulp, white pulp and marginal zone, and also interact with hematopoietic cells to regulate immune responses. This study has used phenotypic information of a previously described spleen stromal cell line called 5G3, which supports restricted hematopoiesis in vitro, to identify an equivalent stromal cell subset in vivo and to test its capacity to support hematopoiesis. Using stromal cell fractionation, phenotypic analysis, as well as cell growth and hematopoietic support assays, the Sca-1+gp38+Thy1.2+CD29+CD51+ fraction of spleen stroma has been identified as an equivalent stromal subset resembling the 5G3 cell counterpart. While heterogeneity may still exist within that subset, it has been shown to have superior hematopoietic support capacity compared with the 5G3 cell line, and all other spleen stromal cell fractions tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Kiat Lim
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Helen C O'Neill
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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20
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Hermida MDR, de Melo CVB, Lima IDS, Oliveira GGDS, Dos-Santos WLC. Histological Disorganization of Spleen Compartments and Severe Visceral Leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:394. [PMID: 30483481 PMCID: PMC6243053 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen is a secondary lymphoid organ responsible for immune surveillance against blood-circulating pathogens. Absence of the spleen is associated with increased susceptibility to systemic spread and fatal infection by different pathogens. Severe forms of visceral leishmaniasis are associated with disorganization of spleen compartments where cell interactions essential for splenic immunological function take place. White pulp atrophies, secondary lymphoid follicles and marginal zones vanish, and the boundaries separating white and red pulp blur. Leukocyte populations are reduced or disappear or are replaced by plasma cells. In this paper, we review the published data on spleen disorganization in severe forms of visceral leishmaniasis and propose a histological classification to help the exchange of information among research groups.
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21
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Liu L, Zhao L, Yang Y, Gao J, Hu C, Guo B, Zhu B. Cytotoxic chemotherapy reduces T cell trafficking to the spleen by downregulating the expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 21 and C-C motif chemokine ligand 19. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:5013-5019. [PMID: 30250567 PMCID: PMC6144923 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells serve an important role in the destruction of tumor cells and clearing of foreign pathogens. Previous studies have suggested that the T cell immune response of tumor-bearing patients is significantly lower than that of healthy people, and the principal reason for this is lymphocytopenia, which is caused by repeated cycles of chemotherapy. In addition to lymphocytopenia, the present study revealed that cytotoxic chemotherapy also weakens the homing ability of T cells to the T-cell zone of the spleen, which decreases the possibility of encounters between antigen-specific T cells and dendritic cells presenting the appropriate antigen, thereby weakening the immune response of T cells. These changes are attributed to the lower expression of C-C motif chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21) and C-C motif chemokine ligand 19 (CCL19) in the spleen of secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). Finally, the present study identified that chemotherapy affects the function and survival of fibroblastic reticular cells in SLOs, which are the main source of CCL21 and CCL19. These observations aid us in further understanding the mechanism that is responsible for the decreased T cell immune response following repeated cycles of chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Liu
- Institute of Oncology, Third Inpatient Building of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Lintao Zhao
- Institute of Oncology, Third Inpatient Building of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China.,Institute of Oncology, People's Liberation Army No. 324 Hospital, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Oncology, Third Inpatient Building of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Jianbao Gao
- Institute of Oncology, Third Inpatient Building of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Hu
- Institute of Oncology, Third Inpatient Building of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Oncology, Third Inpatient Building of Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, P.R. China
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22
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Masters AR, Jellison ER, Puddington L, Khanna KM, Haynes L. Attrition of T Cell Zone Fibroblastic Reticular Cell Number and Function in Aged Spleens. Immunohorizons 2018; 2:155-163. [PMID: 30706058 PMCID: PMC6350919 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.1700062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging has a profound impact on multiple facets of the immune system, culminating in aberrant functionality. The architectural disorganization of splenic white pulp is a hallmark of the aging spleen, yet the factors underlying these structural changes are unclear. Fibroblastic reticular cells comprise one stromal cell subset in the spleen that is important for maintenance of architectural organization, yet it remains to be determined how aging impacts these cells. In this study, we sought to determine how aging impacts splenic T cell zone reticular cell (TRC) numbers, morphology, and function. Using a mouse model of aging, we found that aged naive spleens have fewer TRCs than young spleens. This reduction in TRC number correlated with reduced CCL19 and CCL21 concentrations in aged spleens, which may contribute to impaired homing of T cells. CCL21 in both young and aged spleens localized with TRCs. Aged TRCs extended marginally into B cell follicles and may contribute to the blending of the T cell zone and B cell follicles in aged spleens. The described age-related changes in TRCs number and function may be an underlying factor contributing to impaired immune system function with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- April R Masters
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030.,Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Evan R Jellison
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Lynn Puddington
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Kamal M Khanna
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030.,Department of Microbiology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Laura Haynes
- Department of Immunology, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030.,Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030
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23
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RESPATIKA DATU, SAITO YASUYUKI, WASHIO KEN, KOMORI SATOMI, KOTANI TAKENORI, OKAZAWA HIDEKI, MURATA YOJI, MATOZAKI TAKASHI. Role of SIRPα in Homeostatic Regulation of T Cells and Fibroblastic Reticular Cells in the Spleen. THE KOBE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2017; 63:E22-E29. [PMID: 29434170 PMCID: PMC5824927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), is an immunoglobulin superfamily protein that is predominantly expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), especially CD4+ conventional DCs (cDCs). In this study, we demonstrated that, in addition to the reduced number of CD4+ cDCs, the number of T cells was significantly decreased in the spleen of Sirpa-/- mice, in which full-length of SIRPα protein was systemically ablated. The size of the T cell zone was markedly reduced in the spleen of Sirpa-/- mice. In addition, Sirpa-/- mice revealed a marked reduction of CCL19, CCL21, and IL-7 expression, which are thought to be important for homeostasis of T cells in the spleen. Consistently, the abundance of fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs), a subset of stromal cells in the T cell zone, was markedly reduced in the spleen of Sirpa-/- mice compared with Sirpaf/f mice. Moreover, we demonstrated that the mRNA expression of Lymphotoxin (LT) α, LTβ, and LIGHT was significantly reduced in the spleen of Sirpa-/- mice. These data thus suggest that SIRPα is essential for steady-state homeostasis of T cells and FRCs in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- DATU RESPATIKA
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - YASUYUKI SAITO
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - KEN WASHIO
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - SATOMI KOMORI
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - TAKENORI KOTANI
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - HIDEKI OKAZAWA
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - YOJI MURATA
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - TAKASHI MATOZAKI
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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24
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Dos Anjos Cassado A. F4/80 as a Major Macrophage Marker: The Case of the Peritoneum and Spleen. Results Probl Cell Differ 2017; 62:161-179. [PMID: 28455709 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tissue macrophages are a heterogeneous cell population residing in all body tissues that contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis and trigger immune activation in response to injurious stimuli. This heterogeneity may be associated with tissue-specific functions; however, the presence of distinct macrophage populations within the same microenvironment indicates that macrophage heterogeneity may also be influenced outside of tissue specialization. The F4/80 molecule was established as a unique marker of murine macrophages when a monoclonal antibody was found to recognize an antigen exclusively expressed by these cells. However, recent research has shown that F4/80 is expressed by other immune cells and is not equivalently expressed across tissue-specific macrophage lineages, including those residing in the same microenvironment, such as the peritoneum and spleen. In this context, two murine macrophage subtypes with distinct F4/80 expression patterns were recently found to coexist in the peritoneum, termed large peritoneal macrophages (LPMs) and small peritoneal macrophages (SPMs). However, the presence of phenotypic and functional heterogeneous macrophage subpopulations in the spleen was already known. Thus, although F4/80 surface expression continues to be the best method to identify tissue macrophages, additional molecules must also be examined to distinguish these cells from other immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dos Anjos Cassado
- Immunology Department, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,UniSALESIANO, Auxilium Salesian Catholic University Center, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
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25
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McGaha TL, Karlsson MCI. Apoptotic cell responses in the splenic marginal zone: a paradigm for immunologic reactions to apoptotic antigens with implications for autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:26-43. [PMID: 26683143 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells drive innate regulatory responses that result in tolerogenic immunity. This is a critical aspect of cell physiology as apoptotic cells expose potentially dangerous nuclear antigens on the surface in apoptotic blebs, and failure in their recognition, phagocytosis, or destruction can cause dramatic autoimmunity in experimental models and is linked to development and progression of systemic pathology in human. The marginal zone is a specialized splenic environment that serves as a transitional site from circulation to peripheral lymphoid structures. The marginal zone serves a key role in trapping of particulates and initiation of innate responses against systemic microbial pathogens. However in recent years, it has become clear the marginal zone is also important for initiation of immune tolerance to apoptotic cells, driving a coordinated response involving multiple phagocyte and lymphocyte subsets. Recent reports linking defects in splenic macrophage function to systemic lupus erythematosus in a manner analogous to marginal zone macrophages in lupus-prone mice provide an impetus to better understand the mechanistic basis of the apoptotic cell response in the marginal zone and its general applicability to apoptotic cell-driven tolerance at other tissue sites. In this review, we discuss immune responses to apoptotic cells in the spleen in general and the marginal zone in particular, the relationship of these responses to autoimmune disease, and comparisons to apoptotic cell immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L McGaha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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26
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Masters AR, Haynes L, Su DM, Palmer DB. Immune senescence: significance of the stromal microenvironment. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:6-15. [PMID: 27529161 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system undergoes age-associated changes known as immunosenescence, resulting in increased susceptibility to infections, cancers and autoimmunity in the aged. The basis of our understanding of immunosenescence has been derived primarily from studies examining intrinsic defects within many of the cells of the immune system. While these studies have provided insight into the mechanisms of immunosenescence, a picture is now emerging that the stromal microenvironment within lymphoid organs also contributes significantly to the age-associated decline of immune function. These extrinsic defects appear to impact the functional activity of immune cells and may offer a potential target to recover immune activity. Indeed, rejuvenation studies which have targeted the stromal niche have restored immune function in aged successfully, highlighting the impact of the microenvironment towards the aetiology of immunosenescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Masters
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - L Haynes
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - D-M Su
- Department of Molecular Biology and Immunology, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - D B Palmer
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
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Li LL, Li B, Ji HF, Ma Q, Wang LZ. Immunomodulatory activity of small molecular (≤3 kDa)Coixglutelin enzymatic hydrolysate. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2016.1201147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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28
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Ghosh D, Wikenheiser DJ, Kennedy B, McGovern KE, Stuart JD, Wilson EH, Stumhofer JS. An Atypical Splenic B Cell Progenitor Population Supports Antibody Production during Plasmodium Infection in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1788-800. [PMID: 27448588 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) function to replenish the immune cell repertoire under steady-state conditions and in response to inflammation due to infection or stress. Whereas the bone marrow serves as the primary niche for hematopoiesis, extramedullary mobilization and differentiation of HSPCs occur in the spleen during acute Plasmodium infection, a critical step in the host immune response. In this study, we identified an atypical HSPC population in the spleen of C57BL/6 mice, with a lineage(-)Sca-1(+)c-Kit(-) (LSK(-)) phenotype that proliferates in response to infection with nonlethal Plasmodium yoelii 17X. Infection-derived LSK(-) cells upon transfer into naive congenic mice were found to differentiate predominantly into mature follicular B cells. However, when transferred into infection-matched hosts, infection-derived LSK(-) cells gave rise to B cells capable of entering into a germinal center reaction, and they developed into memory B cells and Ab-secreting cells that were capable of producing parasite-specific Abs. Differentiation of LSK(-) cells into B cells in vitro was enhanced in the presence of parasitized RBC lysate, suggesting that LSK(-) cells expand and differentiate in direct response to the parasite. However, the ability of LSK(-) cells to differentiate into B cells was not dependent on MyD88, as myd88(-/-) LSK(-) cell expansion and differentiation remained unaffected after Plasmodium infection. Collectively, these data identify a population of atypical lymphoid progenitors that differentiate into B lymphocytes in the spleen and are capable of contributing to the ongoing humoral immune response against Plasmodium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debopam Ghosh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205; and
| | - Daniel J Wikenheiser
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205; and
| | - Brian Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205; and
| | - Kathryn E McGovern
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Johnasha D Stuart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205; and
| | - Emma H Wilson
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205; and
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29
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Zewdu R, Risolino M, Barbulescu A, Ramalingam P, Butler JM, Selleri L. Spleen hypoplasia leads to abnormal stress hematopoiesis in mice with loss of Pbx homeoproteins in splenic mesenchyme. J Anat 2016; 229:153-69. [PMID: 27075259 PMCID: PMC5341595 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The spleen plays critical roles in immunity and also provides a permissive microenvironment for hematopoiesis. Previous studies have reported that the TALE-class homeodomain transcription factor Pbx1 is essential in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) for stem cell maintenance and progenitor expansion. However, the role of Pbx1 in the hematopoietic niche has not been investigated. Here we explored the effects that genetic perturbation of the splenic mesenchymal niche has on hematopoiesis upon loss of members of the Pbx family of homeoproteins. Splenic mesenchyme-specific inactivation of Pbx1 (SKO) on a Pbx2- or Pbx3-deficient genetic background (DKO) resulted in abnormal development of the spleen, which is dysmorphic and severely hypoplastic. This phenotype, in turn, affected the number of HSPCs in the fetal and adult spleen at steady state, as well as markedly impairing the kinetics of hematopoietic regeneration in adult mice after sub-lethal and lethal myelosuppressive irradiation. Spleens of mice with compound Pyx deficiency 8 days following sublethal irradiation displayed significant downregulation of multiple cytokine-encoding genes, including KitL/SCF, Cxcl12/SDF-1, IL-3, IL-4, GM-CSF/Csf2 IL-10, and Igf-1, compared with controls. KitL/SCF and Cxcl12/SDF-1 were recently shown to play key roles in the splenic niche in response to various haematopoietic stresses such as myeloablation, blood loss, or pregnancy. Our results demonstrate that, in addition to their intrinsic roles in HSPCs, non-cell autonomous functions of Pbx factors within the splenic niche contribute to the regulation of hematopoiesis, at least in part via the control of KitL/SCF and Cxcl12/SDF-1. Furthermore, our study establishes that abnormal spleen development and hypoplasia have deleterious effects on the efficiency of hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rediet Zewdu
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Present address: Huntsman Cancer Institute University of UtahSalt Lake CityUTUSA
| | - Maurizio Risolino
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Program in Craniofacial BiologyDepartment of Orofacial Sciences & Department of AnatomyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | | | | | - Jason M. Butler
- Department of Genetic MedicineWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Licia Selleri
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyWeill Cornell MedicineNew YorkNYUSA
- Program in Craniofacial BiologyDepartment of Orofacial Sciences & Department of AnatomyUniversity of California San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
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Kranich J, Krautler NJ. How Follicular Dendritic Cells Shape the B-Cell Antigenome. Front Immunol 2016; 7:225. [PMID: 27446069 PMCID: PMC4914831 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are stromal cells residing in primary follicles and in germinal centers of secondary and tertiary lymphoid organs (SLOs and TLOs). There, they play a crucial role in B-cell activation and affinity maturation of antibodies. FDCs have the unique capacity to bind and retain native antigen in B-cell follicles for long periods of time. Therefore, FDCs shape the B-cell antigenome (the sum of all B-cell antigens) in SLOs and TLOs. In this review, we discuss recent findings that explain how this stromal cell type can arise in almost any tissue during TLO formation and, furthermore, focus on the mechanisms of antigen capture and retention involved in the generation of long-lasting antigen depots displayed on FDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kranich
- Institute for Immunology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
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31
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Abstract
For effective adaptive immunity to foreign antigens (Ag), secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) provide the confined environment in which Ag-restricted lymphocytes, with very low precursor frequencies, interact with Ag on Ag-presenting cells (APC). The spleen is the primordial SLO, arising in conjunction with adaptive immunity in early jawed vertebrates. The spleen, especially the spleen's lymphoid compartment, the white pulp (WP), has undergone numerous modifications over evolutionary time. We describe the progressive advancement of splenic WP complexity, which evolved in parallel with the increasing functionality of adaptive immunity. The Ag-presenting function of follicular dendritic cells (FDC) also likely emerged at the inception of adaptive immunity, and we propose that a single type of hematopoietically derived APC displayed Ag to both T and B cells. A dedicated FDC, derived from a vascular precursor, is a recent evolutionary innovation that likely permitted the robust affinity maturation found in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold R Neely
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Martin F Flajnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201;
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Zhao L, Gao J, Li Y, Liu L, Yang Y, Guo B, Zhu B. Disrupted Homeostatic Cytokines Expression in Secondary Lymph Organs during HIV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:413. [PMID: 27011165 PMCID: PMC4813265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has firmly established that infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) leads to structural disruption in secondary lymph organs (SLOs) and that IL-7 expression by SLOs is downregulated in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques. However, the foregoing has not been demonstrated in HIV-infected patients. As well, SLO-produced chemokines and cytokines, other than IL-7, have not been tested. In this study, SLOs in HIV-infected patients exhibit decreased levels of lymphoid cytokines, such as IL-7 and C–C motif chemokine ligand 21 (CCL21), due to lower expression of lymphotoxin (LT)-β. Previous research has shown that LT-β is produced mainly by CD4+T cells in rhesus macaques, while our study found the same level of LT-β expressed by CD4+T and CD8+T cells in humans. CD8+T cells substitute for depleted CD4+T cells LT-β production. Only the total number of CD3+T cells can account for the majority of LT-β in human SLOs. This study indicates a possible mechanism and a potential target for improvement of SLO function in HIV-infected patients, a novel adjuvant therapy for AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Jianbao Gao
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Lina Liu
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
| | - Bo Zhu
- Department of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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33
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Steiniger BS. Human spleen microanatomy: why mice do not suffice. Immunology 2015; 145:334-46. [PMID: 25827019 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microanatomical structure of the spleen has been primarily described in mice and rats. This leads to terminological problems with respect to humans and their species-specific splenic microstructure. In mice, rats and humans the spleen consists of the white pulp embedded in the red pulp. In the white pulp, T and B lymphocytes form accumulations, the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths and the follicles, located around intermediate-sized arterial vessels, the central arteries. The red pulp is a reticular connective tissue containing all types of blood cells. The spleen of mice and rats exhibits an additional well-delineated B-cell compartment, the marginal zone, between white and red pulp. This area is, however, absent in human spleen. Human splenic secondary follicles comprise three zones: a germinal centre, a mantle zone and a superficial zone. In humans, arterioles and sheathed capillaries in the red pulp are surrounded by lymphocytes, especially by B cells. Human sheathed capillaries are related to the splenic ellipsoids of most other vertebrates. Such vessels are lacking in rats or mice, which form an evolutionary exception. Capillary sheaths are composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, special stromal sheath cells, macrophages and B lymphocytes. Human spleens most probably host a totally open circulation system, as connections from capillaries to sinuses were not found in the red pulp. Three stromal cell types of different phenotype and location occur in the human white pulp. Splenic white and red pulp structure is reviewed in rats, mice and humans to encourage further investigations on lymphocyte recirculation through the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte S Steiniger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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34
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Kolan SS, Lejon K, Koskinen Holm C, Sulniute R, Lundberg P, Matozaki T, Oldenborg PA. Non-Hematopoietic and Hematopoietic SIRPα Signaling Differently Regulates Murine B Cell Maturation in Bone Marrow and Spleen. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26222253 PMCID: PMC4519279 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B lymphocyte development occurs in the bone marrow, while final differentiation and maturation can occur in both the bone marrow and the spleen. Here we provide evidence that signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα), an Ig-superfamily ITIM-receptor expressed by myeloid but not by lymphoid cells, is involved in regulating B cell maturation. Lack of SIRPα signaling in adult SIRPα-mutant mice resulted in a reduced maturation of B cells in the bone marrow, evident by reduced numbers of semi-mature IgD+IgMhi follicular type-II (F-II) and mature IgD+IgMlo follicular type-I (F-I) B cells, as well as reduced blood B cell numbers. In addition, lack of SIRPα signaling also impaired follicular B cell maturation in the spleen. Maturing BM or splenic B cells of SIRPα-mutant mice were found to express higher levels of the pro-apoptotic protein BIM and apoptosis was increased among these B cells. Bone marrow reconstitution experiments revealed that the B cell maturation defect in bone marrow and blood was due to lack of SIRPα signaling in non-hematopoietic cells, while hematopoietic SIRPα signaling was important for follicular B cell maturation in the spleen. Adding on to our previous findings of a stromal cell defect in SIRPα-mutant mice was the finding that gene expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-ĸB ligand (RANKL) was significantly lower in cultured bone marrow stromal cells of SIRPα mutant mice. These data suggest a novel and opposite contribution of SIRPα signaling within non-hematopoietic and hematopoietic cells, respectively, to maintain B cell maturation and to prevent apoptosis in the bone marrow and spleen of adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristina Lejon
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Section for Immunology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Rima Sulniute
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Takashi Matozaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Division of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Per-Arne Oldenborg
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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35
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Zhao L, Liu L, Guo B, Zhu B. Regulation of adaptive immune responses by guiding cell movements in the spleen. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:645. [PMID: 26161081 PMCID: PMC4479725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The spleen combines the innate and adaptive immune systems in a uniquely organized way. The excision of spleen will induce many complications, especially the increased susceptibility to infections. Recent research shows that besides playing roles during the immune responses, the spleen is also an important organ during immunoregulation, which is different from other secondary lymphoid organs. This unique function is mainly realized by modulating cell migration and proliferation in the spleen. This review provides a better understanding of the functions of this complex organ gained from recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lintao Zhao
- Institution of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Institution of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Institution of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China ; Department of Microbiology, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institution of Oncology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University Chongqing, China
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Steiniger BS, Wilhelmi V, Seiler A, Lampp K, Stachniss V. Heterogeneity of stromal cells in the human splenic white pulp. Fibroblastic reticulum cells, follicular dendritic cells and a third superficial stromal cell type. Immunology 2014; 143:462-77. [PMID: 24890772 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
At least three phenotypically and morphologically distinguishable types of branched stromal cells are revealed in the human splenic white pulp by subtractive immunohistological double-staining. CD271 is expressed in fibroblastic reticulum cells of T-cell zones and in follicular dendritic cells of follicles. In addition, there is a third CD2711- and CD271+/) stromal cell population surrounding T-cell zones and follicles. At the surface of follicles the third population consists of individually variable partially overlapping shells of stromal cells exhibiting CD90 (Thy-1), MAdCAM-1, CD105 (endoglin), CD141 (thrombomodulin) and smooth muscle α-actin (SMA) with expression of CD90 characterizing the broadest shell and SMA the smallest. In addition, CXCL12, CXCL13 and CCL21 are also present in third-population stromal cells and/or along fibres. Not only CD27+ and switched B lymphocytes, but also scattered IgD++ B lymphocytes and variable numbers of CD4+ T lymphocytes often occur close to the third stromal cell population or one of its subpopulations at the surface of the follicles. In contrast to human lymph nodes, neither podoplanin nor RANKL (CD254) were detected in adult human splenic white pulp stromal cells. The superficial stromal cells of the human splenic white pulp belong to a widespread cell type, which is also found at the surface of red pulp arterioles surrounded by a mixed T-cell/B-cell population. Superficial white pulp stromal cells differ from fibroblastic reticulum cells and follicular dendritic cells not only in humans, but apparently also in mice and perhaps in rats. However, the phenotype of white pulp stromal cells is species-specific and more heterogeneous than described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte S Steiniger
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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37
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Zhao L, Liu L, Gao J, Yang Y, Hu C, Guo B, Zhu B. T lymphocytes maintain structure and function of fibroblastic reticular cells via lymphotoxin (LT)-B. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:33. [PMID: 25266629 PMCID: PMC4190486 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although a lot is known about how Fibroblastic Reticular Cells (FRCs) can regulate T lymphocytes (T cells), little is understood about whether or how T cells can regulate FRCs. Results This study shows that the absence of T cells inhibited the secretion of ER-TR7 by splenic FRCs, induced the structural disorder of FRCs, down-regulated the expression of the chemokine ligands CCL21 and CCL19, and weakened the homing ability of T cells to the spleen of nude mice. Transfusion of T cells from BALB/c mice restored the structure and functions of FRCs and recovered them. The expression of lymphotoxin (LT)-B was significantly downregulated in the absence of T cells from nude mice and was recovered after the transfusion of T cells. After the occlusion of the LT-B receptor, the FRCs’ structure and functions were not restored by transfusion of T cells. Conclusions These data reveal that the absence of T cells will subject spleen FRCs to structural and functional abnormality, and weaken the homing ability of T cells to the spleen. These changes are attributed to the T-cell- derived LT-B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bo Guo
- Institution of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Mediecal University, Chongqing 400037, China.
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Lu TT, Browning JL. Role of the Lymphotoxin/LIGHT System in the Development and Maintenance of Reticular Networks and Vasculature in Lymphoid Tissues. Front Immunol 2014; 5:47. [PMID: 24575096 PMCID: PMC3920476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid organs are meeting zones where lymphocytes come together and encounter antigens present in the blood and lymph or as delivered by cells migrating from the draining tissue bed. The exquisite efficiency of this process relies heavily on highly specialized anatomy to direct and position the various players. Gated entry and exit control access to these theaters and reticular networks and associated chemokines guide cells into the proper sections. Lymphoid tissues are remarkably plastic, being able to expand dramatically and then involute upon resolution of the danger. All of the reticular scaffolds and vascular and lymphatic components adapt accordingly. As such, the lymph node (LN) is a wonderful example of a physiologic remodeling process and is potentially a guide to study such elements in pathological settings such as fibrosis, chronic infection, and tumor metastasis. The lymphotoxin/LIGHT axis delivers critical differentiation signals that direct and hone differentiation of both reticular networks and the vasculature. Considerable progress has been made recently in understanding the mesenchymal differentiation pathways leading to these specialized networks and in the remodeling that occurs in reactive LNs. In this article, we will review some new advances in the area in terms of developmental, differentiation, and maintenance events mediated by this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa T Lu
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program and Pediatric Rheumatology, Hospital for Special Surgery , New York, NY , USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY , USA
| | - Jeffrey L Browning
- Department of Microbiology and Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, MA , USA
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Zotes TM, Spada R, Mulens V, Pérez-Yagüe S, Sorzano CO, Okkenhaug K, Carrera AC, Barber DF. PI3K p110δ is expressed by gp38(-)CD31(+) and gp38(+)CD31(+) spleen stromal cells and regulates their CCL19, CCL21, and LTβR mRNA levels. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72960. [PMID: 24009720 PMCID: PMC3757018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of p110δ PI3K in lymphoid cells has been studied extensively, showing its importance in immune cell differentiation, activation and development. Altered T cell localization in p110δ-deficient mouse spleen suggested a role for p110δ in non-hematopoietic stromal cells, which maintain hematopoietic cell segregation. We tested this hypothesis using p110δWT/WT mouse bone marrow to reconstitute lethally irradiated p110δWT/WT or p110δD910A/D910A (which express catalytically inactive p110δ) recipients, and studied localization, number and percentage of hematopoietic cell subsets in spleen and lymph nodes, in homeostatic conditions and after antigen stimulation. These analyses showed diffuse T cell areas in p110δD910A/D910A and in reconstituted p110δD910A/D910A mice in homeostatic conditions. In these mice, spleen CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers did not increase in response to antigen, suggesting that a p110δD910A/D910A stroma defect impedes correct T cell response. FACS analysis of spleen stromal cell populations showed a decrease in the percentage of gp38−CD31+ cells in p110δD910A/D910A mice. qRT-PCR studies detected p110δ mRNA expression in p110δWT/WT spleen gp38−CD31+ and gp38+CD31+ subsets, which was reduced in p110δD910A/D910A spleen. Lack of p110δ activity in these cell populations correlated with lower LTβR, CCL19 and CCL21 mRNA levels; these molecules participate in T cell localization to specific spleen areas. Our results could explain the lower T cell numbers and more diffuse T cell areas found in p110δD910A/D910A mouse spleen, as well as the lower T cell expansion after antigen stimulation in p110δD910A/D910A compared with p110δWT/WT mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M. Zotes
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Spada
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vladimir Mulens
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Pérez-Yagüe
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos O. Sorzano
- Biocomputing Unit, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Klaus Okkenhaug
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana C. Carrera
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo F. Barber
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Bjordahl RL, Steidl C, Gascoyne RD, Ware CF. Lymphotoxin network pathways shape the tumor microenvironment. Curr Opin Immunol 2013; 25:222-9. [PMID: 23339845 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that Lymphotoxin (LT)-β related cytokines directly contribute to the phenotype of cancer cells and alter the tumor microenvironment. Lymphotoxins are part of a cytokine network well known in controlling the development and homeostasis of secondary lymphoid organs. In the adult, the LT network takes on the responsibility of generating inflammatory microenvironments that control innate and adaptive immune responses involved in host defense. This review provides a perspective of the emerging evidence implicating the LT Network in the development and progression of various cancers including lymphoma. Redirecting the LT Network to alter tumor microenvironments may provide a specific approach to therapeutically target tumor-permissive microenvironments and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Bjordahl
- Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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