1
|
Xie Q, Tang Y, Shen L, Yang D, Zhang J, Luo Q. Immunophenotypic variations in syphilis: insights from Mendelian randomization analysis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380720. [PMID: 38694502 PMCID: PMC11061532 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Infection with Treponema pallidum instigates complex immune responses. Prior research has suggested that persistent Treponema pallidum infection can manipulate host immune responses and circumvent host defenses. However, the precise role of immune cells in Treponema pallidum infection across different stages remains a contentious issue. Methods Utilizing summary data from genome-wide association studies, we employed a two-sample Mendelian randomization method to investigate the association between 731 immunophenotypes and syphilis. Syphilis was categorized into early and late stages in this study to establish a more robust correlation and minimize bias in database sources. Results Our findings revealed that 33, 36, and 27 immunophenotypes of peripheral blood were associated with syphilis (regardless of disease stage), early syphilis and late syphilis, respectively. Subsequent analysis demonstrated significant variations between early and late syphilis in terms of immunophenotypes. Specifically, early syphilis showcased activated, secreting, and resting regulatory T cells, whereas late syphilis was characterized by resting Treg cells. More B cells subtypes emerged in late syphilis. Monocytes in early syphilis exhibited an intermediate and non-classical phenotype, transitioning to classical in late syphilis. Early syphilis featured naive T cells, effector memory T cells, and terminally differentiated T cells, while late syphilis predominantly presented terminally differentiated T cells. Immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells were evident in early syphilis, whereas the dendritic cell immunophenotype was exclusive to late syphilis. Conclusion Multiple immunophenotypes demonstrated associations with syphilis, showcasing substantial disparities between the early and late stages of the disease. These findings hold promise for informing immunologically oriented treatment strategies, paving the way for more effective and efficient syphilis interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qingqiong Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Atehortua L, Baig M, Morris J, Trentman S, Davidson WS, Fichtenbaum CJ, Chougnet CA. Impaired response of memory Treg to high density lipoproteins is associated with intermediate/high cardiovascular disease risk in persons with HIV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146624. [PMID: 36969259 PMCID: PMC10036595 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of enhanced morbidity and mortality in persons with HIV (PWH) in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (AART). However, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Regulatory T cells (Treg), notably the highly suppressive memory subset, have been shown to limit CVD. Importantly, memory Treg cell numbers remain low in many treated PWH. High density lipoproteins (HDL) also protect from CVD, and we previously found that Treg-HDL interactions reduce oxidative stress in these cells. Here, we evaluated Treg-HDL interactions in PWH and whether they were operative in those higher CVD risk. To do that, we recruited a cohort of PWH with intermediate/high CVD risk (median ASCVD risk score of 13.2%, n=15) or low/borderline risk (median ASCVD risk score of 3.6%, n=14), as well as a group of statins treated PWH with intermediate/high CVD risk (median ASCVD risk score of 12.7%, n=14). We evaluated Treg frequency, phenotype and response to HDL. PWH with Int/High CVD risk had a significantly lower number of memory Treg, but memory Treg were more activated and displayed an inflammatory phenotype, versus those with Low/BL CVD risk. In untreated patients, Treg absolute numbers were negatively correlated with ASCVD score. Although HDL decreased oxidative stress in memory Treg in all subjects, memory Treg from PWH with Int/High CVD risk were significantly less responsive to HDL than those from PWH with Low/BL CVD risk. The level of oxidative stress in memory Treg positively correlated with ASCVD scores. In contrast, plasma HDL from PWH, regardless of CVD risk, retained their anti-oxidative properties, suggesting that the defect in memory Treg response to HDL is intrinsic. Statin treatment partially ameliorated the memory Treg defect. In conclusion, the defective HDL-Treg interactions may contribute to the inflammation-induced increased CVD risk observed in many AART-treated PWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Atehortua
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Mirza Baig
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Jamie Morris
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Sarah Trentman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - W. Sean Davidson
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Carl J. Fichtenbaum
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Claire A. Chougnet
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Research Foundation, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuan R, Li L, Hu W, Zhuang K, Zhang E, Yan Y, Feng L, Chen X, Cao Q, Ke H, Gui X, Yang R. Characteristics of refined lymphocyte subsets changes in people living with HIV/AIDS during antiretroviral therapy period: An observation from Wuhan, China. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1089379. [PMID: 36845097 PMCID: PMC9948076 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1089379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To analyze the changing characteristics of continuous monitoring of refined lymphocyte subsets in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) during ART period. Methods Refined lymphocyte subsets was continuously monitored using flow cytometry for 173 PLWHA, who were hospitalized in Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University from August 17, 2021 to September 14, 2022. The effect of ART status and duration of ART on changes of refined lymphocyte subsets were compared in different groups. Then, the levels of refined lymphocyte subsets in PLWHA treated for more than 10 years were compared to those of 1086 healthy individuals. Results In addition to conventional CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD4+/CD8+ ratio, gradually increasing in numbers of CD3+CD4+CD45RO cells, CD3+CD4+CD45RA cells, CD45RA+CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127low and CD45RO+CD3+CD4+CD25+CD127low cells were found with the increase of ART duration. The number of CD4+CD28+ cells and CD8+CD28+ cells were 174/ul and 233/ul at 6 months post-ART, which gradually increased to 616/ul and 461/ul after ART initiation more than 10 years. Moreover, in ART ≤ 6 months, 6 months-3years, 3-10 years and >10 years groups, the percentage of CD3+CD8+HLA-DR+/CD8 were 79.66%, 69.73%, 60.19% and 57.90%, respectively, and the differences between groups showed statistical significance (F=5.727, P=0.001). For those PLWHA with ART more than 10 years, the levels of CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD3+CD4+CD45RO cells, CD3+CD4+CD45RA cells, CD4+CD28+ cells and CD8+CD28+ cells can increase to levels similar to those of healthy control. However, for those PLWHA with ART more than 10 years, CD4+/CD8+ ratio was 0.86 ± 0.47, which was lower than that of healthy control (0.86 ± 0.47 vs 1.32 ± 0.59, t=3.611, P=0.003); absolute counts and percentage of CD3+CD8+HLA-DR+ cells were 547/ul and 57.90%, which were higher than those of healthy control(547/ul vs 135/ul, t=3.612, P=0.003; 57.90% vs 22.38%, t=6.959, P<0.001). Conclusion Persistent ART can gradually improve the immune status of PLWHA, which is manifested in the increase of lymphocytes, function recovery of lymphocytes and reduction of aberrant activation status of the immune system. After 10 years of standardized ART, most lymphocytes could return to levels of healthy persons, although it may take longer to complete recovery for CD4+/CD8+ ratio and CD3+CD8+HLA-DR+ cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenjia Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Zhuang
- Animal Biosafety Shelter Laboratory (ABSL)‐III Laboratory at the Center for Animal Experiment, State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yajun Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Feng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Cao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hengning Ke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xien Gui
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China,*Correspondence: Rongrong Yang,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Christian ML, Dapp MJ, Scharffenberger SC, Jones H, Song C, Frenkel LM, Krumm A, Mullins JI, Rawlings DJ. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Insertion of HIV Long Terminal Repeat within BACH2 Promotes Expansion of T Regulatory-like Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1700-1710. [PMID: 35264460 PMCID: PMC8976747 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One key barrier to curative therapies for HIV is the limited understanding of HIV persistence. HIV provirus integration sites (ISs) within BACH2 are common, and almost all sites mapped to date are located upstream of the start codon in the same transcriptional orientation as the gene. These unique features suggest the possibility of insertional mutagenesis at this location. Using CRISPR/Cas9-based homology-directed repair in primary human CD4+ T cells, we directly modeled the effects of HIV integration within BACH2 Integration of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) and major splice donor increased BACH2 mRNA and protein levels, altered gene expression, and promoted selective outgrowth of an activated, proliferative, and T regulatory-like cell population. In contrast, introduction of the HIV-LTR alone or an HIV-LTR-major splice donor construct into STAT5B, a second common HIV IS, had no functional impact. Thus, HIV LTR-driven BACH2 expression modulates T cell programming and leads to cellular outgrowth and unique phenotypic changes, findings that support a direct role for IS-dependent HIV-1 persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Dapp
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Hank Jones
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Chaozhong Song
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Lisa M Frenkel
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Anthony Krumm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA;
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; and
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu R, Chen T, Yan Y, Zhou Y, Yang R, Xiong Y. Short- and long-term effects of antiretroviral therapy on peripheral regulatory CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low T lymphocytes in people living with HIV/AIDS. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2022; 64:e11. [PMID: 35170712 PMCID: PMC8845442 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202264011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low T lymphocyte changes in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) is still a matter of debate. From October 2015 to December 2019, peripheral blood from 70 cases of PLWHA were collected for the detection of CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low T lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Statistical analysis was performed to detect changes of CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low T lymphocytes in patients with different duration of ART and different treatment effects. We found that the number of CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low T lymphocytes in ART-naive PLWHA were lower than those in healthy volunteers (10.3±٦.٠ cells/uL vs 31.7±8.0 cells/uL, P < 0.05). CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low T lymphocyte counts increased to 17.8±٤.٠ cells/uL 6 months post-ART and 25.0±١١.٩ cells/uL 9 months post-ART, respectively (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low T lymphocyte counts between PLWHA who reached a complete immune reconstruction after ART and healthy volunteers. The growth of CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low T lymphocyte counts in patients who had baseline CD4 > 200 cells/uL was greater than those who had baseline CD4 ≤ 200 cells/uL (12.6±٤.٦ cells/uL vs 5.6±٥.٠ cells/uL, P = 0.027). CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low T lymphocyte counts were positively correlated with CD4+ T lymphocyte counts (r = 0.923, P < 0.001) and CD4+/CD8+ ratio (r = 0.741, P < 0.001), but were negatively correlated with HIV-VL (r = −0.648, P = 0.000). In conclusion, the results of the present study showed that changes in CD4+/CD25hi/CD127low T lymphocyte counts can be used to assess the effect of ART in PLWHA.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu MF, Jin C, Wu T, Chen EH, Lu M, Qin HL. Helios serves as a suppression marker to reduce regulatory T cell function in pancreatic cancer patients. Immunol Res 2021; 69:275-284. [PMID: 33959834 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Destabilizing and reprogramming regulatory T (Treg) cells have become a potential strategy to treat tumor. Mounting evidence indicates that the transcription factor Helios is required for the stable differentiation of Treg lineage. Hence, we investigated whether Helios suppression could be a potential treatment option for pancreatic cancer patients. We found that Helios+ cells were predominantly in Foxp3+ Treg cells. By contrast, Foxp3+ Treg cells can be Helios+ or Helios-, but the level of Foxp3 expression was significantly higher in Helios+Foxp3+ Treg cells than in Helios-Foxp3+ Treg cells. Resected pancreatic tumors were highly enriched with both Helios+Foxp3+ Treg cells and Helios-Foxp3+ Treg cells. Also, the proportion of Helios+ cells in total Foxp3+ Treg cells was significantly higher in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of patients than in PBMCs of healthy controls and further increased in patient tumors. Using shRNA, we knocked down Helios expression without significant downregulation of Foxp3. After Helios knockdown, CD4+CD25+CD127- Treg cells presented significantly lower levels of TGF-β secretion, lower levels of IL-10 secretion, and higher levels of IFN-γ secretion. In addition, Helios shRNA-transfected CD4+CD25+CD127- Treg cells presented lower capacity to inhibit CD4+CD25-CD127+ T conventional cell proliferation than control shRNA-transfected CD4+CD25+CD127- Treg cells. Of note, CD4+CD25+CD127- Treg cells from pancreatic cancer patients demonstrated higher TGF-β expression and higher suppression capacity than the cells from healthy controls. Overall, these results suggest that in pancreatic cancer patients, Helios may serve as a candidate to suppress Treg function, which could be used as a target to treat pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Feng Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cheng Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - En-Hong Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minxue Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhebei Mingzhou Hospital, 255 Gongyuan Road, Huzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Huan-Long Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ellwanger JH, Kulmann-Leal B, Kaminski VDL, Rodrigues AG, Bragatte MADS, Chies JAB. Beyond HIV infection: Neglected and varied impacts of CCR5 and CCR5Δ32 on viral diseases. Virus Res 2020; 286:198040. [PMID: 32479976 PMCID: PMC7260533 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CCR5 regulates multiple cell types (e.g., T regulatory and Natural Killer cells) and immune responses. The effects of CCR5, CCR5Δ32 (variant associated with reduced CCR5 expression) and CCR5 antagonists vary between infections. CCR5 affects the pathogenesis of flaviviruses, especially in the brain. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 increases the risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection. The triad “CCR5, extracellular vesicles and infections” is an emerging topic.
The interactions between chemokine receptors and their ligands may affect susceptibility to infectious diseases as well as their clinical manifestations. These interactions mediate both the traffic of inflammatory cells and virus-associated immune responses. In the context of viral infections, the human C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) receives great attention from the scientific community due to its role as an HIV-1 co-receptor. The genetic variant CCR5Δ32 (32 base-pair deletion in CCR5 gene) impairs CCR5 expression on the cell surface and is associated with protection against HIV infection in homozygous individuals. Also, the genetic variant CCR5Δ32 modifies the CCR5-mediated inflammatory responses in various conditions, such as inflammatory and infectious diseases. CCR5 antagonists mimic, at least in part, the natural effects of the CCR5Δ32 in humans, which explains the growing interest in the potential benefits of using CCR5 modulators for the treatment of different diseases. Nevertheless, beyond HIV infection, understanding the effects of the CCR5Δ32 variant in multiple viral infections is essential to shed light on the potential effects of the CCR5 modulators from a broader perspective. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CCR5 and the effects of the CCR5Δ32 in human infections caused by the following pathogens: West Nile virus, Influenza virus, Human papillomavirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, Poliovirus, Dengue virus, Human cytomegalovirus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Enterovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, and Hantavirus. Subsequently, this review addresses the impacts of CCR5 gene editing and CCR5 modulation on health and viral diseases. Also, this article connects recent findings regarding extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes), viruses, and CCR5. Neglected and emerging topics in “CCR5 research” are briefly described, with focus on Rocio virus, Zika virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Rhinovirus. Finally, the potential influence of CCR5 on the immune responses to coronaviruses is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joel Henrique Ellwanger
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruna Kulmann-Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Lima Kaminski
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia - ICT, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - UNIFESP, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Gonçalves Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Alves de Souza Bragatte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Núcleo de Bioinformática do Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - José Artur Bogo Chies
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia e Imunogenética, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Falcinelli SD, Ceriani C, Margolis DM, Archin NM. New Frontiers in Measuring and Characterizing the HIV Reservoir. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2878. [PMID: 31921056 PMCID: PMC6930150 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A cure for HIV infection remains elusive due to the persistence of replication-competent HIV proviral DNA during suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). With the exception of rare elite or post-treatment controllers of viremia, withdrawal of ART invariably results in the rebound of viremia and progression of HIV disease. A thorough understanding of the reservoir is necessary to develop new strategies in order to reduce or eliminate the reservoir. However, there is significant heterogeneity in the sequence composition, genomic location, stability, and expression of the HIV reservoir both within and across individuals, and a majority of proviral sequences are replication-defective. These factors, and the low frequency of persistently infected cells in individuals on suppressive ART, make understanding the reservoir and its response to experimental reservoir reduction interventions challenging. Here, we review the characteristics of the HIV reservoir, state-of-the-art assays to measure and characterize the reservoir, and how these assays can be applied to accurately detect reductions in reservoir during efforts to develop a cure for HIV infection. In particular, we highlight recent advances in the development of direct measures of provirus, including intact proviral DNA assays and full-length HIV DNA sequencing with integration site analysis. We also focus on novel techniques to quantitate persistent and inducible HIV, including RNA sequencing and RNA/gag protein staining techniques, as well as modified viral outgrowth methods that seek to improve upon throughput, sensitivity and dynamic range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shane D Falcinelli
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Cristina Ceriani
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Nancie M Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Department of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abou Hassan F, Bou Hamdan M, Melhem NM. The Role of Natural Killer Cells and Regulatory T Cells While Aging with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2019; 35:1123-1135. [PMID: 31510754 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2019.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has increased the quality of life of people living with HIV (PLHIV). Consequently, the number of PLHIV >50 years is increasing worldwide. Patients on cART are known to remain in a proinflammatory state. The latter is linked to the development of non-AIDS-related chronic conditions. Although the number of aging PLHIV is increasing, the effect of HIV infection on the process of aging is not fully understood. Understanding the complexity of aging with HIV by investigating the effect of the latter on different components of the innate and adaptive immune systems is important to reduce the impact of these comorbid conditions and improve the quality of life of PLHIV. The role of killer immunoglobulin receptors (KIRs), expressed on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, and their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) ligands in the clearance, susceptibility to or disease progression following HIV infection is well established. However, data on the effect of KIR-HLA interaction in aging HIV-infected population and the development of non-AIDS-related comorbid conditions are lacking. Moreover, conflicting data exist on the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) during HIV infection. The purpose of this review is to advance the current knowledge on the role of NK cells and Tregs while aging with HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farouk Abou Hassan
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirna Bou Hamdan
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nada M. Melhem
- Medical Laboratory Sciences Program, Division of Health Professions, Faculty of Health Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Song JW, Huang HH, Zhang C, Yang HG, Zhang JY, Xu RN, Jin L, Shi M, Wang FS, Jiao YM. Expression of CD39 Is Correlated With HIV DNA Levels in Naïve Tregs in Chronically Infected ART Naïve Patients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2465. [PMID: 31681335 PMCID: PMC6811520 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Treg cells represent important viral reservoirs during chronic HIV infection. CD39 is closely involved in Treg-mediated immunosuppressive effects. However, CD39 expression on nTregs and mTregs and a relationship with HIV DNA levels during HIV infection is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of HIV DNA in Treg subsets and the association between HIV DNA and CD39 expression on Treg subsets. Methods: Sixty-two HIV-infected patients with different HIV stages and 14 uninfected individuals were enrolled. nTregs (CD4+CD25+CD127lowCD45RO-) and mTregs (CD4+CD25+CD127lowCD45RO+) were isolated by magnetic selection and flow cytometric sorting. HIV DNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). CD39 expression on nTregs and mTregs was analyzed by flow cytometry. Results: Higher levels of HIV DNA were detected in mTregs than those in nTregs during chronic HIV infection. The frequency of CD39+ nTregs and HIV DNA levels in nTregs were increased in patients with advanced HIV infection. Furthermore, HIV DNA levels in nTregs correlated positively with CD39+ nTreg frequency. CD39+ nTreg frequency was also increased in immune non-responders. Conclusions: mTregs and nTregs are both important reservoirs of virus during chronic HIV infection and HIV DNA levels increase in nTregs in patients with advanced HIV infection. We observed increased frequency of CD39+ nTregs and HIV DNA levels in nTregs in patients with advanced HIV infection. HIV DNA levels in nTregs correlated positively with CD39+ nTreg frequency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Wen Song
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Ge Yang
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jin
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to examine the evidence describing adipose tissue as a reservoir for HIV-1 and how this often expansive anatomic compartment contributes to HIV persistence. RECENT FINDINGS Memory CD4 T cells and macrophages, the major host cells for HIV, accumulate in adipose tissue during HIV/SIV infection of humans and rhesus macaques. Whereas HIV and SIV proviral DNA is detectable in CD4 T cells of multiple fat depots in virtually all infected humans and monkeys examined, viral RNA is less frequently detected, and infected macrophages may be less prevalent in adipose tissue. However, based on viral outgrowth assays, adipose-resident CD4 T cells are latently infected with virus that is replication-competent and infectious. Additionally, adipocytes interact with CD4 T cells and macrophages to promote immune cell activation and inflammation which may be supportive for HIV persistence. Antiviral effector cells, such as CD8 T cells and NK/NKT cells, are abundant in adipose tissue during HIV/SIV infection and typically exceed CD4 T cells, whereas B cells are largely absent from adipose tissue of humans and monkeys. Additionally, CD8 T cells in adipose tissue of HIV patients are activated and have a late differentiated phenotype, with unique TCR clonotypes of less diversity relative to blood CD8 T cells. With respect to the distribution of antiretroviral drugs in adipose tissue, data is limited, but there may be class-specific penetration of fat depots. The trafficking of infected immune cells within adipose tissues is a common event during HIV/SIV infection of humans and monkeys, but the virus may be mostly transcriptionally dormant. Viral replication may occur less in adipose tissue compared to other major reservoirs, such as lymphoid tissue, but replication competence and infectiousness of adipose latent virus are comparable to other tissues. Due to the ubiquitous nature of adipose tissue, inflammatory interactions among adipocytes and CD4 T cells and macrophages, and selective distribution of antiretroviral drugs, the sequestration of infected immune cells within fat depots likely represents a major challenge for cure efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Couturier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB 2.112, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Dorothy E Lewis
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., MSB 2.112, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Righi E, Ivaldi F, La Rosa A, Carnelutti A, Londero A, Bassetti M. Immunological profiles of HIV-positive recipients of liver transplant. Transpl Immunol 2019; 57:101208. [PMID: 31102654 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scarce data are available about immune cell frequencies in HIV-positive recipients of liver transplant. Alterations in immune subsets can lead to persistent immune activation and disease progression or reduced HIV-specific responses. In liver transplantation, impaired immune tolerance can lead to organ rejection. METHODS HIV-positive subjects with undetectable HIVRNA and CD4 > 100/mm3 were included. Control groups were non-transplanted HIV-positive patients with similar immunovirological parameters and healthy subjects. B cells (memory, transitional, and mature subsets), T cells (effector TH1, nonclassic TH1, TH17, TH1/17; T regulatory naïve and effector subsets and CD8+ T regulatory cells), and NK cells (CD56dim and CD56bright subsets) were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS A total of 56 patients, including 14 HIV-positive transplant recipients (HIV-LT), 14 HIV-positive controls, and 28 healthy controls were included. Median age of HIV-LT patients was 54.9 years with median time from transplant of 7.6 years. Eleven (79%) were HIV/HCV coinfected. Compared to nontransplanted patients, HIV-LT displayed significantly increased frequency of T CD8+ cells, lower percentage of T CD4+ cell, and lower number of nonclassic TH1, TH1/17 cells and naïve T CD4+ regulatory cells (Tregs). Healthy controls showed increased numbers of B cell subsets and decreased percentage of T effector subpopulations compared to HIV-LT. Compared to HIV-positive patients, healthy controls had higher B cells, NK cells, CD4+ T cells, naïve CD4+ Tregs but lower CD8+ T cells, effector Tregs, CD8+ Tregs, and all T effector cell subsets. CONCLUSIONS Immune cell subpopulations potentially associated with HIV progression and organ rejection were detected in HIV-positive transplant recipients. We confirmed altered frequencies of B, T, and NK cell populations in HIV-positive liver transplant recipients compared to healthy controls. The imbalance among immune cell subsets deserves further studies to identify markers of transplant outcome and potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elda Righi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy; Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Federico Ivaldi
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro La Rosa
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Alessia Carnelutti
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Angela Londero
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Matteo Bassetti
- Infectious Diseases Division, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, Udine, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo N, Liu L, Yang X, Song T, Li G, Li L, Jiang T, Gao Y, Zhang T, Su B, Wu H. Immunological Changes in Monocyte Subsets and Their Association With Foxp3 + Regulatory T Cells in HIV-1-Infected Individuals With Syphilis: A Brief Research Report. Front Immunol 2019; 10:714. [PMID: 31024549 PMCID: PMC6465566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of syphilis has increased dramatically in men who have sex with men (MSM), especially those with HIV-1 infection. Treponema pallidum and HIV-1 are bidirectionally synergistic, accelerating disease progression reciprocally in co-infected individuals. We have shown that monocytes have different effects on T helper cells at different stages of HIV-1 infection. However, the immunological changes in the three monocyte subsets and in regulatory T cells (Tregs), and the associations between these cell types during syphilis infection among HIV-1-infected MSM remain unclear. Herein, we used cell staining methods to explore changes in monocyte subsets and Tregs and any associations between these cells. We found that the frequency of classical monocytes was higher in the rapid plasma reagin (RPR+) group than in the healthy controls (HCs) and the chronic HIV-1 infection (CHI) plus RPR+ (CHI&RPR+) group. The frequencies of Foxp3+CD25+CD45RA+ and Foxp3+Helios+CD45RA+ Tregs were significantly higher in the RPR+, CHI, and CHI&RPR+ groups than in HCs, whereas the frequency of CD45RA+ Tregs was lower in the CHI&RPR+ group than in CHI group. The frequencies of Foxp3+CD25+CD45RO+ and Foxp3+Helios+CD45RO+ Tregs were lower in the RPR+, CHI, and CHI&RPR+ groups than in HCs. The frequency of intermediate monocytes was inversely correlated with the frequency of CD45RA+ Tregs and positively correlated with the frequency of CD45RO+ Tregs. These results demonstrate for the first time that intermediate monocytes control the differentiation of Treg subsets in Treponema pallidum/HIV-1 co-infections. These findings provide new insights into an immunological mechanism involving monocytes/Tregs in HIV-infected individuals with syphilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Guo
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Liu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Song
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Guanxin Li
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Taiyi Jiang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yanqing Gao
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Flepisi BT, Bouic P, Sissolak G, Rosenkranz B. B-cell and T-cell activation in South African HIV-1-positive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients. South Afr J HIV Med 2018; 19:809. [PMID: 30473875 PMCID: PMC6244198 DOI: 10.4102/sajhivmed.v19i1.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Altered immune mechanisms play a critical role in the pathogenesis of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL). HIV-1 (HIV) infection is associated with a state of excessive T-cell activation, which can lead to increased T-cell turnover and lymph node fibrosis. Objectives This study aimed to determine the serum levels of circulating B-cell activation markers, and the expression of T-cell activation and regulatory markers in HIV-positive NHL patients. Method The serum levels of circulating soluble(s) sCD20, sCD23, sCD27, sCD30 and sCD44 molecules, all of which are biomarkers of B-cell activation, were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), while biomarkers of T-cell activation (CD8+CD38+) and regulation (FoxP3) were determined by flow cytometry in 141 subjects who were divided into five groups: Combination antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naïve HIV-positive patients; ART-treated HIV-positive patients; HIV-negative NHL patients; HIV-positive NHL patients on ART; and healthy controls. Results HIV-positive NHL patients had significantly higher serum levels of sCD20, sCD23, sCD30 and sCD44 than HIV-negative NHL patients, while all five biomarkers were significantly elevated in HIV-positive NHL patients when compared with ART-treated HIV-positive patients. HIV-positive NHL patients had higher CD8+CD38+ and lower FoxP3 expression than HIV-negative NHL and ART-treated HIV-positive patients. Conclusion B-cell activation is increased in HIV-positive NHL patients and is associated with reduced regulatory T-cell populations and increased CD8+ T-cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Flepisi
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Patrick Bouic
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Sissolak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Haematology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Bernd Rosenkranz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Veazey RS, Lackner AA. Nonhuman Primate Models and Understanding the Pathogenesis of HIV Infection and AIDS. ILAR J 2018; 58:160-171. [PMID: 29228218 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilx032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Research using nonhuman primates (NHPs) as models for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has resulted in tremendous achievements not only in the prevention and treatment of HIV, but also in biomedical research more broadly. Once considered a death sentence, HIV infection is now fairly well controlled with combination antiretroviral treatments, almost all of which were first tested for efficacy and safety in nonhuman primates or other laboratory animals. Research in NHP has led to "dogma changing" discoveries in immunology, infectious disease, and even our own genetics. We now know that many of our genes are retroviral remnants, or developed in response to archaic HIV-like retroviral infections. Early studies involving blood from HIV patients and in experiments in cultured tissues contributed to confusion regarding the cause of AIDS and impeded progress in the development of effective interventions. Research on the many retroviruses of different NHP species have broadened our understanding of human immunology and perhaps even our origins and evolution as a species. In combination with recent advances in molecular biology and computational analytics, research in NHPs has unique potential for discoveries that will directly lead to new cures for old human and animal diseases, including HIV/AIDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Veazey
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Munusamy Ponnan S, Swaminathan S, Tiruvengadam K, K. K. V, Cheedarla N, Nesakumar M, Kathirvel S, Goyal R, Singla N, Mukherjee J, Bergin P, T. Kopycinski J, Gilmour J, Prasad Tripathy S, Luke HE. Induction of circulating T follicular helper cells and regulatory T cells correlating with HIV-1 gp120 variable loop antibodies by a subtype C prophylactic vaccine tested in a Phase I trial in India. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203037. [PMID: 30157242 PMCID: PMC6114930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A Phase I HIV-1 vaccine trial sponsored by the International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) was conducted in India in 2009 to test a subtype C prophylactic vaccine in a prime-boost regimen comprising of a DNA prime (ADVAX) and MVA (TBC-M4) boost. The trial demonstrated that the regimen was safe and well tolerated and resulted in enhancement of HIV-specific immune responses. Preliminary observations on vaccine-induced immune responses were limited to analysis of neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ ELISPOT response. The present study involves a more detailed analysis of the nature of the vaccine-induced humoral immune response using specimens that were archived from the volunteers at the time of the trial. Interestingly, we found vaccine induced production of V1/V2 and V3 region-specific antibodies in a significant proportion of vaccinees. Variable region antibody levels correlated directly with the frequency of circulating T follicular helper cells (Tfh) and regulatory T cells (Treg). Our findings provide encouraging evidence to demonstrate the immunogenicity of the tested vaccine. Better insights into vaccine-induced immune responses can aid in informing future design of a successfulHIV-1 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Tiruvengadam
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Vidyavijayan K. K.
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Narayana Cheedarla
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Manohar Nesakumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Sujitha Kathirvel
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Rajat Goyal
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | - Nikhil Singla
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Philip Bergin
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Srikanth Prasad Tripathy
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Hanna Elizabeth Luke
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang Y, Liu Z, Tian M, Hu X, Wang L, Ji J, Liao A. The altered PD-1/PD-L1 pathway delivers the 'one-two punch' effects to promote the Treg/Th17 imbalance in pre-eclampsia. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 15:710-723. [PMID: 28890543 PMCID: PMC6123412 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2017.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway is critical for normal pregnancy by promoting regulatory T (Treg) cell development and inhibiting the Th17 response. However, the relationship between the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and the Treg/Th17 imbalance in pre-eclampsia (PE) is an enigma. In this study, decreased PD-1 and PD-L1 expression and a Treg/Th17 imbalance were observed at the maternal-fetal interface in PE. The regulatory effects of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on the Treg and Th17 cell quantities were determined in vitro by targeting T-cell proliferation, differentiation and transdifferentiation. First, decreased PD-1 expression might contribute to a higher Th17 cell frequency by promoting proliferation in PE. Second, the percentages of Treg but not Th17 cells differentiated from peripheral naive CD4+ T cells were increased by PD-L1 Fc administration. This effect was accompanied by decreased PI3K/AKT/m-TOR and increased PTEN mRNA expression and was completely reversed by PD-1 blockade. Finally, the percentage of IL-17-producing Treg cells increased and was positively associated with the Th17 cell frequency in PE. Increased RORγt and IL-17 but not Foxp3 and IL-10 mRNA expression by Treg cells was observed with PD-1 blockade. Similar findings occurred when Treg cells were exposed to IL-6/IL-23/IL-1β and were reversed by PD-L1 Fc. Taken together, our findings indicate that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway contributes to the Treg/Th17 imbalance via 'one-two punch' approaches: (i) promoting Th17 cell proliferation, (ii) inhibiting Treg cell differentiation and (iii) enhancing Treg cell plasticity into Th17 cells in PE. The therapeutic value of PD-L1 Fc for PE treatment will be explored in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Zhang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaozhao Liu
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Mei Tian
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Hu
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Liling Wang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinlu Ji
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China
| | - Aihua Liao
- Family Planning Research Institute, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhou F, Zhang GX, Rostami A. LPS-treated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells induce immune tolerance through modulating differentiation of CD4 + regulatory T cell subpopulations mediated by 3G11 and CD127. Immunol Res 2018; 65:630-638. [PMID: 27942984 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Intravenous transfer of LPS-treated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells blocks development of autoimmunity induced by CD4+ T cells in vivo. However, cellular mechanisms of dendritic cell-mediated immune tolerance have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we report that there are two new subpopulations of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+GITR+ regulatory T cells (CD127+3G11+ and CD127+3G11- cells). LPS-treated dendritic cells facilitate development of CD4+CD127+3G11- regulatory T cells but inhibit that of CD4+CD127+3G11+ regulatory T cells. LPS-induced tolerogenic dendritic cells may cause immune tolerance through modulating balance of different subsets of CD4+ regulatory T cells mediated by CD127 and 3G11. Our results imply a new potential cellular mechanism of dendritic cell-mediated immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rahman MA, McKinnon KM, Karpova TS, Ball DA, Venzon DJ, Fan W, Kang G, Li Q, Robert-Guroff M. Associations of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-Specific Follicular CD8 + T Cells with Other Follicular T Cells Suggest Complex Contributions to SIV Viremia Control. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:2714-2726. [PMID: 29507105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+ T (fCD8) cells reside within B cell follicles and are thought to be immune-privileged sites of HIV/SIV infection. We have observed comparable levels of fCD8 cells between chronically SIV-infected rhesus macaques with low viral loads (LVL) and high viral loads (HVL), raising the question concerning their contribution to viremia control. In this study, we sought to clarify the role of SIV-specific fCD8 cells in lymph nodes during the course of SIV infection in rhesus macaques. We observed that fCD8 cells, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, and T follicular regulatory cells (Tfreg) were all elevated in chronic SIV infection. fCD8 cells of LVL animals tended to express more Gag-specific granzyme B and exhibited significantly greater killing than did HVL animals, and their cell frequencies were negatively correlated with viremia, suggesting a role in viremia control. Env- and Gag-specific IL-21+ Tfh of LVL but not HVL macaques negatively correlated with viral load, suggesting better provision of T cell help to fCD8 cells. Tfreg positively correlated with fCD8 cells in LVL animals and negatively correlated with viremia, suggesting a potential benefit of Tfreg via suppression of chronic inflammation. In contrast, in HVL macaques, Tfreg and fCD8 cell frequencies tended to be negatively correlated, and a positive correlation was seen between Tfreg number and viremia, suggesting possible dysfunction and suppression of an effective fCD8 cell immune response. Our data suggest that control of virus-infected cells in B cell follicles not only depends on fCD8 cell cytotoxicity but also on complex fCD8 cell associations with Tfh cells and Tfreg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Arif Rahman
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Katherine M McKinnon
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Tatiana S Karpova
- Center for Cancer Research Core Fluorescence Imaging Facility, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David A Ball
- Center for Cancer Research Core Fluorescence Imaging Facility, Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - David J Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Wenjin Fan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Guobin Kang
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hubert A, Seddiki N. Regulatory T cells (Tregs): A major immune checkpoint to consider in combinatorial therapeutic HIV-1 vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:1432-1437. [PMID: 29381418 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1434384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of immunotherapeutics is living an exceptional time as new antibodies that take brakes off T-cells and unleash them on tumours are being approved by the US-Food and Drug Administration (FDA). For the design and development of an HIV-1 therapeutic-vaccine, one would need preferably to shift the balance T-effectors/T-regulatory cells (Teff/Tregs) towards effectors to improve vaccine-specific immune-responses. Given the success with the new immune-checkpoint-blockers (ICB), it is an appropriate time for HIV-1 field to seize this opportunity and develop new therapeutic vaccine-strategies that take into consideration ICB and other immunomodulators such as cytokines. While the vaccine is important to stimulate HIV-1-specific T-cell responses, cytokines will support the expansion of the stimulated virus-specific T-cells and ICB will reverse exhaustion and unchain cytotoxic T-cells. In this commentary, we will spotlight Tregs as another major brake for T-cell immunity and address the main stumbling-blocks that often blurs HIV-1-specific-Tregs status with regards to their role (beneficial or detrimental) and we will recall some proof-of-concept studies where therapeutic immunization skewed the HIV-1-specific response from Tregs to Teffs which impacts on the magnitude of viral replication. We will also suggest some strategies to shift the balance towards Teffs and potentiate HIV-1-specific immune-responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Hubert
- a Inserm, U955 , Créteil , France.,b Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine , Créteil , France.,c Vaccine Research Institute (VRI) , Créteil , France
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- a Inserm, U955 , Créteil , France.,b Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine , Créteil , France.,c Vaccine Research Institute (VRI) , Créteil , France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Karkhah A, Javanian M, Ebrahimpour S. The role of regulatory T cells in immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of viral infections. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 59:32-37. [PMID: 29413883 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two hepatotropic viruses hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) have been considered as the main cause of chronic viral infections. In addition, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks the immune system by eradication of some white blood cell (T-helper cell). The role of Tregs in HCV, HBV and HIV infections ranges from suppressing antiviral T cell responses to protecting tissues as liver and immune cells from immune mediated injury. In this review, we discuss the influence of regulatory T cells in immunopathology of specific viral infections including HCV, HBV and HIV by focusing on targeting Tregs as novel approach in vaccinology against viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Karkhah
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mostafa Javanian
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol I.R., Iran
| | - Soheil Ebrahimpour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol I.R., Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
NK cells of HIV-1-infected patients with poor CD4 + T-cell reconstitution despite suppressive HAART show reduced IFN-γ production and high frequency of autoreactive CD56 bright cells. Immunol Lett 2017; 190:185-193. [PMID: 28826739 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1-infected patients failing to recover CD4+ T-cell count despite HAART (immunological non-responders, NRs), are at increased risk of disease progression and death. To better understand the NR status, we performed a comprehensive assessment of NK cells in NR patients as compared to immunologic responders. NRs exhibited an accumulation of CD56bright NK cells inversely correlated with CD4+ counts. Both CD56bright and CD56dim NK cells of NRs displayed unimpaired degranulation ability, but poorly responded to cytokine stimulation in terms of NKp44 up-regulation and IFN-γ production that may explain the susceptibility of NRs to infections and tumors. Notably, CD56bright NK cells from NRs showed higher cytotoxicity against autologous activated CD4+ T cells. Moreover, NRs had reduced Treg cell counts that showed an inverse correlation with autoreactive CD56bright cells. These data suggest that accumulation of CD56bright NK cells, possibly linked to decreased homeostatic control by Tregs, contributes to poor immune reconstitution in NRs.
Collapse
|
23
|
Dunay GA, Solomatina A, Kummer S, Hüfner A, Bialek JK, Eberhard JM, Tolosa E, Hauber J, Schulze Zur Wiesch J. Assessment of the HIV-1 reservoir in CD4+ regulatory T cells by a Droplet Digital PCR based approach. Virus Res 2017; 240:107-111. [PMID: 28720421 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The relative contribution of regulatory T cells (Treg) as reservoir of HIV-1 in patients on chronic antiretroviral therapy is unclear to date. The aim of the current study was to assess the total HIV DNA burden and replication competent viral reservoir in Treg in comparison to central and effector memory cells (Tcm and Tem). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained from 10 HIV patients treated with antiretroviral therapy. Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) was used to quantify total HIV DNA loads in FACS-sorted CD4+ Treg (CD25+CD127lo) as compared to Tcm (CD45RO+CCR7+) and Tem (CD45RO+CCR7-). In contrast to earlier reports, no significant difference was found in total HIV DNA burden associated with Treg when compared to Tem and Tcm cells. In a subset of patients, quantitative viral outgrowth assays were also performed, using novel ddPCR based readout to quantify frequencies of Treg harboring replication competent virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Artúr Dunay
- Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anastasia Solomatina
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Kummer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anja Hüfner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Katharina Bialek
- Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Maria Eberhard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva Tolosa
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute - Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brezar V, Hani L, Surenaud M, Hubert A, Lacabaratz C, Lelièvre JD, Levy Y, Seddiki N. Negative modulation of suppressive HIV-specific regulatory T cells by IL-2 adjuvanted therapeutic vaccine. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006489. [PMID: 28708863 PMCID: PMC5529021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential benefit in using IL-2 in immunotherapy for cancer and autoimmunity has been linked to the modulation of immune responses, which partly relies on a direct effect on Tregs populations. Here, we revisited the role of IL-2 in HIV infection and investigated whether its use as an adjuvant with therapeutic vaccination, impacts on HIV-specific responses. Antiretroviral therapy treated-patients were randomized to receive 4 boosts of vaccination (ALVACHIV/Lipo-6T, weeks 0/4/8/12) followed by 3 cycles of IL-2 (weeks 16/24/32) before treatment interruption (TI) at week40. IL-2 administration increased significantly HIV-specific CD4+CD25+CD134+ T-cell responses, which inversely correlated with viral load after TI (r = -0.7, p <0.007) in the vaccine/IL-2 group. IL-2 increased global CD25+CD127lowFoxP3+Tregs (p <0.05) while it decreased HIV- but not CMV- specific CD39+FoxP3+CD25+CD134+Tregs (p <0.05). HIV-specific Tregs were inversely correlated with IFN-γ producing specific-effectors (p = 0.03) and positively correlated with viral load (r = 0.7, p = 0.01), revealing their undesired presence during chronic infection. Global Tregs, but not HIV-specific Tregs, inversely correlated with a decrease in exhausted PD1+CD95+ T-cells (p = 0.001). Altogether, our results underline the negative impact of HIV-specific Tregs on HIV-specific effectors and reveal the beneficial use of IL-2 as an adjuvant as its administration increases global Tregs that impact on T-cell exhaustion and decreases HIV-specific CD39+Tregs by shifting the balance towards effectors. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been used in immunotherapy for cancer and autoimmunity and its beneficial effect has been linked to the modulation of immune responses, which partly relies on a direct effect on Tregs populations. In this study, we assessed the role of IL-2 in HIV infection and investigated whether its use as an adjuvant with therapeutic vaccination, impacts on HIV-specific responses. We show that IL-2 administration increased HIV-specific CD4+CD25+CD134+ T-cell responses which inversely correlated with viral load after treatment interruption in the vaccine/IL-2 group. We also show that IL-2 increased global CD25+CD127lowFoxP3+Tregs while it decreased HIV- but not CMV- specific CD39+FoxP3+CD25+CD134+Tregs. Moreover, we show that HIV-specific Tregs were inversely correlated with IFN-γ-producing specific-effectors and positively correlated with viral load. Moreover, we show that global Tregs, but not HIV-specific Tregs, inversely correlated with a decrease in exhausted PD1+CD95+ T-cells. Altogether, our results underline the negative impact of HIV-specific Tregs on HIV-specific effectors and reveal the beneficial use of IL-2 as an adjuvant as its administration increases global Tregs that impact on T-cell exhaustion and decreases HIV-specific CD39+Tregs by shifting the balance towards effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vedran Brezar
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, Paris, France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Lylia Hani
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, Paris, France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Surenaud
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, Paris, France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Audrey Hubert
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, Paris, France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, Paris, France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Lelièvre
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, Paris, France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, Service d'immunologie clinique et maladies infectieuses, Créteil, Paris, France
| | - Yves Levy
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, Paris, France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier, Service d'immunologie clinique et maladies infectieuses, Créteil, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (NS); (YL)
| | - Nabila Seddiki
- Inserm, U955, Equipe 16, Créteil, Paris, France
- Université Paris Est, Faculté de médecine, Créteil, Paris, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (NS); (YL)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pereira LMS, Gomes STM, Ishak R, Vallinoto ACR. Regulatory T Cell and Forkhead Box Protein 3 as Modulators of Immune Homeostasis. Front Immunol 2017; 8:605. [PMID: 28603524 PMCID: PMC5445144 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) is an essential molecular marker of regulatory T cell (Treg) development in different microenvironments. Tregs are cells specialized in the suppression of inadequate immune responses and the maintenance of homeostatic tolerance. Studies have addressed and elucidated the role played by FOXP3 and Treg in countless autoimmune and infectious diseases as well as in more specific cases, such as cancer. Within this context, the present article reviews aspects of the immunoregulatory profile of FOXP3 and Treg in the management of immune homeostasis, including issues relating to pathology as well as immune tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonn Mendes Soares Pereira
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Samara Tatielle Monteiro Gomes
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Agentes Infecciosos e Parasitários, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Ishak
- Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ambada GN, Ntsama CE, Nji NN, Ngu LN, Sake CN, Lissom A, Tchouangeu FT, Tchadji J, Sosso M, Etoa FX, Nchinda GW. Phenotypic characterization of regulatory T cells from antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected people. Immunology 2017; 151:405-416. [PMID: 28375551 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a key role in dampening excessive immune activation. However, antiretroviral therapy (ART) -naive HIV-1 infection maintains the immune system in a sustained state of activation that could alter both Treg cell surface markers and functions. As Treg cell surface markers are directly linked to their functions the overall objective of this study was to determine how ART-naive HIV infection affects the phenotypic properties of Treg cells. Our data showed that in ART-naive HIV-1 infection, Treg cells are dominated by effector (CD45RA+ CD27- CCR7- CD62L- ) and effector memory (CD45RA- CD27- CCR7- CD62L- ) cells. In contrast Treg cells from HIV-negative individuals were mainly naive (CD45RA+ CD27+ CCR7+ CD62L+ ) and central memory (CD45RA- CD27+ CCR7+ CD62L+ ) cells. Whereas effector and effector memory Treg cells showed enhanced expression of CD39 (P < 0·05), CD73 (P < 0·001), HLA-DR and CD38 (P < 0·001); naive and central memory Treg cells showed a significant reduction in the expression of these markers. Overall Treg cell frequencies within total CD4+ T cells correlated positively with plasmatic HIV-1 viral load. As increased viral load is associated with augmented CD4+ T-cell destruction; this could suggest a resistance of peripheral Treg cells to HIV-1 destruction. Hence the modulation of Treg cell phenotype and frequencies could be considered in designing immunotherapeutic strategies targeting immune system restoration during HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgia N Ambada
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking, the Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on the Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde one, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Claudine E Ntsama
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde one, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Nadesh N Nji
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking, the Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on the Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Loveline N Ngu
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking, the Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on the Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde one, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Carole N Sake
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking, the Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on the Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde one, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Abel Lissom
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking, the Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on the Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde one, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Flaurent T Tchouangeu
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking, the Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on the Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Dschang, Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Jules Tchadji
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking, the Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on the Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde one, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Martin Sosso
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking, the Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on the Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Godwin W Nchinda
- Laboratory of Vaccinology/Biobanking, the Chantal Biya International Reference Centre for Research on the Prevention and Management of HIV/AIDS, Yaounde, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Toxoplasmosis-associated IRIS involving the CNS: a case report with longitudinal analysis of T cell subsets. BMC Infect Dis 2017; 17:66. [PMID: 28086758 PMCID: PMC5237164 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-2159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-infected patients may present an unforeseen clinical worsening after initiating antiretroviral therapy known as immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). This syndrome is characterized by a heightened inflammatory response toward infectious or non-infectious triggers, and it may affect different organs. Diagnosis of IRIS involving the central nervous system (CNS-IRIS) is challenging due to heterogeneous manifestations, absence of biomarkers to identify this condition, risk of long-term sequelae and high mortality. Hence, a deeper knowledge of CNS-IRIS pathogenesis is needed. Case presentation A 37-year-old man was diagnosed with AIDS and cerebral toxoplasmosis. Anti-toxoplasma treatment was initiated immediately, followed by active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) 1 month later. At 2 months of HAART, he presented with progressive hyposensitivity of the right lower limb associated with brain and dorsal spinal cord lesions, compatible with paradoxical toxoplasmosis-associated CNS-IRIS, a condition with very few reported cases. A stereotactic biopsy was planned but was postponed based on its inherent risks. Patient showed clinical improvement with no requirement of corticosteroid therapy. Routine laboratorial analysis was complemented with longitudinal evaluation of blood T cell subsets at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 6 months upon HAART initiation. A control group composed by 9 HIV-infected patients from the same hospital but with no IRIS was analysed for comparison. The CNS-IRIS patient showed lower percentage of memory CD4+ T cells and higher percentage of activated CD4+ T cells at HAART initiation. The percentage of memory CD4+ T cells drastically increased at 1 month after HAART initiation and became higher in comparison to the control group until clinical recovery onset; the percentage of memory CD8+ T cells was consistently lower throughout follow-up. Interestingly, the percentage of regulatory T cells (Treg) on the CNS-IRIS patient reached a minimum around 1 month before symptoms onset. Conclusion Although both stereotactic biopsies and steroid therapy might be of use in CNS-IRIS cases and should be considered for these patients, they might be unnecessary to achieve clinical improvement as shown in this case. Immunological characterization of more CNS-IRIS cases is essential to shed some light on the pathogenesis of this condition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-2159-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
28
|
Presti R, Pantaleo G. The Immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 Infection. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00092-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
|
29
|
Nikolova M, Wiedemann A, Muhtarova M, Achkova D, Lacabaratz C, Lévy Y. Subset- and Antigen-Specific Effects of Treg on CD8+ T Cell Responses in Chronic HIV Infection. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005995. [PMID: 27829019 PMCID: PMC5102588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We, and others, have reported that in the HIV-negative settings, regulatory CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ T cells (Treg) exert differential effects on CD8 subsets, and maintain the memory / effector CD8+ T cells balance, at least in part through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Here we investigated Treg-mediated effects on CD8 responses in chronic HIV infection. As compared to Treg from HIV negative controls (Treg/HIV-), we show that Treg from HIV infected patients (Treg/HIV+) did not significantly inhibit polyclonal autologous CD8+ T cell function indicating either a defect in the suppressive capacity of Treg/HIV+ or a lack of sensitivity of effector T cells in HIV infection. Results showed that Treg/HIV+ inhibited significantly the IFN-γ expression of autologous CD8+ T cells stimulated with recall CMV/EBV/Flu (CEF) antigens, but did not inhibit HIV-Gag-specific CD8+ T cells. In cross-over cultures, we show that Treg/HIV- inhibited significantly the differentiation of either CEF- or Gag-specific CD8+ T cells from HIV infected patients. The expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 was higher on Gag-specific CD8+ T cells as compared to CEF-specific CD8+ T cells, and the expression of these markers did not change significantly after Treg depletion or co-culture with Treg/HIV-, unlike on CEF-specific CD8+ T cells. In summary, we show a defect of Treg/HIV+ in modulating both the differentiation and the expression of PD-1/PD-L1 molecules on HIV-specific CD8 T cells. Our results strongly suggest that this particular defect of Treg might contribute to the exhaustion of HIV-specific T cell responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nikolova
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
- Immunology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Aurélie Wiedemann
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Maria Muhtarova
- Immunology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Daniela Achkova
- Immunology Department, National Center of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Christine Lacabaratz
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
| | - Yves Lévy
- INSERM, U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris Est Créteil, Faculté de Médecine, Créteil, France
- Vaccine Research Institute, Créteil, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Henri-Mondor Albert-Chenevier, Immunologie clinique, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kalokhe AS, Ibegbu CC, Kaur SP, Amara RR, Kelley ME, Del Rio C, Stephenson R. INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED CD4 + T-CELL ACTIVATION AMONG HIV-NEGATIVE HIGH-RISK WOMEN. Pathog Immun 2016; 1:193-213. [PMID: 27668294 PMCID: PMC5034930 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v1i1.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Biological pathways mediating the link between intimate partner violence (IPV) and increased HIV risk remain unexplored. We hypothesized that IPV-induced stress negatively affects HIV systemic immune defenses and aimed to evaluate whether IPV was associated with immune profiles linked to HIV susceptibility: CD4 activation and diminished regulatory T-cell (Treg) frequency. Methods: Seventy-five HIV-negative high-risk women were surveyed regarding their IPV experience. They provided blood, urine, and (if present) genital ulcer samples for cortisol, immune assays, and STI testing. Using flow cytometry, we assessed activated CD4+ T-cell (%HLA-DR+/ CD38+) and Treg (%CD4+CD25+FoxP3+) frequencies and phenotyping. Nonparametric tests evaluated the association between IPV and immune outcomes. Multivariate regression explored confounding and moderation of the IPV-CD4 activation pathway. Results: Lifetime IPV was associated with increased CD4+ activation (r = 0.331, P = 0.004), a shift in CD4+ phenotype from naïve to effector memory (r = 0.343, P = 0.003), and a decrease in naive (%HLA-DR+/CD45RA-) Treg frequency (r = -0.337, P = 0.003). Experiencing IPV over the past year had similar trends. After controlling for sexual IPV, lifetime physical and psychological abuse remained significantly associated with CD4+ activation (P = 0.004 and P = 0.033, respectively). After controlling for race (the only covariate linked to activation), the lifetime IPV-CD4 activation association remained significant (P = 0.012). Alcohol use and depression were identified as potential pathway moderators. Conclusion: Our data is the first to suggest an immune link between IPV and HIV, and may help explain differences at the individual level in HIV susceptibility and response to biological HIV prevention strategies. The association of psychological and physical abuse with CD4 activation independent of sexual abuse further supports the existence of a stress-induced immune pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ameeta S Kalokhe
- Emory School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA; Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Global Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Chris C Ibegbu
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Surinder P Kaur
- Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rama R Amara
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA; Emory Vaccine Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Atlanta, GA
| | - Mary E Kelley
- Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Atlanta, GA
| | - Carlos Del Rio
- Emory School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA; Emory Rollins School of Public Health, Department of Global Health, Atlanta, GA
| | - Rob Stephenson
- University of Michigan School of Nursing, Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
The effect of cellular isolation and cryopreservation on the expression of markers identifying subsets of regulatory T cells. J Immunol Methods 2016; 431:31-7. [PMID: 26855370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of CD4(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their subsets during HIV infection is controversial. Cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) are an important source for assessing number and function of Tregs. However, it is unknown if PBMC isolation and cryopreservation affect the expression of CD120b and CD39, markers that identify specific subsets of Tregs. METHODS HIV-uninfected (HIV-) and -infected (HIV+) men were randomly selected from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Percentages of CD120b(+) and CD39(+) Tregs measured by flow cytometry in whole blood and in corresponding fresh and cryopreserved PBMC were compared. RESULTS Percentages of CD120b(+) Tregs were significantly lower in a) fresh PBMC relative to whole blood, and b) freshly thawed frozen PBMC relative to fresh PBMC when the recovery of viable cryopreserved cells was low. When present, low expression of CD120b in frozen PBMC was reversible by 4h of in vitro culture. In contrast, expression of CD39 on Tregs was not affected by isolation and/or cryopreservation of PBMC, or by relative recovery of cryopreserved PBMC. These findings were unaffected by the HIV status of the donor. CONCLUSION The data suggest that percentages of CD120b(+) Tregs and CD39(+) Tregs can be validly measured in either whole blood or PBMC (fresh and frozen) in HIV- and HIV+ men. However, for measurement of CD120b(+) Tregs one type of sample should be used consistently within a given study, and thawed frozen cells may require in vitro culture if recovery of viable cells is low.
Collapse
|
32
|
Nanotechnology as a New Therapeutic Approach to Prevent the HIV-Infection of Treg Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145760. [PMID: 26785250 PMCID: PMC4718685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-1 has proved to infect regulatory T cells (Treg) modifying their phenotype and impairing their suppressive capacity. As Treg cells are a crucial component in the preservation of the immune homeostasis, we researched that the antiviral capacity of carboxilan dendrimers prevents the HIV-1 infection of Treg and their effects. The phenotype and suppressive capacity of Treg treated or non-treated with carbosilane dendrimers were studied by flow cytometry. Treated and non-treated Treg from healthy donors were infected with HIV-1NL4.3. The infection of Treg cells by HIV-1, and protective effect of two dendrimers were determined by measuring antigen p24gag in the supernatant of the culture and intracellular. Results The Treg cells were treated with cationic and anionic carbosilane dendrimers. The results showed that both dendrimers did not modify the phenotype and functionality of Treg cells compared with non- treated Treg cells. Anionic dendrimers showed high biocompatibility with normal activity of the Treg cells and in antiviral assays. These dendrimers were highly active against HIV-1 preventing the infection of Treg, and were able to protect the Treg from the Foxp3 downregulation induced by the HIV-1 infection. Conclusions This is the first work showing that the in vitro use of anionic dendrimers prevent the HIV-1 replication and the infection of expanded Treg cells in culture, which raises the possibility to use Treg cells therapeutically in HIV-1-infected subjects.
Collapse
|
33
|
Peligero C, Argilaguet J, Güerri-Fernandez R, Torres B, Ligero C, Colomer P, Plana M, Knobel H, García F, Meyerhans A. PD-L1 Blockade Differentially Impacts Regulatory T Cells from HIV-Infected Individuals Depending on Plasma Viremia. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005270. [PMID: 26633181 PMCID: PMC4669187 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway has emerged as a potential therapy to restore impaired immune responses in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. Most reports have studied the impact of the PD-L1 blockade on effector cells and neglected possible effects on regulatory T cells (Treg cells), which play an essential role in balancing immunopathology and antiviral effector responses. The aim of this study was to define the consequences of ex vivo PD-L1 blockade on Treg cells from HIV-infected individuals. We observed that HIV infection led to an increase in PD-1+ and PD-L1+ Treg cells. This upregulation correlated with disease progression and decreased under antiretroviral treatment. Treg cells from viremic individuals had a particularly high PD-1 expression and impaired proliferative capacity in comparison with Treg cells from individuals under antiretroviral treatment. PD-L1 blockade restored the proliferative capacity of Treg cells from viremic individuals but had no effect on its suppressive capacity. Moreover, it increased the viral production in cell cultures from viremic individuals. This increase in viral production correlated with an increase in Treg cell percentage and a reduction in the CD4/Treg and CD8/Treg cell ratios. In contrast to the effect of the PD-L1 blockade on Treg cells from viremic individuals, we did not observe a significant effect on the proliferative capacity of Treg cells from individuals in whom viremia was controlled (either spontaneously or by antiretroviral treatment). However, PD-L1 blockade resulted in an increased proliferative capacity of HIV-specific-CD8 T cells in all subjects. Taken together, our findings suggest that manipulating PD-L1 in vivo can be expected to influence the net gain of effector function depending on the subject’s plasma viremia. HIV infection causes a progressive impairment of effector immune responses, contributing to virus persistence. The restoration of these responses is essential to achieve a drug-free control over HIV. One strategy that could restore effector immune responses is the relief of the inhibitory signal displayed by the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway on effector cells. However, the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway also plays a role in the biology of regulatory T cells, which in turn suppress effector responses. Here we show that ex vivo PD-L1 blockade on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from HIV-infected individuals differentially increases the proliferative capacity of regulatory- and effector- T cells depending on the subject’s plasma viremia. Our results suggest that PD-L1 blockade will skew the effector-to-regulatory T cell ratio in favour of effector cells only in patients in whom viremia is controlled. In patients with uncontrolled viremia, PD-L1 blockade will not favour effector- T cells over regulatory- T cells, and might also boost virus reactivation. Our findings support the rationale to combine a PD-L1 blockade with antiretroviral treatment to restore effector responses in HIV-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Peligero
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (JA); (AM)
| | | | - Berta Torres
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Ligero
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Colomer
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Retrovirology and Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, AIDS Research Group, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hernando Knobel
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Felipe García
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (JA); (AM)
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
New Insights about Treg and Th17 Cells in HIV Infection and Disease Progression. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:647916. [PMID: 26568963 PMCID: PMC4629044 DOI: 10.1155/2015/647916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treg and Th17 cell subsets are characterized by the expression of specific transcriptional factors and chemokine receptor as well as by secretion of specific cytokine and chemokines. These subsets are important to the differentiation, expansion, homing capacity, and recruitment of several different immune cell populations to the site of infection. Whereas Treg cells maintain self-tolerance and control the activation and expansion of autoreactive CD4+ T effector cells through an anti-inflammatory response, Th17 cells, in an exacerbated unregulated proinflammatory response, can promote autoimmunity. Despite such apparently opposite functions, Th17 and Treg cells share common characteristics, and their differentiation pathways are interconnected. Recent studies have revealed quite intricate relations between Treg and Th17 cells in HIV infection and progression to AIDS. Considering Treg cells, different subsets were already investigated in the context of HIV infection, indicating a fluctuation in the total number and frequency throughout the disease course. This review focuses on the recent findings regarding the role of regulatory T and Th17 cells in the context of HIV infection, highlighting the importance of the balance between these two subsets on disease progression.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ladell K, Hazenberg MD, Fitch M, Emson C, McEvoy-Hein Asgarian BK, Mold JE, Miller C, Busch R, Price DA, Hellerstein MK, McCune JM. Continuous Antigenic Stimulation of DO11.10 TCR Transgenic Mice in the Presence or Absence of IL-1β: Possible Implications for Mechanisms of T Cell Depletion in HIV Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4096-105. [PMID: 26416271 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Untreated HIV disease is associated with chronic immune activation and CD4(+) T cell depletion. A variety of mechanisms have been invoked to account for CD4(+) T cell depletion in this setting, but the quantitative contributions of these proposed mechanisms over time remain unclear. We turned to the DO11.10 TCR transgenic mouse model, where OVA is recognized in the context of H-2(d), to explore the impact of chronic antigenic stimulation on CD4(+) T cell dynamics. To model dichotomous states of persistent Ag exposure in the presence or absence of proinflammatory stimulation, we administered OVA peptide to these mice on a continuous basis with or without the prototypic proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. In both cases, circulating Ag-specific CD4(+) T cells were depleted. However, in the absence of IL-1β, there was limited proliferation and effector/memory conversion of Ag-specific T cells, depletion of peripheral CD4(+) T cells in hematolymphoid organs, and systemic induction of regulatory Foxp3(+)CD4(+) T cells, as often observed in late-stage HIV disease. By contrast, when OVA peptide was administered in the presence of IL-1β, effector/memory phenotype T cells expanded and the typical symptoms of heightened immune activation were observed. Acknowledging the imperfect and incomplete relationship between Ag-stimulated DO11.10 TCR transgenic mice and HIV-infected humans, our data suggest that CD4(+) T cell depletion in the setting of HIV disease may reflect, at least in part, chronic Ag exposure in the absence of proinflammatory signals and/or appropriate APC functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Ladell
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110;
| | - Mette D Hazenberg
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 EA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Fitch
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Claire Emson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720; KineMed Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608
| | | | - Jeff E Mold
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Corey Miller
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Robert Busch
- Department of Life Sciences, Whitelands College, University of Roehampton, London SW15 4JD, United Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; and Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marc K Hellerstein
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720; KineMed Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608
| | - Joseph M McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Zhang W, Nilles TL, Johnson JR, Margolick JB. Regulatory T Cells, Frailty, and Immune Activation in Men Who Have Sex With Men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 70:1533-41. [PMID: 26297938 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both HIV infection and frailty have been associated with chronic immune activation. One possible explanation for this chronic immune activation could be low levels of CD4(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs), which suppress immune responses. METHODS HIV-uninfected (HIV-) and HIV-infected (HIV+) men in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) were classified as frail (or nonfrail) if they expressed (or did not express) the Fried frailty phenotype at two consecutive study visits. Percentages and absolute numbers of total Tregs, and percentages of different subsets of Tregs and of activated T cells were measured by flow cytometry. The function of Tregs was measured by suppression of T-cell proliferation. RESULTS Percentages of Tregs were higher, rather than lower, in frail men than in nonfrail men, and this difference was significant for HIV- men. Percentages of subsets of Tregs did not differ significantly by frailty status. Among HIV+ men, the suppressive function of Tregs was similar between frail and nonfrail men. Percentages of Tregs and activated T cells were negatively correlated in nonfrail men (HIV- and HIV+) and in frail HIV- men, but this correlation was strongly positive in frail HIV+ men. CONCLUSION These data suggest that: (a) Tregs were not deficient in frail men; and (b) the immunological pathophysiology of frailty may differ by HIV status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiying Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tricia L Nilles
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Jacquett R Johnson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Joseph B Margolick
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Phenotypic and functional analysis of CD1a+ dendritic cells from cats chronically infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 42:53-9. [PMID: 26385493 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest dendritic cell (DC) dysfunction is central to the dysregulated immune response during HIV infection; however, in vivo studies are lacking. In the present study we used feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection of cats as a model for HIV-1 infection to assess the maturation and function of dendritic cells, in vivo and in vitro. We compared CD1a+ DC migration, surface phenotype, endocytosis, mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) and regulatory T cell (Treg) phenotype induction by CD1a+ cells isolated from lymph nodes of FIV-infected and control cats. Results showed that resident CD1a+ DC in lymph nodes of chronically FIV-infected cats are phenotypically mature, can stimulate normal primary T cell proliferation, override Treg suppression and do not skew toward Treg induction. In contrast, FIV infection had deleterious effects on antigen presentation and migratory capacity of CD1a+ cells in tissues.
Collapse
|
38
|
Degaffe G, Zakhour R, Zhang W, Contreras GA, Bell CS, Rodriguez G, Del Bianco G, Pérez N, Benjamins LJ, Murphy JR, Heresi GP, Tran DQ. Forkhead box protein 3(+) regulatory T cells and Helios(+) subset in perinatally acquired HIV. Clin Exp Immunol 2015; 180:108-17. [PMID: 25425428 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box protein 3 (FoxP3)(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs ) are important not only in regulating the development of autoimmune conditions, but also in chronic infectious diseases. Given their cardinal function in suppressing immune activation, research has focused upon whether they play a detrimental role in chronic infections, particularly HIV. While the role of Tregs in HIV has been investigated intensively, it remains an unresolved topic. However, it is generally accepted that Tregs are susceptible to HIV infection and are preferentially preserved over conventional CD4(+) T cells. It is unknown whether the peripheral-induced or the thymic-derived Tregs are more susceptible to HIV cytotoxicity. It has been recognized that Tregs can be segregated into two subsets based on Helios expression, with the vast majority being Helios(+) . This study examines the impact of HIV infection on total Tregs and their Helios subsets in a perinatal-acquired HIV-infected paediatric population. The finding indicates a selective expansion or survival of Tregs in association with CD4 depletion and increased viraemia. The Helios(+) and Helios(-) subsets within Tregs appear to be equally affected. However, the Helios(+) Tregs seem to be more preserved in patients with low CD4(+) ≤ 25% and detectable plasma HIV RNA >20 copies/ml. In this group, the frequencies of Tregs are increased, but their numbers appear insufficient to restrain immune activation. In conclusion, our findings suggest that both Helios subsets of Tregs are susceptible to HIV infection and are preferentially preserved compared to conventional CD4(+) T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Degaffe
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, UTHealth, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Suppressor cells regulate immune responses during chronic viral infection by limiting immunopathology associated with inflammation and immune activation. This dampening of adaptive immune responses can be harmful in HIV-1 infection as it also prevents the immune system from clearing the virus, leading to viral persistence and prolonged antigen expression that often leads to immune exhaustion. A current priority is to find the best strategy to target and manipulate key molecules such as CD39 that suppress anti-HIV-1 immune responses. RECENT FINDINGS New suppressor cell subsets and cellular markers have been identified and characterized in the past years. We are able to identify and measure regulatory T cells, regulatory B cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in HIV-1-infected patients. We can also measure antigen-specific regulatory T cells in patients, which is a valuable step forward. Targeting HIV-1-specific regulatory T cells could be beneficial if we aim to manipulate key inhibitory molecules such as CTLA-4 and/or PD-1 that have already proven their efficacy in cancer. New other possible targets to take into account are CD39 and Tim-3-Gal9 pathways that have recently attracted attention in the field. These new findings offer the possibility to recognize suppressor cells as future targets in therapeutic vaccines because it became obvious that good vaccines candidates should concurrently generate robust effector responses and inhibit specific pathways that lead to immune suppression and exhaustion. SUMMARY The recent advances on suppressor cells and the availability of new markers or assays will certainly open up new avenues for targeting molecules that are involved in immune suppression pathways, thus avoiding viral persistence and immune exhaustion.
Collapse
|
40
|
Wang X, Xu H, Shen C, Alvarez X, Liu D, Pahar B, Ratterree MS, Doyle-Meyers LA, Lackner AA, Veazey RS. Profound loss of intestinal Tregs in acutely SIV-infected neonatal macaques. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 97:391-400. [PMID: 25492938 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4a0514-266rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment of the intestinal mucosal immune system is an early feature of HIV-infected children. Most infected children exhibit clinical gastrointestinal symptoms at some stage of infection, and persistent diarrhea is a marker for rapid disease progression. It is known that Tregs are especially important in mediating intestinal immune homeostasis and that loss of this subset may result in intestinal inflammation and associated clinical signs. Large numbers of FoxP3(+) T cells were found in all tissues in newborn macaques, which coexpressed high levels of CD25 and CD4, indicating that they were Tregs. Moreover, neonates had much greater percentages of Tregs in intestinal tissues compared with peripheral lymphoid tissues. After SIV infection, a significant loss of Tregs was detected in the intestine compared with age-matched normal infants. Finally, SIV-infected FoxP3(+) T cells were detected in tissues in neonates as early as 7 SIV dpi. These results demonstrate that Tregs constitute a significant fraction of CD4(+) T cells in neonatal intestinal tissues and that an early, profound loss of Tregs occurs in acute SIV infection, which may contribute to the intestinal disorders associated with neonatal HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- Divisions of *Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Huanbin Xu
- Divisions of *Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chanjuan Shen
- Divisions of *Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Divisions of *Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - David Liu
- Divisions of *Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Bapi Pahar
- Divisions of *Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Marion S Ratterree
- Divisions of *Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Divisions of *Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Divisions of *Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ronald S Veazey
- Divisions of *Comparative Pathology and Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhou Y, Zhang Y, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ, Jia ZS. Viral (hepatitis C virus, hepatitis B virus, HIV) persistence and immune homeostasis. Immunology 2014; 143:319-30. [PMID: 24965611 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune homeostasis is a host characteristic that maintains biological balance within a host. Humans have evolved many host defence mechanisms that ensure the survival of individuals upon encountering a pathogenic infection, with recovery or persistence from a viral infection being determined by both viral factors and host immunity. Chronic viral infections, such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and HIV, often result in chronic fluctuating viraemia in the face of host cellular and humoral immune responses, which are dysregulated by multi-faceted mechanisms that are incompletely understood. This review attempts to illuminate the mechanisms involved in this process, focusing on immune homeostasis in the setting of persistent viral infection from the aspects of host defence mechanism, including interferon-stimulated genes, apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide 3 (APOBEC3), autophagy and interactions of various immune cells, cytokines and regulatory molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; Center for Inflammation, Infectious Diseases, and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Muenchhoff M, Prendergast AJ, Goulder PJR. Immunity to HIV in Early Life. Front Immunol 2014; 5:391. [PMID: 25161656 PMCID: PMC4130105 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The developing immune system is adapted to the exposure to a plethora of pathogenic and non-pathogenic antigens encountered in utero and after birth, requiring a fine balance between protective immunity and immune tolerance. In early stages of life, this tolerogenic state of the innate and adaptive immune system and the lack of immunological memory render the host more susceptible to infectious pathogens like HIV. HIV pathogenesis is different in children, compared to adults, with more rapid disease progression and a substantial lack of control of viremia compared to adults. Plasma viral load remains high during infancy and only declines gradually over several years in line with immune maturation, even in rare cases where children maintain normal CD4 T-lymphocyte counts for several years without antiretroviral therapy (ART). These pediatric slow progressors also typically show low levels of immune activation despite persistently high viremia, resembling the phenotype of natural hosts of SIV infection. The lack of immunological memory places the fetus and the newborn at higher risk of infections; however, it may also provide an opportunity for unique interventions. Frequencies of central memory CD4+ T-lymphocytes, one of the main cellular reservoirs of HIV, are very low in the newborn child, so immediate ART could prevent the establishment of persistent viral reservoirs and result in "functional cure." However, as recently demonstrated in the case report of the "Mississippi child" who experienced viral rebound after more than 2 years off ART, additional immunomodulatory strategies might be required for sustained viral suppression after ART cessation. In this review, we discuss the interactions between HIV and the developing immune system in children and the potential implications for therapeutic and prophylactic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research , Oxford , UK
| | - Andrew J Prendergast
- Centre for Paediatrics, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK ; Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research , Harare , Zimbabwe
| | - Philip Jeremy Renshaw Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research , Oxford , UK ; HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal , Durban , South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Elkord E. Thymus-Derived, Peripherally Derived, and in vitro-Induced T Regulatory Cells. Front Immunol 2014; 5:17. [PMID: 24478778 PMCID: PMC3900873 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eyad Elkord
- United Arab Emirates University , Al Ain , UAE ; University of Salford , Manchester , UK ; University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| |
Collapse
|