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Cervera L, Arizcun M, Mercado L, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Synthetic antimicrobial Nkl and Dic peptides are immunomodulatory but only Dic peptide can be therapeutic against nodavirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:109772. [PMID: 39019125 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Aquaculture is a prosperous economic sector threatened by viral infections. Among the viruses threatening fish culture, Betanodavirus (NNV) is extremely important in the Mediterranean Sea affecting to highly traded species as European sea bass. In this context, application of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has arisen as a potential biotechnological tool. The aim of this work was to evaluate the therapeutic application of two European sea bass-derived AMPs, NK-lysin (Nkl) and dicentracin (Dic), against NNV infections. Synthetic Dic peptide was able to significantly reduce NNV-induced mortalities while Nkl failed to do so. Although neither Dic nor Nkl peptides were able to alter the transcriptional levels of NNV and the number of infected cells, Nkl seemed to increase the viral load per cell. Interestingly, both Nkl and Dic peptides showed immunomodulatory roles. For instance, our data revealed an interplay among different AMPs, at both gene and protein levels. Otherwise, Nkl and Dic peptides provoked an anti-inflammatory balance upon NNV infection, as well as the recruitment of macrophages and B cells to the target site of the infection, the brain. In conclusion, Dic can be proposed as a therapeutic candidate to combat NNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cervera
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), CSIC, Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), CSIC, Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), CSIC, Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Shen Y, Aly RSS, Chen T, Jiang H, Liu Y, Wang Y, Chen X. Short time-series expression transcriptome data reveal the gene expression patterns and potential biomarkers of blood infection with LPS and poly (I:C) in mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:109806. [PMID: 39102971 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Blood transcriptomics has emerged as a vital tool for tracking the immune system and supporting disease diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, and research. The present study was conducted to analyze the gene expression profile and potential biomarker candidates using the whole blood of mandarin fish (Siniperca chuatsi) infected with LPS or poly (I:C) at 0h, 3h, 6h, and 12h. Our data suggest that 310 shared differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified among each comparison group after LPS infection, and 137 shared DEGs were identified after poly (I:C) infection. A total of 62 shared DEGs were differentially expressed in all compared groups after LPS or poly (I:C) infection. Pathways analysis for DEGs in all different compared groups showed that cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction was the most enrichment pathway. The expression levels of genes C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2-like (cxcr2), chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 9a (ccr9a), chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 9b (ccr9b), chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4b (cxcr4b), and interleukin 10 receptor alpha (il10ra) were significantly different in all compared groups and most enriched in cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway. The protein-protein interactions analysis among all shared DEGs showed that cxcr4 was the hub gene with the highest degree. The biomarker candidates discovered in this study may, following validation, prove effective as diagnostic tools in monitoring mandarin fish diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Shen
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China; Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; Observation and Research Station on Water Ecosystem in Danjiangkou Reservoir of Henan Province, Nanyang 474450, China
| | - Rahma Sakina Said Aly
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hewei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yufei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Huangshan Fisheries Station, Huangshan 245000, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaowu Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation for Aquatic Animal Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Majstorović J, Kyslík J, Klak K, Maciuszek M, Chan JTH, Korytář T, Holzer AS. Erythrocytes of the common carp are immune sentinels that sense pathogen molecular patterns, engulf particles and secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines against bacterial infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1407237. [PMID: 38947329 PMCID: PMC11211254 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1407237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Red blood cells (RBCs), also known as erythrocytes, are underestimated in their role in the immune system. In mammals, erythrocytes undergo maturation that involves the loss of nuclei, resulting in limited transcription and protein synthesis capabilities. However, the nucleated nature of non-mammalian RBCs is challenging this conventional understanding of RBCs. Notably, in bony fishes, research indicates that RBCs are not only susceptible to pathogen attacks but express immune receptors and effector molecules. However, given the abundance of RBCs and their interaction with every physiological system, we postulate that they act in surveillance as sentinels, rapid responders, and messengers. Methods We performed a series of in vitro experiments with Cyprinus carpio RBCs exposed to Aeromonas hydrophila, as well as in vivo laboratory infections using different concentrations of bacteria. Results qPCR revealed that RBCs express genes of several inflammatory cytokines. Using cyprinid-specific antibodies, we confirmed that RBCs secreted tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ). In contrast to these indirect immune mechanisms, we observed that RBCs produce reactive oxygen species and, through transmission electron and confocal microscopy, that RBCs can engulf particles. Finally, RBCs expressed and upregulated several putative toll-like receptors, including tlr4 and tlr9, in response to A. hydrophila infection in vivo. Discussion Overall, the RBC repertoire of pattern recognition receptors, their secretion of effector molecules, and their swift response make them immune sentinels capable of rapidly detecting and signaling the presence of foreign pathogens. By studying the interaction between a bacterium and erythrocytes, we provide novel insights into how the latter may contribute to overall innate and adaptive immune responses of teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Majstorović
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jiří Kyslík
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Katarzyna Klak
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Maciuszek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Justin T. H. Chan
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Fish Health Division, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Astrid S. Holzer
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
- Fish Health Division, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Yang S, Bai Y, Tao J, Tu C, Chen B, Huang X, Zhang L, Liu L, Li L, Qin Z. Exploration of the immune response of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) erythrocytes during bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109526. [PMID: 38554743 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In teleost blood, red blood cells (RBCs) are the most common type of cell, and they differ from mammalian RBCs in having a nucleus and other organelles. As nucleated cells, teleost RBCs contribute to the immune response against pathogens, but their antibacterial mechanism remains unclear. Here, we utilized RNA-Seq to analyze gene expression patterns of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) RBCs (GcRBCs) stimulated by Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus. Our transcriptomic data showed that bacterial stimulation generated many differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Furthermore, several inflammatory pathways responded to bacterial activation, and the TLR, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling pathways were significantly activated based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis. Furthermore, the findings of qRT-PCR showed markedly elevated expression of various cytokines, including IL-1β, IL4, IL6, IL8, IL12, and TNFα, in GcRBCs after incubation with bacteria. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in GcRBCs was markedly increased after the cells were stimulated with the three bacteria, and the expression of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, was altered. Flow cytometry analysis showed that the apoptosis rate of GcRBCs was enhanced after stimulation with the three bacteria for different times. In summary, our findings reveal that bacterial stimulation activates the immune response of GcRBCs by regulating ROS release, cytokine expression, and the antioxidant system, leading to apoptosis of GcRBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Yanhan Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Junjie Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Chengming Tu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xiaoman Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Linpeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Lihan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China.
| | - Zhendong Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China.
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Ortega L, Carrera C, Muñoz-Flores C, Salazar S, Villegas MF, Starck MF, Valenzuela A, Agurto N, Montesino R, Astuya A, Parra N, Pérez ET, Santibáñez N, Romero A, Ruíz P, Lamazares E, Reyes F, Sánchez O, Toledo JR, Acosta J. New insight into the biological activity of Salmo salar NK-lysin antimicrobial peptides. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1191966. [PMID: 38655253 PMCID: PMC11035819 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1191966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
NK-lysin is a potent antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites. NK-lysin is a type of granulysin, a member of the saposin-like proteins family first isolated from a pig's small intestine. In previous work, for the first time, we identified four variants of nk-lysin from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using EST sequences. In the present study, we reported and characterized two additional transcripts of NK-lysin from S. salar. Besides, we evaluated the tissue distribution of three NK-lysins from S. salar and assessed the antimicrobial, hemolytic, and immunomodulatory activities and signaling pathways of three NK-lysin-derived peptides. The synthetic peptides displayed antimicrobial activity against Piscirickettsia salmonis (LF-89) and Flavobacterium psychrophilum. These peptides induced the expression of immune genes related to innate and adaptive immune responses in vitro and in vivo. The immunomodulatory activity of the peptides involves the mitogen-activated protein kinases-mediated signaling pathway, including p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and/or c-Jun N-terminal kinases. Besides, the peptides modulated the immune response induced by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Our findings show that NK-lysin could be a highly effective immunostimulant or vaccine adjuvant for use in fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Crisleri Carrera
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Flores
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Santiago Salazar
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Milton F. Villegas
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María F. Starck
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ariel Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Piscicultura y Patología Acuática, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Niza Agurto
- Laboratorio de Piscicultura y Patología Acuática, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Raquel Montesino
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Allisson Astuya
- Laboratorio de Genómica Marina y Cultivo Celular, Departamento de Oceanografía y Centro de Investigación Oceanográfica en el Pacífico Sur Oriental (COPAS) Sur-Austral, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natalie Parra
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ercilia T. Pérez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP), Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Natacha Santibáñez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP), Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias (FONDAP), Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Ruíz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Emilio Lamazares
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Fátima Reyes
- Laboratorio de Biofármacos Recombinantes, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Oliberto Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Biofármacos Recombinantes, Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jorge R. Toledo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jannel Acosta
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Biofármacos, Departamento de Fisiopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
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Tao J, Tu C, Xu Z, Bai Y, Chen B, Yang S, Huang X, Zhang L, Liu L, Lin L, Qin Z. The infection of Aeromonas hydrophila activated Multiple programmed cell death pathways in red blood cells of Clarias fuscus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109315. [PMID: 38134975 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to mammalian red blood cells (RBCs), Osteichthyes RBCs contain a nucleus and organelles, suggesting the involvement of more intricate mechanisms, particularly in the context of ferroptosis. In this study, we utilized RBCs from Clarias fuscus (referred to as Cf-RBCs) as a model system. We conducted RNA-seq analysis to quantify gene expression levels in Cf-RBCs after exposure to both Aeromonas hydrophila and lipopolysaccharides. Our analysis unveiled 1326 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in Cf-RBCs following 4 h of incubation with A. hydrophila, comprising 715 and 611 genes with upregulated and downregulated expression, respectively. These DEGs were further categorized into functional clusters: 292 related to cellular processes, 241 involved in environmental information processing, 272 associated with genetic information processing, and 399 linked to organismal systems. Additionally, notable changes were observed in genes associated with the autophagy pathway at 4 h, and alterations in the ferroptosis pathway were observed at 8 h following A. hydrophila incubation. To validate these findings, we assessed the expression of cytokines (DMT1, TFR1, LC3, and GSS). All selected genes were significantly upregulated after exposure to A. hydrophila. Using flow cytometry, we evaluated the extent of ferroptosis, and the group incubated with A. hydrophila for 8 h exhibited higher levels of lipid peroxidation compared with the 4-h incubation group, even under baseline conditions. An evaluation of the glutathione redox system through GSSG/GSH ratios indicated an increased ratio in Cf-RBCs after exposure to A. hydrophila. In summary, our data suggest that A. hydrophila may induce ferroptosis in Cf-RBCs, potentially by triggering the cystine/glutamate antiporter system (system XC-), while Cf-RBCs counteract ferroptosis through the regulation of the glutathione redox system. These findings contribute to our understanding of the iron overload mechanism in Osteichthyes RBCs, provide insights into the management of bacterial diseases in Clarias fuscus, and offer potential strategies to mitigate economic losses in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Tao
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Chengming Tu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Zizheng Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Yanhan Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shiyi Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Xiaoman Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Linpeng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Lihan Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China.
| | - Zhendong Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China.
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7
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Buonocore F, Saraceni PR, Taddei AR, Miccoli A, Porcelli F, Borocci S, Gerdol M, Bugli F, Sanguinetti M, Fausto AM, Scapigliati G, Picchietti S. Antibacterial and anticancer activity of two NK-lysin-derived peptides from the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:109099. [PMID: 37734650 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The NK-lysin antimicrobial peptide, first identified in mammals, possesses both antibacterial and cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines. Homologue peptides isolated from different fish species have been examined for their functional characteristics in the last few years. In this study, a NK-lysin transcript was identified in silico from the head kidney transcriptome of the Antarctic teleost Trematomus bernacchii. The corresponding amino acid sequence, slightly longer than NK-lysins of other fish species, contains six cysteine residues that in mammalian counterparts form three disulphide bridges. Real time-PCR analysis indicated its predominant expression in T. bernacchii immune-related organs and tissues, with greatest mRNA abundance detected in gills and spleen. Instead of focusing on the full T. bernacchii derived NK-lysin mature molecule, we selected a 27 amino acid residue peptide (named NKL-WT), corresponding to the potent antibiotic NK-2 sequence found in human NK-lysin. Moreover, we designed a mutant peptide (named NKL-MUT) in which two alanine residues substitute the two cysteines found in the NKL-WT. The two peptides were obtained by solid phase organic synthesis to investigate their functional features. NKL-WT and NKL-MUT displayed antibacterial activity against the human pathogenic bacterium Enterococcus faecalis and the ESKAPE pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii, respectively. Moreover, at the determined Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration values against these pathogens, both peptides showed high selectivity as they did not exhibit any haemolytic activity on erythrocytes or cytotoxic activity against mammalian primary cell lines. Finally, the NKL-MUT selectively triggers the killing of the melanoma cell line B16F10 by means of a pro-apoptotic pathway at a concentration range in which no effects were found in normal mammalian cell lines. In conclusion, the two peptides could be considered as promising candidates in the fight against antibiotic resistance and tumour proliferative action, and also be used as innovative adjuvants, either to decrease chemotherapy side effects or to enhance anticancer drug activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Buonocore
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - P R Saraceni
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy; Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Development (ENEA), Division of Health Protection Technologies, 00123, Rome, Italy
| | - A R Taddei
- Center of Large Equipments, Section of Electron Microscopy, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università Snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A Miccoli
- National Research Council, Inst. for Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, 60125, Ancona, Italy
| | - F Porcelli
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S Borocci
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy; National Research Council, Inst. for Biological Systems (ISB-CNR) Secondary Office of Rome-Reaction Mechanisms c/o Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - M Gerdol
- Dept. of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - F Bugli
- Dept. of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, 00168, Italy; Dept. of Laboratory Sciences and Infectious Diseases, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - M Sanguinetti
- Dept. of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, 00168, Italy; Dept. of Laboratory Sciences and Infectious Diseases, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - A M Fausto
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - G Scapigliati
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - S Picchietti
- Dept. for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
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8
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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Lorenzoni M, Carosi A, Giari L, Bosi G. Teleost innate immunity, an intricate game between immune cells and parasites of fish organs: who wins, who loses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250835. [PMID: 37908358 PMCID: PMC10613888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish, comprising over 27,000 species, represent the oldest vertebrate group and possess both innate and adaptive immune systems. The susceptibility of most wild fish to parasitic infections and related diseases is well-established. Among all vertebrates, the digestive tract creates a remarkably favorable and nutrient-rich environment, which, in turn, renders it susceptible to microparasites and macroparasites. Consequently, metazoan parasites emerge as important disease agents, impacting both wild and farmed fish and resulting in substantial economic losses. Given their status as pathogenic organisms, these parasites warrant considerable attention. Helminths, a general term encompassing worms, constitute one of the most important groups of metazoan parasites in fish. This group includes various species of platyhelminthes (digeneans, cestodes), nematodes, and acanthocephalans. In addition, myxozoans, microscopic metazoan endoparasites, are found in water-dwelling invertebrates and vertebrate hosts. It is worth noting that several innate immune cells within the fish alimentary canal and certain visceral organs (e.g., liver, spleen, and gonads) play active roles in the immune response against parasites. These immune cells include macrophages, neutrophils, rodlet cells, and mast cells also known as eosinophilic granular cells. At the site of intestinal infection, helminths often impact mucous cells number and alter mucus composition. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art on the occurrence and characteristics of innate immune cells in the digestive tract and other visceral organs in different fish-parasite systems. The data, coming especially from studies employed immunohistochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural analyses, provide evidence supporting the involvement of teleost innate immune cells in modulating inflammatory responses to metazoan and protozoan parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Lorenzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Carosi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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9
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Huang Y, Wu B, Yang Y, Li W, Han F. Cloning, subcellular localization and antibacterial functional analysis of NK-lysin in yellow drum (Nibea albiflora). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109061. [PMID: 37683807 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio harveyi is the primary pathogenic bacteria affecting Nibea albiflora aquaculture. In a previous phase, our laboratory intentionally exposed N. albiflora to V. harveyi and analyzed the outcomes using a combination of genome-wide association study (GWAS) and RNA-seq. The results revealed that the antimicrobial peptide NK-lysin (YdNkl-1) was a candidate gene for resistance to V. harveyi disease in N. albiflora. To investigate the role of the antimicrobial peptide NK-lysin in N. albiflora's antimicrobial immunity, we screened the YdNkl-1 gene from the transcriptome database. The full-length cDNA of YdNkl-1 gene is 508 bp, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 477 bp, encoding 158 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of YdNkl-1 contains a signal peptide (1st-22nd amino acids) and a Saposin B domain (50th-124th amino acids), akin to mammalian NK-lysin. Phylogenetic tree analysis confirmed that the NK-lysin of teleost fish clustered into a single species, and YdNkl-1 was most closely related to Larimichthys crocea. Subcellular localization showed that YdNkl-1 was distributed in cytoplasm and nucleus of yellow drum kidney cells. Furthermore, YdNkl-1 mRNA transcripts were significantly up-regulated in the skin, gill, intestine, head-kidney, liver, and spleen after V. harveyi infection, suggesting a critical role in N. albiflora's defense against V. harveyi infection. Additionally, we purified and observed the YdNkl-1 protein, which exhibited a potent membrane-disrupting effect on V. harveyi, Pseudomonas plecoglossicida, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. These findings underscore the significance of NK-lysin in N. albiflora's resistance to V. harveyi infection and provide new insights into the crucial role of NK-lysin in the innate immunity of teleost fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, PR China
| | - Baolan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, PR China
| | - Yao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, PR China
| | - Wanbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, PR China
| | - Fang Han
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Fishery Resources and Eco-environment, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361000, PR China.
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10
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Wang CB, Yan X, Wang GH, Liu WQ, Wang Y, Hao DF, Liu HM, Zhang M. NKHs27, a sevenband grouper NK-Lysin peptide that possesses immunoregulatory and antimicrobial activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108715. [PMID: 37001746 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
As an effective and broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide, NK-Lysin is attracted more and more attention at present. However, the functions and action mechanism of NK-Lysin peptides are still not comprehensive enough at present. In this study, a sevenband grouper (Hyporthodus septemfasciatus) NK-Lysin peptide, NKHs27, was identified and synthesized, and its biological functions were studied. The results indicated that NKHs27 shares 44.44%∼88.89% overall sequence identities with other teleost NK-Lysin peptides. The following antibacterial activity assay exhibited that NKHs27 was active against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Listonella anguillarum, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus. Additionally, NKHs27 showed a synergistic effect when it was combined with rifampicin or erythromycin. In the process of interaction with the L. anguillarum cells, NKHs27 changed the cell membrane permeability and retained its morphological integrity, then penetrated into the cytoplasm to act on genomic DNA or total RNA. Then, in vitro studies showed that NKHs27 could enhance the respiratory burst ability of macrophages and upregulate immune-related genes expression in it. Moreover, NKHs27 incubation improved the proliferation of peripheral blood leukocytes significantly. Finally, in vivo studies showed that administration of NKHs27 prior to bacterial infection significantly reduced pathogen dissemination and replication in tissues. In summary, these results provide new insights into the function of NK-Lysin peptides in teleost and support that NKHs27, as a novel broad-spectrum antibacterial peptide, has potential applications in aquaculture against pathogenic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Biao Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Xue Yan
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Guang-Hua Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Wen-Qing Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Yue Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Dong-Fang Hao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Hong-Mei Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Min Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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11
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Fuess LE, Bolnick DI. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Microevolution of the Stickleback Immune System. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad053. [PMID: 37039516 PMCID: PMC10116603 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk and severity of pathogen infections in humans, livestock, or wild organisms depend on host immune function, which can vary between closely related host populations or even among individuals. This immune variation can entail between-population differences in immune gene coding sequences, copy number, or expression. In recent years, many studies have focused on population divergence in immunity using whole-tissue transcriptomics. But, whole-tissue transcriptomics cannot distinguish between evolved differences in gene regulation within cells, versus changes in cell composition within the focal tissue. Here, we leverage single-cell transcriptomic approaches to document signatures of microevolution of immune system structure in a natural system, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We sampled nine adult fish from three populations with variability in resistance to a cestode parasite, Schistocephalus solidus, to create the first comprehensive immune cell atlas for G. aculeatus. Eight broad immune cell types, corresponding to major vertebrate immune cells, were identified. We were also able to document significant variation in both abundance and expression profiles of the individual immune cell types among the three populations of fish. Furthermore, we demonstrate that identified cell type markers can be used to reinterpret traditional transcriptomic data: we reevaluate previously published whole-tissue transcriptome data from a quantitative genetic experimental infection study to gain better resolution relating infection outcomes to inferred cell type variation. Our combined study demonstrates the power of single-cell sequencing to not only document evolutionary phenomena (i.e., microevolution of immune cells) but also increase the power of traditional transcriptomic data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Fuess
- Department of Biology, Texas State University
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut
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12
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Chan JTH, Picard-Sánchez A, Majstorović J, Rebl A, Koczan D, Dyčka F, Holzer AS, Korytář T. Red blood cells in proliferative kidney disease-rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected by Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae harbor IgM + red blood cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1041325. [PMID: 36875079 PMCID: PMC9975563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1041325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The myxozoan parasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae is the causative agent of proliferative kidney disease (PKD)-a disease of salmonid fishes, notably of the commercially farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Both wild and farmed salmonids are threatened by this virulent/deadly disease, a chronic immunopathology characterized by massive lymphocyte proliferation and hyperplasia, which manifests as swollen kidneys in susceptible hosts. Studying the immune response towards the parasite helps us understand the causes and consequences of PKD. While examining the B cell population during a seasonal outbreak of PKD, we unexpectedly detected the B cell marker immunoglobulin M (IgM) on red blood cells (RBCs) of infected farmed rainbow trout. Here, we studied the nature of this IgM and this IgM+ cell population. We verified the presence of surface IgM via parallel approaches: flow cytometry, microscopy, and mass spectrometry. The levels of surface IgM (allowing complete resolution of IgM- RBCs from IgM+ RBCs) and frequency of IgM+ RBCs (with up to 99% of RBCs being positive) have not been described before in healthy fishes nor those suffering from disease. To assess the influence of the disease on these cells, we profiled the transcriptomes of teleost RBCs in health and disease. Compared to RBCs originating from healthy fish, PKD fundamentally altered RBCs in their metabolism, adhesion, and innate immune response to inflammation. In summary, RBCs play a larger role in host immunity than previously appreciated. Specifically, our findings indicate that the nucleated RBCs of rainbow trout interact with host IgM and contribute to the immune response in PKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T H Chan
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Amparo Picard-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Jovana Majstorović
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Koczan
- Core Facility for Microarray Analysis, Institute for Immunology, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Filip Dyčka
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Astrid S Holzer
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Division of Fish Health, Veterinary University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomáš Korytář
- Laboratory of Fish Protistology, Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Institute of Aquaculture and Protection of Waters, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
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13
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Zhang H, Cao Z, Diao Q, Zhou Y, Ao J, Liu C, Sun Y. Antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of a derived antimicrobial peptide TroNKL-27 from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) NK-lysin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:357-369. [PMID: 35661768 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
NK-lysin, a homologue of granulysin among human, is predominantly found in natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, which plays a pivotal part in innate immune responses against diverse pathogenic bacteria. Nonetheless, in teleosts, the research on antimicrobial activity and mechanisms of NK-lysin are seldom reported. In this study, we determined the antimicrobial activity of the truncated peptide TroNKL-27 that derived from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) NK-lysin, and investigated its antimicrobial mechanisms. The results showed that TroNKL-27 had considerable antimicrobial potency against both Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae) and Gram-negative bacteria (Vibrio harveyi, V. alginolyticus, Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda). Cytoplasmic membrane depolarization and propidium iodide (PI) uptake assay manifested that TroNKL-27 could induce the bacterial membrane depolarization and change its membrane permeability, respectively. In the light of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation, TroNKL-27 was capable of altering morphological structures of bacteria and leading to leakage of cellular contents. Moreover, the results of gel retardation assay indicated TroNKL-27 had the ability to induce the degradation of bacterial genomic DNA. As regards in vivo assay, TroNKL-27 could reduce the replication of V. harveyi in tissues of golden pompano, protect the tissue from pathological changes. Moreover, TroNKL-27 in vivo could significantly increase the expression of the immune genes (such as IL1β, TNFα, IFN-γ, C3 and Mx) in presence or absence of V. harveyi infection. All of these results suggest that TroNKL-27 is a novel antimicrobial peptide possessing antibacterial and immunoregulatory function in vivo and in vitro, and the observed effects of TroNKL-27 will lay a solid foundation for the development of new antimicrobial agents used in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Zhenjie Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Qianying Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Yongcan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China
| | - Jingqun Ao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China.
| | - Yun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, PR China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, PR China.
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14
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Recent Discoveries on Marine Organism Immunomodulatory Activities. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070422. [PMID: 35877715 PMCID: PMC9324980 DOI: 10.3390/md20070422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine organisms have been shown to be a valuable source for biologically active compounds for the prevention and treatment of cancer, inflammation, immune system diseases, and other pathologies. The advantage of studying organisms collected in the marine environment lies in their great biodiversity and in the variety of chemical structures of marine natural products. Various studies have focused on marine organism compounds with potential pharmaceutical applications, for instance, as immunomodulators, to treat cancer and immune-mediated diseases. Modulation of the immune system is defined as any change in the immune response that can result in the induction, expression, amplification, or inhibition of any phase of the immune response. Studies very often focus on the effects of marine-derived compounds on macrophages, as well as lymphocytes, by analyzing the release of mediators (cytokines) by using the immunological assay enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Western blot, immunofluorescence, and real-time PCR. The main sources are fungi, bacteria, microalgae, macroalgae, sponges, mollusks, corals, and fishes. This review is focused on the marine-derived molecules discovered in the last three years as potential immunomodulatory drugs.
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15
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Antigen Presentation and Autophagy in Teleost Adaptive Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094899. [PMID: 35563287 PMCID: PMC9103719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a burden for aquaculture. Antigen processing and presentation (APP) to the immune effector cells that fight pathogens is key in the adaptive immune response. At the core of the adaptive immunity that appeared in lower vertebrates during evolution are the variable genes encoding the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). MHC class I molecules mainly present peptides processed in the cytosol by the proteasome and transported to the cell surface of all cells through secretory compartments. Professional antigen-presenting cells (pAPC) also express MHC class II molecules, which normally present peptides processed from exogenous antigens through lysosomal pathways. Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradation process that is conserved in all eukaryotes and is induced by starvation to contribute to cellular homeostasis. Self-digestion during autophagy mainly occurs by the fusion of autophagosomes, which engulf portions of cytosol and fuse with lysosomes (macroautophagy) or assisted by chaperones (chaperone-mediated autophagy, CMA) that deliver proteins to lysosomes. Thus, during self-degradation, antigens can be processed to be presented by the MHC to immune effector cells, thus, linking autophagy to APP. This review is focused on the essential components of the APP that are conserved in teleost fish and the increasing evidence related to the modulation of APP and autophagy during pathogen infection.
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16
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Chen RY, Chen J, Liu ZM, Lin ZH, Guo ZP. Barbel steed (Hemibarbus labeo) NK-lysin protects against Aeromonas hydrophila infection via immunomodulatory activity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 122:104114. [PMID: 33945835 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
NK-lysins (NKLs) are a family of multifunctional antimicrobial peptides that have activity against various microorganisms. However, the immunomodulatory activity of NKL in fish remains unclear. In this study, the cDNA sequence of barbel steed (Hemibarbus labeo) NKL gene was cloned. Barbel steed NKL amino acid sequence comprised a signal peptide and a mature peptide. The saposin B domain in the mature peptide has six conserved cysteines that form three disulfide bonds. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the barbel steed NKL was most closely related to that of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) NKL. Differential expression analysis showed that the barbel steed NKL gene was expressed in all tested tissues, with the highest expression in the spleen. In response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection, NKL was significantly upregulated in the liver, spleen, head kidney, and gill. The barbel steed NKL showed strong antibacterial activity against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. alginolyticus, V. vulnificus, and Listeria monocytogenes. However, NKL had no antibacterial activity against the pathogenic bacteria A. hydrophila. Lactate dehydrogenase release assays showed that NKL damaged the V. parahaemolyticus cell membrane. NKL significantly increased barbel steed survival rate after A. hydrophila infection and upregulated IL-1β and TNF-α expression in the spleen and head kidney. NKL induced monocyte/macrophage chemotaxis and enhanced the respiratory burst and proinflammatory cytokine expression. Our study shows that fish NKL exhibits immunomodulatory effects and protects the host from pathogenic infections independent of direct bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Yi Chen
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China.
| | - Zi-Ming Liu
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Lin
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China.
| | - Zhi-Ping Guo
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui, 323000, China
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17
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Valero Y, González-Fernández C, Cárdenas C, Guzmán F, León R, Cuesta A. NK-lysin peptides ameliorate viral encephalopathy and retinopathy disease signs and provide partial protection against nodavirus infection in European sea bass. Antiviral Res 2021; 192:105104. [PMID: 34087253 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2021.105104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) comprise a wide range of small molecules with direct antibacterial activity and immunostimulatory role and are proposed as promising substitutes of the antibiotics. Additionally, they also exert a role against other pathogens such as viruses and fungi less evaluated. NK-lysin, a human granulysin orthologue, possess a double function, taking part in the innate immunity as AMP and also as direct effector in the cell-mediated cytotoxic (CMC) response. This molecule is suggested as a pivotal molecule involved in the defence upon nervous necrosis virus (NNV), an epizootic virus provoking serious problems in welfare and health status in Asian and Mediterranean fish destined to human consumption. Having proved that NK-lysin derived peptides (NKLPs) have a direct antiviral activity against NNV in vitro, we aimed to evaluate their potential use as a prophylactic treatment for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), one of the most susceptible cultured-fish species. Thus, intramuscular injection of synthetic NKLPs resulted in a very low transcriptional response of some innate and adaptive immune markers. However, the injection of NKLPs ameliorated disease signs and increased fish survival upon challenge with pathogenic NNV. Although NKLPs showed promising results in treatments against NNV, more efforts are needed to understand their mechanisms of action and their applicability to the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Fernández
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Constanza Cárdenas
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rosa León
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de Huelva, 2110, Huelva, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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18
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Yang M, Lu Z, Li F, Shi F, Zhan F, Zhao L, Li Y, Li J, Lin L, Qin Z. Escherichia coli induced ferroptosis in red blood cells of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 112:159-167. [PMID: 33017637 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The red blood cells (RBCs) of fish make up around 95% of the total peripheral blood cells, and the long-held paradigm is that RBCs are mainly responsible for transporting oxygen. Previous studies have showed that the RBCs can be involved in the immune response against bacterial infection; however, this mechanism remains enigmatic. Here, we explored the structure of grass carp RBCs (GcRBCs). The results showed that the GcRBCs released a pseudopodia-like structure when grown in a 24-well plate, and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM) result showed that GcRBCs contained some organelle-like structures. To further verify the organelle-like structures might be the mitochondria and lysosome which similar to other immune cells, a fluorescent labeling assay was used to verify it. To decipher the antibacterial immunity of GcRBCs, transcriptomic profiling of grass carp RBCs after the incubation with E. coli was analyzed. The results showed that there were 4099 differently expressed genes (DEGs) of GcRBCs upon E. coli incubation, including 2041 up-regulated and 2058 down-regulated genes. In addition, to validate our transcriptomic data, we checked the expression of several cytokines, such as CCL4, CCL20, IL4, IL12 and IFN-α, and the results showed that all the selected gens were significantly up-regulated after E. coli incubation. Furthermore, E. coli incubation induced hemoglobin oxidation and increased the heme in GcRBCs, which further activated the expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1), autophagy related genes 5 (ATG5), and ferritin. In contrast, E. coli incubation inhibited the expression of Ferroportin-1 (FPN1), which increased intracellular iron levels, induced Fenton reaction to release reactive oxygen species (ROS), and activated the ferroptosis signaling pathway in GcRBCs. Herein, we demonstrate that E. coli can induce teleost RBCs cell death through an iron-mediated ferroptosis pathway, which sheds new light on the interaction between bacteria and teleost RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxuan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Zhijie Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Fenglin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Fanbin Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524025, China.
| | - Zhendong Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhanjiang, 524025, China.
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19
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Blood Transcriptomics of Turbot Scophthalmus maximus: A Tool for Health Monitoring and Disease Studies. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11051296. [PMID: 33946507 PMCID: PMC8147184 DOI: 10.3390/ani11051296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The analysis of blood gene expression is emerging as a relevant source of information about the health status of an organism. While these investigations are increasingly performed in human and terrestrial animals, their potential is still underexplored in fish pathology. The aim of this work was to analyze the blood transcriptional profile of a commercially important flatfish species, turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), in healthy and diseased specimens. The analysis of the most expressed genes in healthy fish indicated that turbot red blood cells have important immunological functions. In diseased fish, parasitized by a myxozoan, the blood analysis reflected a broad inhibition of the immune response followed by intense inflammatory activation in heavy infections. The results showed that turbot response appears delayed, dysregulated and ineffective in stopping the infection. Particularly, a proper development of the adaptive immune response was lacking. This study points out that blood gene expression profiling is a reliable tool for health monitoring, as well as to advance in the knowledge of fish immunity and diseases. Abstract Blood transcriptomics is emerging as a relevant tool to monitor the status of the immune system and assist in diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and pathogenesis studies of diseases. In fish pathology, the potential of transcriptome profiling of blood is still poorly explored. Here, RNA sequencing was applied to analyze the blood transcriptional profile of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus), the most important farmed flatfish. The study was conducted in healthy specimens and specimens parasitized by the myxozoan Enteromyxum scophthalmi, which causes one of the most devastating diseases in turbot aquaculture. The blood of healthy turbot showed a transcriptomic profile mainly related to erythrocyte gas transportation function, but also to antigen processing and presentation. In moderately infected turbot, the blood reflected a broad inhibition of the immune response. Particularly, down-regulation of the B cell receptor signaling pathway was shared with heavily parasitized fish, which showed larger transcriptomic changes, including the activation of the inflammatory response. Turbot response to enteromyxosis proved to be delayed, dysregulated and ineffective in stopping the infection. The study evinces that blood transcriptomics can contribute to a better understanding of the teleost immune system and serve as a reliable tool to investigate the physiopathological status of fish.
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20
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Stosik M, Tokarz-Deptuła B, Deptuła J, Deptuła W. Immune Functions of Erythrocytes in Osteichthyes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1914. [PMID: 33072066 PMCID: PMC7533606 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs)—erythrocytes—of Osteichthyes are primarily known for their involvement in the process of gas exchange and respiration. Currently, physiological properties of RCBs in fish should also include their ability to participate in defense processes as part of the innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. In response to viruses, bacteria, and fungi or recombinant nanoparticles, they can modulate expression of genes responsible for immune reactions, influence activity of leukocytes, and produce cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and paracrine intercellular signaling molecules. Via the complement system (CR1 receptor) and owing to their phagocytic properties (erythrophagocytosis), RBCs of Osteichthyes can eliminate pathogens. In addition, they are probably involved in the immune response as antigen-presenting cells via major histocompatibility complex class II antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Stosik
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra Góra, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Deptuła
- International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wiesław Deptuła
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland
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21
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Chu P, He L, Huang R, Liao L, Li Y, Zhu Z, Hu W, Wang Y. Autophagy Inhibits Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) Replication and Protects Ctenopharyngodon idella Kidney (CIK) Cells from Excessive Inflammatory Responses after GCRV Infection. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1296. [PMID: 32911775 PMCID: PMC7564910 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an essential and highly conserved process in mammals, which is critical to maintaining physiological homeostasis, including cell growth, development, repair, and survival. However, the understanding of autophagy in fish virus replication is limited. In this study, we found that grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection stimulated autophagy in the spleen of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Moreover, both Western blot (WB) analysis and fluorescent tracer tests showed that GCRV infection induced the enhancement of autophagy activation in Ctenopharyngodon idella kidney (CIK) cells. Autophagy inducer rapamycin and autophagy inhibitor 3-MA pretreatment can inhibit and promote the proliferation of GCRV, respectively. In addition, grass carp autophagy-related gene 5 (CiATG5)-induced autophagy, as well as rapamycin, showed effects on GCRV replication in CIK cells. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the total number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in CiATG5 overexpression groups was less than that of the control during GCRV infection. Enrichment analysis showed that CiATG5 overexpression induced the enhancement of autophagy, lysosome, phagosome, and apoptosis in the early stage of GCRV infection, which led to the clearance of viruses. In the late stage, steroid biosynthesis, DNA replication, terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, and carbon metabolism were upregulated, which contributed to cell survival. Moreover, signaling pathways involved in the immune response and cell death were downregulated in CiATG5 overexpression groups. Further study showed that CiATG5 repressed the expression of inflammatory response genes, including cytokines and type I interferons. Taken together, the results demonstrate that autophagy represses virus replication and attenuates acute inflammatory responses to protect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (P.C.); (R.H.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Libo He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (P.C.); (R.H.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.H.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (P.C.); (R.H.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.H.)
| | - Lanjie Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (P.C.); (R.H.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.H.)
| | - Yongming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (P.C.); (R.H.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.H.)
| | - Zuoyan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (P.C.); (R.H.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.H.)
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (P.C.); (R.H.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.H.)
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (P.C.); (R.H.); (L.L.); (Y.L.); (Z.Z.); (W.H.)
- Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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22
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Liu B, Liu GD, Guo HY, Zhu KC, Guo L, Liu BS, Zhang N, Jiang SG, Zhang DC. Functional characterization of NK-lysin in golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:103658. [PMID: 32087193 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
NK-lysin is an important part of the innate immune defence system and plays an important role in resisting the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. In this study, NK-lysin from golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) was characterized and its expression in response to Photobacterium damselae was investigated. The full-length NK-lysin cDNA was 731 bp, which comprised a 5'-UTR of 63 bp, an ORF of 444 bp, and a 3'-UTR of 224 bp, and encoded 147 amino acids; NK-lysin consisted of a conserved saposin B domain and six conserved cysteines that formed three pairs of disulfide bonds. The genomic organization of NK-lysin was also determined and the gene consisted of four introns and five exons. The predicted promoter region of ToNK-lysin contained several putative transcription factor binding sites. Quantitative real-time (qRT-PCR) analysis indicated that ToNK-lysin was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues; the highest mRNA levels were observed in the skin, kidney and intestine, while the lowest expression level was detected in the stomach. After P. damselae stimulation, the expression level of NK-lysin mRNA was significantly upregulated in various tissues of golden pompano. In addition, SDS-PAGE showed that the molecular mass of recombinant NK-lysin expressed in pGEX-6P-1 was approximately 37 kDa. The purified recombinant protein showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The results indicate that golden pompano NK-lysin has potential antimicrobial roles in fish innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guang-Dong Liu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hua-Yang Guo
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ke-Cheng Zhu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang Guo
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Bao-Suo Liu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shi-Gui Jiang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dian-Chang Zhang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 510300, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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23
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Valero Y, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. NK-lysin is highly conserved in European sea bass and gilthead seabream but differentially modulated during the immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 99:435-441. [PMID: 32088283 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fish NK-lysin (NKL), an orthologous to human granulysin, exerts a dual role as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) and as a direct executor of T cytotoxic and natural killer cells during the cell-mediated cytotoxic (CMC) response. Although its best-known function is as AMP against bacteria, recent studies point to a special role of NKL in antiviral responses. Nodavirus (NNV) is a spreading threat in Mediterranean aquaculture. In this study, we have identified and compared the expression pattern of European sea bass and gilthead seabream NKL and evaluated its transcription in different tissues and its regulation in head-kidney leucocyte (HKLs) stimulated in vitro with different immunostimulants, under CMC response and upon an in vivo infection with NNV. Our results showed that nkl transcription is highly expressed in spleen, thymus and skin with species-specific differences. Interestingly, the expression pattern in both species was very different upon treatment. While sea bass nkl transcription was increased in HKLs by the T mitogen phytohemagglutinin all the stimulators inhibited it in seabream HKLs. Similar results occurred in NNV-infected fish where the transcription was increased in sea bass tissues and down-regulated in seabream. Curiously, during CMC assays, nkl transcription was significantly increased in seabream HKLs against NNV-infected fish cell lines but this was not observed in sea bass leucocytes. The potential role of NKL as CMC effector molecule or as AMP in fish will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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24
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Valero Y, Arizcun M, Cortés J, Ramírez-Cepeda F, Guzmán F, Mercado L, Esteban MÁ, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. NK-lysin, dicentracin and hepcidin antimicrobial peptides in European sea bass. Ontogenetic development and modulation in juveniles by nodavirus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103516. [PMID: 31593708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered to be amongst the most powerful tools for the fight against pathogens in fish, since they form part of the innate immune response, which is especially vital in eggs and early larval stages, when the immune system is developing. The fish responsible for a large part of the profits in Mediterranean aquaculture is European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), a species greatly susceptible to nodavirus (NNV), especially in the larval and juvenile stages. In this work, polyclonal antibodies were developed and used to detect and quantify NK-lysin, dicentracin and hepcidin AMPs in European sea bass eggs and during larval development, as well as to evaluate their regulation in juvenile specimens upon NNV infection. Basal and detectable levels of all the AMPs studied were present in eggs, confirming the maternal transfer of peptides, which increased in one or two waves during larval development up to 69 days post-fertilization. After NNV infection, the mRNA of all the AMPs analysed was up-regulated five days after infection in most of the tissues, whilst peptide quantification of all three AMPs decreased in the brain, the target tissue for NNV, but increased in the head-kidney 5 days after infection. Further research should be carried out to ascertain the role of AMPs in fish innate immunity and to understand how NNV evades the immune response to be disseminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía S/n, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain; Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía S/n, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jimena Cortés
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Felipe Ramírez-Cepeda
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía S/n, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía S/n, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía S/n, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain.
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25
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Particle and bacteria uptake by Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) red blood cells: Size dependence and pathway specificity. Tissue Cell 2019; 61:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Librán-Pérez M, Pereiro P, Figueras A, Novoa B. Antiviral activity of palmitic acid via autophagic flux inhibition in zebrafish (Danio rerio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 95:595-605. [PMID: 31676430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FAs) are key elements that affect not only growth but also different immune functions, and therefore, nutrition is important for growing healthy fish. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a good model for assessing the beneficial effects of immunostimulants, including FAs, before applying them in aquaculture. Accordingly, this study evaluated the effects of palmitic acid (PA) treatment on different immune parameters of zebrafish and on the mortality caused by the spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). The results suggest that PA modulates the infection outcome in vivo, which benefits zebrafish and results in reduced mortality and viral titres. The antiviral protection elicited by this FA seems to be associated with the inhibition of autophagy and is independent of other immune processes, such as neutrophil proliferation or type I interferon (IFN) activity. The use of PA as an immunostimulant at low concentrations showed great potential in the prevention of SVCV infections; therefore, this FA could help to prevent the mortality and morbidity caused by viral agents in aquacultured fish. Nevertheless, the potentially detrimental effects of suppressing autophagy in the organism should be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Librán-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Antonio Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
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Zhang M, Wang Z, Wang C, Ma X, Cheng G, Qiao Y. Identification and characterization of five Nk-lysins from Pseudocrossocheilus bamaensis and their diverse expression patterns in response to bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:346-354. [PMID: 31499205 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nk-lysin is an effector protein of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells. It is known to possess anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-viral, and anti-tumor activity. Here we describe five Nk-lysin genes (PbNkla, PbNklb, PbNklc, PbNkld, and PbNkle) from Pseudocrossocheilus bamaensis, a rare indigenous species distributed in Guangxi, China. The open reading frames (ORFs) consisted of 426 (PbNkla), 435 (PbNklb), 369 (PbNklc), 366 (PbNkld), and 339 (PbNkle) bp nucleic acids. The surfactant-associated protein B (SapB) domain and six conserved cysteine residues were identified in each PbNkl gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed similar results to homology comparison that PbNkla and PbNklb consist of five exons and four introns and grouped together, whereas PbNklc and PbNkld each contain four exons and three introns and formed a separate clade. PbNkle had three exons and two introns and formed an independent clade separate from the four other PbNkls. qPCR analysis demonstrated that PbNkla, PbNklc, PbNkld, and PbNkle were ubiquitously expressed in all tissues examined, whereas PbNklb was expressed only after bacterial infection. Aeromonas hydrophila challenge significantly up- and down-regulated PbNkls at different time points post-injection and in different immune-related tissues. These results suggested that PbNkls were conserved immune molecules that may be involved in the immune response to pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Zhenguang Wang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Conggang Wang
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Xiaowan Ma
- The Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China.
| | - Guangping Cheng
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Aquatic Healthy Breeding and Nutrition Regulation, College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530000, China
| | - Ying Qiao
- The Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China
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28
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Ding FF, Li CH, Chen J. Molecular characterization of the NK-lysin in a teleost fish, Boleophthalmus pectinirostris: Antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory activity on monocytes/macrophages. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:256-264. [PMID: 31200076 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
NK-lysin (NKL) is a cationic host defense peptide that plays an important role in host immune responses against various pathogens. However, the immunomodulatory activity of NKL in fishes is rarely investigated. In this study, we characterized a cDNA sequence encoding an NK-lysin homolog (BpNKL) from the fish, mudskipper (Boleophthalmus pectinirostris). Sequence analysis revealed that BpNKL is most closely related to tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes) NKL. BpNKL transcript was detected in all the tested tissues, with the highest level in the gill, followed by the spleen and kidney. Upon Edwardsiella tarda infection, the mRNA expression of BpNKL in the mudskipper was significantly upregulated in the spleen, kidney, and gill. A shortened peptide derived from BpNKL, BpNKLP40, was then chemically synthesized and its biological functions were investigated. BpNKLP40 exhibited a direct antibacterial activity against some Gram-negative bacteria, including E. tarda, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus, and Vibrio harveyi, and induced hydrolysis of E. tarda genomic DNA. Intraperitoneal injection of 1.0 μg/g BpNKLP40 significantly improved the survival of mudskipper following E. tarda infection and reduced the bacterial burden in tissues and blood. Moreover, 1.0 μg/ml BpNKLP40 treatment had an enhanced effect on the intracellular killing of E. tarda by monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ) as well as on the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in MO/MФ. In conclusion, our study reveals that BpNKL plays a role against E. tarda infection in the mudskipper by not only directly killing bacteria but also through an immunomodulatory activity on MO/MФ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Chang-Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China; Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Meishan Campus, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315832, China.
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29
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Puente-Marin S, Nombela I, Chico V, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Perez LG, Coll J, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Potential Role of Rainbow Trout Erythrocytes as Mediators in the Immune Response Induced by a DNA Vaccine in Fish. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E60. [PMID: 31277329 PMCID: PMC6789471 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, fish nucleated red blood cells (RBCs) have been implicated in the response against viral infections. We have demonstrated that rainbow trout RBCs can express the antigen encoded by a DNA vaccine against viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and mount an immune response to the antigen in vitro. In this manuscript, we show, for the first time, the role of RBCs in the immune response triggered by DNA immunization of rainbow trout with glycoprotein G of VHSV (GVHSV). Transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of RBCs revealed genes and proteins involved in antigen processing and presentation of exogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I, the Fc receptor signaling pathway, the autophagy pathway, and the activation of the innate immune response, among others. On the other hand, GVHSV-transfected RBCs induce specific antibodies against VHSV in the serum of rainbow trout which shows that RBCs expressing a DNA vaccine are able to elicit a humoral response. These results open a new direction in the research of vaccination strategies for fish since rainbow trout RBCs actively participate in the innate and adaptive immune response in DNA vaccination. Based on our findings, we suggest the use of RBCs as target cells or carriers for the future design of novel vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Puente-Marin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Ivan Nombela
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Veronica Chico
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Garcia Perez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Biotecnología, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
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30
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Pereiro P, Figueras A, Novoa B. Insights into teleost interferon-gamma biology: An update. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:150-164. [PMID: 31028897 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma (IFN-ϒ) is probably one of the most relevant cytokines orchestrating the immune response in vertebrates. Although the activities mediated by this molecule are well known in mammals, several aspects of the IFN-ϒ system in teleosts remain a riddle to scientists. Numerous studies support a potentially similar role of the fish IFN-ϒ signalling pathway in some well-described immunological processes induced by this cytokine in mammals. Nevertheless, the existence in some teleost species of duplicated ifng genes and an additional gene derived from ifng known as interferon-γ-related (ifngrel), among other things, raises new interesting questions about the mode of action of these various molecules in fish. Moreover, certain IFN-ϒ-mediated activities recently observed in mammals are still fully unknown in fish. Another attractive but mainly unexplored curious property of IFN-ϒ in vertebrates is its potential dual role depending on the type of pathogen. In addition, some aspects mediated by this molecule could favour the resolution of a bacterial infection but be harmful in the context of a viral disease, and vice versa. This review collects old and new aspects of IFN-ϒ research in teleosts and discusses new questions and pathways of investigation based on recent discoveries in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), CSIC, Vigo, Spain.
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Nombela I, Requena-Platek R, Morales-Lange B, Chico V, Puente-Marin S, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Coll J, Perez L, Mercado L, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Rainbow Trout Red Blood Cells Exposed to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Up-Regulate Antigen-Processing Mechanisms and MHC I&II, CD86, and CD83 Antigen-presenting Cell Markers. Cells 2019; 8:E386. [PMID: 31035565 PMCID: PMC6562805 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleated teleost red blood cells (RBCs) are known to express molecules from the major histocompatibility complex and peptide-generating processes such as autophagy and proteasomes, but the role of RBCs in antigen presentation of viruses have not been studied yet. In this study, RBCs exposed ex vivo to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) were evaluated by means of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Genes and proteins related to antigen presentation molecules, proteasome degradation, and autophagy were up-regulated. VHSV induced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in ex vivo VHSV-exposed RBCs and showed at the same time a decrease of proteasome activity. Furthermore, induction of autophagy was detected by evaluating LC3 protein levels. Sequestosome-1/p62 underwent degradation early after VHSV exposure, and it may be a link between ubiquitination and autophagy activation. Inhibition of autophagosome degradation with niclosamide resulted in intracellular detection of N protein of VHSV (NVHSV) and p62 accumulation. In addition, antigen presentation cell markers, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I & II, CD83, and CD86, increased at the transcriptional and translational level in rainbow trout RBCs exposed to VHSV. In summary, we show that nucleated rainbow trout RBCs can degrade VHSV while displaying an antigen-presenting cell (APC)-like profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nombela
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Requena-Platek
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, 2373223 Valparaiso, Chile.
| | - Veronica Chico
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Sara Puente-Marin
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB- CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB- CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, 2373223 Valparaiso, Chile.
| | - Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
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32
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Spencer DA, Quiniou SMA, Crider J, Musungu B, Bengten E, Wilson M. Insights into the dynamics of memory, effector and apoptotic cytotoxic T lymphocytes in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:116-128. [PMID: 30447233 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we used the channel catfish model clonal TS32.15 alloantigen-specific cytotoxic T cell (CTL) line to examine the dynamics of memory CTL expansion and senescence in teleosts. Although TS32.15 has been routinely cultured to study catfish CTL responses and killing mechanisms, little is known about the dynamics of the CTLs in these cultures. Here we show that this cell line consists of small non-cytotoxic T cells and larger granular effector T cells and that their ratios vary with time after stimulation. Small CTLs, when exposed to their irradiated targets, replicate and differentiate to morphologically distinct cytotoxic effectors, which do not replicate. After lysing target cells, or with prolonged absence of stimulation, the effector cells transition to a non-cytolytic senescent stage or become apoptotic. In addition, we demonstrate that natural IgM in catfish serum binds lipids, including PIP2, on early apoptotic CTLs, and that these IgM+ CTL can be cleared by catfish head kidney-derived macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Spencer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Sylvie M A Quiniou
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Jonathan Crider
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Bryan Musungu
- Warmwater Aquaculture Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA
| | - Eva Bengten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Melanie Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
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33
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Chaves-Pozo E, Bandín I, Olveira JG, Esteve-Codina A, Gómez-Garrido J, Dabad M, Alioto T, Ángeles Esteban M, Cuesta A. European sea bass brain DLB-1 cell line is susceptible to nodavirus: A transcriptomic study. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:14-24. [PMID: 30428392 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Viral diseases are responsible for high rates of mortality and subsequent economic losses in modern aquaculture. The nervous necrosis virus (NNV) produces viral encephalopathy and retinopathy (VER), which affects the fish central nervous system. It is considered one of the most serious viral diseases in marine aquaculture, the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) being amongst the most susceptible. We have evaluated the European sea bass brain derived cell line (DLB-1) susceptibility to NNV genotypes and evaluated its transcriptomic profile. DLB-1 cells supported NNV gene transcription and replication since strains belonging to the four NNV genotypes produce cytopathic effects. Afterwards, DLB-1 cells were infected with an RGNNV strain, the one which showed the highest replication, for 12 and 72 h and an RNA-seq analysis was performed to identify potential genes involved in the host-NNV interactions. Differential expression analysis showed the up-regulation of many genes related to immunity, heat-shock proteins or apoptosis but not to proteasome or autophagy processes. These data suggest that the immune response, mainly the interferon (IFN) pathway, is not powerful enough to abrogate the infection, and cells finally suffer stress and die by apoptosis liberating infective particles. GO enrichment also revealed, for the first time, the down-regulation of terms related to brain/neuron biology indicating molecular mechanisms causing the pathogenic effect of NNV. This study opens the way to understand key elements in sea bass brain and NNV interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José G Olveira
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jèssica Gómez-Garrido
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tyler Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri i Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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Falco A, Medina-Gali RM, Poveda JA, Bello-Perez M, Novoa B, Encinar JA. Antiviral Activity of a Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus) NK-Lysin Peptide by Inhibition of Low-pH Virus-Induced Membrane Fusion. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17020087. [PMID: 30717094 PMCID: PMC6410327 DOI: 10.3390/md17020087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Global health is under attack by increasingly-frequent pandemics of viral origin. Antimicrobial peptides are a valuable tool to combat pathogenic microorganisms. Previous studies from our group have shown that the membrane-lytic region of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) NK-lysine short peptide (Nkl71–100) exerts an anti-protozoal activity, probably due to membrane rupture. In addition, NK-lysine protein is highly expressed in zebrafish in response to viral infections. In this work several biophysical methods, such as vesicle aggregation, leakage and fluorescence anisotropy, are employed to investigate the interaction of Nkl71–100 with different glycerophospholipid vesicles. At acidic pH, Nkl71–100 preferably interacts with phosphatidylserine (PS), disrupts PS membranes, and allows the content leakage from vesicles. Furthermore, Nkl71–100 exerts strong antiviral activity against spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) by inhibiting not only the binding of viral particles to host cells, but also the fusion of virus and cell membranes, which requires a low pH context. Such antiviral activity seems to be related to the important role that PS plays in these steps of the replication cycle of SVCV, a feature that is shared by other families of virus-comprising members with health and veterinary relevance. Consequently, Nkl71–100 is shown as a promising broad-spectrum antiviral candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Falco
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
| | - Regla María Medina-Gali
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Poveda
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
| | - Melissa Bello-Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain.
| | - José Antonio Encinar
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH); 03202 Elche Alicante, Spain.
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35
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Lama R, Pereiro P, Costa MM, Encinar JA, Medina-Gali RM, Pérez L, Lamas J, Leiro J, Figueras A, Novoa B. Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) Nk-lysin induces protection against the pathogenic parasite Philasterides dicentrarchi via membrane disruption. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:190-199. [PMID: 30086378 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
P. dicentrarchi is one of the most threatening pathogens for turbot aquaculture. This protozoan ciliate is a causative agent of scuticociliatosis, which is a disease with important economic consequences for the sector. Neither vaccines nor therapeutic treatments are commercially available to combat this infection. Numerous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have demonstrated broad-spectrum activity against bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites and even tumor cells; an example is Nk-lysin (Nkl), which is an AMP belonging to the saposin-like protein (SAPLIP) family with an ability to interact with biological membranes. Following the recent characterization of turbot Nkl, an expression plasmid encoding Nkl was constructed and an anti-Nkl polyclonal antibody was successfully tested. Using these tools, we demonstrated that although infection did not clearly affect nkl mRNA expression, it induced changes at the protein level. Turbot Nkl had the ability to inhibit proliferation of the P. dicentrarchi parasite both in vivo and in vitro. Moreover, a shortened peptide containing the active core of turbot Nkl (Nkl71-100) was synthesized and showed high antiparasitic activity with a direct effect on parasite viability that probably occurred via membrane disruption. Therefore, the nkl gene may be a good candidate for genetic breeding selection of fish, and either the encoded peptide or its shortened analog is a promising antiparasitic treatment in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lama
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - P Pereiro
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - M M Costa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - J A Encinar
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - R M Medina-Gali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - L Pérez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - J Lamas
- Departamento de Biología Funcional e Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Leiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela (USC), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A Figueras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain
| | - B Novoa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas (IIM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Vigo, Spain.
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Nombela I, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Nucleated red blood cells: Immune cell mediators of the antiviral response. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006910. [PMID: 29698529 PMCID: PMC5919432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Shape-Shifted Red Blood Cells: A Novel Red Blood Cell Stage? Cells 2018; 7:cells7040031. [PMID: 29671811 PMCID: PMC5946108 DOI: 10.3390/cells7040031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primitive nucleated erythroid cells in the bloodstream have long been suggested to be more similar to nucleated red cells of fish, amphibians, and birds than the red cells of fetal and adult mammals. Rainbow trout Ficoll-purified red blood cells (RBCs) cultured in vitro undergo morphological changes, especially when exposed to stress, and enter a new cell stage that we have coined shape-shifted RBCs (shRBCs). We have characterized these shRBCs using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs, Wright–Giemsa staining, cell marker immunostaining, and transcriptomic and proteomic evaluation. shRBCs showed reduced density of the cytoplasm, hemoglobin loss, decondensed chromatin in the nucleus, and striking expression of the B lymphocyte molecular marker IgM. In addition, shRBCs shared some features of mammalian primitive pyrenocytes (extruded nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm and phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure on cell surface). These shRBCs were transiently observed in heat-stressed rainbow trout bloodstream for three days. Functional network analysis of combined transcriptomic and proteomic studies resulted in the identification of proteins involved in pathways related to the regulation of cell morphogenesis involved in differentiation, cellular response to stress, and immune system process. In addition, shRBCs increased interleukin 8 (IL8), interleukin 1 β (IL1β), interferon ɣ (IFNɣ), and natural killer enhancing factor (NKEF) protein production in response to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV). In conclusion, shRBCs may represent a novel cell stage that participates in roles related to immune response mediation, homeostasis, and the differentiation and development of blood cells.
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