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Vieira J, de Oliveira TVV, Queiroz LRR, Camargo CTS, Nardy A, Monteiro FR, do Amaral JB, Paixão V, Vaisberg M, Amirato GR, Dos Santos CAF, Durigon EL, Oliveira DBL, Aguiar AS, Alvares-Saraiva AM, Heller D, Mantoanelli PGV, Siqueira MF, da Silva Nali LH, Bachi ALL. Salivary assessment of the immune/inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in older adults vaccinated with CoronaVac or ChadOx-1. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:807. [PMID: 39363197 PMCID: PMC11448442 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-05357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although important information concerning COVID-19 vaccination is available, the effects of the CoronaVac and ChadOx-1 vaccines on immunity and the redox balance in the upper airway mucosa of the aged population are not fully understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of two doses of the CoronaVac or ChadOx-1 vaccine on immune/inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in the airway mucosa of older adults. METHODS Seventy-six older adults of both sexes, with a mean age of 75.1 ± 6.4 years, were separated according to vaccination status into the CoronaVac (n = 52) and ChadOx-1 (n = 24) groups. Saliva samples were collected before (pre) and 30 days after (post) the administration of the second dose of the CoronaVac or ChadOx-1 vaccine to assess the levels of antibodies (sIgA and IgG), antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and oxidant/antioxidant agents. RESULTS The immunogenicity in the ChadOx-1 group was 37.5% for sIgA and 25% for IgG, while that in the CoronaVac group was 18.9% for sIgA and 13.2% for IgG. Intergroup analysis revealed that (1) lower levels of IFN-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 and a greater IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, in addition to a greater IL-6/IL-10 ratio, were found in both the pre- and postvaccination periods, and (2) lower levels of total sIgA, IL-12p70, IL-17A, TNF-α, and the IL-12p70/IL-10 ratio, in addition to higher levels of specific sIgA for SARS-CoV-2 antigens and lysozyme, were observed only in the postvaccination period in the ChadOx-1 group than in the CoronaVac group. Intragroup analysis revealed (1) a significant increase in the salivary levels of total peroxides in the postvaccination period compared to those in the prevaccination period in both volunteer groups; (2) a decrease in the levels of lysozyme and the ratio between total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and total peroxides in the postvaccination period in the CoronaVac group compared with those in the prevaccination period; and (3) decreases in the TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12p70 levels, and the IL-12p70/IL-10 ratio in the ChadoX-1 group, as well as a higher lactoferrin concentration in the postvaccination period than in the prevaccination period. Several positive and negative correlations between the parameters assessed here were found. CONCLUSIONS In general, the ChadOx-1 group exhibited improvements in both immune/inflammatory responses and redox balance and greater immunogenicity than did the CoronaVac group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer Vieira
- Faculty of Dentistry, Campus 1, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Ariane Nardy
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jônatas Bussador do Amaral
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitória Paixão
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mauro Vaisberg
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gislene Rocha Amirato
- Mane Garrincha Sport Education Center, Sports Department of the Municipality of São Paulo (SEME), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos André Freitas Dos Santos
- Discipline of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Institute of Biomedical Science of University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Scientific Platform Pasteur USP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira
- Institute of Biomedical Science of University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Simões Aguiar
- Institute of Biomedical Science of University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Infection Control Service, São Luiz Gonzaga Hospital of Santa Casa de Misericordia of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Débora Heller
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
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Bielza R, Pérez P, García N, Ballesteros-Sanabria L, Martínez RM, Ghazi A, Hernando C, Rodríguez MV, Thuissard IJ, Andreu-Vázquez C, Bautista JM. Unravelling the role of secretory Immnuoglobulin-A in COVID-19: a multicentre study in nursing homes during the first wave. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:804. [PMID: 39354348 PMCID: PMC11443839 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-05402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The function of mucosal secretory IgA (SIgA) seems to be paramount in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 however, there are few studies addressing this issue specifically in the institutionalized older population. This study aims to determine the levels of secretory IgA against the S1 domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (SIgA-S1) in older people living in nursing homes (NH) and to investigate the differences in baseline characteristics, severity of COVID-19, duration of symptoms, 30-day mortality, and reinfection according to the levels of SIgA-S1. METHODS In this multicentre longitudinal study, conducted in two NHs attended in coordination with a hospital-based Geriatric team, 305 residents (87.3 years, 74.4% female) were included. A massive collection of nasopharyngeal samples was carried out after the first wave of COVID-19 in May 2020 and an ELISA analysis of SIgA-S1 was performed on frozen samples in May 2023. Values of SIgA-S1 ≥ 57.6 U/mL ("cut-off point") were considered "induced". Resident medical records were reviewed to assess symptoms, comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), reinfection, and overall 30-day mortality. RESULTS At the time of sample collection, 274 residents (89.8%) exhibited "induced" SIgA-S1 levels (≥ 57.6 U/mL), 46 (15.1%) tested positive for PCR SARS-CoV-2, and 170 (57%) had experienced COVID-19 symptoms. "Induced" SIgA-S1 patients were more likely to be symptomatic (60.3% vs. 29%; p < 0.001) and exhibited upper respiratory tract symptoms more frequently (25.1% vs. 6.5%; p = 0.020) compared to "non-induced" patients. Patients with severe disease and duration of symptoms > 10 days had higher levels of SIgA-S1 than those with mild disease (252 vs.192.6 U/mL; p = 0.012) or duration ≤ 10 days (270.5 vs. 208.1 U/mL; p = 0.043), respectively. No significant differences were observed in age, sex, CGA, duration of symptoms, disease severity, overall 30-day-mortality, or reinfection between "induced" and "non-induced" residents. CONCLUSIONS Levels of SIgA-S1 are associated with the duration and type of COVID-19 symptoms, along with the severity of infection. While these findings shed light on the knowledge of SIgA-S1, further interdisciplinary studies are warranted to better understand the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bielza
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Paseo de Europa 37, San Sebastián de los Reyes, 28007, Spain.
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Patricia Pérez
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Paseo de Europa 37, San Sebastián de los Reyes, 28007, Spain
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nuria García
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Paseo de Europa 37, San Sebastián de los Reyes, 28007, Spain
| | | | - Rosa María Martínez
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Paseo de Europa 37, San Sebastián de los Reyes, 28007, Spain
| | - Azam Ghazi
- Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Hernando
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Paseo de Europa 37, San Sebastián de los Reyes, 28007, Spain
| | - María Victoria Rodríguez
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, Paseo de Europa 37, San Sebastián de los Reyes, 28007, Spain
| | - Israel J Thuissard
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Andreu-Vázquez
- Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Department of Medicine, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Compeer B, Neijzen TR, van Lelyveld SFL, Martina BEE, Russell CA, Goeijenbier M. Uncovering the Contrasts and Connections in PASC: Viral Load and Cytokine Signatures in Acute COVID-19 versus Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Biomedicines 2024; 12:1941. [PMID: 39335455 PMCID: PMC11428903 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12091941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent global COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound and enduring impact, resulting in substantial loss of life. The scientific community has responded unprecedentedly by investigating various aspects of the crisis, particularly focusing on the acute phase of COVID-19. The roles of the viral load, cytokines, and chemokines during the acute phase and in the context of patients who experienced enduring symptoms upon infection, so called Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 or PASC, have been studied extensively. Here, in this review, we offer a virologist's perspective on PASC, highlighting the dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 viral loads, cytokines, and chemokines in different organs of patients across the full clinical spectrum of acute-phase disease. We underline that the probability of severe or critical disease progression correlates with increased viral load levels detected in the upper respiratory tract (URT), lower respiratory tract (LRT), and plasma. Acute-phase viremia is a clear, although not unambiguous, predictor of PASC development. Moreover, both the quantity and diversity of functions of cytokines and chemokines increase with acute-phase disease severity. Specific cytokines remain or become elevated in the PASC phase, although the driving factor of ongoing inflammation found in patients with PASC remains to be investigated. The key findings highlighted in this review contribute to a further understanding of PASC and their differences and overlap with acute disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Compeer
- Artemis Bioservices B.V., 2629 JD Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Amsterdam (UMC, Amsterdam), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias R Neijzen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, 2035 RC Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Colin A Russell
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Amsterdam (UMC, Amsterdam), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Goeijenbier
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Amsterdam (UMC, Amsterdam), 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Harada T, Fujimoto H, Fukushi S, Ishii K, Hanaki KI. Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in Serum Using Physical Methods. Jpn J Infect Dis 2024; 77:201-204. [PMID: 38296541 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2023.349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
Since 2019, many studies on coronavirus disease 2019, which has caused extensive damage as a pandemic, have been ongoing on a global scale. These include serological and biochemical studies using sera from patients and animal models. Testing with these sera must be performed after inactivation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Heat treatment, UV irradiation, and/or gamma-ray irradiation have been used to inactivate viruses in the serum. Determining the inactivation conditions that ensure the inactivation of viruses and minimize the effect on test results after inactivation is important to ensure worker safety and the accuracy of test results. In this study, serum samples containing SARS-CoV-2 were subjected to heat, UV irradiation, and gamma irradiation to determine optimal inactivation conditions. The viral titers were below the detection limit after heating at 56°C for 1 h or 60°C for 15 min, UV-B irradiation with a transilluminator for 30 min, or gamma-ray irradiation with 60 Co at 10 kGy. These results provide useful information for safe serological and biochemical experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Harada
- Research Center for Biosafety, Laboratory Animal and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Fujimoto
- Center for Quality Management Systems, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Shuetsu Fukushi
- Department of Virology I, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Koji Ishii
- Center for Quality Management Systems, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hanaki
- Research Center for Biosafety, Laboratory Animal and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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Li B, Zhou L, Chen Z, Wen Y, Wang Q, Huang T, Chen S, Wu W, Wang M, Sun L, Liang M, Wang S, Chen L, Li Q. Investigation of Nasal Mucosal IgA Responses in the Population Following COVID-19 Pandemic - China, September 2022-August 2023. China CDC Wkly 2024; 6:312-317. [PMID: 38736993 PMCID: PMC11082053 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2024.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
What is already known about this topic? Mucosal IgA plays a crucial role in host immunity against respiratory viruses. Recent studies suggest that it has the potential to mitigate the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant. However, a comprehensive population-based analysis examining mucosal IgA levels following the winter 2022 wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is yet to be conducted. What is added by this report? In our study involving 3,421 participants, we documented IgA responses subsequent to SARS-CoV-2 infection. A significant proportion of individuals sustained increased levels of IgA for over six months. These levels were also observed in individuals with prior infections who underwent asymptomatic reinfections, indicating an active production of IgA antibodies. Further, individuals with multiple vaccinations or severe symptoms tended to display elevated IgA levels after recovery. What are the implications for public health practice? IgA in the nasal mucosa is crucial for defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. These insights can enhance our knowledge of immune responses following infection and have provided certain reference values for disease prevention and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhilong Chen
- Xiamen United Institute of Respiratory Health, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yanhan Wen
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Tao Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Si Chen
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Wu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxuan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Sun
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mifang Liang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Nery GB, de Araujo CAR, da Silva GB, Bittar H, Bordallo VP, Amaral JB, Hardt M, Marti L, Birbrair A, Jimenez M, Bastos MF, Nali LHS, Longo PL, Laurentino GC, Bachi ALL, Heller D. Impact of social distancing from the COVID-19 pandemic on the immuno-inflammatory response of older adults. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:99. [PMID: 38273281 PMCID: PMC10811891 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04699-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults, as the population considered at increased risk for severe COVID-19, were the most impacted by social isolation. Thus, this study aimed to assess the salivary immune/inflammatory response of older adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS A cohort of 11 older adults (mean age 66.8 ± 6.1) was followed at three different time points: before (S1) and after 6 (S2) and 20 months (S3) of the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Unstimulated saliva samples were obtained to assess the levels of antibodies (secretory IgA, IgG and IgM) by ELISA and cytokines (IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-10, TSLP, IFN-γ, TNF-α) by multiplex analysis. Significant differences were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test with Dunn's post-test. RESULTS None volunteer presented periodontal disease or caries. All volunteers received at least two doses of the COVID-19 vaccines after S2 and before S3. A tendency to increase salivary levels of SIgA and IgM at S2 and of IgG at S3 were observed compared to the values found at S1 and S2. Significantly decreased levels of IL-2 and IL-5 were found at S2 and S3 (p < 0.001) time points. Lower levels of IFN-γ were found at S2 as compared to the values observed at S1 (p < 0.01). A significant decrease in the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio was found at S2 (p < 0.01). When assessing the Th1/Th2 ratios, a significant decrease was found in the IFN-γ/TSLP ratio at S2 (p < 0.001) and S3 (p < 0.001) when compared to the values at S1. In addition, a significant increase was observed in the TNF-α/IL-5 ratio at S2 (p < 0.001) and S3 (p < 0.001) in comparison to the values at S1. In a similar way, an increase in the TNF-α/IL-6 ratio (Fig. 5E) was observed at S3 (p < 0.001) when compared to the values at S1. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the impact of COVID-19-induced social isolation on immune/inflammatory responses in the upper airway mucosa, particularly those present in oral cavity, of older adults. It demonstrates that a controlled shift in Th1 and Th2 immune responses, both during infection and post-vaccination, can create favorable conditions to combat viral infections without exacerbating the immune response or worsening the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Beletato Nery
- Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro Do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Helena Bittar
- Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro Do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jônatas B Amaral
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Markus Hardt
- Center for Salivary Diagnostics, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luciana Marti
- Experimental Research, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Manuel Jimenez
- Departamento de Didáctica de La Educación Física y Salud, Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Marta Ferreira Bastos
- Postgraduate Program in Aging Sciences, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Silva Nali
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), Santo Amaro, Brazil
| | | | | | - André L L Bachi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, ENT Lab, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
- Post-Graduate Program in Health Science, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), Santo Amaro, Brazil.
| | - Debora Heller
- Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, Cruzeiro Do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Experimental Research, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Periodontology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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7
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Zhou B, Zhou R, Chan JFW, Zeng J, Zhang Q, Yuan S, Liu L, Robinot R, Shan S, Liu N, Ge J, Kwong HYH, Zhou D, Xu H, Chan CCS, Poon VKM, Chu H, Yue M, Kwan KY, Chan CY, Chan CCY, Chik KKH, Du Z, Au KK, Huang H, Man HO, Cao J, Li C, Wang Z, Zhou J, Song Y, Yeung ML, To KKW, Ho DD, Chakrabarti LA, Wang X, Zhang L, Yuen KY, Chen Z. SARS-CoV-2 hijacks neutralizing dimeric IgA for nasal infection and injury in Syrian hamsters 1. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2245921. [PMID: 37542391 PMCID: PMC10444022 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2245921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Prevention of robust severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in nasal turbinate (NT) requires in vivo evaluation of IgA neutralizing antibodies. Here, we report the efficacy of receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific monomeric B8-mIgA1 and B8-mIgA2, and dimeric B8-dIgA1, B8-dIgA2 and TH335-dIgA1 against intranasal SARS-CoV-2 challenge in Syrian hamsters. These antibodies exhibited comparable neutralization potency against authentic virus by competing with human angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor for RBD binding. While reducing viral loads in lungs significantly, prophylactic intranasal B8-dIgA unexpectedly led to high amount of infectious viruses and extended damage in NT compared to controls. Mechanistically, B8-dIgA failed to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 cell-to-cell transmission, but was hijacked by the virus through dendritic cell-mediated trans-infection of NT epithelia leading to robust nasal infection. Cryo-EM further revealed B8 as a class II antibody binding trimeric RBDs in 3-up or 2-up/1-down conformation. Neutralizing dIgA, therefore, may engage an unexpected mode of SARS-CoV-2 nasal infection and injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhou
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Runhong Zhou
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Hainan-Medical University – The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, and Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China, and The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Zeng
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Liu
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Rémy Robinot
- Control of Chronic Viral Infections Group, Virus & Immunity Unit, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR, Paris, France
| | - Sisi Shan
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiwan Ge
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hugo Yat-Hei Kwong
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongyan Zhou
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoran Xu
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Chris Chung-Sing Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Vincent Kwok-Man Poon
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Yue
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Ka-Yi Kwan
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yin Chan
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Chris Chun-Yiu Chan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Kenn Ka-Heng Chik
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenglong Du
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Ka-Kit Au
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Haode Huang
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Hiu-On Man
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianli Cao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Cun Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youqiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Man-Lung Yeung
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - David D. Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lisa A. Chakrabarti
- Control of Chronic Viral Infections Group, Virus & Immunity Unit, Institute Pasteur, Paris, France; CNRS UMR, Paris, France
| | - Xinquan Wang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linqi Zhang
- NexVac Research Center, Comprehensive AIDS Research Center, Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
- Hainan-Medical University – The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, and Academician Workstation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, People’s Republic of China, and The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Centre for Virology, Vaccinology and Therapeutics, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infection Control, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Soffritti I, D’Accolti M, Bini F, Mazziga E, Proietto D, Dallan B, Laurentis MD, Ghisellini S, Nicoli F, Caselli E. Development of an Oral IgA Response against SARS-CoV-2 Following Immunization with Different COVID-19 Vaccines. Viruses 2023; 15:2319. [PMID: 38140560 PMCID: PMC10748229 DOI: 10.3390/v15122319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immune response is recognized to be important in the early control of infection sustained by viruses with mucosal tissues as the primary site of entry and replication, such as SARS-CoV-2. Mucosal IgA has been consistently reported in the mouth and eye of SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects, where it correlated inversely with COVID-19 symptom severity. Yet, there is still scarce information on the comparative ability of the diverse SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to induce local IgA responses at the virus entry site. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA in the saliva of 95 subjects vaccinated with a booster dose and different combinations of vaccines, including mRNA-1273 (Moderna), BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), and Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca). The results showed the presence of a mucosal response in 93.7% of vaccinated subjects, with a mean IgA titer of 351.5 ± 31.77 U/mL, strongly correlating with the serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG titer (p < 0.0001). No statistically significant differences emerged between the vaccine types, although the salivary IgA titer appeared slightly higher after receiving a booster dose of the mRNA-1273 vaccine (Moderna) following two doses of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), compared to the other vaccine combinations. These data confirm what was previously reported at the eye level and suggest that monitoring salivary IgA may be a useful tool for driving forward vaccine design and surveillance strategies, potentially leading to novel routes of vaccine administration and boosting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Soffritti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Maria D’Accolti
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Francesca Bini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Eleonora Mazziga
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
| | - Davide Proietto
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BIM), University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy (F.N.)
| | - Beatrice Dallan
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BIM), University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy (F.N.)
| | - Martina De Laurentis
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BIM), University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy (F.N.)
| | - Sara Ghisellini
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital St. Anna, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicoli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Immunology and Microbiology (BIM), University of Ferrara, 44123 Ferrara, Italy (F.N.)
| | - Elisabetta Caselli
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, and Laboratorio per le Tecnologie delle Terapie Avanzate (LTTA), Section of Microbiology, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (I.S.); (M.D.); (F.B.); (E.M.)
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9
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Roubidoux EK, Brigleb PH, Vegesana K, Souquette A, Whitt K, Freiden P, Green A, Thomas PG, McGargill MA, Wolf J, Schultz-Cherry S. Utility of nasal swabs for assessing mucosal immune responses towards SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17820. [PMID: 37857783 PMCID: PMC10587113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44989-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused millions of infections worldwide since its emergence in 2019. Understanding how infection and vaccination induce mucosal immune responses and how they fluctuate over time is important, especially since they are key in preventing infection and reducing disease severity. We established a novel methodology for assessing SARS-CoV-2 cytokine and antibody responses at the nasal epithelium by using nasopharyngeal swabs collected longitudinally before and after either SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We then compared responses between mucosal and systemic compartments. We demonstrate that cytokine and antibody profiles differ between compartments. Nasal cytokines show a wound healing phenotype while plasma cytokines are consistent with pro-inflammatory pathways. We found that nasal IgA and IgG have different kinetics after infection, with IgA peaking first. Although vaccination results in low nasal IgA, IgG induction persists for up to 180 days post-vaccination. This research highlights the importance of studying mucosal responses in addition to systemic responses to respiratory infections. The methods described herein can be used to further mucosal vaccine development by giving us a better understanding of immunity at the nasal epithelium providing a simpler, alternative clinical practice to studying mucosal responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela H Brigleb
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kasi Vegesana
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Aisha Souquette
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Kendall Whitt
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Pamela Freiden
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amanda Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Host-Microbe Interactions, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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10
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Roubidoux EK, Brigleb PH, Vegesana K, Souquette A, Whitt K, Freiden P, Green A, Thomas PG, McGargill MA, Wolf J, Schultz-Cherry S. Utility of nasal swabs for assessing mucosal immune responses towards SARS-CoV-2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.12.548630. [PMID: 37503213 PMCID: PMC10370023 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.12.548630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has caused millions of infections worldwide since its emergence in 2019. Understanding how infection and vaccination induce mucosal immune responses and how they fluctuate over time is important, especially since they are key in preventing infection and reducing disease severity. We established a novel methodology for assessing SARS-CoV-2 cytokine and antibody responses at the nasal epithelium by using nasopharyngeal swabs collected longitudinally before and after either SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We then compared responses between mucosal and systemic compartments. We demonstrate that cytokine and antibody profiles differ markedly between compartments. Nasal cytokines show a wound healing phenotype while plasma cytokines are consistent with pro-inflammatory pathways. We found that nasal IgA and IgG have different kinetics after infection, with IgA peaking first. Although vaccination results in low nasal IgA, IgG induction persists for up to 180 days post-vaccination. This research highlights the importance of studying mucosal responses in addition to systemic responses to respiratory infections to understand the correlates of disease severity and immune memory. The methods described herein can be used to further mucosal vaccine development by giving us a better understanding of immunity at the nasal epithelium providing a simpler, alternative clinical practice to studying mucosal responses to infection. Teaser A nasopharyngeal swab can be used to study the intranasal immune response and yields much more information than a simple viral diagnosis.
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11
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Bohländer F. A new hope? Possibilities of therapeutic IgA antibodies in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1127339. [PMID: 37051237 PMCID: PMC10083398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1127339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory lung diseases represent a persistent burden for patients and the global healthcare system. The combination of high morbidity, (partially) high mortality and limited innovations in the last decades, have resulted in a great demand for new therapeutics. Are therapeutic IgA antibodies possibly a new hope in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases? Current research increasingly unravels the elementary functions of IgA as protector against infections and as modulator of overwhelming inflammation. With a focus on IgA, this review describes the pathological alterations in mucosal immunity and how they contribute to chronic inflammation in the most common inflammatory lung diseases. The current knowledge of IgA functions in the circulation, and particularly in the respiratory mucosa, are summarized. The interplay between neutrophils and IgA seems to be key in control of inflammation. In addition, the hurdles and benefits of therapeutic IgA antibodies, as well as the currently known clinically used IgA preparations are described. The data highlighted here, together with upcoming research strategies aiming at circumventing the current pitfalls in IgA research may pave the way for this promising antibody class in the application of inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Bohländer
- Department of Translational Research, Biotest AG, Dreieich, Germany
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12
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Alterations in the Expression of IFN Lambda, IFN Gamma and Toll-like Receptors in Severe COVID-19 Patients. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030689. [PMID: 36985262 PMCID: PMC10058642 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Contradictory results have been reported regarding interferon (IFN) lambda (λ1–3) and IFN gamma (γ) production in COVID-19 patients. To gain insight into the roles played by these IFNs in SARS-CoV-2 infection, IFNλ1–3 and IFNγ mRNA expression was evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) (n = 32) and in cells of paired bronchoalveolar lavages (BALs) (n = 12). Lower IFNλ1–3 values (p < 0.001 for IFNλ1 and 3 and p = 0.013 for IFNλ2) in the PBMCs of severely ill patients were found compared to healthy donors (n = 15). Reduced levels of IFNγ were also detected in patients’ PBMCs (p < 0.01) and BALs (p = 0.041) compared to healthy donors. The presence of secondary bacterial infections was associated with decreased IFNλ amounts in PBMCs (p = 0.001, p = 0.015 and p = 0.003, respectively) but increased concentrations of IFNλ3 (p = 0.022) in BALs. Patients with alterations in C-reactive protein, lactate dehydrogenase and D-dimer levels had decreased IFNλ1 and 3 (p = 0.003 and p < 0.001) and increased IFNγ (p = 0.08) in PBMCs. Analyzing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) involved in IFN production, we found that TLR3 was highly expressed (p = 0.033) in patients with bacterial superinfections, while TLR7 and 8 (p = 0.029 and p = 0.049) were reduced in BALs of deceased patients. Overall, severe COVID-19 might be characterized by dysregulation in IFNγ, IFNλ and TLR3, 7 and 8 production.
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13
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Proteomic Analysis of Mucosal and Systemic Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Antigen. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020334. [PMID: 36851212 PMCID: PMC9960779 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucosal environment of the upper respiratory tract is the first barrier of protection against SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, the mucosal factors involved in viral transmission and potentially modulating the capacity to prevent such transmission have not fully been identified. In this pilot proteomics study, we compared mucosal and systemic compartments in a South African cohort of vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals undergoing maxillofacial surgery with previous history of COVID-19 or not. Inflammatory profiles were analyzed in plasma, nasopharyngeal swabs, and nasal and oral tissue explant cultures, using Olink and Luminex technologies. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody levels were measured in serum and tissue explants. An increased pro-inflammatory proteomic profile was measured in the nasal compartment compared to plasma. However, IP-10 and MIG levels were higher in secretions than in nasal tissue, and the opposite was observed for TGF-β. Nasal anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG correlated with mucosal MIG expression for all participants. A further positive correlation was found with IP-10 in BioNTech/Pfizer-vaccinated individuals. Systemic levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike IgG elicited by this vaccine correlated with plasma IL-10, IL-6 and HBD4. Proteomic profiles measured in mucosal tissues and secretions using combined technologies could reveal correlates of protection at the mucosal portals of viral entry.
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14
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Evaluation of Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA Response in Tears of Vaccinated COVID-19 Subjects. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020399. [PMID: 36851613 PMCID: PMC9965053 DOI: 10.3390/v15020399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretory IgA (sIgA), which may play an important role in the early defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection, were detected in the eye of COVID-19 patients. However, an evaluation of the sIgA response in the tears of vaccinated or non-vaccinated COVID-19 subjects is still lacking. Aimed at characterizing sIgA mucosal immunity in the eye, this study analyzed tear samples from 77 COVID-19 patients, including 63 vaccinated and 14 non-vaccinated subjects. The groups showed similar epidemiological features, but as expected, differences were observed in the percentage of asymptomatic/pauci-symptomatic subjects in the vaccinated vs. non-vaccinated cohort (46% and 29% of the total, respectively). Consistent with this, ocular sIgA values, evaluated by a specific quantitative ELISA assay, were remarkably different in vaccinated vs. non-vaccinated group for both frequency (69.8% vs. 57.1%, respectively) and titer (1372.3 U/mL vs. 143.7 U/mL, respectively; p = 0.01), which was significantly differently elevated depending on the type of administered vaccine. The data show for the first time significant differences of available vaccines to elicit sIgA response in the eye and suggest that quantitative tear-based sIgA tests may potentially serve as a rapid and easily accessible biomarker for the assessment of the development of a protective mucosal immunity toward SARS-CoV-2.
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15
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Yaugel-Novoa M, Bourlet T, Paul S. Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: guilty or not guilty? Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1170-1180. [PMID: 36195658 PMCID: PMC9530436 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses are crucial to fight respiratory viral infections in the current pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the dynamics of systemic and mucosal antibody infections are affected by patient characteristics, such as age, sex, disease severity, or prior immunity to other human coronaviruses. Patients suffering from severe disease develop higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum and mucosal tissues than those with mild disease, and these antibodies are detectable for up to a year after symptom onset. In hospitalized patients, the aberrant glycosylation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies enhances inflammation-associated antibody Fc-dependent effector functions, thereby contributing to COVID-19 pathophysiology. Current vaccines elicit robust humoral immune responses, principally in the blood. However, they are less effective against new viral variants, such as Delta and Omicron. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with a particular focus on the protective and pathological role of humoral immunity in COVID-19 severity. We also discuss the humoral immune response elicited by COVID-19 vaccination and protection against emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France,CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
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16
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Evaluation of the Effectiveness of BNT162b2 Primary Vaccination and Booster Dose to SARS-CoV-2 in Eliciting Stable Mucosal Immunity. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102430. [PMID: 36289692 PMCID: PMC9598907 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The waning effectiveness of the primary vaccination for SARS-CoV-2 led to administration of an additional booster dose (BD). The efficacy of the BD in stimulating humoral systemic immune response is well established, but its effectiveness on inducing mucosal immune reaction has not yet been reported. To address this issue, we evaluated SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses in the serum, saliva, and tears after BNT162b2 (Pfizer/BioNTech, New York, NY, USA) vaccination and BD, as well as after SARS-CoV-2 infection. After two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, we observed specific serum IgG in 100% and IgA in 97.2% of subjects, associated with mucosal response in both salivary samples (sIgA in 97.2% and IgG(S) in 58.8%) and in tears (sIgA in 77.8% and IgG(S) in 67.7%). BD induced a recovery of the systemic humoral response and of tear sIgA when compared to 6 months of follow-up titers (p < 0.001; p = 0.012). However, sIgA levels in both tears and saliva were significantly lower following BD when compared to patients with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). Our results demonstrated that administration of BD restored high serum levels of both IgG and IgA but had a poor effect in stimulating mucosal immunity when compared to prior SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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17
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Dos Santos JDMB, do Amaral JB, França CN, Monteiro FR, Alvares-Saraiva AM, Kalil S, Durigon EL, Oliveira DBL, Rodrigues SS, Heller D, Welter EAR, Pinho JRR, Vieira RP, Bachi ALL. Distinct Immunological Profiles Help in the Maintenance of Salivary Secretory IgA Production in Mild Symptoms COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890887. [PMID: 35686128 PMCID: PMC9171398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Relevant aspects regarding the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the systemic immune response to this infection have been reported. However, the mucosal immune response of the upper airways two months after SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with mild/moderate symptoms is still not completely described. Therefore, we investigated the immune/inflammatory responses of the mucosa of the upper airways of mild/moderate symptom COVID-19 patients two months after the SARS-CoV-2 infection in comparison to a control group composed of non-COVID-19 healthy individuals. Methods A cohort of 80 volunteers (age 37.2 ± 8.2), including non-COVID-19 healthy individuals (n=24) and COVID-19 patients (n=56) who presented mild/moderate symptoms during a COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil in November and December of 2020. Saliva samples were obtained two months after the COVID-19 diagnosis to assess the levels of SIgA by ELISA and the cytokines by multiplex analysis. Results Salivary levels of SIgA were detected in 39 volunteers into the COVID-19 group and, unexpectedly, in 14 volunteers in the control group. Based on this observation, we distributed the volunteers of the control group into without SIgA or with SIgA sub-groups, and COVID-19 group into without SIgA or with SIgA sub-groups. Individuals with SIgA showed higher levels of IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-13, and IFN-α than those without SIgA. In intergroup analysis, the COVID-19 groups showed higher salivary levels of IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, and IFN-α than the control group. No statistical differences were verified in the salivary levels of IL-6 and IFN-β. Lower IL-12p70/IL-10 and IFN-γ/IL-10 ratios were found in the control group without SIgA than the control group with SIgA and the COVID-19 group with SIgA. Conclusion We were able to present, for the first time, that associations between distinct immunological profiles can help the mucosal immunity to maintain the salivary levels of SIgA in COVID-19 patients two months after the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatas Bussador do Amaral
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Nunes França
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandra Kalil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Ambiental e Experimental, Universidade Paulista - Unip, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Scientific Platform Pasteur, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Sanches Rodrigues
- Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Heller
- Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro Do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Gastroenterology (LIM07), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Laboratories (LIM 03), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo P Vieira
- Post-Graduation Program in Science of Human and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Unievangélica, Anápolis, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Bioengineering, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Luis Lacerda Bachi
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
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18
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Granger J, Cho E, Lindsey K, Lemoine N, Calvert D, Marucci J, Mullenix S, O'Neal H, Irving BA, Johannsen N, Spielmann G. Salivary immunity of elite collegiate American football players infected with SARS-CoV-2 normalizes following isolation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9090. [PMID: 35641582 PMCID: PMC9154042 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of COVID-19 on systemic immunity in the general population has been well characterized, however the short-term effects of COVID-19 infection on innate salivary immunity in elite-level athletes are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to determine whether elite college football athletes had altered salivary immunity following the CDC-recommended isolation post-SARS-CoV-2 infection. Salivary samples were obtained from fourteen elite football players who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 (n = 14), immediately after CDC-recommended isolation (average days = 14 ± 2 days) and fifteen controls who remained uninfected with SARS-CoV-2. Biomarkers of innate salivary immunity (sIgA and alpha-amylase), antimicrobial proteins (AMPs, i.e., HNP1-3, lactoferrin, LL-37) and lung inflammation (SPA, SPLI, and Neutrophil Elastase-alpha-1-antitrypsin complex) were measured. Independent student t-tests were used to determine changes in biomarkers between groups. Although all AMP levels were within normal range, Human Neutrophil Defensin 1-3 concentrations and secretion rates were higher in SARS-CoV-2+ compared to SARS-CoV-2-. This suggests that the CDC-recommended isolation period is sufficient to ensure that athletes' salivary immunity is not compromised upon return to sports, and athletes post-COVID-19 infection do not appear to be at greater risk for secondary infection than those with no history of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Granger
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 91 Huey P. Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Eunhan Cho
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 91 Huey P. Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Kevin Lindsey
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 91 Huey P. Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hollis O'Neal
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Our Lady of the Lake, Baton Rouge, LA, 70810, USA
| | - Brian A Irving
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 91 Huey P. Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Neil Johannsen
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 91 Huey P. Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA
| | - Guillaume Spielmann
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, 91 Huey P. Long Fieldhouse, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA.
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70808, USA.
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19
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MARTINUZZI E, BENZAQUEN J, GUERIN O, LEROY S, SIMON T, ILIE M, HOFMAN V, ALLEGRA M, TANGA V, MICHEL E, BOUTROS J, MANIEL C, SICARD A, GLAICHENHAUS N, CZERKINSKY C, BLANCOU P, HOFMAN P, MARQUETTE CH. A Single Dose of BNT162b2 Messenger RNA Vaccine Induces Airway Immunity in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Naive and Recovered Coronavirus Disease 2019 Subjects. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 75:2053-2059. [PMID: 35579991 PMCID: PMC9129216 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucosal antibodies can prevent virus entry and replication in mucosal epithelial cells and therefore virus shedding. Parenteral booster injection of a vaccine against a mucosal pathogen promotes stronger mucosal immune responses following prior mucosal infection compared with injections of a parenteral vaccine in a mucosally naive subject. We investigated whether this was also the case for the BNT162b2 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) messenger RNA vaccine. METHODS Twenty recovered COVID-19 subjects (RCSs) and 23 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-naive subjects were vaccinated with, respectively, 1 and 2 doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine. Nasal epithelial lining fluid (NELF) and plasma were collected before and after vaccination and assessed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA antibody levels to Spike and for their ability to neutralize binding of Spike to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor. Blood was analyzed 1 week after vaccination for the number of Spike-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) with a mucosal tropism. RESULTS All RCSs had both nasal and blood SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies at least 90 days after initial diagnosis. In RCSs, a single dose of vaccine amplified preexisting Spike-specific IgG and IgA antibody responses in both NELF and blood against both vaccine homologous and variant strains, including Delta. These responses were associated with Spike-specific IgG and IgA ASCs with a mucosal tropism in blood. Nasal IgA and IgG antibody responses were lower in magnitude in SARS-CoV-2-naive subjects after 2 vaccine doses compared with RCSs after 1 dose. CONCLUSIONS Mucosal immune response to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein is higher in RCSs after a single vaccine dose compared with SARS-CoV-2-naive subjects after 2 doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela MARTINUZZI
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Jonathan BENZAQUEN
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France
| | - Olivier GUERIN
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Réhabilitation Autonomie Vieillissement, Nice, France
| | - Sylvie LEROY
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Thomas SIMON
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Marius ILIE
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France,Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Biobank (BB-0033-00025), FHU OncoAge, Centre Nice, France
| | - Véronique HOFMAN
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France,Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Biobank (BB-0033-00025), FHU OncoAge, Centre Nice, France
| | - Maryline ALLEGRA
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Biobank (BB-0033-00025), FHU OncoAge, Centre Nice, France
| | - Virginie TANGA
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Biobank (BB-0033-00025), FHU OncoAge, Centre Nice, France
| | - Emeline MICHEL
- Université Côte d’Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Pôle Réhabilitation Autonomie Vieillissement, Nice, France
| | - Jacques BOUTROS
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Charlotte MANIEL
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France
| | - Antoine SICARD
- University Côte d’Azur, Clinical Research Unit Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Nicolas GLAICHENHAUS
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France,University Côte d’Azur, Clinical Research Unit Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Cecil CZERKINSKY
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France,Alternate corresponding author in the event that the corresponding author is unavailable: Cecil Czerkinsky, Md, PhD, Nice, France ()
| | - Philippe BLANCOU
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Paul HOFMAN
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France,Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Biobank (BB-0033-00025), FHU OncoAge, Centre Nice, France
| | - Charles H. MARQUETTE
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Thoracic Oncology, FHU OncoAge, Nice, France,Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, INSERM, Institute of Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice, France,Corresponding author: Charles H Marquette, Md, PhD, Nice, France ()
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20
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Martin MC, Jimenez A, Ortega N, Parrado A, Page I, Gonzalez MI, Blanco-Peris L. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 total immunoglobulins in a series of convalescent plasma and blood donors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264124. [PMID: 35202394 PMCID: PMC8870513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
The vast majority of COVID-19 cases both symptomatic and asymptomatic develop immunity after COVID-19 contagion. Whether lasting differences exist between infection and vaccination boosted immunity is yet to be known. The aim of this study was to determine how long total anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies due to past infection persist in peripheral blood and whether sex, age or haematological features can influence their lasting.
Material and methods
A series of 2421 donations either of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma or whole blood from 1107 repeat donors from January 2020 to March 2021 was analysed. An automated chemiluminescence immunoassay for total antibodies recognizing the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 in human serum and plasma was performed. Sex, age, blood group, blood cell counts and percentages and immunoglobulin concentrations were extracted from electronic recordings. Blood donation is allowed after a minimum of one-month post symptom’s relapse. Donors were 69.7% males and their average age was 46. The 250 donors who had later donations after a positive one underwent further analysis. Both qualitative (positivity) and quantitative (rise or decline of optical density regarding consecutive donations) outcomes were evaluated.
Results and discussion
In 97.6% of donors with follow-up, anti-SARS-CoV-2 protein N total antibodies remained positive at the end of a follow-up period of 12.4 weeks median time (1–46, SD = 9.65) after the first positive determination. The blood group was not related to antibody waning. Lower lymphocyte counts and higher neutrophils would help predict future waning or decay of antibodies. Most recovered donors maintain their total anti-SARS-CoV-2 N protein antibodies for at least 16 weeks (at least one month must have been awaited from infection resolution to blood donation). The 10 individuals that could be followed up longer than 40 weeks (approximately 44 weeks after symptom’s relapse) were all still positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Carmen Martin
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Ana Jimenez
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Nuria Ortega
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Alba Parrado
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Isabel Page
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Gonzalez
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
| | - Lydia Blanco-Peris
- Centro de Hemoterapia y Hemodonacion de Castilla y Leon, Valladolid, Castilla y León, Spain
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21
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Head RJ, Lumbers ER, Jarrott B, Tretter F, Smith G, Pringle KG, Islam S, Martin JH. Systems analysis shows that thermodynamic physiological and pharmacological fundamentals drive COVID-19 and response to treatment. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00922. [PMID: 35106955 PMCID: PMC8929328 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Why a systems analysis view of this pandemic? The current pandemic has inflicted almost unimaginable grief, sorrow, loss, and terror at a global scale. One of the great ironies with the COVID‐19 pandemic, particularly early on, is counter intuitive. The speed at which specialized basic and clinical sciences described the details of the damage to humans in COVID‐19 disease has been impressive. Equally, the development of vaccines in an amazingly short time interval has been extraordinary. However, what has been less well understood has been the fundamental elements that underpin the progression of COVID‐19 in an individual and in populations. We have used systems analysis approaches with human physiology and pharmacology to explore the fundamental underpinnings of COVID‐19 disease. Pharmacology powerfully captures the thermodynamic characteristics of molecular binding with an exogenous entity such as a virus and its consequences on the living processes well described by human physiology. Thus, we have documented the passage of SARS‐CoV‐2 from infection of a single cell to species jump, to tropism, variant emergence and widespread population infection. During the course of this review, the recurrent observation was the efficiency and simplicity of one critical function of this virus. The lethality of SARS‐CoV‐2 is due primarily to its ability to possess and use a variable surface for binding to a specific human target with high affinity. This binding liberates Gibbs free energy (GFE) such that it satisfies the criteria for thermodynamic spontaneity. Its binding is the prelude to human host cellular entry and replication by the appropriation of host cell constituent molecules that have been produced with a prior energy investment by the host cell. It is also a binding that permits viral tropism to lead to high levels of distribution across populations with newly formed virions. This thermodynamic spontaneity is repeated endlessly as infection of a single host cell spreads to bystander cells, to tissues, to humans in close proximity and then to global populations. The principal antagonism of this process comes from SARS‐CoV‐2 itself, with its relentless changing of its viral surface configuration, associated with the inevitable emergence of variants better configured to resist immune sequestration and importantly with a greater affinity for the host target and higher infectivity. The great value of this physiological and pharmacological perspective is that it reveals the fundamental thermodynamic underpinnings of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Head
- Drug Discovery and Development, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eugenie R Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bevyn Jarrott
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Felix Tretter
- Bertalanffy Center for the Study of Systems Science, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gary Smith
- VP System Practice - International Society for System Sciences, Pontypool, UK
| | - Kirsty G Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.,Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Saiful Islam
- Drug Discovery and Development, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Martin
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines Research, Clinical Pharmacology, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia
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22
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Vu DL, Martinez-Murillo P, Pigny F, Vono M, Meyer B, Eberhardt CS, Lemeille S, Von Dach E, Blanchard-Rohner G, Eckerle I, Huttner A, Siegrist CA, Kaiser L, Didierlaurent AM. Longitudinal Analysis of Inflammatory Response to SARS-CoV-2 in the Upper Respiratory Tract Reveals an Association with Viral Load, Independent of Symptoms. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:1723-1732. [PMID: 34581925 PMCID: PMC8476983 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-021-01134-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 infection leads to high viral loads in the upper respiratory tract that may be determinant in virus dissemination. The extent of intranasal antiviral response in relation to symptoms is unknown. Understanding how local innate responses control virus is key in the development of therapeutic approaches. Methods SARS-CoV-2-infected patients were enrolled in an observational study conducted at the Geneva University Hospitals, Switzerland, investigating virological and immunological characteristics. Nasal wash and serum specimens from a subset of patients were collected to measure viral load, IgA specific for the S1 domain of the spike protein, and a cytokine panel at different time points after infection; cytokine levels were analyzed in relation to symptoms. Results Samples from 13 SARS-CoV-2-infected patients and six controls were analyzed. We found an increase in CXCL10 and IL-6, whose levels remained elevated for up to 3 weeks after symptom onset. SARS-CoV-2 infection also induced CCL2 and GM-CSF, suggesting local recruitment and activation of myeloid cells. Local cytokine levels correlated with viral load but not with serum cytokine levels, nor with specific symptoms, including anosmia. Some patients had S1-specific IgA in the nasal cavity while almost none had IgG. Conclusion The nasal epithelium is an active site of cytokine response against SARS-CoV-2 that can last more than 2 weeks; in this mild COVID-19 cohort, anosmia was not associated with increases in any locally produced cytokines. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10875-021-01134-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diem-Lan Vu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Paola Martinez-Murillo
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fiona Pigny
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maria Vono
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Meyer
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christiane S Eberhardt
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Lemeille
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elodie Von Dach
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Géraldine Blanchard-Rohner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Unit of Immunology and Vaccinology, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Eckerle
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angela Huttner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Claire-Anne Siegrist
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Kaiser
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud M Didierlaurent
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Vaccinology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Geneva Centre for Emerging Viral Diseases, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
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