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Hulst M, Kant A, Harders-Westerveen J, Hoffmann M, Xie Y, Laheij C, Murk JL, Van der Poel WHM. Cross-Reactivity of Human, Wild Boar, and Farm Animal Sera from Pre- and Post-Pandemic Periods with Alpha- and Βeta-Coronaviruses (CoV), including SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2023; 16:34. [PMID: 38257734 PMCID: PMC10821012 DOI: 10.3390/v16010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Panels of pre- and post-pandemic farm animals, wild boar and human sera, including human sera able to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, were tested in serological tests to determine their cross-reactivity with β- and α-CoV originating from farm animals. Sera were tested in neutralization assays with high ascending concentrations (up to 1 × 104 TCID50 units/well) of β-CoV Bovine coronavirus (BCV), SARS-CoV-2, and porcine α-CoV-transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). In addition, sera were tested for immunostaining of cells infected with β-CoV porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis (PHEV). Testing revealed a significantly higher percentage of BCV neutralization (78%) for sera of humans that had experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection (SARS-CoV-2 convalescent sera) than was observed for human pre-pandemic sera (37%). Also, 46% of these human SARS-CoV-2 convalescent sera neutralized the highest concentration of BCV (5 × 103 TCID50/well) tested, whereas only 9.6% of the pre-pandemic sera did. Largely similar percentages were observed for staining of PHEV-infected cells by these panels of human sera. Furthermore, post-pandemic sera collected from wild boars living near a densely populated area in The Netherlands also showed a higher percentage (43%) and stronger BCV neutralization than was observed for pre-pandemic sera from this area (21%) and for pre- (28%) and post-pandemic (20%) sera collected from wild boars living in a nature reserve park with limited access for the public. High percentages of BCV neutralization were observed for pre- and post-pandemic sera of cows (100%), pigs (up to 45%), sheep (36%) and rabbits (60%). However, this cross-neutralization was restricted to sera collected from specific herds or farms. TGEV was neutralized only by sera of pigs (68%) and a few wild boar sera (4.6%). None of the BCV and PHEV cross-reacting human pre-pandemic, wild boar and farm animal sera effectively neutralized SARS-CoV-2 in vitro. Preexisting antibodies in human sera effectively neutralized the animal β-CoV BCV in vitro. This cross-neutralization was boosted after humans had experienced a SARS-CoV-2 infection, indicating that SARS-CoV-2 activated a "memory" antibody response against structurally related epitopes expressed on the surface of a broad range of heterologous CoV, including β-CoV isolated from farm animals. Further research is needed to elucidate if a symptomless infection or environmental exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or another β-CoV also triggers such a "memory" antibody response in wild boars and other free-living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hulst
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (J.H.-W.)
| | - Arie Kant
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (J.H.-W.)
| | - José Harders-Westerveen
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (J.H.-W.)
| | - Markus Hoffmann
- Infection Biology Unit, German Primate Center—Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yajing Xie
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | | | - Jean-Luc Murk
- Microvida, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, 5022 GC Tilburg, The Netherlands;
| | - Wim H. M. Van der Poel
- Department Virology & Molecular Biology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, 8221 RA Lelystad, The Netherlands (J.H.-W.)
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da Silva Antunes R, Weiskopf D, Sidney J, Rubiro P, Peters B, Arlehamn CSL, Grifoni A, Sette A. The MegaPool Approach to Characterize Adaptive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Responses. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e934. [PMID: 37966108 PMCID: PMC10662678 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Epitopes recognized by T cells are a collection of short peptide fragments derived from specific antigens or proteins. Immunological research to study T cell responses is hindered by the extreme degree of heterogeneity of epitope targets, which are usually derived from multiple antigens; within a given antigen, hundreds of different T cell epitopes can be recognized, differing from one individual to the next because T cell epitope recognition is restricted by the epitopes' ability to bind to MHC molecules, which are extremely polymorphic in different individuals. Testing large pools encompassing hundreds of peptides is technically challenging because of logistical considerations regarding solvent-induced toxicity. To address this issue, we developed the MegaPool (MP) approach based on sequential lyophilization of large numbers of peptides that can be used in a variety of assays to measure T cell responses, including ELISPOT, intracellular cytokine staining, and activation-induced marker assays, and that has been validated in the study of infectious diseases, allergies, and autoimmunity. Here, we describe the procedures for generating and testing MPs, starting with peptide synthesis and lyophilization, as well as a step-by-step guide and recommendations for their handling and experimental usage. Overall, the MP approach is a powerful strategy for studying T cell responses and understanding the immune system's role in health and disease. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Generation of peptide pools ("MegaPools") Basic Protocol 2: MegaPool testing and quantitation of antigen-specific T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo da Silva Antunes
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul Rubiro
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
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Allers K, Moos V, Hofmann J, Witkowski M, Haibel H, Angermair S, Schneider T. Cytolytic CD8 + T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 and non-SARS-CoV-2-related viruses is associated with severe manifestation of COVID-19. Clin Immunol 2023; 254:109712. [PMID: 37506745 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the CD8+ T cell functionality in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, we examined twenty-five hospitalized COVID-19 patients with moderate (MD) or severe disease (SD) as well as seventeen SARS-CoV-2-unexposed persons regarding the cytolytic and cytokine-producing reactivity of their CD8+ T cells. Reactive CD8+ T cells were detectable in 90% of the unexposed persons, confirming high cross-reactive immune memory in the general population. Compared to unexposed persons and MD patients, SD patients had higher numbers of SARS-CoV-2 reactive CD8+ T cells with cytolytic function that can simultaneously produce inflammatory cytokines. In addition, SD patients showed higher CD8+ T cell reactivity against non-SARS-CoV-2-related viruses, which was mainly mediated by cytolytic response. Sequence alignments showed that cross-reactivities with the Spike protein could contribute to the expansion of such cells. Since insufficiently regulated cytolytic CD8+ T cells can damage peripheral and vascular tissue structures, high levels of both SARS-CoV-2-reactive and heterologously activated cytolytic CD8+ T cells could favor severe disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Allers
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Verena Moos
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Hofmann
- Labor Berlin - Charité Vivantes GmbH, Sylter Straße 2, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mario Witkowski
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hildrun Haibel
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Angermair
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Klinik für Anästhesiologie mit Schwerpunkt operative Intensivmedizin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schneider
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases and Rheumatology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203 Berlin, Germany
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Syrimi N, Sourri F, Giannakopoulou MC, Karamanis D, Pantousas A, Georgota P, Rokka E, Vladeni Z, Tsiantoula E, Soukara E, Lavda N, Gkaragkanis D, Zisaki A, Vakalidis P, Goula V, Loupou E, Palaiodimos L, Hatzigeorgiou D. Humoral and Cellular Response and Associated Variables Nine Months following BNT162b2 Vaccination in Healthcare Workers. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093172. [PMID: 37176612 PMCID: PMC10179201 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to illustrate the trajectory of humoral and cellular immunity nine months after primary vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine among 189 healthcare workers (HCWs). Additionally, we endeavored to identify correlations between immunity parameters and a number of common variables and comorbidities. A total of 189 healthcare workers (HCWs), vaccinated against COVID-19, were finally included in the study. All of the subjects had received two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine; had undergone antibody tests one, four and nine months post-vaccination; and had completed a medical questionnaire. Further samples taken at nine months were tested for cellular immunity. No participants had evidence of COVID-19 infection pre- or post-vaccination. An anti-S1 receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody assay was used to assess humoral response, and cellular immunity was estimated with an INF-γ release assay (IGRA). Statistical analysis was performed using STATA. We report a statistically significant antibody drop over time. Being above the age of 40 or a smoker reduces the rise of antibodies by 37% and 28%, respectively. More than half of the participants did not demonstrate T-cell activation at nine months. Female gender and antibody levels at four months predispose detection of cellular immunity at nine months post-immunization. This study furthers the qualitative, quantitative, and temporal understanding of the immune response to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine and the effect of correlated factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Syrimi
- Paediatric Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Sourri
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Christina Giannakopoulou
- COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
- Medical Directorate, Hellenic National and Defence General Staff, Mesogeion 227-231, 15561 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Karamanis
- Department of Health Informatics, Rutgers School of Health Professions, 65 Bergen St., Newark, NJ 07107, USA
- Department of Economics, University of Piraeus, Karaoli and Dimitriou 80, 18534 Piraeus, Greece
| | - Asterios Pantousas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, 69100 Komotini, Greece
| | - Persefoni Georgota
- Immunology Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Rokka
- Oncology Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Zoe Vladeni
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Euaggelia Tsiantoula
- Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Soukara
- COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikoletta Lavda
- COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gkaragkanis
- COVID-19 Ward, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Zisaki
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Vakalidis
- Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Goula
- Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Evdokia Loupou
- Biochemistry Laboratory, 251 Hellenic Air Force General Hospital, P. Kanellopoulou Avenue, 11525 Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Palaiodimos
- Department of Medicine, Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Dimitrios Hatzigeorgiou
- Medical Directorate, Hellenic National and Defence General Staff, Mesogeion 227-231, 15561 Athens, Greece
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5
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Buntinx E, Brochado L, Borja-Tabora C, Yu CY, Alberto ER, Montellano MEB, Carlos JC, Toloza LB, Hites M, Siber G, Clemens R, Ambrosino D, Qin H, Chen HL, Han HH, Hu B, Li P, Baccarini C, Smolenov I. Immunogenicity of an adjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 trimeric S-protein subunit vaccine (SCB-2019) in SARS-CoV-2-naïve and exposed individuals in a phase 2/3, double-blind, randomized study. Vaccine 2023; 41:1875-1884. [PMID: 36781334 PMCID: PMC9910015 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated immunogenicity of SCB-2019, a subunit vaccine candidate containing a pre-fusion trimeric form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-protein adjuvanted with CpG-1018/alum. METHODS The phase 2/3, double-blind, randomized SPECTRA trial was conducted in five countries in participants aged ≥ 18 years, either SARS-CoV-2-naïve or previously exposed. Participants were randomly assigned to receive two doses of SCB-2019 or placebo administered intramuscularly 21 days apart. In the phase 2 part of the study, on days 1, 22, and 36, neutralizing antibodies were measured by pseudovirus and wild-type virus neutralization assays to SARS-CoV-2 prototype and variants, and ACE2-receptor-binding antibodies and SCB-2019-binding antibodies were measured by ELISA. Cell-mediated immunity was measured by intracellular cytokine staining via flow cytometry. RESULTS 1601 individuals were enrolled between 24 March and 13 September 2021 and received at least one vaccine dose. Immunogenicity analysis was conducted in a phase 2 subset of 691 participants, including 428 SARS-CoV-2-naïve (381 vaccine and 47 placebo recipients) and 263 SARS-CoV-2-exposed (235 vaccine and 28 placebo recipients). In SARS-CoV-2-naïve participants, GMTs of neutralizing antibodies against prototype virus increased 2 weeks post-second dose (day 36) compared to baseline (224 vs 12.7 IU/mL). Seroconversion rate was 82.5 %. In SARS-CoV-2-exposed participants, one SCB-2019 dose increased GMT of neutralizing antibodies by 48.3-fold (1276.1 IU/mL on day 22) compared to baseline. Seroconversion rate was 92.4 %. Increase was marginal post-second dose. SCB-2019 also showed cross-neutralization capability against nine variants, including Omicron, in SARS-CoV-2-exposed participants at day 36. SCB-2019 stimulated Th1-biased cell-mediated immunity to the S-protein in both naïve and exposed participants. The vaccine was well tolerated, no safety concerns were raised from the study. CONCLUSIONS A single dose of SCB-2019 was immunogenic in SARS-CoV-2-exposed individuals, whereas two doses were required to induce immune response in SARS-CoV-2-naïve individuals. SCB-2019 elicited a cross-neutralizing response against emergent SARS-CoV-2 variants at antibody levels associated with clinical protection, underlining its potential as a booster. CLINICALTRIALS gov: NCT04672395; EudraCT: 2020-004272-17.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Charles Y. Yu
- De La Salle Medical and Health Sciences Institute, Cavite City, Philippines
| | | | | | - Josefina C. Carlos
- University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Maya Hites
- Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Cliniques universitaires de Bruxelles Hôpital Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Ralf Clemens
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Branda Hu
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ping Li
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Boston, MA, USA
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Zsichla L, Müller V. Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors. Viruses 2023; 15:175. [PMID: 36680215 PMCID: PMC9863423 DOI: 10.3390/v15010175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical course and outcome of COVID-19 are highly variable, ranging from asymptomatic infections to severe disease and death. Understanding the risk factors of severe COVID-19 is relevant both in the clinical setting and at the epidemiological level. Here, we provide an overview of host, viral and environmental factors that have been shown or (in some cases) hypothesized to be associated with severe clinical outcomes. The factors considered in detail include the age and frailty, genetic polymorphisms, biological sex (and pregnancy), co- and superinfections, non-communicable comorbidities, immunological history, microbiota, and lifestyle of the patient; viral genetic variation and infecting dose; socioeconomic factors; and air pollution. For each category, we compile (sometimes conflicting) evidence for the association of the factor with COVID-19 outcomes (including the strength of the effect) and outline possible action mechanisms. We also discuss the complex interactions between the various risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Levente Zsichla
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Müller
- Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- National Laboratory for Health Security, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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CXCL12 and CXCL13 Cytokine Serum Levels Are Associated with the Magnitude and the Quality of SARS-CoV-2 Humoral Responses. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122665. [PMID: 36560669 PMCID: PMC9785906 DOI: 10.3390/v14122665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the immunological markers associated with long-lasting immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection is of paramount importance. In the present study, we characterized SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral responses in hospitalized (ICU and non-ICU) and non-hospitalized individuals at six months post-onset of symptoms (POS) (N = 95). We showed that the proportion of individuals with detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG or neutralizing (NAb) responses and the titers of antibodies were significantly reduced in non-hospitalized individuals, compared to ICU- or non-ICU-hospitalized individuals at 6 months POS. Interestingly, SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells persist at 6 months POS in both ICU and non-ICU patients and were enriched in cells harboring an activated and/or exhausted phenotype. The frequency/phenotype of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory B cells and the magnitude of IgG or NAb responses at 6 months POS correlated with the serum immune signature detected at patient admission. In particular, the serum levels of CXCL13, IL-1RA, and G-CSF directly correlated with the frequency of Spike-specific B cells and the magnitude of Spike-specific IgG or NAb, while the serum levels of CXCL12 showed an antagonizing effect. Our results indicate that the balance between CXCL12 and CXCL13 is an early marker associated with the magnitude and the quality of the SARS-CoV-2 humoral memory.
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Salgado Del Riego E, Saiz ML, Corte-Iglesias V, Leoz Gordillo B, Martin-Martin C, Rodríguez-Pérez M, Escudero D, Lopez-Larrea C, Suarez-Alvarez B. Divergent SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses in intensive care unit workers following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:942192. [PMID: 36275696 PMCID: PMC9582956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.942192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in response to full mRNA COVID-19 vaccination could be variable among healthy individuals. Studies based only in specific antibody levels could show an erroneous immune protection at long times. For that, we analyze the antibody levels specific to the S protein and the presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells by ELISpot and AIM assays in intensive care unit (ICU) workers with no antecedents of COVID-19 and vaccinated with two doses of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. All individuals were seronegative for the SARS-CoV-2 protein S before vaccination (Pre-v), but 34.1% (14/41) of them showed pre-existing T lymphocytes specific for some viral proteins (S, M and N). One month after receiving two doses of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (Post-v1), all cases showed seroconversion with high levels of total and neutralizing antibodies to the spike protein, but six of them (14.6%) had no T cells reactive to the S protein. Specifically, they lack of specific CD8+ T cells, but maintain the contribution of CD4+ T cells. Analysis of the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 at 10 months after full vaccination (Post-v10), exhibited a significant reduction in the antibody levels (p<0.0001) and protein S-reactive T cells (p=0.0073) in all analyzed individuals, although none of the individuals become seronegative and 77% of them maintained a competent immune response. Thus, we can suggest that the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 elicited by the mRNA vaccines was highly variable among ICU workers. A non-negligible proportion of individuals did not develop a specific T cell response mediated by CD8+ T cells after vaccination, that may condition the susceptibility to further viral infections with SARS-CoV-2. By contrast, around 77% of individuals developed strong humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 that persisted even after 10 months. Analysis of the cellular immune response is highly recommended for providing exact information about immune protection against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estefanía Salgado Del Riego
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Laura Saiz
- Translational Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Viviana Corte-Iglesias
- Translational Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Blanca Leoz Gordillo
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cristina Martin-Martin
- Translational Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rodríguez-Pérez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Translational Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Dolores Escudero
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Translational Microbiology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carlos Lopez-Larrea
- Translational Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario Central De Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Suarez-Alvarez
- Translational Immunology, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- *Correspondence: Beatriz Suarez-Alvarez, ;
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Murphy RL, Paramithiotis E, Sugden S, Chermak T, Lambert B, Montamat-Sicotte D, Mattison J, Steinhubl S. The need for more holistic immune profiling in next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccine trials. Front Immunol 2022; 13:923106. [PMID: 36211354 PMCID: PMC9533322 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.923106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
First-generation anit-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were highly successful. They rapidly met an unforeseen emergency need, saved millions of lives, and simultaneously eased the burden on healthcare systems worldwide. The first-generation vaccines, however, focused too narrowly on antibody-based immunity as the sole marker of vaccine trial success, resulting in large knowledge gaps about waning vaccine protection, lack of vaccine robustness to viral mutation, and lack of efficacy in immunocompromised populations. Detailed reviews of first-generation vaccines, including their mode of action and geographical distribution, have been published elsewhere. Second-generation clinical trials must address these gaps by evaluating a broader range of immune markers, including those representing cell-mediated immunity, to ensure the most protective and long-lasting vaccines are brought to market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Murphy
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Robert L. Murphy,
| | | | | | | | - Bruce Lambert
- Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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10
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Lau MC, Yi Y, Goh D, Cheung CCL, Tan B, Lim JCT, Joseph CR, Wee F, Lee JN, Lim X, Lim CJ, Leow WQ, Lee JY, Ng CCY, Bashiri H, Cheow PC, Chan CY, Koh YX, Tan TT, Kalimuddin S, Tai WMD, Ng JL, Low JGH, Lim TKH, Liu J, Yeong JPS. Case report: Understanding the impact of persistent tissue-localization of SARS-CoV-2 on immune response activity via spatial transcriptomic analysis of two cancer patients with COVID-19 co-morbidity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978760. [PMID: 36172383 PMCID: PMC9510984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected half a billion people, including vulnerable populations such as cancer patients. While increasing evidence supports the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 months after a negative nasopharyngeal swab test, the effects on long-term immune memory and cancer treatment are unclear. In this report, we examined post-COVID-19 tissue-localized immune responses in a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patient and a colorectal cancer (CRC) patient. Using spatial whole-transcriptomic analysis, we demonstrated spatial profiles consistent with a lymphocyte-associated SARS-CoV-2 response (based on two public COVID-19 gene sets) in the tumors and adjacent normal tissues, despite intra-tumor heterogeneity. The use of RNAscope and multiplex immunohistochemistry revealed that the spatial localization of B cells was significantly associated with lymphocyte-associated SARS-CoV-2 responses within the spatial transcriptomic (ST) niches showing the highest levels of virus. Furthermore, single-cell RNA sequencing data obtained from previous (CRC) or new (HCC) ex vivo stimulation experiments showed that patient-specific SARS-CoV-2 memory B cells were the main contributors to this positive association. Finally, we evaluated the spatial associations between SARS-CoV-2-induced immunological effects and immunotherapy-related anti-tumor immune responses. Immuno-predictive scores (IMPRES) revealed consistent positive spatial correlations between T cells/cytotoxic lymphocytes and the predicted immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) response, particularly in the HCC tissues. However, the positive spatial correlation between B cells and IMPRES score was restricted to the high-virus ST niche. In addition, tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) analysis revealed marked T cell dysfunction and inflammation, alongside low T cell exclusion and M2 tumor-associated macrophage infiltration. Our results provide in situ evidence of SARS-CoV-2-generated persistent immunological memory, which could not only provide tissue protection against reinfection but may also modulate the tumor microenvironment, favoring ICB responsiveness. As the number of cancer patients with COVID-19 comorbidity continues to rise, improved understanding of the long-term immune response induced by SARS-CoV-2 and its impact on cancer treatment is much needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai Chan Lau
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yang Yi
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Denise Goh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chun Chau Lawrence Cheung
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Benedict Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey Chun Tatt Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Craig Ryan Joseph
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Felicia Wee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justina Nadia Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinru Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chun Jye Lim
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Qiang Leow
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Yi Lee
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Hamed Bashiri
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peng Chung Cheow
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chun Yip Chan
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ye Xin Koh
- Cancer Discovery Hub, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thuan Tong Tan
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shirin Kalimuddin
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wai Meng David Tai
- National Cancer Centre Singapore, Division of Medical Oncology, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Lin Ng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jenny Guek-Hong Low
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tony Kiat Hon Lim
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Joe Poh Sheng Yeong, ; Jin Liu, ; Tony Kiat Hon Lim,
| | - Jin Liu
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Joe Poh Sheng Yeong, ; Jin Liu, ; Tony Kiat Hon Lim,
| | - Joe Poh Sheng Yeong
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency of Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Joe Poh Sheng Yeong, ; Jin Liu, ; Tony Kiat Hon Lim,
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11
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Young A. T cells in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2022; 10:25151355221115011. [PMID: 36051003 PMCID: PMC9425900 DOI: 10.1177/25151355221115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While antibodies garner the lion’s share of attention in SARS-CoV-2 immunity, cellular immunity (T cells) may be equally, if not more important, in controlling infection. Both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells are elicited earlier and are associated with milder disease, than antibodies, and T-cell activation appears to be necessary for control of infection. Variants of concern (VOCs) such as Omicron have escaped the neutralizing antibody responses after two mRNA vaccine doses, but T-cell immunity is largely intact. The breadth and patient-specific nature of the latter offers a formidable line of defense that can limit the severity of illness, and are likely to be responsible for most of the protection from natural infection or vaccination against VOCs which have evaded the antibody response. Comprehensive searches for T-cell epitopes, T-cell activation from infection and vaccination of specific patient groups, and elicitation of cellular immunity by various alternative vaccine modalities are here reviewed. Development of vaccines that specifically target T cells is called for, to meet the needs of patient groups for whom cellular immunity is weaker, such as the elderly and the immunosuppressed. While VOCs have not yet fully escaped T-cell immunity elicited by natural infection and vaccines, some early reports of partial escape suggest that future VOCs may achieve the dreaded result, dislodging a substantial proportion of cellular immunity, enough to cause a grave public health burden. A proactive, rather than reactive, solution which identifies and targets immutable sequences in SARS-CoV-2, not just those which are conserved, may be the only recourse humankind has to disarm these future VOCs before they disarm us.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Young
- InvVax, 2265 E. Foohill Blvd., Pasadena, CA 91107, USA
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12
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Vikkurthi R, Ansari A, Pai AR, Jha SN, Sachan S, Pandit S, Nikam B, Kalia A, Jit BP, Parray HA, Singh S, Kshetrapal P, Wadhwa N, Shrivastava T, Coshic P, Kumar S, Sharma P, Sharma N, Taneja J, Pandey AK, Sharma A, Thiruvengadam R, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Bhatnagar S, Gupta N. Inactivated whole-virion vaccine BBV152/Covaxin elicits robust cellular immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:974-985. [PMID: 35681012 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01161-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BBV152 is a whole-virion inactivated vaccine based on the Asp614Gly variant. BBV152 is the first alum-imidazoquinolin-adjuvanted vaccine authorized for use in large populations. Here we characterized the magnitude, quality and persistence of cellular and humoral memory responses up to 6 months post vaccination. We report that the magnitude of vaccine-induced spike and nucleoprotein antibodies was comparable with that produced after infection. Receptor binding domain-specific antibodies declined against variants in the order of Alpha (B.1.1.7; 3-fold), Delta (B.1.617.2; 7-fold) and Beta (B.1.351; 10-fold). However, pseudovirus neutralizing antibodies declined up to 2-fold against the Delta followed by the Beta variant (1.7-fold). Vaccine-induced memory B cells were also affected by the Delta and Beta variants. The SARS-CoV-2-specific multicytokine-expressing CD4+ T cells were found in ~85% of vaccinated individuals. Only a ~1.3-fold reduction in efficacy was observed in CD4+ T cells against the Beta variant. We found that antigen-specific CD4+ T cells were present in the central memory compartment and persisted for at least up to 6 months post vaccination. Vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells were detected in ~50% of individuals. Importantly, the vaccine was capable of inducing follicular T helper cells that exhibited B-cell help potential. These findings show that inactivated vaccine BBV152 induces robust immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 and variants of concern that persists for at least 6 months after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Vikkurthi
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Asgar Ansari
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anupama R Pai
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Someshwar Nath Jha
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shilpa Sachan
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Suvechchha Pandit
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bhushan Nikam
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anurag Kalia
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Prasad Jit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Savita Singh
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Poonam Coshic
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya Sharma
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Nandini Sharma
- Maulana Azad Medical College and Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Juhi Taneja
- ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Nimesh Gupta
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India.
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13
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Huoman J, Sayyab S, Apostolou E, Karlsson L, Porcile L, Rizwan M, Sharma S, Das J, Rosén A, Lerm M. Epigenetic rewiring of pathways related to odour perception in immune cells exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in vivo and in vitro. Epigenetics 2022; 17:1875-1891. [PMID: 35758003 PMCID: PMC9665140 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2089471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A majority of SARS-CoV-2 recoverees develop only mild-to-moderate symptoms, while some remain completely asymptomatic. Although viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, may evade host immune responses by epigenetic mechanisms including DNA methylation, little is known about whether these modifications are important in defence against and healthy recovery from COVID-19 in the host. To this end, epigenome-wide DNA methylation patterns from COVID-19 convalescents were compared to uninfected controls from before and after the pandemic. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DNA was extracted from uninfected controls, COVID-19 convalescents, and symptom-free individuals with SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell-responses, as well as from PBMCs stimulated in vitro with SARS-CoV-2. Subsequently, the Illumina MethylationEPIC 850K array was performed, and statistical/bioinformatic analyses comprised differential DNA methylation, pathway over-representation, and module identification analyses. Differential DNA methylation patterns distinguished COVID-19 convalescents from uninfected controls, with similar results in an experimental SARS-CoV-2 infection model. A SARS-CoV-2-induced module was identified in vivo, comprising 66 genes of which six (TP53, INS, HSPA4, SP1, ESR1, and FAS) were present in corresponding in vitro analyses. Over-representation analyses revealed involvement in Wnt, muscarinic acetylcholine receptor signalling, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor pathways. Furthermore, numerous differentially methylated and network genes from both settings interacted with the SARS-CoV-2 interactome. Altered DNA methylation patterns of COVID-19 convalescents suggest recovery from mild-to-moderate SARS-CoV-2 infection leaves longstanding epigenetic traces. Both in vitro and in vivo exposure caused epigenetic modulation of pathways thataffect odour perception. Future studies should determine whether this reflects host-induced protective antiviral defense or targeted viral hijacking to evade host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Huoman
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shumaila Sayyab
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Eirini Apostolou
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lovisa Karlsson
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lucas Porcile
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sumit Sharma
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jyotirmoy Das
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Rosén
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Lerm
- Division of Inflammation and Infection, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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14
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Ansari A, Sachan S, Jit BP, Sharma A, Coshic P, Sette A, Weiskopf D, Gupta N. An efficient immunoassay for the B cell help function of SARS-CoV-2-specific memory CD4 + T cells. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2022; 2:100224. [PMID: 35571764 PMCID: PMC9085463 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2022.100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The B cell "help" function of CD4+ T cells is an important mechanism of adaptive immunity. Here, we describe improved antigen-specific T-B cocultures for quantitative measurement of T cell-dependent B cell responses, with as few as ∼90 T cells. Utilizing M. tuberculosis (Mtb), we show that early priming and activation of CD4+ T cells is important for productive interaction between T and B cells and that similar effects are achieved by supplementing cocultures with monocytes. We find that monocytes promote survivability of B cells via BAFF and stem cell growth factor (SCGF)/C-type lectin domain family 11 member A (CLEC11A), but this alone does not fully recapitulate the effects of monocyte supplementation. Importantly, we demonstrate improved activation and immunological output of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific memory CD4+ T-B cell cocultures with the inclusion of monocytes. This method may therefore provide a more sensitive assay to evaluate the B cell help quality of memory CD4+ T cells, for example, after vaccination or natural infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asgar Ansari
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Shilpa Sachan
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Bimal Prasad Jit
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Poonam Coshic
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Nimesh Gupta
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
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15
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Sengupta S, Bhattacharya G, Chatterjee S, Datey A, Shaw SK, Suranjika S, Nath P, Barik PK, Prasad P, Chattopadhyay S, Swain RK, Parida A, Devadas S. Underlying Co-Morbidity Reveals Unique Immune Signatures in Type II Diabetes Patients Infected With SARS-CoV2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848335. [PMID: 35572555 PMCID: PMC9094480 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV2 infection in patients with comorbidities, particularly T2DM, has been a major challenge globally and has been shown to be associated with high morbidity and mortality. Here, we did whole blood immunophenotyping along with plasma cytokine, chemokine, antibody isotyping, and viral load from oropharyngeal swab to understand the immune pathology in the T2DM patients infected with SARS-CoV2. Methods Blood samples from 25 Covid-19 positive patients having T2DM, 10 Covid-19 positive patients not having T2DM, and 10 Covid-19 negative, non-diabetic healthy controls were assessed for various immune cells by analyzing for their signature surface proteins in mass cytometry. Circulating cytokines, chemokines, and antibody isotypes were determined from plasma while viral copy number was determined from oropharyngeal swabs. All our representative data corroborated with laboratory findings. Results Our observations encompass T2DM patients having elevated levels of both type I and type II cytokines and higher levels of circulating IgA, IgM, IgG1, and IgG2 as compared to NDM and healthy volunteers. They also displayed higher percentages of granulocytes, mDCs, plasmablasts, Th2-like cells, CD4+ EM cells, and CD8+ TE cells as compared to healthy volunteers. T2DM patients also displayed lower percentages of pDCs, lymphocytes, CD8+ TE cells, CD4+, and CD8+ EM. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that patients with T2DM displayed higher inflammatory markers and a dysregulated anti-viral and anti-inflammatory response when compared to NDM and healthy controls and the dysregulated immune response may be attributed to meta inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Sengupta
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Gargee Bhattacharya
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Sanchari Chatterjee
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Ankita Datey
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shubham K Shaw
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Sandhya Suranjika
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Paritosh Nath
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Prakash K Barik
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Punit Prasad
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Soma Chattopadhyay
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Rajeeb K Swain
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Ajay Parida
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
| | - Satish Devadas
- Department of Infectious Disease Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India.,Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), 3rd Milestone, Faridabad-Gurgaon, India
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16
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Primorac D, Vrdoljak K, Brlek P, Pavelić E, Molnar V, Matišić V, Erceg Ivkošić I, Parčina M. Adaptive Immune Responses and Immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848582. [PMID: 35603211 PMCID: PMC9114812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical field has been forced to apply the basic knowledge of immunology with the most up-to-date SARS-CoV-2 findings and translate it to the population of the whole world in record time. Following the infection with the viral antigen, adaptive immune responses are activated mainly by viral particle encounters with the antigen-presenting cells or B cell receptors, which induce further biological interactions to defend the host against the virus. After the infection has been warded off, the immunological memory is developed. The SARS-CoV cellular immunity has been shown to persist even 17 years after the infection, despite the undetectable humoral component. Similar has been demonstrated for the SARS-CoV-2 T cell memory in a shorter period by assessing interferon-gamma levels when heparinized blood is stimulated with the virus-specific peptides. T cells also play an irreplaceable part in a humoral immune reaction as the backbone of a cellular immune response. They both provide the signals for B cell activation and the maturation, competence, and memory of the humoral response. B cell production of IgA was shown to be of significant influence in mediating mucosal immunity as the first part of the defense mechanism and in the development of nasal vaccines. Here, we interpret the recent SARS-CoV-2 available research, which encompasses the significance and the current understanding of adaptive immune activity, and compare it among naive, exposed, and vaccinated blood donors. Our recent data showed that those who recovered from COVID-19 and those who are vaccinated with EMA-approved vaccines had a long-lasting cellular immunity. Additionally, we analyze the humoral responses in immunocompromised patients and memory mediated by cellular immunity and the impact of clonality in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic regarding breakthrough infections and variants of concern, both B.1.617.2 (Delta) and B.1.1.529 (Omicron) variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Primorac
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
- Medical School, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Medical School REGIOMED, Coburg, Germany
- Eberly College of Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- The Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice and Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Petar Brlek
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Vilim Molnar
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vid Matišić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivana Erceg Ivkošić
- St. Catherine Specialty Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Marijo Parčina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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17
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Yao L, Lu L, Ma W. Immunopathological changes, complications, sequelae and immunological memory in COVID-19 patients. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09302. [PMID: 35497026 PMCID: PMC9040416 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Confirmed SARS-CoV-2-caused disease (COVID-19) cases have reached 275.65 million worldwide. Although the majority of COVID-19 patients present mild to moderate symptoms, some have severe complications including death. We first reviewed the pathogenesis on ACE2, a binding receptor of SARS-CoV-2 expressed in multiple organs, and prevalent multinucleate syncytia in the lung tissues of COVID-19 patients. Then, we evaluated the pathological, immunological changes and sequelae in the major organs. Finally, we reviewed the immunological memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination. The binding of SARS-Cov-2 to ACE2 receptor results in reduced ACE2 protein levels, which may lead to elevated susceptibility to inflammation, cell death, organ failure, and potentially severe illness. These damages increase the risk of health problems over a long period, which result in many complications. The complications in multiple organs lead to the increased risk of long-term health problems that require additional attention. A multidisciplinary care team is necessary for further management and recovery of the COVID-19 survivors. Many COVID-19 patients will probably make antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus for most of their lives, and the immunity against reinfection would last for 3-61 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Yao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Huzhou University School of Medicine, Huzhou, Zhejiang, 313000, China
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
- Center for Biomedical Data Science and Yale Cancer Center, Yale University, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Wenxue Ma
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center and Sanford Stem Cell Clinical Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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18
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Medeiros GX, Sasahara GL, Magawa JY, Nunes JPS, Bruno FR, Kuramoto AC, Almeida RR, Ferreira MA, Scagion GP, Candido ÉD, Leal FB, Oliveira DBL, Durigon EL, Silva RCV, Rosa DS, Boscardin SB, Coelho V, Kalil J, Santos KS, Cunha-Neto E. Reduced T Cell and Antibody Responses to Inactivated Coronavirus Vaccine Among Individuals Above 55 Years Old. Front Immunol 2022; 13:812126. [PMID: 35300337 PMCID: PMC8921991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.812126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CoronaVac is an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine that has been rolled out in several low and middle-income countries including Brazil, where it was the mainstay of the first wave of immunization of healthcare workers and the elderly population. We aimed to assess the T cell and antibody responses of vaccinated individuals as compared to convalescent patients. We detected IgG against SARS-CoV-2 antigens, neutralizing antibodies against the reference Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain and used SARS-CoV-2 peptides to detect IFN-g and IL-2 specific T cell responses in a group of CoronaVac vaccinated individuals (N = 101) and convalescent (N = 72) individuals. The frequency among vaccinated individuals, of whom 96% displayed T cell and/or antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2, is comparable to 98.5% responses of convalescent individuals. We observed that among vaccinated individuals, men and individuals 55 years or older developed significantly lower anti-RBD, anti-NP and neutralization titers against the Wuhan strain and antigen-induced IL-2 production by T cells. Neutralizing antibody responses for Gamma variant were even lower than for the Wuhan strain. Even though some studies indicated CoronaVac helped reduce mortality among elderly people, considering the appearance of novel variants of concern, CoronaVac vaccinated individuals above 55 years old are likely to benefit from a heterologous third dose/booster vaccine to increase immune response and likely protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana X Medeiros
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Greyce Luri Sasahara
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jhosiene Y Magawa
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Paulo S Nunes
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda R Bruno
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andreia C Kuramoto
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Almeida
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, LIM59, Departamento de Patologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme P Scagion
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Érika D Candido
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabyano B Leal
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle B L Oliveira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Israelita de Ensino e Pesquisa Albert Einstein, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison L Durigon
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Virologia, Plataforma Científica Pasteur da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberto Carlos V Silva
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela S Rosa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia B Boscardin
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Verônica Coelho
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Kalil
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Keity S Santos
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Disciplina de Alergia e Imunologia Clínica, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Imunologia, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia (INCT), São Paulo, Brazil
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19
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Taus E, Hofmann C, Ibarrondo FJ, Hausner MA, Fulcher JA, Krogstad P, Ferbas KG, Tobin NH, Rimoin AW, Aldrovandi GM, Yang OO. Dominant CD8 + T Cell Nucleocapsid Targeting in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Broad Spike Targeting From Vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835830. [PMID: 35273611 PMCID: PMC8902813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have key protective roles in many viral infections. While an overall Th1-biased cellular immune response against SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated, most reports of anti-SARS-CoV-2 cellular immunity have evaluated bulk T cells using pools of predicted epitopes, without clear delineation of the CD8+ subset and its magnitude and targeting. In recently infected persons (mean 29.8 days after COVID-19 symptom onset), we confirm a Th1 bias (and a novel IL-4-producing population of unclear significance) by flow cytometry, which does not correlate to antibody responses against the receptor binding domain. Evaluating isolated CD8+ T cells in more detail by IFN-γ ELISpot assays, responses against spike, nucleocapsid, matrix, and envelope proteins average 396, 901, 296, and 0 spot-forming cells (SFC) per million, targeting 1.4, 1.5, 0.59, and 0.0 epitope regions respectively. Nucleocapsid targeting is dominant in terms of magnitude, breadth, and density of targeting. The magnitude of responses drops rapidly post-infection; nucleocapsid targeting is most sustained, and vaccination selectively boosts spike targeting. In SARS-CoV-2-naïve persons, evaluation of the anti-spike CD8+ T cell response soon after vaccination (mean 11.3 days) yields anti-spike CD8+ T cell responses averaging 2,463 SFC/million against 4.2 epitope regions, and targeting mirrors that seen in infected persons. These findings provide greater clarity on CD8+ T cell anti-SARS-CoV-2 targeting, breadth, and persistence, suggesting that nucleocapsid inclusion in vaccines could broaden coverage and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellie Taus
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christian Hofmann
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Francisco Javier Ibarrondo
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Mary Ann Hausner
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jennifer A Fulcher
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Paul Krogstad
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kathie G Ferbas
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Nicole H Tobin
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anne W Rimoin
- Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Grace M Aldrovandi
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Otto O Yang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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20
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Tomic A, Skelly DT, Ogbe A, O'Connor D, Pace M, Adland E, Alexander F, Ali M, Allott K, Azim Ansari M, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, Bibi S, Blackwell L, Brown A, Brown H, Cavell B, Clutterbuck EA, de Silva T, Eyre D, Lumley S, Flaxman A, Grist J, Hackstein CP, Halkerston R, Harding AC, Hill J, James T, Jay C, Johnson SA, Kronsteiner B, Lie Y, Linder A, Longet S, Marinou S, Matthews PC, Mellors J, Petropoulos C, Rongkard P, Sedik C, Silva-Reyes L, Smith H, Stockdale L, Taylor S, Thomas S, Tipoe T, Turtle L, Vieira VA, Wrin T, Pollard AJ, Lambe T, Conlon CP, Jeffery K, Travis S, Goulder P, Frater J, Mentzer AJ, Stafford L, Carroll MW, James WS, Klenerman P, Barnes E, Dold C, Dunachie SJ. Divergent trajectories of antiviral memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1251. [PMID: 35273178 PMCID: PMC8913789 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28898-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The trajectories of acquired immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection are not fully understood. We present a detailed longitudinal cohort study of UK healthcare workers prior to vaccination, presenting April-June 2020 with asymptomatic or symptomatic infection. Here we show a highly variable range of responses, some of which (T cell interferon-gamma ELISpot, N-specific antibody) wane over time, while others (spike-specific antibody, B cell memory ELISpot) are stable. We use integrative analysis and a machine-learning approach (SIMON - Sequential Iterative Modeling OverNight) to explore this heterogeneity. We identify a subgroup of participants with higher antibody responses and interferon-gamma ELISpot T cell responses, and a robust trajectory for longer term immunity associates with higher levels of neutralising antibodies against the infecting (Victoria) strain and also against variants B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.351 (beta). These variable trajectories following early priming may define subsequent protection from severe disease from novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Tomic
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Donal T Skelly
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Nuffield Dept of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel O'Connor
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Pace
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily Adland
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Frances Alexander
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kirk Allott
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - M Azim Ansari
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Sagida Bibi
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Luke Blackwell
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Breeze Cavell
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England
| | | | - Thushan de Silva
- The Florey Institute for Host-Pathogen Interactions and Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David Eyre
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, Nuffield Dept. of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sheila Lumley
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Amy Flaxman
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James Grist
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carl-Philipp Hackstein
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Halkerston
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England
| | - Adam C Harding
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer Hill
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Tim James
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Cecilia Jay
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Síle A Johnson
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Medical School, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Barbara Kronsteiner
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yolanda Lie
- Monogram Biosciences LabCorp, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aline Linder
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephanie Longet
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Spyridoula Marinou
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Philippa C Matthews
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Jack Mellors
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England
| | | | - Patpong Rongkard
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Cynthia Sedik
- Monogram Biosciences LabCorp, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Laura Silva-Reyes
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Holly Smith
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa Stockdale
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Taylor
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England
| | - Stephen Thomas
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England
| | - Timothy Tipoe
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lance Turtle
- HPRU in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (a member of Liverpool Health Partners), Liverpool, UK
| | - Vinicius Adriano Vieira
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Terri Wrin
- Monogram Biosciences LabCorp, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chris P Conlon
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Katie Jeffery
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Simon Travis
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Philip Goulder
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Frater
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alex J Mentzer
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lizzie Stafford
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles W Carroll
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, Porton Down, Wiltshire, England
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William S James
- James & Lillian Martin Centre, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK.
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Christina Dold
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Susanna J Dunachie
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Centre For Global Health Research, Nuffield Dept. of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Mohn KGI, Bredholt G, Zhou F, Madsen A, Onyango TB, Fjelltveit EB, Jalloh SL, Brokstad KA, Cantoni D, Mayora-Neto M, Temperton N, Langeland N, Cox RJ. Durable T-cellular and humoral responses in SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized and community patients. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261979. [PMID: 35192617 PMCID: PMC8863217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutralizing antibodies are important for protection against the pandemic SARS-CoV-2 virus, and long-term memory responses determine the risk of re-infection or boosting after vaccination. T-cellular responses are considered important for partial protection against novel variants of concern. Methods A prospective cohort of hospitalized (n = 14) and community (n = 38) patients with rt-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited. Blood samples and clinical data were collected when diagnosed and at 6 months. Serum samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2-spike specific antibodies using ELISA (IgG, IgA, IgM), pseudotype neutralization and microneutralization assays. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were investigated for virus-specific T-cell responses in the interferon-γ and interleukin-2 fluorescent-linked immunosorbent spot (FluroSpot) assay. Results We found durable SARS-CoV-2 spike- and internal protein specific T-cellular responses in patients with persistent antibodies at 6 months. Significantly higher IL-2 and IFN-γ secreting T-cell responses as well as SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG and neutralizing antibodies were detected in hospitalized compared to community patients. The immune response was impacted by age, gender, comorbidity and severity of illness, reflecting clinical observations. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2 specific T-cellular and antibody responses persisted for 6 months post confirmed infection. In previously infected patients, re-exposure or vaccination will boost long-term immunity, possibly providing protection against re-infection with variant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin G.-I. Mohn
- Influenza Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Bergen, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Fan Zhou
- Influenza Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Karl A. Brokstad
- Department of Clinical Science, Broegelmann Research Laboratory, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Safety, Chemistry and Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
| | - Diego Cantoni
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Mayora-Neto
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Temperton
- Viral Pseudotype Unit, Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Chatham, United Kingdom
| | - Nina Langeland
- Influenza Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medicine, Bergen, Norway
- National Advisory Unit for Tropical Infectious Diseases, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rebecca J. Cox
- Influenza Centre, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Bergen, Norway
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22
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Winklmeier S, Eisenhut K, Taskin D, Rübsamen H, Gerhards R, Schneider C, Wratil PR, Stern M, Eichhorn P, Keppler OT, Klein M, Mader S, Kümpfel T, Meinl E. Persistence of functional memory B cells recognizing SARS-CoV-2 variants despite loss of specific IgG. iScience 2022; 25:103659. [PMID: 34957380 PMCID: PMC8686444 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although some COVID-19 patients maintain SARS-CoV-2-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) for more than 6 months postinfection, others eventually lose IgG levels. We assessed the persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific B cells in 17 patients, 5 of whom had lost specific IgGs after 5-8 months. Differentiation of blood-derived B cells in vitro revealed persistent SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG B cells in all patients, whereas IgA B cells were maintained in 11. Antibodies derived from cultured B cells blocked binding of viral receptor-binding domain (RBD) to the cellular receptor ACE-2, had neutralizing activity to authentic virus, and recognized the RBD of the variant of concern Alpha similarly to the wild type, whereas reactivity to Beta and Gamma were decreased. Thus, differentiation of memory B cells could be more sensitive for detecting previous infection than measuring serum antibodies. Understanding the persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific B cells even in the absence of specific serum IgG will help to promote long-term immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Winklmeier
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Katharina Eisenhut
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Damla Taskin
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Heike Rübsamen
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ramona Gerhards
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Celine Schneider
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Paul R. Wratil
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & GeneCenter, Virology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Stern
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & GeneCenter, Virology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T. Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & GeneCenter, Virology, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Klein
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Mader
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
- Corresponding author
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23
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Evaluation of Clinical and Immune Responses in Recovered Children with Mild COVID-19. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010085. [PMID: 35062289 PMCID: PMC8779549 DOI: 10.3390/v14010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread globally and variants continue to emerge, with children are accounting for a growing share of COVID-19 cases. However, the establishment of immune memory and the long-term health consequences in asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic children after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection are not fully understood. We collected clinical data and whole blood samples from discharged children for 6–8 months after symptom onset among 0-to-14-year-old children. Representative inflammation signs returned to normal in all age ranges. The infants and young children (0–4 years old) had lung lesions that persisted for 6–8 months and were less responsive for antigen-specific IgG secretion. In the 5-to-14-year-old group, lung imaging abnormalities gradually recovered, and the IgG-specific antibody response was strongest. In addition, we found a robust IgM+ memory B cell response in all age. Memory T cells specific for the spike or nucleocapsid protein were generated, with no significant difference in IFN-γ response among all ages. Our study highlights that although lung lesions caused by COVID-19 can last for at least 6–8 months in infants and young children, most children have detectable residual neutralizing antibodies and specific cellular immune responses at this stage.
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24
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Cossarizza A, Chang HD, Radbruch A, Abrignani S, Addo R, Akdis M, Andrä I, Andreata F, Annunziato F, Arranz E, Bacher P, Bari S, Barnaba V, Barros-Martins J, Baumjohann D, Beccaria CG, Bernardo D, Boardman DA, Borger J, Böttcher C, Brockmann L, Burns M, Busch DH, Cameron G, Cammarata I, Cassotta A, Chang Y, Chirdo FG, Christakou E, Čičin-Šain L, Cook L, Corbett AJ, Cornelis R, Cosmi L, Davey MS, De Biasi S, De Simone G, del Zotto G, Delacher M, Di Rosa F, Di Santo J, Diefenbach A, Dong J, Dörner T, Dress RJ, Dutertre CA, Eckle SBG, Eede P, Evrard M, Falk CS, Feuerer M, Fillatreau S, Fiz-Lopez A, Follo M, Foulds GA, Fröbel J, Gagliani N, Galletti G, Gangaev A, Garbi N, Garrote JA, Geginat J, Gherardin NA, Gibellini L, Ginhoux F, Godfrey DI, Gruarin P, Haftmann C, Hansmann L, Harpur CM, Hayday AC, Heine G, Hernández DC, Herrmann M, Hoelsken O, Huang Q, Huber S, Huber JE, Huehn J, Hundemer M, Hwang WYK, Iannacone M, Ivison SM, Jäck HM, Jani PK, Keller B, Kessler N, Ketelaars S, Knop L, Knopf J, Koay HF, Kobow K, Kriegsmann K, Kristyanto H, Krueger A, Kuehne JF, Kunze-Schumacher H, Kvistborg P, Kwok I, Latorre D, Lenz D, Levings MK, Lino AC, Liotta F, Long HM, Lugli E, MacDonald KN, Maggi L, Maini MK, Mair F, Manta C, Manz RA, Mashreghi MF, Mazzoni A, McCluskey J, Mei HE, Melchers F, Melzer S, Mielenz D, Monin L, Moretta L, Multhoff G, Muñoz LE, Muñoz-Ruiz M, Muscate F, Natalini A, Neumann K, Ng LG, Niedobitek A, Niemz J, Almeida LN, Notarbartolo S, Ostendorf L, Pallett LJ, Patel AA, Percin GI, Peruzzi G, Pinti M, Pockley AG, Pracht K, Prinz I, Pujol-Autonell I, Pulvirenti N, Quatrini L, Quinn KM, Radbruch H, Rhys H, Rodrigo MB, Romagnani C, Saggau C, Sakaguchi S, Sallusto F, Sanderink L, Sandrock I, Schauer C, Scheffold A, Scherer HU, Schiemann M, Schildberg FA, Schober K, Schoen J, Schuh W, Schüler T, Schulz AR, Schulz S, Schulze J, Simonetti S, Singh J, Sitnik KM, Stark R, Starossom S, Stehle C, Szelinski F, Tan L, Tarnok A, Tornack J, Tree TIM, van Beek JJP, van de Veen W, van Gisbergen K, Vasco C, Verheyden NA, von Borstel A, Ward-Hartstonge KA, Warnatz K, Waskow C, Wiedemann A, Wilharm A, Wing J, Wirz O, Wittner J, Yang JHM, Yang J. Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (third edition). Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2708-3145. [PMID: 34910301 PMCID: PMC11115438 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202170126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The third edition of Flow Cytometry Guidelines provides the key aspects to consider when performing flow cytometry experiments and includes comprehensive sections describing phenotypes and functional assays of all major human and murine immune cell subsets. Notably, the Guidelines contain helpful tables highlighting phenotypes and key differences between human and murine cells. Another useful feature of this edition is the flow cytometry analysis of clinical samples with examples of flow cytometry applications in the context of autoimmune diseases, cancers as well as acute and chronic infectious diseases. Furthermore, there are sections detailing tips, tricks and pitfalls to avoid. All sections are written and peer-reviewed by leading flow cytometry experts and immunologists, making this edition an essential and state-of-the-art handbook for basic and clinical researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cossarizza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Hyun-Dong Chang
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technische Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Radbruch
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Richard Addo
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | - Immanuel Andrä
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Andreata
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Eduardo Arranz
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Petra Bacher
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sudipto Bari
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
- Istituto Pasteur - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Dirk Baumjohann
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cristian G. Beccaria
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - David Bernardo
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominic A. Boardman
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jessica Borger
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonie Brockmann
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Columbia University, New York City, USA
| | - Marie Burns
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk H. Busch
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich, Germany
| | - Garth Cameron
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ilenia Cammarata
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Yinshui Chang
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immuno-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Fernando Gabriel Chirdo
- Instituto de Estudios Inmunológicos y Fisiopatológicos - IIFP (UNLP-CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Eleni Christakou
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Luka Čičin-Šain
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Laura Cook
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca Cornelis
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Martin S. Davey
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sara De Biasi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gabriele De Simone
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Michael Delacher
- Institute for Immunology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Research Centre for Immunotherapy, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Francesca Di Rosa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - James Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Inserm U1223, Paris, France
| | - Andreas Diefenbach
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jun Dong
- Cell Biology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), An Institute of the Leibniz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regine J. Dress
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Sidonia B. G. Eckle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pascale Eede
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christine S. Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Feuerer
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS, UMR8253, Paris, France
- Université de Paris, Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Aida Fiz-Lopez
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Medicine I, Lighthouse Core Facility, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gemma A. Foulds
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Julia Fröbel
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Nicola Gagliani
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
| | - Giovanni Galletti
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anastasia Gangaev
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalio Garbi
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - José Antonio Garrote
- Mucosal Immunology Lab, Unidad de Excelencia Instituto de Biomedicina y Genética Molecular de Valladolid (IBGM, Universidad de Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Gerencia Regional de Salud de Castilla y León (SACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jens Geginat
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicholas A. Gherardin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lara Gibellini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Florent Ginhoux
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Translational Immunology Institute, SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paola Gruarin
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Haftmann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Leo Hansmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin (CVK), Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher M. Harpur
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adrian C. Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Guido Heine
- Division of Allergy, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniela Carolina Hernández
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Herrmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oliver Hoelsken
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Mucosal and Developmental Immunology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Samuel Huber
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna E. Huber
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Hundemer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - William Y. K. Hwang
- Cancer & Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Executive Offices, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCSS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabine M. Ivison
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hans-Martin Jäck
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter K. Jani
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Baerbel Keller
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nina Kessler
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Steven Ketelaars
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Knop
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Knopf
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hui-Fern Koay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katja Kobow
- Department of Neuropathology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Kriegsmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H. Kristyanto
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Krueger
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jenny F. Kuehne
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heike Kunze-Schumacher
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Pia Kvistborg
- Division of Molecular Oncology and Immunology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Immanuel Kwok
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Daniel Lenz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Megan K. Levings
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Andreia C. Lino
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesco Liotta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Heather M. Long
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Enrico Lugli
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Katherine N. MacDonald
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Michael Smith Laboratories, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Florian Mair
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Calin Manta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Rheumatology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Armin Manz
- Institute for Systemic Inflammation Research, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | | | - Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Henrik E. Mei
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Melchers
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Melzer
- Clinical Trial Center Leipzig, Leipzig University, Härtelstr.16, −18, Leipzig, 04107, Germany
| | - Dirk Mielenz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Leticia Monin
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Radiation Immuno-Oncology Group, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Enrique Muñoz
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Miguel Muñoz-Ruiz
- Immunosurveillance Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Franziska Muscate
- Department of Medicine, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ambra Natalini
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Katrin Neumann
- Institute of Experimental Immunology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lai Guan Ng
- Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jana Niemz
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Samuele Notarbartolo
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Lennard Ostendorf
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Amit A. Patel
- Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherce Medicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisee-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France
| | - Gulce Itir Percin
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Giovanna Peruzzi
- Center for Life Nano & Neuro Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - A. Graham Pockley
- John van Geest Cancer Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
- Centre for Health, Ageing and Understanding Disease (CHAUD), School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Katharina Pracht
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Immo Prinz
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Systems Immunology, Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Nadia Pulvirenti
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Linda Quatrini
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Kylie M. Quinn
- School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, RMIT University, Bundorra, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helena Radbruch
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hefin Rhys
- Flow Cytometry Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | - Maria B. Rodrigo
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carina Saggau
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lieke Sanderink
- Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology (RCI), Regensburg, Germany
- Chair for Immunology, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Inga Sandrock
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Schauer
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Scheffold
- Institute of Immunology, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel & Universitätsklinik Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hans U. Scherer
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schiemann
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kilian Schober
- Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Mikrobiologisches Institut – Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Janina Schoen
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuh
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schüler
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Axel R. Schulz
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schulz
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Schulze
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonia Simonetti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Jeeshan Singh
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Medicine 3 – Rheumatology and Immunology and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna M. Sitnik
- Department of Viral Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Regina Stark
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin – BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany
- Sanquin Research – Adaptive Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Starossom
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Stehle
- Innate Immunity, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Department of Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Szelinski
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Tan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Attila Tarnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Tornack
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Timothy I. M. Tree
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jasper J. P. van Beek
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Willem van de Veen
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos, Switzerland
| | | | - Chiara Vasco
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi (INGM), Milan, Italy
| | - Nikita A. Verheyden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anouk von Borstel
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirsten A. Ward-Hartstonge
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Klaus Warnatz
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Waskow
- Immunology of Aging, Leibniz Institute on Aging – Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Medicine/Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anneke Wilharm
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - James Wing
- Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Oliver Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jens Wittner
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jennie H. M. Yang
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Juhao Yang
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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25
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Bertrand D, Hamzaoui M, Drouot L, Lamulle J, Hanoy M, Edet S, Laurent C, Lebourg L, Etienne I, Lemoine M, Le Roy F, Nezam D, Mauger E, Boyer O, Guerrot D, Candon S. SARS-CoV-2-specific Humoral and Cellular Immunities in Kidney Transplant Recipients and Dialyzed Patients Recovered From Severe and Nonsevere COVID-19. Transplant Direct 2021; 7:e792. [PMID: 34805494 PMCID: PMC8601300 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000001230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation and dialysis are two major risk factors for severe forms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The dynamics of the immune response to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in this population remain largely unknown. Methods We report here the analysis of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody- and T cell-mediated immune responses in 26 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) and 11 dialyzed patients (DPs) who recovered from COVID-19. Results After a mean time of 83 ± 26 d post-symptom onset for KTRs and 97 ± 31 d for DPs, 20 KTRs (76.9%) and 10 DPs (90.9%) displayed anti-S1 immunoglobulin G SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (P = 0.34), at similar titers in both groups. SARS-CoV-2-specific interferon-γ-producing T cells were evidenced in 26 KTRs (100%) and 10 DPs (90.9%). Total numbers of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells were high and not statistically different between the 2 groups. No correlation between the severity of the disease and the number of reactive T cells was found in KTRs. In 5 KTRs, also evaluated 10 mo after COVID-19, weak or absent antibody response was observed, whereas specific memory T-cell response was detected in all cases. Conclusion T-cell response persisted up to 3 mo post-symptom onset, even in KTRs in whom full immunosuppressive regimen was reinstated at recovery, and seems to be present up to 10 mo after infection. Our findings have implications in the understanding of the natural course of the disease in transplant patients and DPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Bertrand
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Hemodialysis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Mouad Hamzaoui
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Hemodialysis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Drouot
- Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1234, Rouen, France
| | - Julie Lamulle
- Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1234, Rouen, France
| | - Mélanie Hanoy
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Hemodialysis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Edet
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Hemodialysis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France.,ANIDER, Rouen, France
| | - Charlotte Laurent
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Hemodialysis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Ludivine Lebourg
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Hemodialysis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Isabelle Etienne
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Hemodialysis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Mathilde Lemoine
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Hemodialysis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Frank Le Roy
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Hemodialysis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Dorian Nezam
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Hemodialysis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Eleusis Mauger
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Hemodialysis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1234, Rouen, France.,Department of Immunology and Biotherapies, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Dominique Guerrot
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Hemodialysis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Sophie Candon
- Normandy University, UNIROUEN, INSERM U1234, Rouen, France.,Department of Immunology and Biotherapies, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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26
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Chinnaswamy S. Understanding the devastating second wave of COVID-19 pandemic in India. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23671. [PMID: 34469036 PMCID: PMC8646836 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sreedhar Chinnaswamy
- Infectious Disease GeneticsNational Institute of Biomedical GenomicsKalyaniWest BengalIndia
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27
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Mazzoni A, Salvati L, Maggi L, Annunziato F, Cosmi L. Hallmarks of immune response in COVID-19: Exploring dysregulation and exhaustion. Semin Immunol 2021; 55:101508. [PMID: 34728121 PMCID: PMC8547971 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
One and half year following the occurrence of COVID-19 pandemic, significant efforts from laboratories all over the world generated a huge amount of data describing the prototypical features of immunity in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this Review, we rationalize and organize the main observations, trying to define a “core” signature of immunity in COVID-19. We identified six hallmarks describing the main alterations occurring in the early infection phase and in the course of the disease, which predispose to severe illness. The six hallmarks are dysregulated type I IFN activity, hyperinflammation, lymphopenia, lymphocyte impairment, dysregulated myeloid response, and heterogeneous adaptive immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Dysregulation and exhaustion came out as the trait d’union, connecting abnormalities affecting both innate and adaptive immunity, humoral and cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Mazzoni
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Salvati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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28
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Richmond PC, Hatchuel L, Pacciarini F, Hu B, Smolenov I, Li P, Liang P, Han HH, Liang J, Clemens R. Persistence of the immune responses and cross-neutralizing activity with Variants of Concern following two doses of adjuvanted SCB-2019 COVID-19 vaccine. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1699-1706. [PMID: 34480575 PMCID: PMC8499965 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously reported the safety and immunogenicity 4 weeks after 2 doses of the Clover coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine candidate, SCB-2019, a stabilized prefusion form of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein (S-trimer). We now report persistence of antibodies up to 6 months after vaccination, and cross-neutralization titers against 3 variants of concern (VoCs). Methods In a phase 1 study, adult (18–54 years of age) and elderly (55–75 years of age) volunteers received 2 vaccinations 21 days apart with placebo or 3-, 9-, or 30-µg. We measured immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against SCB-2019, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) competitive binding antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (Wuhan-Hu-1) at days 101 and 184, and neutralizing antibodies against 3 VoCs, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), and Gamma (P.1), in day 36 sera. Results Titers waned from their peak at days 36–50, but SCB-2019 IgG antibodies, ACE2 competitive binding antibodies, and neutralizing antibodies against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 persisted at 25%–35% of their observed peak levels at day 184. Day 36 sera also demonstrated dose-dependent increases in neutralizing titers against the 3 VoCs. Conclusions SCB-2019 dose-dependently induced immune responses against wild-type SARS-CoV-2, which persisted up to day 184. Neutralizing antibodies were cross-reactive against 3 of the most prevalent VoCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Richmond
- Division of Paediatrics, University of Western Australia, Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute and Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia
| | - Lara Hatchuel
- Linear Clinical Research, Nedlands, Western Australia
| | | | - Branda Hu
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Ping Li
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Chengdu, China
| | - Peng Liang
- Clover Biopharmaceuticals, Chengdu, China
| | | | | | - Ralf Clemens
- Global Research in Infectious Diseases (GRID), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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29
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Malipiero G, Moratto A, Infantino M, D'Agaro P, Piscianz E, Manfredi M, Grossi V, Benvenuti E, Bulgaresi M, Benucci M, Villalta D. Assessment of humoral and cellular immunity induced by the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthcare workers, elderly people, and immunosuppressed patients with autoimmune disease. Immunol Res 2021; 69:576-583. [PMID: 34417958 PMCID: PMC8379062 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-021-09226-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of vaccines to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection has mainly relied on the induction of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, but there is growing evidence that T cell immune response can contribute to protection as well. In this study, an anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody assay and an INFγ-release assay (IGRA) were used to detect humoral and cellular responses to the Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine in three separate cohorts of COVID-19-naïve patients: 108 healthcare workers (HCWs), 15 elderly people, and 5 autoimmune patients treated with immunosuppressive agents. After the second dose of vaccine, the mean values of anti-RBD antibodies (Abs) and INFγ were 123.33 U/mL (range 27.55–464) and 1513 mIU/mL (range 145–2500) in HCWs and 210.7 U/mL (range 3–500) and 1167 mIU/mL (range 83–2500) in elderly people. No correlations between age and immune status were observed. On the contrary, a weak but significant positive correlation was found between INFγ and anti-RBD Abs values (rho = 0.354, p = 0.003). As to the autoimmune cohort, anti-RBD Abs were not detected in the two patients with absent peripheral CD19+B cells, despite high INFγ levels being observed in all 5 patients after vaccination. Even though the clinical relevance of T cell response has not yet been established as a correlate of vaccine-induced protection, IGRA testing has showed optimal sensitivity and specificity to define vaccine responders, even in patients lacking a cognate antibody response to the vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Malipiero
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Ospedale S-Maria degli Angeli, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Anna Moratto
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Ospedale S-Maria degli Angeli, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Maria Infantino
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory Unit, San Giovanni Di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Pierlanfranco D'Agaro
- Laboratory for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elisa Piscianz
- Laboratory for Hygiene and Public Health, University Hospital of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mariangela Manfredi
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory Unit, San Giovanni Di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Valentina Grossi
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory Unit, San Giovanni Di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Benvenuti
- Geriatric Unit Firenze-Empoli, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Matteo Bulgaresi
- Geriatric Unit Firenze-Empoli, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio Benucci
- Rheumatology Unit, San Giovanni Di Dio Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Danilo Villalta
- Immunology and Allergy Unit, Ospedale S-Maria degli Angeli, Pordenone, Italy.
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30
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Borena W, Bánki Z, Bates K, Winner H, Riepler L, Rössler A, Pipperger L, Theurl I, Falkensammer B, Ulmer H, Walser A, Pichler D, Baumgartner M, Schönherr S, Forer L, Knabl L, Würzner R, von Laer D, Paetzold J, Kimpel J. Persistence of immunity to SARS-CoV-2 over time in the ski resort Ischgl. EBioMedicine 2021; 70:103534. [PMID: 34392147 PMCID: PMC8358264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In early March 2020, a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the ski resort Ischgl in Austria triggered the spread of SARS-CoV-2 throughout Austria and Northern Europe. In a previous study, we found that the seroprevalence in the adult population of Ischgl had reached 45% by the end of April, representing an exceptionally high level of local seropositivity in Europe. We performed a follow-up study in Ischgl, which is the first to show persistence of immunity and protection against SARS-CoV-2 and some of its variants at a community level. Methods Of the 1259 adults that participated in the baseline study, 801 have been included in the follow-up in November 2020. The study involved the analysis of binding and neutralizing antibodies and T cell responses. In addition, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants in Ischgl was compared to the incidence in similar municipalities in Tyrol until April 2021. Findings For the 801 individuals that participated in both studies, the seroprevalence declined from 51.4% (95% confidence interval (CI) 47.9-54.9) to 45.4% (95% CI 42.0-49.0). Median antibody concentrations dropped considerably (5.345, 95% CI 4.833 - 6.123 to 2.298, 95% CI 2.141 - 2.527) but antibody avidity increased (17.02, 95% CI 16.49 - 17.94 to 42.46, 95% CI 41.06 - 46.26). Only one person had lost detectable antibodies and T cell responses. In parallel to this persistent immunity, we observed that Ischgl was relatively spared, compared to similar municipalities, from the prominent second COVID-19 wave that hit Austria in November 2020. In addition, we used sequencing data to show that the local immunity acquired from wild-type infections also helped to curb infections from variants of SARS-CoV-2 which spread in Austria since January 2021. Interpretation The relatively high level of seroprevalence (40-45%) in Ischgl persisted and might have been associated with the observed protection of Ischgl residents against virus infection during the second COVID-19 wave as well as against variant spread in 2021. Funding Funding was provided by the government of Tyrol and the FWF Austrian Science Fund.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wegene Borena
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Zoltán Bánki
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Katie Bates
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannes Winner
- University of Salzburg, Department of Economics, Residenzplatz 9, Salzburg A-5010, Austria
| | - Lydia Riepler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Annika Rössler
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Lisa Pipperger
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Igor Theurl
- Labor Dr. Theurl, Franz-Fischerstr.7b, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Barbara Falkensammer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Hanno Ulmer
- Department of Medical Statistics, Informatics and Health Economics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Daniel Pichler
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Matthias Baumgartner
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | | | - Lukas Forer
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ludwig Knabl
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Jörg Paetzold
- University of Salzburg, Department of Economics, Residenzplatz 9, Salzburg A-5010, Austria.
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Medical University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Str. 4b, Innsbruck 6020, Austria.
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Köppert S, Wolf C, Becza N, Sautto GA, Franke F, Kuerten S, Ross TM, Lehmann PV, Kirchenbaum GA. Affinity Tag Coating Enables Reliable Detection of Antigen-Specific B Cells in Immunospot Assays. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081843. [PMID: 34440612 PMCID: PMC8394687 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and other infectious agents is typically restricted to detecting antigen-specific antibodies in the serum. Rarely does immune monitoring entail assessment of the memory B-cell compartment itself, although it is these cells that engage in secondary antibody responses capable of mediating immune protection when pre-existing antibodies fail to prevent re-infection. There are few techniques that are capable of detecting rare antigen-specific B cells while also providing information regarding their relative abundance, class/subclass usage and functional affinity. In theory, the ELISPOT/FluoroSpot (collectively ImmunoSpot) assay platform is ideally suited for antigen-specific B-cell assessments since it provides this information at single-cell resolution for individual antibody-secreting cells (ASC). Here, we tested the hypothesis that antigen-coating efficiency could be universally improved across a diverse set of viral antigens if the standard direct (non-specific, low affinity) antigen absorption to the membrane was substituted by high-affinity capture. Specifically, we report an enhancement in assay sensitivity and a reduction in required protein concentrations through the capture of recombinant proteins via their encoded hexahistidine (6XHis) affinity tag. Affinity tag antigen coating enabled detection of SARS-CoV-2 Spike receptor binding domain (RBD)-reactive ASC, and also significantly improved assay performance using additional control antigens. Collectively, establishment of a universal antigen-coating approach streamlines characterization of the memory B-cell compartment after SARS-CoV-2 infection or COVID-19 vaccinations, and facilitates high-throughput immune-monitoring efforts of large donor cohorts in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Köppert
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (S.K.); (C.W.); (N.B.); (F.F.); (P.V.L.)
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Carla Wolf
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (S.K.); (C.W.); (N.B.); (F.F.); (P.V.L.)
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
| | - Noémi Becza
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (S.K.); (C.W.); (N.B.); (F.F.); (P.V.L.)
| | - Giuseppe A. Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (G.A.S.); (T.M.R.)
| | - Fridolin Franke
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (S.K.); (C.W.); (N.B.); (F.F.); (P.V.L.)
| | - Stefanie Kuerten
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany;
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (G.A.S.); (T.M.R.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Paul V. Lehmann
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (S.K.); (C.W.); (N.B.); (F.F.); (P.V.L.)
| | - Greg A. Kirchenbaum
- Research & Development Department, Cellular Technology Limited, Shaker Heights, OH 44122, USA; (S.K.); (C.W.); (N.B.); (F.F.); (P.V.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(216)-791-5084
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The preparation of N-IgY targeting SARS-CoV-2 and its immunomodulation to IFN-γ production in vitro. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107797. [PMID: 34162159 PMCID: PMC8133490 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Specific antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 structural protein have a wide range of effects in the diagnose, prevention and treatment of the COVID-19 epidemic. Among them, egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY), which has high safety, high yield, and without inducing antibody-dependent enhancement, is an important biological candidate. In this study, specific IgY against the conservative nucleocapsid protein (NP) of SARS-CoV-2 was obtained by immunizing hens. Through a series of optimized precipitation and ultrafiltration extraction schemes, its purity was increased to 98%. The hyperimmune IgY against NP (N-IgY) at a titer of 1:50,000 showed strong NP binding ability, which laid the foundation of N-IgY's application targeting NP. In an in vitro immunoregulatory study, N-IgY (1 mg/mL) modulated NP-induced immune response by alleviating type II interferon secretion stimulated by NP (20 μg/mL). In summary, N-IgY can be mass produced by achievable method, which endows it with potential value against the current COVID-19 pandemic.
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