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Velasco Garcia WJ, Araripe Dos Santos Neto N, Borba Rios T, Rocha Maximiano M, Souza CMD, Franco OL. Genetic basis of antibiotic resistance in bovine mastitis and its possible implications for human and ecological health. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024:1-14. [PMID: 38916977 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2024.2369140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a mammary gland inflammation that can occur due to infectious pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, which are, respectively, the most prevalent Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria associated with this disease. Currently, antibiotic treatment has become more complicated due to the presence of resistant pathogens. This review, therefore, aims to identify the most common resistance genes reported for these strains in the last four years. During the review, it was noted that blaZ, blaSHV, blaTEM, and blaampC are the most reported genes for S. aureus and E. coli, associated with drug inactivation, mainly β-lactamases. They are characterized by generating bacterial resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, the most common treatment in animal and human bacterial treatments (penicillins and cephalosporins, among others). Genes associated with efflux systems were also present in the two strains and included norA, tetA, tetC, and tetK, which generate resistance to macrolide and tetracycline antibiotics. Additionally, the effects of spreading resistance between animals and humans through direct contact (such as consumption of contaminated milk) or indirect contact (through environmental contamination) has been deeply discussed, emphasizing the importance of having adequate sanitation and antibiotic control and administration protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Johana Velasco Garcia
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nilton Araripe Dos Santos Neto
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Thuanny Borba Rios
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Mariana Rocha Maximiano
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Camila Maurmann de Souza
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Universidade de Brasília, Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Brazil
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Tsutamoto S, Iwasaki Y, Shinohara A, Imamiya R, Samukawa K, Kawada-Matsuo M, Komatsuzawa H, Yamada Y, Mandokoro K, Iwao H, Horiguchi Y, Osada-Oka M. Triterpenoid saponin from Panax ginseng increases the sensitivity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to β-lactam and aminoglycoside antibiotics. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0322723. [PMID: 38647286 PMCID: PMC11237474 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03227-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The triterpenoid saponins, ginsenosides, are the major bioactive compound of red ginseng and can exert various physiological activities. In the present study, we examined whether red ginseng extract (RGE) exerts antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). RGE had no bactericidal activity, at least in the range of dissolvable concentration. However, RGE reduced 0.03-0.25-fold the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of β-lactam antibiotics (oxacillin, ampicillin, carbenicillin, and cefazolin) and aminoglycoside antibiotics (kanamycin and gentamicin) against the two laboratory strains of MRSA. Moreover, the fractional inhibitory concentration index indicated the synergistic activity of RGE with each of the antibiotics. RGE also increased the kanamycin sensitivity of 15 MRSA strains isolated from human volunteers and increased the ampicillin sensitivity of five MRSA strains isolated from dairy cows diagnosed with bovine mastitis. In contrast, RGE did not alter the MIC values of fosfomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin, suggesting that RGE acts selectively. In contrast, Triton X-100, which was reported to reduce the MIC value of β-lactam antibiotics to MRSA by increasing membrane permeability, reduced the MIC values of fosfomycin and tetracycline. These results indicate that RGE increases the bactericidal effect of antibiotics via a mechanism different from that used by Triton X-100. We found that ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), a component of RGE, was an essential compound that exhibits synergy activity with antibiotics. Furthermore, the non-natural compound K, which contains a common protopanaxadiol aglycon moiety with Rg3, also showed synergistic activity with antibiotics. Thus, Rg3 and compound K are potentially new antibiotic adjuvants against MRSA.IMPORTANCEMethicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a multidrug-resistant organism that is prevalent worldwide. Therefore, the research and development of new agents against MRSA are required. We first found that ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3) in red ginseng, made from the roots of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, increased the sensitivity of β-lactam antibiotics and aminoglycoside antibiotics to MRSA. Furthermore, we identified that compound K, an unnatural ginsenoside analog, also increased the sensitivity of antibiotics to MRSA, similar to Rg3. By contrast, neither Rg3 nor compound K increased the sensitivity of fosfomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin to MRSA, suggesting that these act selectively. In the present study, the natural compound Rg3 and its structural isomer, compound K, are potentially new antibiotic adjuvants against MRSA. Currently, multiple antibiotics are used to treat MRSA, but the use of these adjuvants is expected to enable the treatment of MRSA with a single antibiotic and low concentrations of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakura Tsutamoto
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuina Iwasaki
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akari Shinohara
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Risa Imamiya
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiichi Samukawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miki Kawada-Matsuo
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yui Yamada
- Kyoto Prefectural Chutan Livestock Health Hygiene, Fukuchiyama, Japan
| | - Kouki Mandokoro
- Kyoto Prefectural Chutan Livestock Health Hygiene, Fukuchiyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Iwao
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute of Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Mayuko Osada-Oka
- Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Division of Applied Life Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Kyoto, Japan
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Anjum MF, Duggett N, Sheldon E, Sharma M, Smith RP, Teale CJ. Genomics to detect transmission of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from UK pigs in abattoirs during slaughter. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:962-967. [PMID: 38442335 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkae052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) transmission/cross-contamination can occur at abattoir through colonized pigs, increasing occupational hazards and health concerns for workers. To assess this risk we used genomics to identify LA-MRSA lineages present in batches of pigs sent to slaughter and distribution of clones. METHODS WGS was performed on 85 LA-MRSA previously isolated from six abattoirs from 105 batches of pigs sent from 100 UK farms. spa typing and MLST were performed on all isolates. A mashtree tree was constructed to compare genomes of the LA-MRSA with 1281 global isolates from livestock and humans. A phylogenetic tree and pairwise SNP distance matrices were built from whole genomes of 109 isolates closest to those from abattoirs to compare evolutionary relationships and identify clones. RESULTS All abattoir isolates belonged to CC398 and were mainly of spa type t011, although other spa types were present. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the abattoir isolates were most closely related to each other and to pig LA-MRSA from across Europe, indicating a common evolutionary origin with related lineages colonizing UK pigs.Comparison of genomes using SNPs suggested between one and four clones were transferring between pigs from different batches. Transmission likely occurred on farm premises, during transportation, and/or within abattoirs through contact with contaminated surfaces in lairage or post-stunning. CONCLUSIONS Genomics forensically identified related isolates/clones circulating in pigs at slaughter, showing contamination occurs often. Results suggest that further genomic tracking will identify hotspots, and improvements in measures such as biosecurity and disinfection will help reduce risk for workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Nicholas Duggett
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Ewart Sheldon
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Meenaxi Sharma
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Richard P Smith
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Chris J Teale
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
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Sigudu T, Qekwana D, Oguttu J. A Retrospective Descriptive Study of Staphylococcus Species Isolated from Canine Specimens Submitted to a Diagnostic Laboratory in South Africa, 2012-2017. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1304. [PMID: 38731308 PMCID: PMC11083448 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a scarcity of published studies on the occurrence of Staphylococcus spp. Among dogs in South Africa. The objective of the study was to characterise the Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from dog samples submitted to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in South Africa in terms of time, place, and person. This study utilised a dataset of 1627 positive Staphylococcus isolates obtained from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory in South Africa from 2012 to 2017. Out of the 1627 confirmed isolates, 10 different species of Staphylococcus were identified. Among these, 92.0% were classified as coagulase-positive staphylococci (CoPS), 6.0% were coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), and 3.0% were coagulase-variable. Male dogs contributed just over half (53.2%) of the Staphylococcus isolates, while female dogs contributed the remaining 46.8%. The largest proportion of isolates (23.2%) were obtained from dogs aged ≥ 9 years, with the highest number of isolates originating from KwaZulu-Natal Province (45.0%) and the least from Northern Cape Province (0.1%). Out of the total samples included in the records, the majority (46.0%) were skin specimens. The number of Staphylococcus isolates recorded showed limited variation between the seasons (24.3% in autumn, 26.3% in winter, 26.0% in spring, and 24.0% in summer). This study highlighted the diversity of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from dogs, and the burden of staphylococcal carriage among dogs in South Africa. Further research is required to examine the factors that contribute to the observed discrepancies in the proportions of Staphylococcus spp. between the provinces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themba Sigudu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
- Department of Health and Society, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Daniel Qekwana
- Section Veterinary Public Health, Department of Para Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0110, South Africa;
| | - James Oguttu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
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Kassa HY, Belete MA, Yihunie FB, Bayu A, Demlie TB, Tassew H. Occurrence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Bovine Bulk Milk and Farm Workers in Smallholder Dairy Farming Systems in Northwestern Ethiopia. VETERINARY MEDICINE (AUCKLAND, N.Z.) 2024; 15:71-80. [PMID: 38496263 PMCID: PMC10942014 DOI: 10.2147/vmrr.s454193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Background and Purpose Staphylococcus aureus is a common pathogen responsible for causing various human and animal infections and is well known for its ability to develop resistance to multiple antibiotics. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in bulk milk and dairy farms in northwestern Ethiopia and to determine their phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Methods We collected 50 bulk milk samples from 50 dairy farms and 50 hand swabs from dairy milkers. The cefoxitin disk diffusion test and PCR-based assays were used to identify MRSA isolates. In addition, cefoxitin-resistant isolates were tested for susceptibility to other antibiotics using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Results The results showed that MRSA was detected in 8 samples: 6 from bulk milk samples (12%) and 2 from hand swabs (4%). All MRSA isolates exhibited a high resistance rate to penicillin (100%), followed by tetracycline (75%), ciprofloxacin (25%), chloramphenicol (25%), erythromycin (25%), gentamycin (12.5%), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (12.5%). Moreover, 72% of the isolates showed resistance to three or more antibiotic classes and were classified as multidrug-resistant. Conclusion This study identified methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and multidrug-resistant MRSA in bulk milk and dairy farms in northwestern Ethiopia. These findings highlight the potential risk of transmission of these antibiotic-resistant bacteria to humans and the need for improved antibiotic stewardship in the dairy sector using the One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haregua Yesigat Kassa
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | - Mequanint Addisu Belete
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Technology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resource, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
| | | | - Azeb Bayu
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
| | - Tiliksew Bialfew Demlie
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Tassew
- Department of Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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Gay F. The risk of multiple sclerosis on the Orkney islands. A review of the search for distinctively Orcadian risks, with a hypothesis for further investigations. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2024; 82:105386. [PMID: 38183695 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2023.105386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
The most extensive and meticulous epidemiological study yet to be published on the frequency of multiple sclerosis (MS) across the regions of Scotland has confirmed that the high incidence of MS on the Orcadian islands is unique and is most probably the highest in the world. Environmental and genetic studies of Orcadian MS have been carried out over many years but the results have been discouragingly inconclusive; no convincing explanation of the distinctively high Orcadian MS risks has come to light. However, studies of both prevalence and incidence of MS over a time line of approximately five decades, show that Orcadian MS has steadily increased to significantly exceed the neighbouring genetically related populations including North Eastern Scotland and the Shetland islands. Over this period the islands have progressively expanded occupations related to agriculture and have simultaneously acquired the highest concentration of cattle in Europe. Coinciding high and increasing Orcadian MS risk with increasing agricultural activities including bovine density and dairying, points towards a potential but unexpected causal risk. Raised incidence of MS with farming and in particular with dairy farming have been documented in Australia, Denmark, and more recently in Norway, further pointing to a possible MS risk associated with agricultural activities. A clue to the cause of this curious association has unexpectedly emerged from laboratory studies. Using very rarely available tissues from patients coming to autopsy during an MS attack, a toxin known as beta-haemolysin (sphingomyelinase), which is produced by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, has been identified in the affected tissues. Staph aureus is a common inhabitant of the mucosal linings of the human nasal sinuses and sinus mucosal inflammations have been shown to be closely associated with attacks of MS and optic neuritis. Irrespective of origin, human or animal, all strains of Staph aureus carry the beta haemolysin gene. However, the toxin is only sporadically expressed by the strains most commonly isolated from human carriers. Strains carried by bovines nearly always express toxin. Has the increasing high risk of MS in Orcadians been promoted by the nasal transmission and subsequent establishment of the high secreting bovine genotypes of Staph aureus in the Orcadian population? To demonstrate that bovine associated strains of Staph aureus are carried more frequently in the Orcadian population (or even specifically in Orcadian MS cases), would not of itself necessarily explain the high prevalence of Orcadian MS. It would however clearly justify an in-depth exploration of the nasal bacterial microbiome of MS cases. This should include the incidence of beta-toxin secreting Staph aureus genotypes. If MS cases are shown to have a distinctive nasal bacterial microbiome, including beta-toxin secretors, this finding would open up an almost entirely new range of investigations and approaches to the understanding of the pathogenesis of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick Gay
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK.
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Abebe AA, Birhanu AG. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Drug Resistance Development and Novel Strategies to Combat. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:7641-7662. [PMID: 38111667 PMCID: PMC10726795 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s428103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a major threat to global health. Infection caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the well-recognized global public health problem globally. In some regions, as many as 90% of S. aureus infections are reported to be MRSA, which cannot be treated with standard antibiotics. WHO reports indicated that MRSA is circulating in every province worldwide, significantly increasing the risk of death by 64% compared to drug-sensitive forms of the infection which is attributed to its antibiotic resistance. The emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant MRSA strains have contributed to its increased prevalence in both healthcare and community settings. The resistance of S. aureus to methicillin is due to expression of penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which renders it impervious to the action of β-lactam antibiotics including methicillin. The other is through the production of beta-lactamases. Although the treatment options for MRSA are limited, there are promising alternatives to antibiotics to combat the infections. Innovative therapeutic strategies with wide range of activity and modes of action are yet to be explored. The review highlights the global challenges posed by MRSA, elucidates the mechanisms underlying its resistance development, and explores mitigation strategies. Furthermore, it focuses on alternative therapies such as bacteriophages, immunotherapy, nanobiotics, and antimicrobial peptides, emphasizing their synergistic effects and efficacy against MRSA. By examining these alternative approaches, this review provides insights into the potential strategies for tackling MRSA infections and combatting the escalating threat of AMR. Ultimately, a multifaceted approach encompassing both conventional and novel interventions is imperative to mitigate the impact of MRSA and ensure a sustainable future for global healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assefa Asnakew Abebe
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Medical laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Bule Hora University, Bule Hora, Ethiopia
| | - Alemayehu Godana Birhanu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Zhang Z, Wang J, Wang H, Zhang L, Shang W, Li Z, Song L, Li T, Cheng M, Zhang C, Zhao Q, Shen S, Cui M. Molecular Surveillance of MRSA in Raw Milk Provides Insight into MRSA Cross Species Evolution. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0031123. [PMID: 37260406 PMCID: PMC10433870 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00311-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in foods has been associated with severe infections in humans and animals worldwide. In the present study, the molecular characteristics of livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) and human-associated MRSA (hMRSA) isolates obtained in China, as well as MRSA isolates obtained from raw milk in 2018, were investigated. In total, 343 (20.38%; 343/1,683) S. aureus isolates were obtained from 1,683 raw milk samples from 100 dairy farms in 11 provinces across China. Among these, 49 (2.91%; 49/1,683) were mecA-positive MRSA. All LA-MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin and highly resistant to erythromycin, sulfisoxazole, and clindamycin. Bioinformatic analysis the 49 genomes of LA-MRSA and 71 previously published hMRSA genomes isolated from Chinese individuals in 2018 indicated that blaZ, erm, ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, tet(K), cat, and aph(2″)-Ia were more prevalent in MRSA from raw milk (P < 0.05) compared to hMRSA. Additionally, hMRSA isolates were more significantly associated with ST5 (P < 0.01) compared to LA-MRSA; in contrast, ST338 was more prevalent among LA-MRSA isolates (P < 0.01). Likewise, the SCCmec type II was only detected in hMRSA isolates, whereas SCCmec type V and IV were more prevalent among LA-MRSA (P < 0.01). Furthermore, core-genome phylogenetic analysis showed the endemic characteristics of LA-MRSA in local provinces, as well as the close evolutionary relationships between MRSA from cattle and humans. Finally, homology analysis of mecA and blaZ genetic contexts revealed a high possibility of horizontal transmission of MRSA resistance genes among raw milk-associated and hMRSA strains, which increases the risk for public health. IMPORTANCE Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered a public health concern as it is resistant to multiple antibiotics, thus being in zoonotic transmission of antibiotic resistance genes. MRSA causes serious public health issues and leads to hard-to-treat infections in humans and animals; therefore, it was meaningful to determine the prevalence of MRSA in raw milk samples and investigate phenotype and genotype of antimicrobial resistance and molecular characteristics in livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) and human-associated MRSA (hMRSA) in China, which could provide a theoretical basis for preventing and controlling the spread of MRSA between livestock and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenbiao Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory for Modernization of TCVM, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hejia Wang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liu Zhang
- College of Agricultural Standardization, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Shang
- No.988 Hospital of Joint Logistic Support Force, Zhengzhou, Henan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zekun Li
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Song
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ting Li
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Cheng
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunping Zhang
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhao
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Shen
- Shandong Provincial Hospital (Group) Ludong Hospital, Yantai, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingquan Cui
- China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, People’s Republic of China
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Khan W, Khan SA, Khan FA, Khan S, Ullah I, Shah A, Uddin I, Khan S, Khan H, Uddin MN, Akbar F, Qayum N. Therapeutic potential of natural products and antibiotics against bovine mastitis pathogen of cows and buffaloes. VET MED-CZECH 2023; 68:271-280. [PMID: 37982055 PMCID: PMC10581532 DOI: 10.17221/80/2022-vetmed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus associated with bovine mastitis to selected antibiotics and plant extracts. In the current study, 140 milk samples were collected from cows and buffaloes. Among the 140 samples, 93 samples were positive for sub-clinical mastitis based on the California Mastitis Test (CMT). Out of the total positive samples, 45 were confirmed for S. aureus on a Mannitol salt agar media. The antimicrobial susceptibility test revealed that 44.82% of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (oxacillin) confirming methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) with a higher percentage (51.61%) in the buffalo than in the cow samples. Furthermore, the PCR assay confirmed the presence of the mecA gene in all the MRSA isolates. Among the seven tested antibiotics, sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim showed high efficacy (71.1%) against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus isolates (MSSA). Oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim showed 20% efficacy against MRSA followed by enrofloxacin (10%). On the other hand, the tested samples from Pistacia chinensis revealed that the ethyl acetate extract of bark showed a maximum zone of inhibition of 21.3 mm against MSSA and MRSA isolates at 3 000 μg/disc. Moreover, the methanol extract of Cotoneaster microphyllus formed a 12.3 mm and 9.1 mm zone of inhibition against the MSSA and MRSA isolates, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Shahab Ahmad Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Fayaz Akhtar Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Shah
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Uddin
- Veterinary Research and Disease Investigation Center, Balogram, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Khan
- Veterinary Research and Disease Investigation Center, Balogram, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Haji Khan
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | | | - Fazal Akbar
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
| | - Nabila Qayum
- Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
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10
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Johnson T, Matlock W. Justifying the More Restrictive Alternative: Ethical Justifications for One Health AMR Policies Rely on Empirical Evidence. Public Health Ethics 2023; 16:22-34. [PMID: 37151784 PMCID: PMC10161525 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phac025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Global consumption of antibiotics has accelerated the evolution of bacterial antimicrobial resistance. Yet, the risks from increasing bacterial antimicrobial resistance are not restricted to human populations: transmission of antimicrobial resistant bacteria occurs between humans, farms, the environment and other reservoirs. Policies that take a 'One Health' approach deal with this cross-reservoir spread, but are often more restrictive concerning human actions than policies that focus on a single reservoir. As such, the burden of justification lies with these more restrictive policies. We argue that an ethical justification for preferring One Health policies over less restrictive alternatives relies on empirical evidence as well as theory. The ethical justification for these policies is based on two arguments: (i) comparatively greater effectiveness, and (ii) comparatively better tracking of moral responsibility. Yet the empirical assumptions on which these claims rest are limited by existing empirical knowledge. Using livestock farming as an example, we suggest that scientific research into characterising antimicrobial resistance and linking practices to outcomes ought to be guided (at least in part) by the imperative to supply the context-specific data needed to ethically justify preferring a One Health policy over less restrictive alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tess Johnson
- Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Ethox Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - William Matlock
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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11
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Altaf S, Alkheraije KA. Cell membrane-coated nanoparticles: An emerging antibacterial platform for pathogens of food animals. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1148964. [PMID: 36950535 PMCID: PMC10025400 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1148964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens of animals impact food production and human health globally. Food animals act as the major host reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria and thus are highly prone to suffer from several endemic infections such as pneumonia, sepsis, mastitis, and diarrhea, imposing a major health and economical loss. Moreover, the consumption of food products of infected animals is the main route by which human beings are exposed to zoonotic bacteria. Thus, there is excessive and undue administration of antibiotics to fight these virulent causative agents of food-borne illness, leading to emergence of resistant strains. Thus, highprevalence antibiotic-resistant resistant food-borne bacterial infections motivated the researchers to discover new alternative therapeutic strategies to eradicate resistant bacterial strains. One of the successful therapeutic approach for the treatment of animal infections, is the application of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles. Cell membranes of several different types of cells including platelets, red blood cells, neutrophils, cancer cells, and bacteria are being wrapped over the nanoparticles to prepare biocompatible nanoformulations. This diversity of cell membrane selection and together with the possibility of combining with an extensive range of nanoparticles, has opened a new opportunistic window for the development of more potentially effective, safe, and immune evading nanoformulations, as compared to conventionally used bare nanoparticle. This article will elaborately discuss the discovery and development of novel bioinspired cell membrane-coated nanoformulations against several pathogenic bacteria of food animals such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enteritidis, Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacter pylori, and Group A Streptococcus and Group B Streptococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Altaf
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Ali Alkheraije
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Ba X, Matuszewska M, Kalmar L, Fan J, Zou G, Corander D, Raisen CL, Li S, Li L, Weinert LA, Tucker AW, Grant AJ, Zhou R, Holmes MA. High-Throughput Mutagenesis Reveals a Role for Antimicrobial Resistance- and Virulence-Associated Mobile Genetic Elements in Staphylococcus aureus Host Adaptation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0421322. [PMID: 36815781 PMCID: PMC10101091 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04213-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal-complex 398 (CC398) is the dominant livestock-associated (LA) MRSA lineage in European livestock and an increasing cause of difficult-to-treat human disease. LA-CC398 MRSA evolved from a diverse human-associated methicillin-sensitive population, and this transition from humans to livestock was associated with three mobile genetic elements (MGEs). In this study, we apply transposon-directed insertion site sequencing (TraDIS), a high-throughput transposon mutagenesis approach, to investigate genetic signatures that contribute to LA-CC398 causing disease in humans. We identified 26 genes associated with LA-CC398 survival in human blood and 47 genes in porcine blood. We carried out phylogenetic reconstruction on 1,180 CC398 isolates to investigate the genetic context of all identified genes. We found that all genes associated with survival in human blood were part of the CC398 core genome, while 2/47 genes essential for survival in porcine blood were located on MGEs. Gene SAPIG0966 was located on the previously identified Tn916 transposon carrying a tetracycline resistance gene, which has been shown to be stably inherited within LA-CC398. Gene SAPIG1525 was carried on a phage element, which in part, matched phiSa2wa_st1, a previously identified bacteriophage carrying the Panton-Valentine leucocidin (PVL) virulence factor. Gene deletion mutants constructed in two LA-CC398 strains confirmed that the SAPIG0966 carrying Tn916 and SAPIG1525 were important for CC398 survival in porcine blood. Our study shows that MGEs that carry antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes could have a secondary function in bacterial survival in blood and may be important for host adaptation. IMPORTANCE CC398 is the dominant type of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in European livestock and a growing cause of human infections. Previous studies have suggested MRSA CC398 evolved from human-associated methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and is capable of rapidly readapting to human hosts while maintaining antibiotic resistance. Using high-throughput transposon mutagenesis, our study identified 26 and 47 genes important for MRSA CC398 survival in human and porcine blood, respectively. Two of the genes important for MRSA CC398 survival in porcine blood were located on mobile genetic elements (MGEs) carrying resistance or virulence genes. Our study shows that these MGEs carrying antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes could have a secondary function in bacterial survival in blood and may be important for blood infection and host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Ba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Matuszewska
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lajos Kalmar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jingyan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Geng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Desirée Corander
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Claire L. Raisen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shaowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Centre of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- International Research Centre for Animal Diseases (MOST), Wuhan, China
| | - Lucy A. Weinert
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander W. Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Cooperative Innovation Centre of Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- International Research Centre for Animal Diseases (MOST), Wuhan, China
| | - Mark A. Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Khairullah AR, Kurniawan SC, Effendi MH, Sudjarwo SA, Ramandinianto SC, Widodo A, Riwu KHP, Silaen OSM, Rehman S. A review of new emerging livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from pig farms. Vet World 2023; 16:46-58. [PMID: 36855358 PMCID: PMC9967705 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.46-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus strain resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and is often associated with livestock, known as livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA. Using molecular typing with multi-locus sequence typing, MRSA clones have been classified in pigs, including clonal complex 398. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus was first discovered in pigs in the Netherlands in 2005. Since then, it has been widely detected in pigs in other countries. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus can be transmitted from pigs to pigs, pigs to humans (zoonosis), and humans to humans. This transmission is enabled by several risk factors involved in the pig trade, including the use of antibiotics and zinc, the size and type of the herd, and the pig pen management system. Although LA-MRSA has little impact on the pigs' health, it can be transmitted from pig to pig or from pig to human. This is a serious concern as people in direct contact with pigs are highly predisposed to acquiring LA-MRSA infection. The measures to control LA-MRSA spread in pig farms include conducting periodic LA-MRSA screening tests on pigs and avoiding certain antibiotics in pigs. This study aimed to review the emerging LA-MRSA strains in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Shendy Canadya Kurniawan
- Master Program of Animal Sciences, Department of Animal Sciences, Specialisation in Molecule, Cell and Organ Functioning, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, Netherlands
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia,Corresponding author: Mustofa Helmi Effendi, e-mail: Co-authors: ARK: , SCK: , SAS: , SCR: , AW: , KHPR: , OSMS: , SR:
| | - Sri Agus Sudjarwo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Agus Widodo
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Doctoral Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya No. 6 Senen, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Saifur Rehman
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga. Jl. Dr. Ir. H. Soekarno, Kampus C Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia
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Zhang XD, Gu B, Usman M, Tang JW, Li ZK, Zhang XQ, Yan JW, Wang L. Recent Progress in the Diagnosis of Staphylococcus in Clinical Settings. Infect Dis (Lond) 2022. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococci are mainly found on the skin or in the nose. These bacteria are typically friendly, causing no harm to healthy individuals or resulting in only minor issues that can go away on their own. However, under certain circumstances, staphylococcal bacteria could invade the bloodstream, affect the entire body, and lead to life-threatening problems like septic shock. In addition, antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus is another issue because of its difficulty in the treatment of infections, such as the notorious methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which is resistant to most of the currently known antibiotics. Therefore, rapid and accurate diagnosis of Staphylococcus and characterization of the antibiotic resistance profiles are essential in clinical settings for efficient prevention, control, and treatment of the bacteria. This chapter highlights recent advances in the diagnosis of Staphylococci in clinical settings with a focus on the advanced technique of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), which will provide a framework for the real-world applications of novel diagnostic techniques in medical laboratories via bench-top instruments and at the bedside through point-of-care devices.
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15
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Obanda BA, Cook EAJ, Fèvre EM, Bebora L, Ogara W, Wang SH, Gebreyes W, Ngetich R, Wandede D, Muyodi J, Blane B, Coll F, Harrison EM, Peacock SJ, Gitao GC. Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Patients in Busia County Referral Hospital, Kenya. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121504. [PMID: 36558838 PMCID: PMC9781741 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen associated with hospital, community, and livestock-acquired infections, with the ability to develop resistance to antibiotics. Nasal carriage by hospital inpatients is a risk for opportunistic infections. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns, virulence genes and genetic population structure of S. aureus nasal isolates, from inpatients at Busia County Referral Hospital (BCRH) were analyzed. A total of 263 inpatients were randomly sampled, from May to July 2015. The majority of inpatients (85.9%) were treated empirically with antimicrobials, including ceftriaxone (65.8%) and metronidazole (49.8%). Thirty S. aureus isolates were cultured from 29 inpatients with a prevalence of 11% (10.3% methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), 0.8% methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA)). Phenotypic and genotypic resistance was highest to penicillin-G (96.8%), trimethoprim (73.3%), and tetracycline (13.3%) with 20% of isolates classified as multidrug resistant. Virulence genes, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl), toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (tsst-1), and sasX gene were detected in 16.7%, 23.3% and 3.3% of isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed 4 predominant clonal complexes CC152, CC8, CC80, and CC508. This study has identified that inpatients of BCRH were carriers of S. aureus harbouring virulence genes and resistance to a range of antibiotics. This may indicate a public health risk to other patients and the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benear Apollo Obanda
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kenya
- Global One Health Initiative, Office of International Affairs, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Centre for Microbiology Research Nairobi, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 54840-00200, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth A. J. Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya
- Correspondence: (E.A.J.C.); (E.M.F.)
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, Leahurst Campus, University of Liverpool, Chester High Road, Neston CH64 7TE, UK
- Correspondence: (E.A.J.C.); (E.M.F.)
| | - Lilly Bebora
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kenya
| | - William Ogara
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kenya
| | - Shu-Hua Wang
- Global One Health Initiative, Office of International Affairs, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Wondwossen Gebreyes
- Global One Health Initiative, Office of International Affairs, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ronald Ngetich
- Centre for Microbiology Research Nairobi, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 54840-00200, Kenya
| | - Dolphine Wandede
- Centre for Microbiology Research Nairobi, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 54840-00200, Kenya
| | - Johnstone Muyodi
- The Centre for Infectious and Parasitic Diseases Control Research, Busia P.O. Box 3-50400, Kenya
| | - Beth Blane
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - Francesc Coll
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Ewan M. Harrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Sharon J. Peacock
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK
| | - George C. Gitao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kenya
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16
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Prevalence and Antibiogram of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus spp. Isolated from Cattle Milk Products Sold in Juja Sub-County, Kenya. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:5251197. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/5251197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy ruminant milk provides a conducive environment for bacterial proliferation. In animals, these bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, whose overuse has led to increased cases of drug resistance. A cross-sectional study was conducted on milk and milk products vended in Juja Sub-County, Kenya to determine the prevalence of bacteria and antibiogram of Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli. A total of 169 milk samples were obtained from various outlets in the study area. Milk samples were cultured and isolated bacteria were identified using standard bacteriological procedures. Various bacteria (15 species) were isolated in different proportions. Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli were isolated from 25.4% and 11.8% of the collected samples, respectively. The highest number of Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from raw milk (n = 34) while the highest number of E. coli where isolated from fermented milk (n = 15). Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility tests using CLSI guidelines. The Staphylococcus spp. isolates were highly resistant to penicillin G (93%) but susceptible to norfloxacin (100%), gentamicin (90.6%), and chloramphenicol (86%). The E. coli isolates were highly resistant to cephalexin (85%) and ceftazidime (60%) but susceptible to chloramphenicol (100%), norfloxacin (95%), gentamicin (95%), azithromycin (95%) and cefepime (80%). Furthermore, 44.3% of Staphylococcus spp. and 50% of E. coli isolates had a Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) Index greater than 0.2. This implies that these bacteria were high-risk bacteria whose treatment with current antibiotics would be challenging. The high prevalence and multidrug resistance patterns shown by the Staphylococcus spp. and E. coli isolated from milk products in Juja Sub-county highlights the importance of proper handling and processing of milk from the farm to consumers. This will in turn reduce the possibility of zoonotic transfer of multidrug-resistant bacteria.
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El-Deeb W, Cave R, Fayez M, Alhumam N, Quadri S, Mkrtchyan HV. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococci Isolated from Goats and Their Farm Environments in Saudi Arabia Genotypically Linked to Known Human Clinical Isolates: a Pilot Study. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0038722. [PMID: 35913203 PMCID: PMC9431424 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00387-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a pilot whole genome sequencing (WGS) study to characterize the genotypes of nine methicillin resistant staphylococci (MRS) isolates recovered from goats and their farm environments in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, between November 2019 to August 2020. Seven out of nine isolates were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and two were methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). All MRSA isolates possessed genotypes previously identified to infect humans, including isolates harboring ST6-SCCmec IV-t304 (n = 4), ST5-SCCmec VI- t688 (n = 2) and ST5-SCCmec V-t311 (n = 1). 2 MRSA isolates possessed plasmids that were genetically similar to those identified in S. aureus isolates recovered from humans and poultry. In contrast, plasmids found in three MRSA isolates and one MRSE isolate were genetically similar to those recovered from humans. All MRSA isolates harbored the host innate modulate genes sak and scn previously associated with human infections. The genotypes of MRSE isolates were determined as ST35, a well-known zoonotic sequence type and ST153, which has been associated with humans. However, the MRSE isolates were untypeable due to extra ccr complexes identified in their SCCmec elements. Moreover, we identified in ST153 isolate SCCmec element also harbored the Arginine Catabolic Mobile Element (ACME) IV. All MRS isolates were phenotypically resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, an antibiotic for the decolonization of MRS. Three isolates carried antibiotic resistance genes in their SCCmec elements that were not previously described, including those encoding fusidic acid resistance (fusC) and trimethoprim resistance (dfrC) incorporated in the MRSA SCCmec VI. IMPORTANCE Our findings demonstrate a possible cross-transmission of methicillin resistant staphylococci between goats and their local environments and between goats and humans. Due to ever increasing resistance to multiple antibiotics, the burden of MRS has a significant impact on livestock farming, public health, and the economy worldwide. This study highlights that implementing a holistic approach to whole genome sequencing surveillance in livestock and farm environments would aid our understanding of the transmission of methicillin resistant staphylococci and, most importantly, allow us to implement appropriate infection control and hygiene practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael El-Deeb
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Rory Cave
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mahmoud Fayez
- Al Ahsa Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Naser Alhumam
- Department of Microbiology and parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed Quadri
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hermine V. Mkrtchyan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of West London, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Sacramento AG, Fuga B, Monte DFM, Cardoso B, Esposito F, Dolabella SS, Barbosa AAT, Zanella RC, Cortopassi SRG, da Silva LCBA, Lincopan N, Sellera FP. Genomic features of mecA-positive methicillin-resistant Mammaliicoccus sciuri causing fatal infections in pets admitted to a veterinary intensive care unit. Microb Pathog 2022; 171:105733. [PMID: 36002114 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant staphylococci have become leading cause of infectious diseases in humans and animals, being categorized as high priority pathogens by the World Health Organization. Although methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus sciuri (recently moved to Mammaliicoccus sciuri) has been widely reported in companion animals, there is scarce information regarding their clinical impact and genomic features. Herein, we reported the occurrence and genomic characteristics of methicillin-resistant M. sciuri recovered from fatal infections in pets admitted to an intensive care unit of a veterinary hospital, in Brazil. Two M. sciuri strains were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage samples collected from dog (strain SS01) and cat (strain SS02) presenting with sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Both isolates displayed a multidrug-resistant profile, whereas whole-genome sequencing analysis confirmed the presence of the mecA gene, along to genetic determinant conferring resistance to macrolides, streptogramins, aminoglycosides, and trimethoprim. For both strains, the mec and crr gene complex shared high identity (≥97%) with analogue sequences from a M. sciuri isolated from a human wound infection, in the Czech Republic. Strains were assigned to the sequence type ST52 and the novel ST74. Phylogenomic analysis revealed a broad host range association of these strains with several hosts and sources, including humans, animals, food, and the environment through different years and geographic locations. Our findings demonstrate that infections caused by mecA-positive M. sciuri strains can be a serious threat for veterinary intensive care patients and the medical staff, with additional implications for One Health approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey G Sacramento
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Fuga
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel F M Monte
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Avian Pathology, Department of Pathology, Theriogenology, and One Health, Sao Paulo State University (FCAV-Unesp), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda Cardoso
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Esposito
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio S Dolabella
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Ana A T Barbosa
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia R G Cortopassi
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano C B A da Silva
- Department of Surgery, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil
| | - Nilton Lincopan
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fábio P Sellera
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, Brazil; Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Khairullah AR, Sudjarwo SA, Effendi MH, Ramandinianto SC, Widodo A, Riwu KHP. A review of horses as a source of spreading livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus to human health. Vet World 2022; 15:1906-1915. [PMID: 36313842 PMCID: PMC9615495 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1906-1915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) was first discovered in horses in 1989. Since then, LA-MRSA has begun to be considered an important strain of pathogenic bacteria in horses, which can cause LA-MRSA infection and colonization in humans with public health impacts. The anterior nares are the primary site of LA-MRSA colonization in horses, although LA-MRSA colonization may also occur in the gastrointestinal tract in horses. LA-MRSA-infected horses typically exhibit clinical infection or may not exhibit clinical infection. There are two potential risks associated with LA-MRSA colonization in horses: The possibility of disease development in horses infected with LA-MRSA and the possibility of LA-MRSA transfer to humans and other horses. The diagnosis of LA-MRSA in horses can be made by conducting in vitro sensitivity testing for oxacillin and cefoxitin, and then followed by a molecular test using polymerase chain reaction. LA-MRSA transmission in animal hospitals and on farms is most likely due to contact with horses infected or colonized by LA-MRSA. The history of prior antibiotic administration, history of prior LA-MRSA colonization, and length of equine hospitalization were described as risk factors in cases of infection and colonization of LA-MRSA in horses. Nebulized antibiotics may be a viable alternative to use in horses, but nebulized antibiotics are only used in horses that are persistently colonized with LA-MRSA. Controlling the spread of LA-MRSA in horses can be done by regularly washing horses, eradicating vectors in horse stalls such as rats, and maintaining the cleanliness of the stable and animal hospital environment. Meanwhile, cleaning hands, using gloves, and donning protective clothes are ways that humans can prevent the transmission of LA-MRSA when handling horses. This review will explain the definition of LA-MRSA in general, LA-MRSA in horses, the epidemiology of LA-MRSA in horses, the diagnosis of LA-MRSA in horses, the transmission of LA-MRSA in horses, risk factors for spreading LA-MRSA in horses, public health impact, treatment of LA-MRSA infection in horses, and control of the spread of LA-MRSA in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswin Rafif Khairullah
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia
| | - Sri Agus Sudjarwo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Helmi Effendi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia
| | | | - Agus Widodo
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia
| | - Katty Hendriana Priscilia Riwu
- Doctoral Program in Veterinary Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Unair, Jl. Mulyorejo, Surabaya, Jawa Timur 60115, Indonesia
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20
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Olorunleke SO, Kirchner M, Duggett N, AbuOun M, Okorie-Kanu OJ, Stevens K, Card RM, Chah KF, Nwanta JA, Brunton LA, Anjum MF. Molecular characterization of extended spectrum cephalosporin resistant Escherichia coli isolated from livestock and in-contact humans in Southeast Nigeria. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:937968. [PMID: 35935201 PMCID: PMC9354541 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.937968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is reducing therapeutic options for livestock and human health, with a paucity of information globally. To fill this gap, a One-Health approach was taken by sampling livestock on farms (n = 52), abattoir (n = 8), and animal markets (n = 10), and in-contact humans in Southeast Nigeria. Extended spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistant (ESC-R) Escherichia coli was selectively cultured from 975 healthy livestock faecal swabs, and hand swabs from in-contact humans. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed on all ESC-R E. coli. For isolates showing a multi-drug resistance (MDR) phenotype (n = 196), quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed for confirmation of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase genes. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on a subset (n = 157) for detailed molecular characterisation. The results showed ESC-R E. coli was present in 41.2% of samples, with AST results indicating 48.8% of isolates were phenotypically MDR. qPCR confirmed presence of ESBL genes, with blaCTX-M present in all but others in a subset [blaTEM (62.8%) and blaSHV (0.5%)] of isolates; none harboured transferable carbapenemase genes. Multi-locus sequence typing identified 34 Sequence Types (ST) distributed among different sampling levels; ST196 carrying blaCTX-M-55 was predominant in chickens. Large numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the core genome of isolates, even within the same clade by phylogenetic analysis, indicated high genetic diversity. AMR genotyping indicated the predominant blaCTX-M variant was blaCTX-M-15 (87.9%), although blaCTX-M-55, blaCTX-M-64, and blaCTX-M-65 were present; it was notable that blaCTX-M-1, common in livestock, was absent. Other predominant AMR genes included: sul2, qnrS1, strB, blaTEM-1b, tetA-v2, and dfrA14, with prevalence varying according to host livestock species. A blaCTX-M-15 harbouring plasmid from livestock isolates in Ebonyi showed high sequence identity to one from river/sewage water in India, indicating this ESBL plasmid to be globally disseminated, being present beyond the river environment. In conclusion, ESC-R E. coli was widespread in livestock and in-contact humans from Southeast Nigeria. WGS data indicated the isolates were genetically highly diverse, probably representing true diversity of wild type E. coli; they were likely to be MDR with several harbouring blaCTX-M-15. Surprisingly, human isolates had highest numbers of AMR genes and pigs the least.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon O. Olorunleke
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
- Department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Miranda Kirchner
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Duggett
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- School of Health and Life Science, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Onyinye J. Okorie-Kanu
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Kim Stevens
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick M. Card
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kennedy Foinkfu Chah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - John A. Nwanta
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Lucy A. Brunton
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muna F. Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Muna F. Anjum
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21
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Matuszewska M, Murray GGR, Ba X, Wood R, Holmes MA, Weinert LA. Stable antibiotic resistance and rapid human adaptation in livestock-associated MRSA. eLife 2022; 11:74819. [PMID: 35762208 PMCID: PMC9239682 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mobile genetic elements (MGEs) are agents of horizontal gene transfer in bacteria, but can also be vertically inherited by daughter cells. Establishing the dynamics that led to contemporary patterns of MGEs in bacterial genomes is central to predicting the emergence and evolution of novel and resistant pathogens. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal-complex (CC) 398 is the dominant MRSA in European livestock and a growing cause of human infections. Previous studies have identified three categories of MGEs whose presence or absence distinguishes livestock-associated CC398 from a closely related and less antibiotic-resistant human-associated population. Here, we fully characterise the evolutionary dynamics of these MGEs using a collection of 1180 CC398 genomes, sampled from livestock and humans, over 27 years. We find that the emergence of livestock-associated CC398 coincided with the acquisition of a Tn916 transposon carrying a tetracycline resistance gene, which has been stably inherited for 57 years. This was followed by the acquisition of a type V SCCmec that carries methicillin, tetracycline, and heavy metal resistance genes, which has been maintained for 35 years, with occasional truncations and replacements with type IV SCCmec. In contrast, a class of prophages that carry a human immune evasion gene cluster and that are largely absent from livestock-associated CC398 have been repeatedly gained and lost in both human- and livestock-associated CC398. These contrasting dynamics mean that when livestock-associated MRSA is transmitted to humans, adaptation to the human host outpaces loss of antibiotic resistance. In addition, the stable inheritance of resistance-associated MGEs suggests that the impact of ongoing reductions in antibiotic and zinc oxide use in European farms on livestock-associated MRSA will be slow to be realised. Antibiotic-resistant infections are a growing threat to human health. In 2019, these hard-to-treat infections resulted in 4.95 million deaths making them the third leading cause of death that year. Excessive use of antibiotics in humans is likely driving the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. But there is a concern that use of antibiotics on livestock farms is also contributing. A type of bacteria traced back to livestock is a growing cause of human infections that do not respond to treatment with the antibiotic methicillin in Europe. It is called livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA). Bacteria can share genes that make them drug resistant or more deadly. These genes are often carried on mobile genetic elements that promote their movement from one bacterial cell to another. The most common type of LA-MRSA in Europe is clonal-complex 398 (CC398). It has two mobile genetic elements carrying antibiotic-resistance genes, but generally lacks a mobile genetic element that helps the bacterium escape the human immune system. Learning more about how LA-MRSA acquired these genetic changes may help scientists develop better strategies to protect the public. Matuszewska, Murray et al. analyzed the genomes of more than 1,000 samples of CC398 collected from humans, pigs and 13 other animal species in 28 countries over 27 years. They used this data to reconstruct the bacteria’s evolutionary history. Matuszewska, Murray et al. show that two mobile elements containing antibiotic resistance genes in CC398 were gained decades ago. One is more than 50 years old and was likely acquired around the time antibiotic use in livestock became common. While most CC398 in livestock do not have a mobile element that helps LA-MRSA evade the human immune system, they often gain it when they infect humans. This leads to highly drug-resistant human MRSA infections. The results of this study suggest that LA-MRSA is a serious threat to human health. The resistance of this bacterium has persisted for decades, spreading across different livestock species and different countries. These drug-resistant bacteria in livestock readily infect humans. Current efforts to reduce antibiotic use in farms may take decades to mitigate these risks. Additionally, the ban on zinc-oxide use on livestock in the European Union (coming into force June 2022) may not help reduce LA-MRSA, because the genes conferring resistance to bacteria and zinc treatment are not always linked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Matuszewska
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gemma G R Murray
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoliang Ba
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rhiannon Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Holmes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy A Weinert
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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22
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Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Alvarez J. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in cattle and horses. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07312. [PMID: 35582361 PMCID: PMC9087474 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for cattle and horses in previous scientific opinions. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9, and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR S. aureus can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (60-90% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2 and 4 (Categories A, B and D; 1-5%, 5-10% and 10-33% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel was uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 3 and 5 (Categories C and E, 33-90% and 60-90% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The animal species to be listed for AMR S. aureus according to Article 8 criteria include mainly mammals, birds, reptiles and fish.
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Osada M, Aung MS, Urushibara N, Kawaguchiya M, Ohashi N, Hirose M, Kobayashi N. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus/ Mammaliicoccus from Retail Ground Meat: Identification of Broad Genetic Diversity in Fosfomycin Resistance Gene fosB. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040469. [PMID: 35456144 PMCID: PMC9031665 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus is a major bacterial species that contaminates retail meat products. The objective of this study was to clarify the prevalence, antimicrobial resistance and genetic determinants of Staphylococcus/Mammaliicoccus species in retail ground meat in Japan. From a total of 146 retail ground meat samples (chicken, pork, mixed beef/pork) purchased during a 5-month period, 10 S. aureus and 112 isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS)/Mammaliicoccus comprising 20 species were recovered. S. aureus isolates were classified into five genetic types, i.e., coa-IIa/ST5, coa-VIc/ST352 (CC97), coa-VIIb/ST398, coa-Xa/ST15, and coa-XIc/ST9, which were all related to those of livestock-associated clones. All the staphylococcal isolates were mecA-negative and mostly susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested, except for ampicillin among S. aureus (resistance proportion; 50%). Among CoNS, the fosfomycin resistance gene fosB was prevalent (30/112; 26.8%), primarily in S. capitis, S. warneri, and S. saprophyticus. Phylogenetic analysis of fosB revealed the presence of seven clusters, showing broad diversity with 65–81% identity among different clusters. In the CoNS isolates from ground meat samples, fosB was assigned into three clusters, and S. saprophyticus harbored the most divergent fosB with three genetic groups. These findings suggested the circulation of multiple fosB-carrying plasmids among some CoNS species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Osada
- Master’s Program in Midwifery, Tenshi College Graduate School, Sapporo 065-0013, Japan;
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.U.); (M.K.); (N.O.); (N.K.)
| | - Meiji Soe Aung
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.U.); (M.K.); (N.O.); (N.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-11-611-2111
| | - Noriko Urushibara
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.U.); (M.K.); (N.O.); (N.K.)
| | - Mitsuyo Kawaguchiya
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.U.); (M.K.); (N.O.); (N.K.)
| | - Nobuhide Ohashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.U.); (M.K.); (N.O.); (N.K.)
| | - Mina Hirose
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu 061-0293, Japan;
| | - Nobumichi Kobayashi
- Department of Hygiene, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.U.); (M.K.); (N.O.); (N.K.)
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Saber T, Samir M, El-Mekkawy RM, Ariny E, El-Sayed SR, Enan G, Abdelatif SH, Askora A, Merwad AMA, Tartor YH. Methicillin- and Vancomycin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus From Humans and Ready-To-Eat Meat: Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance and Biofilm Formation Ability. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:735494. [PMID: 35211098 PMCID: PMC8861318 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.735494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and VRSA) are zoonotic life-threatening pathogens, and their presence in food raises a public health concern. Yet, scarce data are available regarding MRSA and VRSA in both ready-to-eat (RTE) meat and food handlers. This study was undertaken to determine the frequency, antimicrobial resistance, and biofilm-forming ability of MRSA and VRSA isolated from RTE meat (shawarma and burger) and humans (food handlers, and hospitalized patients) in Zagazig city, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. We analyzed 176 samples (112 human samples: 72 from hospitalized patients and 40 from food handlers, 64 RTE meat samples: 38 from shawarma and 26 from burger). Using phenotypic, PCR-based identification of nuc gene and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), 60 coagulase-positive S. aureus (COPS) isolates were identified in the samples as follow: RTE meat (15/64, 23.4%), hospitalized patients (33/72, 45.8%) and food handlers (12/40, 30%). All the COPS isolates were mecA positive (and thus were classified as MRSA) and multidrug resistant with multiple antibiotic resistance indices ranging from 0.25 to 0.92. Overall, resistance to cefepime (96.7%), penicillin (88.3%), were common, followed by ampicillin-sulbactam (65%), ciprofloxacin (55%), nitrofurontoin (51.7%), and gentamicin (43.3%). VRSA was detected in 30.3% of COPS hospitalized patient's isolates, 26.7% of COPS RTE meat isolates and 25% of COPS food handler's isolates. VanA, vanB, or both genes were detected in 64.7, 5.9, and 29.4% of all VAN-resistant isolates, respectively. The majority of the COPS isolates (50/60, 83.3%) have biofilm formation ability and harbored icaA (76%), icaD (74%), icaC (50%), and icaB (46%) biofilm-forming genes. The bap gene was not detected in any of the isolates. The ability of MRSA and VRSA isolates to produce biofilms in addition to being resistant to antimicrobials highlight the danger posed by these potentially virulent microorganisms persisting in RTE meat, food handlers, and patients. Taken together, good hygiene practices and antimicrobial surveillance plans should be strictly implemented along the food chain to reduce the risk of colonization and dissemination of MRSA and VRSA biofilm-producing strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taisir Saber
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Samir
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha M. El-Mekkawy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman Ariny
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sara Ramadan El-Sayed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Gamal Enan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sawasn H. Abdelatif
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Abdallah M. A. Merwad
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Yasmine H. Tartor
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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25
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Role of Bioaerosols on the Short-Distance Transmission of Multidrug-Resistant Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a Chicken Farm Environment. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010081. [PMID: 35052958 PMCID: PMC8773248 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a dynamic and tenacious pathogenic bacterium which is prevalent in livestock farming environments. This study investigated the possibility of MRSA spread via bioaerosol transmission from an indoor chicken farm environment to outdoors downwind (up to 50 m). The concentration of total airborne bacteria colony formation units (CFUs) was decreased with increasing sampling distance ranging from 9.18 × 101 to 3.67 × 103 per air volume (m3). Among the 21 MRSA isolates, 15 were isolated from indoor chicken sheds and exposure square areas, whereas 6 were isolated from downwind bioaerosol samples. Molecular characterization revealed that all of them carried the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) VIII, and they were remarkably linked with the hospital-associated MRSA group. Spa typing analysis determined that all MRSA isolates belonged to spa type t002. Virulence analysis showed that 100% of total isolates possessed exfoliative toxin A (eta), whereas 38.09% and 23.80% strains carried exfoliative toxin B (etb) and enterotoxin A (entA). Additionally, all of these MRSA isolates carried multidrug resistance properties and showed their resistance against chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. In addition, chi-squared statistical analysis displayed a significant distributional relationship of gene phenotypes between MRSA isolates from chicken farm indoor and downwind bioaerosol samples. The results of this study revealed that chicken farm indoor air might act as a hotspot of MRSA local community-level outbreak, wherein the short-distance dispersal of MRSA could be supported by bioaerosols.
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Beier RC, Andrews K, Hume ME, Sohail MU, Harvey RB, Poole TL, Crippen TL, Anderson RC. Disinfectant and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Studies of Staphylococcus aureus Strains and ST398-MRSA and ST5-MRSA Strains from Swine Mandibular Lymph Node Tissue, Commercial Pork Sausage Meat and Swine Feces. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112401. [PMID: 34835526 PMCID: PMC8621428 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) causes gastrointestinal illness worldwide. Disinfectants are used throughout the food chain for pathogenic bacteria control. We investigated S. aureus bioavailability in swine Mandibular lymph node tissue (MLT) and pork sausage meat (PSM), established susceptibility values for S. aureus to disinfectants, and determined the multilocus sequence type of MRSA strains. Antimicrobial and disinfectant susceptibility profiles were determined for 164 S. aureus strains isolated from swine feces (n = 63), MLT (n = 49) and PSM (n = 52). No antimicrobial resistance (AMR) was detected to daptomycin, nitrofurantoin, linezolid, and tigecycline, while high AMR prevalence was determined to erythromycin (50.6%), tylosin tartrate (42.7%), penicillin (72%), and tetracycline (68.9%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains, ST398 (n = 6) and ST5 (n = 1), were found in the MLT and PSM, 4 MRSA in MLT and 3 MRSA strains in the PSM. About 17.5% of feces strains and 41.6% of MLT and PSM strains were resistant to chlorhexidine. All strains were susceptible to triclosan and benzalkonium chloride, with no cross-resistance between antimicrobials and disinfectants. Six MRSA strains had elevated susceptibilities to 18 disinfectants. The use of formaldehyde and tris(hydroxylmethyl)nitromethane in DC&R was not effective, which can add chemicals to the environment. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride and benzyldimethylhexadecylammonium chloride were equally effective disinfectants. ST398 and ST5 MRSA strains had elevated susceptibilities to 75% of the disinfectants tested. This study establishes susceptibility values for S. aureus strains from swine feces, mandibular lymph node tissue, and commercial pork sausage against 24 disinfectants. Since it was demonstrated that S. aureus and MRSA strains can be found deep within swine lymph node tissue, it may be beneficial for the consumer if raw swine lymph node tissue is not used in uncooked food products and pork sausage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross C. Beier
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kathleen Andrews
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Michael E. Hume
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Muhammad Umar Sohail
- Proteomics Core, Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar Foundation—Education City, Doha P.O. Box 24144, Qatar;
| | - Roger B. Harvey
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Toni L. Poole
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Tawni L. Crippen
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
| | - Robin C. Anderson
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2881 F&B Road, College Station, TX 77845, USA; (K.A.); (M.E.H.); (R.B.H.); (T.L.P.); (T.L.C.); (R.C.A.)
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Ribeiro M, Ceballos S, Poeta P, Torres C, Igrejas G. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Proteome Response to Antibiotic Stress Provides Insights for New Therapeutic Strategies. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:711-724. [PMID: 34705556 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a global threat, with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) being one of the most representative drug-resistant pathogens. MRSA spread is increasing due to its ability to establish new reservoirs. To this end, the clonal complex (CC)-130 is an emerging genetic lineage, generally regarded as animal adapted and carrying the mecC gene, and sporadically found in humans. Although the MRSA antibiotic resistance mechanisms have been described, there are limited data on systems-wide omics responses to antibiotic stress, particularly at the proteome level. In this study, a gel-based quantitative proteomics approach was performed to assess the cellular responses of a mecC-harboring CC130 MRSA strain of human origin to subinhibitory doses of cefoxitin. We focused on the global response of MRSA to antibiotic stress and upon this treatment, 53 proteins were significantly differentially expressed. Most of the latter proteins were mapped to having functions in cellular metabolism while some glycolysis-related proteins showed a decreased expression after cefoxitin stress. On the contrary, pyruvate kinase, a potential antimicrobial drug target, was found upregulated. Also, quorum sensing, genetic information processing, and stress response proteins were found upregulated. Low-affinity penicillin-binding protein (mecC-encoded) was found in cefoxitin-treated samples. In conclusion, these new findings on cefoxitin-induced proteome changes provide important insights and molecular leads for innovation in treatment of MRSA specifically, and omics approaches to address antibiotic resistance generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ribeiro
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Ceballos
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Patrícia Poeta
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.,Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of La Rioja, Logroño, Spain
| | - Gilberto Igrejas
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unity, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,LAQV-REQUIMTE, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Nova of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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28
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Abbasi K, Tajbakhsh E, Momtaz H. Antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and biofilm formation in
Staphylococcus aureus
strains isolated from meat and meat products. J Food Saf 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfs.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kobra Abbasi
- Department of Microbiology Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
| | - Elahe Tajbakhsh
- Department of Microbiology Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
| | - Hassan Momtaz
- Department of Microbiology Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran
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29
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Molecular Diversity of Methicillin-Resistant and -Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Detected in Animals: A Focus on Aquatic Animals. DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/d13090417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) are one of the best-known opportunistic pathogens capable of causing different types of infections in animals. Furthermore, it has the ability to acquire resistance to various antibiotics very easily. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are currently of great concern as they are the leading cause of infections in humans and animals, with a major impact on health and the economy. Several studies already demonstrate that the spread of MRSA is constantly increasing due to its ability to form reservoirs in humans, animals and the environment. In fact, several works have already identified the presence of these bacteria in animals, including domestic animals, farm animals and even wild animals. Furthermore, the incidence of various S. aureus strains in aquatic animals has also been reported by different authors, although it is still a rarely discussed topic. Some of these strains have previously been associated with humans and other animals. Strain 398 is the strain that manages to infect a wider spectrum of hosts, having been identified in several different species. Aside from this strain, many others have yet to be identified. In addition, many of these strains have virulence factors and antibiotic resistance genes that worsen the situation. The present work is a review of studies that intend to investigate the epidemiology of this agent in samples of aquatic animals from different origins, in order to better understand its distribution, prevalence and the molecular lineages associated with these species.
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Ramaite K, Ekwanzala MD, Dewar JB, Momba MNB. Human-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clonal Complex 80 Isolated from Cattle and Aquatic Environments. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091038. [PMID: 34572619 PMCID: PMC8468323 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) has mainly been reported in South African pig and chicken farms. The prevalence of antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), virulence factors (VFs), and multilocus sequence types (MLSTs) associated with HA-MRSA in cattle farms has not been reported. Consequently, this study characterised LA-MRSA and its spread from cattle farms into the environment. Method: Husbandry soil (HS), nearby river water (NRW), animal manure (AM) and animal drinking water (ADW) were collected on and around a cattle farm. Presumptive MRSA isolates were identified from these samples using CHROMagar media and genotyped as MRSA sequence types (STs), selected ARGs, and VFs, using polymerase chain reaction. An MLST-based dendrogram was generated to link the farm MRSA strains with those in a nearby river. Results: The prevalence of MRSA was 30.61% for HS, 28.57% for ADW, 22.44% for NRW, and 10.20% for AM. Isolates from HS harboured the highest number of resistant genes, with 100% for mecA, 91.66% for ermA, and 58.33% for blaZ. However, no ermC or tetM genes were detected. MRSA isolates from AM harboured the lowest number of resistant genes. Only sec and seq enterotoxins were found in all the assessed MRSA isolates. MRSA from the farm revealed six STs (ST80, ST728, ST1931, ST2030, ST3247, and ST5440); all of STs belonged to clonal complex 80 (CC80). An MLST-based dendrogram based on the concatenated sequences of MLST genes under the maximum likelihood criterion revealed four clades of amalgamated MRSA isolates from various livestock environmental matrices, including the NRW. Conclusion: The results suggest that livestock environmental matrices might be reservoirs of MRSA that could subsequently disseminate through runoff to pollute water resources. Therefore, continued surveillance of HA-MRSA in livestock environments is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuliso Ramaite
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (K.R.); (M.D.E.)
| | - Mutshiene Deogratias Ekwanzala
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (K.R.); (M.D.E.)
- Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, 41346 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Barr Dewar
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa;
| | - Maggy Ndombo Benteke Momba
- Department of Environmental, Water and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Arcadia Campus, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; (K.R.); (M.D.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-123826365
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31
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In Vitro Antibacterial Effect of the Methanolic Extract of the Korean Soybean Fermented Product Doenjang against Staphylococcus aureus. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082319. [PMID: 34438775 PMCID: PMC8388408 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The emergence of bacterial antibiotic resistance is a negative phenomenon occurring worldwide in both animals and humans. The EU banned the use of antibiotic growth promoters in animal production, as their administration to livestock is assumed to substantially contribute to the spread of bacterial resistance. Therefore, alternatives to antibiotic substances are needed to maintain the quality and quantity of animal products. Certain plant materials, such as fermented soybean products, can serve as a source of substances with potential to decrease the growth of resistant bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus. Fermented soybean products, including doenjang, are known to contain natural phytoestrogens called isoflavones, which are especially interesting due to their antimicrobial activity; these products can also be utilized in animal feed. Thus, the antibacterial activity of the methanolic extract of the Korean soybean fermented product doenjang was evaluated using standardized microbiological methods against nine strains of resistant and sensitive S. aureus, including those occurring in animals. The extract has been shown to be active at a concentration range of 2048–4096 µg/mL against all tested S. aureus strains and can therefore serve as a promising alternative to antibiotics in animal feed after additional testing in the laboratory and on living animals. Abstract Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry showed soyasaponin I and the isoflavones daidzein, genistein, and glycitein to be the main components of the methanolic extract of the Korean soybean fermented product doenjang, which is known to be a rich source of naturally occurring bioactive substances, at average contents of 515.40, 236.30, 131.23, and 29.00 ng/mg, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of doenjang against nine Staphylococcusaureus strains was determined in vitro by the broth microdilution method to investigate its potential to serve as an alternative antibacterial compound. The results suggest that the extract is an effective antistaphylococcal agent at concentrations of 2048–4096 µg/mL. Moreover, the tested extract also showed the ability to inhibit the growth of both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant animal and clinical S. aureus isolates. The growth kinetics of the chosen strains of S. aureus at the minimum inhibitory concentration of the methanolic extract of doenjang support the idea that the tested extract acts as an antibacterial compound. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the antistaphylococcal action of the methanolic extract of doenjang thus, additional studies including in vivo testing are necessary to confirm this hypothesis.
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32
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Taban BM, Hassankhani A, Aytac SA. Investigation of mecA- and mecC-positive Staphylococcus aureus from raw milk and traditional artisanal dairy foods. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2021.1950182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amin Hassankhani
- Dairy Technology Department, Ankara University, Diskapi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S. Aykut Aytac
- Food Engineering Department, Hacettepe University, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey
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33
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Mbindyo CM, Gitao GC, Plummer PJ, Kulohoma BW, Mulei CM, Bett R. Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles and Genes of Staphylococci Isolated from Mastitic Cow's Milk in Kenya. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070772. [PMID: 34202836 PMCID: PMC8300721 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing numbers of potentially zoonotic multidrug-resistant (MDR) staphylococci strains, associated with mastitis in dairy cows, are being reported globally and threaten disease management in both animal and human health. However, the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of these strains, including methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), in Kenya is not well known. This study investigated the drug resistance profiles and genes carried by 183 staphylococci isolates from 142 dairy cows representing 93 farms recovered from mastitis milk of dairy cows in two selected counties in Kenya. Staphylococci isolates were characterized by phenotypic characteristics, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, partial sequencing and susceptibility testing for 10 antimicrobial drugs. Detection of seven resistance genes to the various antimicrobial drugs was conducted using PCR. Overall, phenotypic resistance among the staphylococci ranged between 66.1% for ampicillin and 3.5% for fluoroquinolones. Twenty-five percent (25%) of S. aureus and 10.8% of the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) isolates, were methicillin-resistant staphylococci phenotypically (defined as resistance to cefoxitin disk diffusion). The most common genes found in S. aureus and CoNS were blaZ and strB at 44.3% and 26%, and 78% and 50%, respectively. MDR was observed in 29.67% and 16.3% of S. aureus and CoNS, respectively. These findings pose a threat to bovine mastitis treatment and management as well as human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Mbindyo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kenya;
- Correspondence: or
| | - George C. Gitao
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kenya;
| | - Paul Joseph Plummer
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- National Institute for Antimicrobial Resistance Research and Education, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Benard W. Kulohoma
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 30197-00100, Kenya;
| | - Charles M. Mulei
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kenya;
| | - Rawlynce Bett
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi P.O. Box 29053-00625, Kenya;
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34
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Duggett N, Ellington MJ, Hopkins KL, Ellaby N, Randall L, Lemma F, Teale C, Anjum MF. Detection in livestock of the human pandemic Escherichia coli ST131 fimH30(R) clone carrying blaCTX-M-27. J Antimicrob Chemother 2021; 76:263-265. [PMID: 33068401 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkaa407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Duggett
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | | | - Katie L Hopkins
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Nicholas Ellaby
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - Luke Randall
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Fabrizio Lemma
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Christopher Teale
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Muna F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK
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35
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Hedgehogs as a Potential Source of Zoonotic Pathogens-A Review and an Update of Knowledge. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061754. [PMID: 34208276 PMCID: PMC8230866 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Up to date studies indicate that wild hedgehogs may act as carriers and/or hosts for bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens with zoonotic potential, posing a significant threat to humans. The same applies to domestic hedgehogs, which are increasingly kept as pets. Considering the potential risk of infection to humans through close contact with hedgehogs or the contaminated environment they inhabit, current data on the prevalence of various zoonotic pathogens in these animals is desirable. Abstract Hedgehogs are small insectivorous mammals common across Europe, Asia, and Africa. The increased encroachment of humans into hedgehog habitats has disrupted the human-animal-environment interface. With growing interest in the zoonotic diseases of wildlife species, more studies have been devoted to this subject in the last few years. These papers provide information about known and new emerging diseases. Here we review the current knowledge regarding bacterial, viral, protozoic, and mycotic pathogens with zoonotic potential and assess the importance of hedgehogs as their carriers. Both wild and pet hedgehogs were included in the review. Data from several countries and various hedgehog species were included. The study shows the importance of hedgehogs as carriers of zoonotic diseases and reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens in varied habitats.
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36
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Esener N, Maciel-Guerra A, Giebel K, Lea D, Green MJ, Bradley AJ, Dottorini T. Mass spectrometry and machine learning for the accurate diagnosis of benzylpenicillin and multidrug resistance of Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009108. [PMID: 34115749 PMCID: PMC8221797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a serious human and animal pathogen threat exhibiting extraordinary capacity for acquiring new antibiotic resistance traits in the pathogen population worldwide. The development of fast, affordable and effective diagnostic solutions capable of discriminating between antibiotic-resistant and susceptible S. aureus strains would be of huge benefit for effective disease detection and treatment. Here we develop a diagnostics solution that uses Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF) and machine learning, to identify signature profiles of antibiotic resistance to either multidrug or benzylpenicillin in S. aureus isolates. Using ten different supervised learning techniques, we have analysed a set of 82 S. aureus isolates collected from 67 cows diagnosed with bovine mastitis across 24 farms. For the multidrug phenotyping analysis, LDA, linear SVM, RBF SVM, logistic regression, naïve Bayes, MLP neural network and QDA had Cohen's kappa values over 85.00%. For the benzylpenicillin phenotyping analysis, RBF SVM, MLP neural network, naïve Bayes, logistic regression, linear SVM, QDA, LDA, and random forests had Cohen's kappa values over 85.00%. For the benzylpenicillin the diagnostic systems achieved up to (mean result ± standard deviation over 30 runs on the test set): accuracy = 97.54% ± 1.91%, sensitivity = 99.93% ± 0.25%, specificity = 95.04% ± 3.83%, and Cohen's kappa = 95.04% ± 3.83%. Moreover, the diagnostic platform complemented by a protein-protein network and 3D structural protein information framework allowed the identification of five molecular determinants underlying the susceptible and resistant profiles. Four proteins were able to classify multidrug-resistant and susceptible strains with 96.81% ± 0.43% accuracy. Five proteins, including the previous four, were able to classify benzylpenicillin resistant and susceptible strains with 97.54% ± 1.91% accuracy. Our approach may open up new avenues for the development of a fast, affordable and effective day-to-day diagnostic solution, which would offer new opportunities for targeting resistant bacteria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Cattle
- Computational Biology
- Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/methods
- Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/statistics & numerical data
- Diagnosis, Computer-Assisted/veterinary
- Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial
- Female
- Humans
- Mastitis, Bovine/diagnosis
- Mastitis, Bovine/drug therapy
- Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/chemistry
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification
- Microbial Sensitivity Tests
- Models, Molecular
- Penicillin G/pharmacology
- Protein Interaction Maps
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Staphylococcal Infections/diagnosis
- Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy
- Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary
- Staphylococcus aureus/chemistry
- Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification
- Supervised Machine Learning
- United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- Necati Esener
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre Maciel-Guerra
- University of Nottingham School of Computer Science, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Daniel Lea
- Digital Research Service, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Green
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Bradley
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
- Quality Milk Management Services ltd, Easton, United Kingdom
| | - Tania Dottorini
- University of Nottingham, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, Sutton Bonington, United Kingdom
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37
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Mat Rani NNI, Mustafa Hussein Z, Mustapa F, Azhari H, Sekar M, Chen XY, Mohd Amin MCI. Exploring the possible targeting strategies of liposomes against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 165:84-105. [PMID: 33974973 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multi antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections are on the rise due to the overuse of antibiotics. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the pathogens listed under the category of serious threats where vancomycin remains the mainstay treatment despite the availability of various antibacterial agents. Recently, decreased susceptibility to vancomycin from clinical isolates of MRSA has been reported and has drawn worldwide attention as it is often difficult to overcome and leads to increased medical costs, mortality, and longer hospital stays. Development of antibiotic delivery systems is often necessary to improve bioavailability and biodistribution, in order to reduce antibiotic resistance and increase the lifespan of antibiotics. Liposome entrapment has been used as a method to allow higher drug dosing apart from reducing toxicity associated with drugs. The surface of the liposomes can also be designed and enhanced with drug-release properties, active targeting, and stealth effects to prevent recognition by the mononuclear phagocyte system, thus enhancing its circulation time. The present review aimed to highlight the possible targeting strategies of liposomes against MRSA bacteremia systemically while investigating the magnitude of this effect on the minimum inhibitory concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Najihah Izzati Mat Rani
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, 30450 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Zahraa Mustafa Hussein
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fahimi Mustapa
- Hospital Batu Gajah Jalan Changkat, 31000 Batu Gajah, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Hanisah Azhari
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mahendran Sekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Universiti Kuala Lumpur Royal College of Medicine Perak, 30450 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Xiang Yi Chen
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Cairul Iqbal Mohd Amin
- Centre for Drug Delivery Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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38
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Maity S, Ambatipudi K. Mammary microbial dysbiosis leads to the zoonosis of bovine mastitis: a One-Health perspective. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2021; 97:6006870. [PMID: 33242081 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiaa241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a prototypic emerging and reemerging bacterial disease that results in cut-by-cut torture to animals, public health and the global economy. Pathogenic microbes causing mastitis have overcome a series of hierarchical barriers resulting in the zoonotic transmission from bovines to humans either by proximity or remotely through milk and meat. The disease control is challenging and has been attributed to faulty surveillance systems to monitor their emergence at the human-animal interface. The complex interaction between the pathogens, the hidden pathobionts and commensals of the bovine mammary gland that create a menace during mastitis remains unexplored. Here, we review the zoonotic potential of these pathogens with a primary focus on understanding the interplay between the host immunity, mammary ecology and the shift from symbiosis to dysbiosis. We also address the pros and cons of the current management strategies and the extent of the success in implementing the One-Health approach to keep these pathogens at bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipa Maity
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, , India
| | - Kiran Ambatipudi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, , India
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39
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Abstract
Abstract
This study was performed to investigate the occurrence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in batches of pigs at slaughter and at different stages along the slaughter line. Nasal and ear skin swabs were collected from 105 batches of 10 pigs at six abattoirs. Cultures (pooled or individual) were performed for MRSA using selective media; presumptive MRSA were confirmed by mecA and nuc gene detection and a selection was spa-typed. MRSA was detected in 46 batches. All spa-types detected were those associated with LA-MRSA clonal complex 398. The proportion of positive batches varied among abattoirs (0–100%). Two abattoirs were subsequently further investigated, with samples taken at post-stunning, chiller and either at lairage or post-singe. Results suggested cross-contamination occurred between the lairage and point of post-stunning, but the slaughter processes appeared effective at reducing contamination before carcases entered the chiller. One abattoir provided only negative samples in the initial study and in the subsequent study along the slaughter line (26 batches in total), suggesting differences possibly in the MRSA status of pigs on arrival from supply farms or in its abattoir practices affecting the MRSA status of pigs at the sampling points. This study highlights that in the investigated abattoirs, MRSA was detected in 43.8% of batches of pigs at slaughter using sensitive selective culture methods.
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Mourenza Á, Gil JA, Mateos LM, Letek M. Alternative Anti-Infective Treatments to Traditional Antibiotherapy against Staphylococcal Veterinary Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100702. [PMID: 33076497 PMCID: PMC7602553 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Staphylococcus encompasses many species that may be pathogenic to both humans and farm animals. These bacteria have the potential to acquire multiple resistant traits to the antimicrobials currently used in the veterinary or medical settings. These pathogens may commonly cause zoonoses, and the infections they cause are becoming difficult to treat due to antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, the development of novel alternative treatments to traditional antibiotherapy has gained interest in recent years. Here, we reviewed the most promising therapeutic strategies developed to control staphylococcal infections in the veterinary field to overcome antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Mourenza
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
| | - José A. Gil
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Luis M. Mateos
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Biología Molecular, Genómica y Proteómica (INBIOMIC), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.M.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Michal Letek
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain; (Á.M.); (J.A.G.)
- Instituto de Desarrollo Ganadero y Sanidad Animal (INDEGSAL), Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
- Correspondence: (L.M.M.); (M.L.)
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Sadiq A, Samad M, Saddam, Basharat N, Ali S, Roohullah, Saad Z, Khan AN, Ahmad Y, Khan A, Khan J. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Slaughter Houses and Meat Shops in Capital Territory of Pakistan During 2018–2019. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:577707. [PMID: 33117321 PMCID: PMC7550752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.577707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is a major concern in many parts of the world, including Pakistan. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of MRSA in slaughterhouses and meat shops in Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Pakistan, 2018–2019. A total of 300 samples were collected: 40 from each of working area, tools (knives, hooks), butcher hands and beef, 30 from each of chicken and mutton, 20 from each of nasal and rectal swabs. S. aureus was phenotypically identified by performing gram staining and biochemical tests. 150 of the 300 samples were confirmed to be S. aureus by phenotypic identification. MRSA was identified among S. aureus positive isolates by performing disk diffusion test and by detecting S. aureus-specific genes such as 16s rRNA, nuc, mecA, spa, and coa. Out of 150 isolates 96 (63%) showed resistance to antibiotic cefoxitin, known as a potential marker for detecting MRSA. While all 150 isolates have shown complete resistance to the four antibiotics neomycin, methicillin, ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. The nuc and 16s rRNA genes were detected in all 150 S. aureus-positive isolates and 118 (79%) were confirmed to be MRSA through the detection of the mecA gene. MRSA prevalence was highest in chicken (23/30, 77%) followed by beef (25/40, 63%), mutton (15/30, 50%), knives (18/40, 45%), nasal swabs (7/20, 35%), working area (11/40, 28%), rectal swabs (5/20, 25%), hooks (7/40, 18%), and butcher hands (7/40, 18%). 50 MRSA-positive isolates were chosen to identify two virulence factors (spa and coa gene). Of the 50 MRSA isolates subject to coa and spa gene typing, 27 (54%) were positive for the coa gene and 18 (36%) were positive for the spa gene, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first study on the molecular identification of MRSA in meat samples from Pakistan. High prevalence of MRSA in meat samples demand for implementation of proper hygienic practices and procedures during the slaughtering, transport and marketing of meat and meat products in order to prevent the spread of these bacteria to the human population.
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Mrochen DM, Fernandes de Oliveira LM, Raafat D, Holtfreter S. Staphylococcus aureus Host Tropism and Its Implications for Murine Infection Models. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7061. [PMID: 32992784 PMCID: PMC7582387 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a pathobiont of humans as well as a multitude of animal species. The high prevalence of multi-resistant and more virulent strains of S. aureus necessitates the development of new prevention and treatment strategies for S. aureus infection. Major advances towards understanding the pathogenesis of S. aureus diseases have been made using conventional mouse models, i.e., by infecting naïve laboratory mice with human-adapted S.aureus strains. However, the failure to transfer certain results obtained in these murine systems to humans highlights the limitations of such models. Indeed, numerous S. aureus vaccine candidates showed promising results in conventional mouse models but failed to offer protection in human clinical trials. These limitations arise not only from the widely discussed physiological differences between mice and humans, but also from the lack of attention that is paid to the specific interactions of S. aureus with its respective host. For instance, animal-derived S. aureus lineages show a high degree of host tropism and carry a repertoire of host-specific virulence and immune evasion factors. Mouse-adapted S.aureus strains, humanized mice, and microbiome-optimized mice are promising approaches to overcome these limitations and could improve transferability of animal experiments to human trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Liliane M. Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
| | - Dina Raafat
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, 21521 Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Strasse DZ 7, 17475 Greifswald, Germany; (L.M.F.d.O.); (D.R.); (S.H.)
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Silva JG, Araujo WJ, Leite EL, Dias LM, Vasconcelos PC, Silva NMV, Oliveira RP, Sena MJ, Oliveira CJB, Mota RA. First report of a livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST126 harbouring the mecC variant in Brazil. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1019-1025. [PMID: 32762020 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile and highly adaptable pathogen associated with a wide range of infectious diseases in humans and animals. In the last decades, concern has increased worldwide due to the emergence and spread of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains shortly after this drug became a therapeutic option. In this study, we report the genomic features of the first mecC-mediated, β-lactam resistant MRSA strain associated with livestock in Brazil and in the American continent. Three clonally related phenotypic MRSA isolates originated from a dairy herd were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction as mecC-harbouring MRSA isolates. Whole-genome sequencing was performed by Illumina Miseq platform. Downstream analyses showed that the strain was identified as the sequence type 126 (ST126) and spa type t605. In silico analysis revealed a mecC homolog gene in the orfX region associated with different penicillin-binding proteins. Moreover, genes encoding for efflux pump systems (arlR, mepR, LmrS, norA and mgrA), and antibiotic inactivation enzymes (blaZ and FosB) were also detected. Virulence analyses revealed that the strain harbours genes encoding for exoenzymes (aur, splA, splB and splE), toxin (hlgA, hlgB, hlgC, lukD and lukE) and enterotoxin (sea). The epidemiologic and genomic information provided by this study will support further epidemiological and evolutionary investigations to understand the origin and dissemination of mecC-MRSA among animals and its impact on public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Givanildo Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Wydemberg José Araujo
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Elma Lima Leite
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Larissa Maranhão Dias
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Priscylla Carvalho Vasconcelos
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Núbia Michelle Vieira Silva
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Raylson Pereira Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Maria José Sena
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Celso José Bruno Oliveira
- Laboratório de Análise de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Aparecido Mota
- Laboratório de Doenças Infectocontagiosas dos Animais Domésticos, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Angelidis AS, Komodromos D, Giannakou R, Arsenos G, Gelasakis AI, Kyritsi M, Filioussis G, Hadjichristodoulou C, Torounidou P, Papa A, Sergelidis D. Isolation and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from milk of dairy goats under low-input farm management in Greece. Vet Microbiol 2020; 247:108749. [PMID: 32768203 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in raw milk is a challenge for veterinarians and public health professionals. In this study, we investigated the presence and clonality of S. aureus and MRSA in milk of individual dairy goats with subclinical mastitis reared under the low-input farming system in Greece and determined the isolates' enterotoxin gene carriage and their ability to form biofilms. S. aureus was isolated from 162 out of the 559 milk samples examined (29 %) and one isolate per S. aureus-positive sample was further characterized. S. aureus isolates were very closely related even among farms of distant geographical regions. Nine S. aureus isolates carried a functional mecA gene and were classified as MRSA. The S. aureus protein A (spa) typing in the MRSA isolates showed that four belonged to spa type t127 (44.4 %), three to t2049 (33.3 %) and two to t7947 (22.2 %). The spa type t7947 is reported for the first time in Greece. The MRSA isolates originated from two very distantly located farms, one located in the island of Skopelos and the other in Central Macedonia. Four of the MRSA isolates carried the staphylococcal enterotoxin genes sea or sec. Most of the isolates (92 % of S. aureus and 77.8 % of the MRSA) possessed moderate or weak biofilm-formation ability. Raw milk from low-input goat herds may serve as a potential vector of antimicrobial-resistant S. aureus to raw-milk consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos S Angelidis
- Laboratory of Safety and Quality of Milk and Dairy Products, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Komodromos
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Rebecca Giannakou
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios I Gelasakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kyritsi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larisa, Greece
| | - George Filioussis
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Pavlina Torounidou
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Papa
- Department of Microbiology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Daniel Sergelidis
- Laboratory of Food Hygiene-Veterinary Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Experimental Evidence Reveals Both Cross-Infection and Cross-Contamination Risk of Embryo Storage in Liquid Nitrogen Biobanks. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10040598. [PMID: 32244732 PMCID: PMC7222773 DOI: 10.3390/ani10040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This study was conducted to demonstrate the potential hazards of cross-infection and cross-contamination of embryos during storage in liquid nitrogen biobanks. For the harmless and successful cryopreservation of embryos, the vitrification method must be chosen meticulously to guarantee not only a high post-thaw survival of embryos, but also to reduce the risk of disease transmission when those embryos are in storage for long periods. Abstract In recent decades, gamete and embryo cryopreservation have become routine procedures in livestock and human assisted reproduction. However, the safe storage of germplasm and the prevention of disease transmission continue to be potential hazards of disease transmission through embryo transfer. This study aimed to demonstrate the potential risk of cross-infection of embryos from contaminated liquid nitrogen, and cross-contamination of sterile liquid nitrogen from infected embryos in naked and closed devices. Additionally, we examined the effects of antibiotic-free media on culture development of infected embryos. The study was a laboratory-based analysis using rabbit as a model. Two experiments were performed to evaluate both cross-infection (liquid nitrogen to embryos) and cross-contamination (embryos to liquid nitrogen) of artificially inoculated Salmonella Typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, and Aspergillus brasiliensis. Rapid cooling through vitrification was conducted on rabbit embryos, stored for a year, thawed, and cultured. In vivo produced late morulae–early blastocyst stages (72 h) embryos were used (n = 480). Embryos were cultured for 1 h in solutions with and without pathogens. Then, the embryos were vitrified and stored in naked and closed devices for one year in two liquid nitrogen biobanks (one pathogen-free and the other artificially contaminated). Embryos were warmed and cultured for a further 48 h, assessing the development and the presence of microorganism (chromogenic media, scanning electron microscopy). Embryos stored in naked devices in artificially contaminated liquid nitrogen became infected (12.5%), while none of the embryos stored in closed devices were infected. Meanwhile, storage of artificially infected embryos incurred liquid nitrogen biobank contamination (100%). Observations by scanning electron microscopy revealed that all the microorganisms were caught in the surface of embryos after the vitrification-thawed procedure. Nevertheless, embryos cultured in antibiotics and antimycotic medium developed to the hatched blastocyst stage, while artificially infected embryos cultured in antibiotic-free medium failed to develop. In conclusion, our findings support that both cross-contamination and cross-infection during embryo storage in liquid nitrogen biobanks are plausible. So, to ensure biosafety for the cryogenic storage, closed systems that avoid direct contact with liquid nitrogen must be used. Moreover, it seems essential to provide best practice guidelines for the cryogenic preservation and storage of gametes and embryos, to define appropriate quality and risk management procedures.
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Paterson GK. Low prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clonal complex 398 and mecC MRSA among human isolates in North-West England. J Appl Microbiol 2020; 128:1785-1792. [PMID: 31930664 DOI: 10.1111/jam.14578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) is an important public health problem in many countries. Despite reports of such isolates being found in both animals and humans in the United Kingdom few data are available on the prevalence in humans of such isolates. A prevalence study was therefore undertaken in the north-west of England. METHODS AND RESULTS One thousand two hundred and forty-two human MRSA isolates collected during 2015 were screened by PCR to detect two of the major forms of LA-MRSA: clonal complex (CC)398 and mecC MRSA. Isolates identified were further characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing using HiSeq technology. A single mecC MRSA isolate and three CC398 LA-MRSA were identified among the isolates screened. All four isolates were from MRSA screening. A phylogenetic analysis, including previously sequenced isolates from the United Kingdom, provided strong evidence for the genomic and epidemiological linkage between a pair of animal and human isolates of CC398 LA-MRSA in England. These data are indicative of animal and humans isolates of CC398 LA-MRSA being involved in the same transmission network and is the first demonstration of such closely linked animal and human isolates of this lineage in the UK. CONCLUSIONS The study indicates there is a low prevalence of CC398 LA-MRSA and mecC MRSA among MRSA isolates in the sampled population. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY While the study demonstrates that LA-MRSA were rare among human MRSA isolates in the sampled population, the data provide a baseline for the future surveillance of what is a significant public health challenge in some regions. The demonstration of linked human and animal isolates of CC398 LA-MRSA, supported by genomic and epidemiological data, reinforces the need for such surveillance and for continued awareness of the risks that LA-MRSA may pose in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Paterson
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
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