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Ochoteco-Asensio J, Zigovski G, Batista Costa L, Rio-López R, Clavell-Sansalvador A, Ramayo-Caldas Y, Dalmau A. Effect on Feeding Behaviour and Growing of Being a Dominant or Subordinate Growing Pig and Its Relationship with the Faecal Microbiota. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1906. [PMID: 38998018 PMCID: PMC11240813 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs are a social species, and they establish hierarchies for better use of resources and to reduce conflicts. However, in pig production, the opportunities for growth can differ between dominant and subordinate animals. In the present study, a system was tested to perform a dominant versus subordinate test in growing pigs to investigate how the hierarchy affects feeding behaviour, growth, and gut microbiota assessed in faeces. Sixty-four animals housed in eight different pens were used, with four castrated males and four females in each one, weighing 18 kg at arrival and maintained during the whole growing period, until 140 kg. Three stool samples were obtained from the animals directly from the anus to avoid contamination of the faeces 58, 100, and 133 days after the start of the study to investigate the microbiota composition. The dominant animals had higher gains during the growing period than the subordinates. In addition, they were performing more visits to the feeder throughout the day. Differential abundance patterns were observed in five bacterial genera, with Oliverpabstia, Peptococcus, and Faecalbacterium being more abundant in dominant animals and Holdemanella and Acetitomaculum being overrepresented in subordinate ones. This microbial biomarker accurately classified dominant versus subordinate groups of samples with an AUC of 0.92.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ochoteco-Asensio
- Animal Welfare Program and Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood and Technology (IRTA), Veïnat de Sies s/n, 17121 Monells, Spain; (J.O.-A.); (R.R.-L.); (A.C.-S.); (Y.R.-C.)
| | - Gustavo Zigovski
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná-PUCPR, Curitibia 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (G.Z.); (L.B.C.)
| | - Leandro Batista Costa
- Graduate Program of Animal Science, Pontificia Universidade Católica do Paraná-PUCPR, Curitibia 80215-901, Paraná, Brazil; (G.Z.); (L.B.C.)
| | - Raquel Rio-López
- Animal Welfare Program and Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood and Technology (IRTA), Veïnat de Sies s/n, 17121 Monells, Spain; (J.O.-A.); (R.R.-L.); (A.C.-S.); (Y.R.-C.)
| | - Adrià Clavell-Sansalvador
- Animal Welfare Program and Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood and Technology (IRTA), Veïnat de Sies s/n, 17121 Monells, Spain; (J.O.-A.); (R.R.-L.); (A.C.-S.); (Y.R.-C.)
| | - Yuliaxis Ramayo-Caldas
- Animal Welfare Program and Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood and Technology (IRTA), Veïnat de Sies s/n, 17121 Monells, Spain; (J.O.-A.); (R.R.-L.); (A.C.-S.); (Y.R.-C.)
| | - Antoni Dalmau
- Animal Welfare Program and Animal Breeding and Genetics Program, Institute of Agrifood and Technology (IRTA), Veïnat de Sies s/n, 17121 Monells, Spain; (J.O.-A.); (R.R.-L.); (A.C.-S.); (Y.R.-C.)
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Salavati Schmitz S, Salgado JPA, Glendinning L. Microbiota of healthy dogs demonstrate a significant decrease in richness and changes in specific bacterial groups in response to supplementation with resistant starch, but not psyllium or methylcellulose, in a randomized cross-over trial. Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000774.v4. [PMID: 38868374 PMCID: PMC11165627 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000774.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Even though dietary fibres are often used as prebiotic supplements in dogs, the effect of individual types of fibres on canine microbiota composition is unknown. The objective of this study was to assess changes in faecal microbiota richness, diversity and taxonomic abundance with three different fibre supplements in dogs. These were psyllium husk, resistant starch from banana flour and methylcellulose. They were administered to 17 healthy dogs in a cross-over trial after transition to the same complete feed. Faecal scores and clinical activity indices were recorded, and faecal samples were collected before and at the end of supplementation, as well as 2 weeks after each supplement (washout). Illumina NovaSeq paired-end 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on all samples. After quality control and chimera removal, alpha diversity indices were calculated with QIIME. Differences in specific taxa between groups were identified using Metastats. Methylcellulose significantly increased faecal scores but had no effect on microbiota. Psyllium resulted in minor changes in the abundance of specific taxa, but with questionable biological significance. Resistant starch reduced microbiota richness and resulted in the most abundant changes in taxa, mostly a reduction in short-chain fatty acid-producing genera of the phylum Bacillota, with an increase in genera within the Bacteroidota, Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota and Saccharibacteria. In conclusion, while psyllium and methylcellulose led to few changes in the microbiota composition, the taxonomic changes seen with resistant starch may indicate a less favourable composition. Based on this, the type of resistant starch used here cannot be recommended as a prebiotic in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Salavati Schmitz
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine,, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Jorge Perez-Accino Salgado
- Hospital for Small Animals, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine,, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Laura Glendinning
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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König E, Beasley S, Heponiemi P, Kivinen S, Räkköläinen J, Salminen S, Collado MC, Borman T, Lahti L, Piirainen V, Valros A, Heinonen M. Fecal microbiota profiles of growing pigs and their relation to growth performance. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0302724. [PMID: 38709788 PMCID: PMC11073740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The early gut microbiota composition is fundamentally important for piglet health, affecting long-term microbiome development and immunity. In this study, the gut microbiota of postparturient dams was compared with that of their offspring in three Finnish pig farms at three growth phases. The differences in fecal microbiota of three study development groups (Good, Poorly, and PrematureDeath) were analyzed at birth (initial exposure phase), weaning (transitional phase), and before slaughter (stable phase). Dam Lactobacillaceae abundance was lower than in piglets at birth. Limosilactobacillus reuteri and Lactobacillus amylovorus were dominantly expressed in dams and their offspring. Altogether 17 piglets (68%) were identified with Lactobacillaceae at the initial exposure phase, divided unevenly among the development groups: 85% of Good, 37.5% of Poorly, and 75% of PrematureDeath pigs. The development group Good was identified with the highest microbial diversity, whereas the development group PrematureDeath had the lowest diversity. After weaning, the abundance and versatility of Lactobacillaceae in piglets diminished, shifting towards the microbiome of the dam. In conclusion, the fecal microbiota of pigs tends to develop towards a similar alpha and beta diversity despite development group and rearing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia König
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Sanni Kivinen
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Carmen Collado
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology–National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Tuomas Borman
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Leo Lahti
- Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Virpi Piirainen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna Valros
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Heinonen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Production Animal Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Gajera G, Funde S, Palep H, Kothari V. Duration of fermentation affects microbiome composition and biological activity of an Indian traditional formulation - Panchagavya. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2024; 15:100880. [PMID: 38457966 PMCID: PMC10940934 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaim.2023.100880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed at investigating whether the duration of fermenting Panchagavya (PG) preparation in copper vessel affects its biological activity and microbiome composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prophylactic potential of PG against bacterial infection was assessed through an in vivo assay employing the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans as a model host. Bacterial diversity of the PG samples was revealed through metagenomic analysis. RESULTS Duration of fermentation was found to affect biological activity as well as microbiome composition of the PG samples. PG-samples fermented ≥60 min lost their prophylactic potential, and develop anthelmintic activity. Bacterial phyla whose relative abundance was significantly different between the prophylactic and anthelmintic PG samples were Planctomycetota, Proteabacteria, Bacteroidota, Verrucomicrobiota, Patescibacteria, Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes and Campilobacterota. CONCLUSION This study validates the prophylactic potential of Panchagavya against bacterial pathogens, and shows that duration of the fermentation time while preparing PG can have profound effect on its biological activities. Biological activities of PG samples seem to have a correlation with their inherent microbial community. Metagenomic profiling can be an effective tool for standardization of PG formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemini Gajera
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, India
| | - Snehal Funde
- Dr. Palep's Medical Research Foundation, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Vijay Kothari
- Institute of Science, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, India.
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Alsharairi NA, Li L. Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Probiotic Supplementation in Fetal Growth Restriction-A Comprehensive Review of Human and Animal Studies. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2239. [PMID: 38137841 PMCID: PMC10745050 DOI: 10.3390/life13122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a pathological state that represents a fetus's inability to achieve adequate growth during pregnancy. Several maternal, placental, and fetal factors are likely associated with FGR etiology. FGR is linked to severe fetal and neonatal complications, as well as adverse health consequences in adulthood. Numerous randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have demonstrated improved growth in FGR fetuses with promising treatment strategies such as maternal micronutrient, amino acid, and nitric oxide supplementation. Elevated inflammation in pregnant women diagnosed with FGR has been associated with an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Gut microbiota dysbiosis may result in increased FGR-related inflammation. Probiotic treatment may relieve FGR-induced inflammation and improve fetal growth. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the gut microbiota and inflammatory profiles associated with FGR and explore the potential of probiotics in treating FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser A. Alsharairi
- Heart, Mind and Body Research Group, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Li Li
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW 2753, Australia;
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Garrigues Q, Apper E, Rodiles A, Rovere N, Chastant S, Mila H. Composition and evolution of the gut microbiota of growing puppies is impacted by their birth weight. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14717. [PMID: 37679393 PMCID: PMC10484951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight puppies present an increased risk of neonatal mortality, morbidity, and some long-term health issues. Yet it has not been investigated if those alterations could be linked to the gut microbiota composition and evolution. 57 puppies were weighed at birth and rectal swabs were performed at 5 time points from birth to 28 days of age. Puppies were grouped into three groups based on their birth weight: low birth weight (LBW), normal birth weight (NBW) and high birth weight (HBW). 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to highlight differences in the fecal microbiota. During the first three weeks, the relative abundance of facultative anaerobic bacteria such as E. coli, C. perfringens and Tyzzerella was higher in LBW feces, but they catch back with the other groups afterwards. HBW puppies showed higher abundances of Faecalibacterium and Bacteroides during the neonatal period, suggesting an earlier maturation of their microbiota. The results of this study suggest that birth weight impact the initial establishment of the gut microbiota in puppies. Innovative strategies would be desired to deal with altered gut microbiota in low birth weight puppies aiming to improve their survival and long term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Garrigues
- NeoCare, Reproduction, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.
| | | | | | - Nicoletta Rovere
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Veterinary, 20134, Milan, Italy
| | - Sylvie Chastant
- NeoCare, Reproduction, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Hanna Mila
- NeoCare, Reproduction, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, BP 87614, 31 076, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
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St-Pierre B, Perez Palencia JY, Samuel RS. Impact of Early Weaning on Development of the Swine Gut Microbiome. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1753. [PMID: 37512925 PMCID: PMC10385335 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering that pigs are naturally weaned between 12 and 18 weeks of age, the common practice in the modern swine industry of weaning as early as between two and four weeks of age increases challenges during this transition period. Indeed, young pigs with an immature gut are suddenly separated from the sow, switched from milk to a diet consisting of only solid ingredients, and subjected to a new social hierarchy from mixing multiple litters. From the perspective of host gut development, weaning under these conditions causes a regression in histological structure as well as in digestive and barrier functions. While the gut is the main center of immunity in mature animals, the underdeveloped gut of early weaned pigs has yet to contribute to this function until seven weeks of age. The gut microbiota or microbiome, an essential contributor to the health and nutrition of their animal host, undergoes dramatic alterations during this transition, and this descriptive review aims to present a microbial ecology-based perspective on these events. Indeed, as gut microbial communities are dependent on cross-feeding relationships, the change in substrate availability triggers a cascade of succession events until a stable composition is reached. During this process, the gut microbiota is unstable and prone to dysbiosis, which can devolve into a diseased state. One potential strategy to accelerate maturation of the gut microbiome would be to identify microbial species that are critical to mature swine gut microbiomes, and develop strategies to facilitate their establishment in early post-weaning microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit St-Pierre
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Jorge Yair Perez Palencia
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Ryan S Samuel
- Department of Animal Science, South Dakota State University, Animal Science Complex, Box 2170, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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Mahmud MR, Jian C, Uddin MK, Huhtinen M, Salonen A, Peltoniemi O, Venhoranta H, Oliviero C. Impact of Intestinal Microbiota on Growth Performance of Suckling and Weaned Piglets. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0374422. [PMID: 37022154 PMCID: PMC10269657 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03744-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Small-scale studies investigating the relationship between pigs' intestinal microbiota and growth performance have generated inconsistent results. We hypothesized that on farms under favorable environmental conditions (e.g., promoting sow nest-building behavior, high colostrum production, low incidence of diseases and minimal use of antimicrobials), the piglet gut microbiota may develop toward a population that promotes growth and reduces pathogenic bacteria. Using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we sampled and profiled the fecal microbiota from 170 individual piglets throughout suckling and postweaning periods (in total 670 samples) to track gut microbiota development and its potential association with growth. During the suckling period, the dominant genera were Lactobacillus and Bacteroides, the latter being gradually replaced by Clostridium sensu scricto 1 as piglets aged. The gut microbiota during the nursery stage, not the suckling period, predicted the average daily growth (ADG) of piglets. The relative abundances of SCFA-producing genera, in particular Faecalibacterium, Megasphaera, Mitsuokella, and Subdoligranulum, significantly correlated with high ADG of weaned piglets. In addition, the succession of the gut microbiota in high-ADG piglets occurred faster and stabilized sooner upon weaning, whereas the gut microbiota of low-ADG piglets continued to mature after weaning. Overall, our findings suggest that weaning is the major driver of gut microbiota variation in piglets with different levels of overall growth performance. This calls for further research to verify if promotion of specific gut microbiota, identified here at weaning transition, is beneficial for piglet growth. IMPORTANCE The relationship between pigs' intestinal microbiota and growth performance is of great importance for improving piglets' health and reducing antimicrobial use. We found that gut microbiota variation is significantly associated with growth during weaning and the early nursery period. Importantly, transitions toward a mature gut microbiota enriched with fiber-degrading bacteria mostly complete upon weaning in piglets with better growth. Postponing the weaning age may therefore favor the development of fiber degrading gut bacteria, conferring the necessary capacity to digest and harvest solid postweaning feed. The bacterial taxa associated with piglet growth identified herein hold potential to improve piglet growth and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Rayhan Mahmud
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ching Jian
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Md Karim Uddin
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Anne Salonen
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Peltoniemi
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Venhoranta
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claudio Oliviero
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Chen S, Zhou B, Zhang J, Liu H, Ma L, Wang T, Wang C. Effects of Dietary Nano-Zinc Oxide Supplementation on Meat Quality, Antioxidant Capacity and Cecal Microbiota of Intrauterine Growth Retardation Finishing Pigs. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091885. [PMID: 37174423 PMCID: PMC10178521 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As nano-zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO), a new type of nanomaterial, has antioxidant and intestinal protection effects, we hypothesized that dietary Nano-ZnO could modulate poor meat quality, oxidative stress and disturbed gut microbiota in the finishing pig model of naturally occurring intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). A total of 6 normal-born weight (NBW) and 12 IUGR piglets were selected based on birth weight. The pigs in the NBW group received a basal diet, and IUGR pigs were randomly divided into two groups and treated with basal diet and 600 mg/kg Nano-ZnO-supplemented diet. Dietary Nano-ZnO ameliorated IUGR-associated declined meat quality by lowering the drip loss48h, cooking loss, shearing force and MyHc IIx mRNA expression, and raising the redness (a*), peak area ratio of immobilized water (P22), sarcomere length and MyHc Ia mRNA expression. Nano-ZnO activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2-glutamyl cysteine ligase (Nrf2-GCL) signaling pathway by promoting the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, increasing the GCL activities, and mRNA and protein expression of its catalytic/modify subunit (GCLC/GCLM), thereby attenuating the IUGR-associated muscle oxidative injury. Additionally, the composition of IUGR pigs' cecal microbiota was altered by Nano-ZnO, as seen by changes in Shannon and Simpson indexes, the enhanced UCG-005, hoa5-07d05 gut group and Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group abundance. The UCG-005 and hoa5-07d05 gut group abundance were correlated with indicators that reflected the meat quality traits and antioxidant properties. In conclusion, Nano-ZnO improved the IUGR-impaired meat quality by altering water holding capacity, water distribution and the ultrastructure of muscle, activating the Nrf2-GCL signaling pathway to alleviate oxidative status and regulating the cecal microbial composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huijuan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Longfei Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Tian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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10
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Kyriazakis I, Alameer A, Bučková K, Muns R. Toward the automated detection of behavioral changes associated with the post-weaning transition in pigs. Front Vet Sci 2023; 9:1087570. [PMID: 36686182 PMCID: PMC9846537 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1087570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We modified an automated method capable of quantifying behaviors which we then applied to the changes associated with the post-weaning transition in pigs. The method is data-driven and depends solely on video-captured image data without relying on sensors or additional pig markings. It was applied to video images generated from an experiment during which post-weaned piglets were subjected to treatments either containing or not containing in-feed antimicrobials (ZnO or antibiotics). These treatments were expected to affect piglet performance and health in the short-term by minimizing the risk from post-weaning enteric disorders, such as diarrhea. The method quantified total group feeding and drinking behaviors as well as posture (i.e., standing and non-standing) during the first week post-weaning, when the risk of post-weaning diarrhea is at its highest, by learning from the variations within each behavior using data manually annotated by a behavioral scientist. Automatically quantified changes in behavior were consistent with the effects of the absence of antimicrobials on pig performance and health, and manifested as reduced feed efficiency and looser feces. In these piglets both drinking and standing behaviors were increased during the first 6 days post-weaning. The correlation between fecal consistency and drinking behavior 6 days post weaning was relatively high, suggesting that these behaviors may have a diagnostic value. The presence or absence of in-feed antimicrobials had no effect on feeding behavior, which, however, increased over time. The approach developed here is capable of automatically monitoring several different behaviors of a group of pigs at the same time, and potentially this may be where its value as a diagnostic tool may lie.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilias Kyriazakis
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Ilias Kyriazakis ✉
| | - Ali Alameer
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Katarína Bučková
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Ramon Muns
- Sustainable Agri-Food Science Division, Livestock Production Science Branch, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Hillsborough, United Kingdom
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11
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Fredriksen S, Guan X, Boekhorst J, Molist F, van Baarlen P, Wells JM. Environmental and maternal factors shaping tonsillar microbiota development in piglets. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:224. [PMID: 36163011 PMCID: PMC9513891 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The palatine tonsils are part of the mucosal immune system and stimulate immune responses through M cell uptake sampling of antigens and bacteria in the tonsillar crypts. Little is known about the development of the tonsillar microbiota and the factors determining the establishment and proliferation of disease-associated bacteria such as Streptococcus suis. In this study, we assessed tonsillar microbiota development in piglets during the first 5 weeks of life and identified the relative importance of maternal and environmental farm parameters influencing the tonsillar microbiota at different ages. Additionally, we studied the effect sow vaccination with a bacterin against S. suis on microbiota development and S. suis colonisation in their offspring. Results Amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region revealed that a diverse tonsillar microbiota is established shortly after birth, which then gradually changes during the first 5 weeks of life without a large impact of weaning on composition or diversity. We found a strong litter effect, with siblings sharing a more similar microbiota compared to non-sibling piglets. Co-housing in rooms, within which litters were housed in separate pens, also had a large impact on microbiota composition. Sow parity and prepartum S. suis bacterin vaccination of sows had weaker but significant associations with microbiota composition, impacting on the abundance of Streptococcus species before and after weaning. Sex and birthweight had limited impact on the tonsillar microbiota, and none of the measured factors had consistent associations with microbiota diversity. Conclusions The piglet tonsillar microbiota is established shortly after birth. While microbiota development is associated with both environmental and maternal parameters, weaning has limited impact on microbiota composition. Intramuscular vaccination of sows pre-partum had a significant effect on the tonsillar microbiota composition of their piglets. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms shaping the tonsillar microbiota.
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02625-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simen Fredriksen
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Xiaonan Guan
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Schothorst Feed Research B.V, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Boekhorst
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter van Baarlen
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Animal Sciences Department, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands. .,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K..
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12
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Schulze Holthausen J, Schregel J, Sciascia QL, Li Z, Tuchscherer A, Vahjen W, Metges CC, Zentek J. Effects of Oral Glutamine Supplementation, Birthweight and Age on Colonic Morphology and Microbiome Development in Male Suckling Piglets. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10101899. [PMID: 36296176 PMCID: PMC9612066 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality, impaired development and metabolic dysfunctions of suckling low-birthweight piglets may be influenced by modulating the intestinal microbiome through glutamine supplementation. Therefore, this study examined whether glutamine supplementation may affect the colonic development and microbiome composition of male low- and normal-birthweight piglets at 5 and 12 days of age. Suckling piglets were supplemented orally with glutamine or alanine. Colonic digesta samples were obtained for 16S rDNA sequencing, determination of bacterial metabolites and histomorphological tissue analyses. Glutamine-supplemented piglets had lower concentrations of cadaverine and spermidine in the colonic digesta (p < 0.05) and a higher number of CD3+ colonic intraepithelial lymphocytes compared to alanine-supplemented piglets (p < 0.05). Low-birthweight piglets were characterised by a lower relative abundance of Firmicutes, the genera Negativibacillus and Faecalibacterium and a higher abundance of Alistipes (p < 0.05). Concentrations of cadaverine and total biogenic amines (p < 0.05) and CD3+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (p < 0.05) were lower in low- compared with normal-birthweight piglets. In comparison to the factor age, glutamine supplementation and birthweight were associated with minor changes in microbial and histological characteristics of the colon, indicating that ontogenetic factors play a more important role in intestinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schulze Holthausen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-838-53984
| | - Johannes Schregel
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Quentin L. Sciascia
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Zeyang Li
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genetic and Biometry, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Wilfried Vahjen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Johnson AK, Rault JL, Marchant JN, Baxter EM, O'Driscoll K. Improving young pig welfare on-farm: The Five Domains Model. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6583200. [PMID: 35536191 PMCID: PMC9202571 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering welfare through the "neonatal and nursery pig perspective" is an exciting approach, and one that resonates with consumers. Overlaying this with the Five Domains Model, as we suggest in this review, points to practical on-farm improvements that provide each pig the opportunity to experience positive mental states. The Five Domains Model is broken into physical and functional states, that includes Domain 1 Nutrition, Domain 2 Physical Environment, Domain 3 Health and, Domain 4 Behavioral Interaction, and Domain 5 Mental State. The Five Domains Model can build on the breadth and depth of swine welfare science to highlight opportunities to improve welfare on-farm. In Domain 1 management of increasingly large litters is considered, with examples of sow vs. artificial rearing, colostrum quality and quantity, and creep feed management strategies. Efforts can result in positive mental states such as feeling full and content and the ability to experience pleasure of drinking and food tastes/smells. Domain 2 considers space complexity and access to key resources, along with thermal and physical amenities, to promote feelings of physical comfort. Domain 3 considers pig health in three broad, yet inter-linking categories, (a) congenital and hereditary health, (b) environmental pathogen load and, (c) colostrum quality and quantity, and its effect on the microbiome. Improvements can result in a pig that displays vitality and feels healthy. Domain 4 provides the pig opportunities to express its rich behavioral repertoire, specifically positive social interactions, play, and exploration. These efforts can result in pigs feeling calm, safe, comfortable, having companionship, engaged, interested and rewarded. In conclusion, using the Five Domains Model can highlight numerous opportunities to improve current and future housing and management through the "neonatal and nursery pig perspective" with a focus on inducing positive mental states that can result in improved quality of life and welfare state.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Johnson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50001, USA.,Iowa Pork Industry Center, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50001, USA
| | - J-L Rault
- Institute of Animal Welfare Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, A-1210, Austria
| | - J N Marchant
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - E M Baxter
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Animal and Veterinary Sciences Research Group, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - K O'Driscoll
- Pig Development Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy Co. Cork, P61 C997, Ireland
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14
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Bombin A, Yan S, Bombin S, Mosley JD, Ferguson JF. Obesity influences composition of salivary and fecal microbiota and impacts the interactions between bacterial taxa. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15254. [PMID: 35384379 PMCID: PMC8980904 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 04/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an increasing global health concern and is associated with a broad range of morbidities. The gut microbiota are increasingly recognized as important contributors to obesity and cardiometabolic health. This study aimed to characterize oral and gut microbial communities, and evaluate host: microbiota interactions between clinical obesity classifications. We performed 16S rRNA sequencing on fecal and salivary samples, global metabolomics profiling on plasma and stool samples, and dietary profiling in 135 healthy individuals. We grouped individuals by obesity status, based on body mass index (BMI), including lean (BMI 18-124.9), overweight (BMI 25-29.9), or obese (BMI ≥30). We analyzed differences in microbiome composition, community inter-relationships, and predicted microbial function by obesity status. We found that salivary bacterial communities of lean and obese individuals were compositionally and phylogenetically distinct. An increase in obesity status was positively associated with strong correlations between bacterial taxa, particularly with bacterial groups implicated in metabolic disorders including Fretibacterium, and Tannerella. Consumption of sweeteners, especially xylitol, significantly influenced compositional and phylogenetic diversities of salivary and fecal bacterial communities. In addition, obesity groups exhibited differences in predicted bacterial metabolic activity, which was correlated with host's metabolite concentrations. Overall, obesity was associated with distinct changes in bacterial community dynamics, particularly in saliva. Consideration of microbiome community structure and inclusion of salivary samples may improve our ability to understand pathways linking microbiota to obesity and cardiometabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Bombin
- Division of Clinical PharmacologyDepartment of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Shun Yan
- Department of GeneticsThe University of AlabamaBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Sergei Bombin
- Department of Biological SciencesThe University of AlabamaTuscaloosaAlabamaUSA
| | - Jonathan D. Mosley
- Division of Clinical PharmacologyDepartment of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Jane F. Ferguson
- Division of Cardiovascular MedicineDepartment of MedicineVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
- Vanderbilt Microbiome Innovation Center (VMIC)NashvilleTennesseeUSA
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15
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Plush KJ, Nowland TL. Disentangling the behavioural and fibre influences of nesting enrichment for sows on piglet survival. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1071/an21546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Lee A, Le Bon M, Connerton IF, Mellits KH. OUP accepted manuscript. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6576765. [PMID: 35511201 PMCID: PMC9113333 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Lee
- Corresponding author: Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom. Tel: 07845 963223; E-mail:
| | - Melanie Le Bon
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ian F Connerton
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth H Mellits
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
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17
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Mun D, Kyoung H, Kong M, Ryu S, Jang KB, Baek J, Park KI, Song M, Kim Y. Effects of Bacillus-based probiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and intestinal health of weaned pigs. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 63:1314-1327. [PMID: 34957446 PMCID: PMC8672252 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2021.e109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus is characterized by the formation of spores in harsh
environments, which makes it suitable for use as a probiotic for feed because of
thermostability and high survival rate, even under long-term storage. This study
was conducted to investigate the effects of Bacillus-based
probiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology,
immune response, and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs. A total of 40 weaned
pigs (7.01 ± 0.86 kg body weight [BW]; 28 d old) were randomly assigned
to two treatments (4 pigs/pen; 5 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete
block design (block = BW and sex). The dietary treatment was either a typical
nursery diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) or CON supplemented with 0.01%
probiotics containing a mixture of Bacillus subtilis and
Bacillus licheniformis (PRO). Fecal samples were collected
daily by rectal palpation for the last 3 days after a 4-day adaptation. Blood,
ileal digesta, and intestinal tissue samples were collected from one pig in each
pen at the respective time points. The PRO group did not affect the feed
efficiency, but the average daily gain was significantly improved
(p < 0.05). The PRO group showed a trend of improved
crude protein digestibility (p < 0.10). The serum
transforming growth factor-β1 level tended to be higher
(p < 0.10) in the PRO group on days 7 and 14. There
was no difference in phylum level of the intestinal microbiota, but there were
differences in genus composition and proportions. However,
β-diversity analysis showed no statistical
differences between the CON and the PRO groups. Taken together,
Bacillus-based probiotics had beneficial effects on the
growth performance, immune system, and intestinal microbiota of weaned pigs,
suggesting that Bacillus can be utilized as a functional
probiotic for weaned pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daye Mun
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyunjin Kyoung
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Myunghwan Kong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sangdon Ryu
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ki Beom Jang
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 2769, USA
| | - Jangryeol Baek
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Kyeong Ii Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Minho Song
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Younghoon Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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18
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Law K, Lozinski B, Torres I, Davison S, Hilbrands A, Nelson E, Parra-Suescun J, Johnston L, Gomez A. Disinfection of Maternal Environments Is Associated with Piglet Microbiome Composition from Birth to Weaning. mSphere 2021; 6:e0066321. [PMID: 34494881 PMCID: PMC8550216 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00663-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal factors predetermine offspring development and health, including the establishment of offsprings' first microbiomes. Research in swine has shown that early microbial exposures impact microbiome colonization in piglets, but this phenomenon has never been tested in the context of delivery room disinfection. Thus, we exposed gestating sows to two delivery environments (n = 3/environment): stalls cleaned with a broad-spectrum disinfectant (disinfected environment [D]) or stalls cleaned only with hot-water power washing (nondisinfected environment [Nde]), 3 days prior to farrowing. Microbiomes of sows and farrowed piglets (n = 27/environment) were profiled at 4 different time points from birth to weaning via 16S rRNA sequencing. The results show that although vaginal, milk, skin, and gut microbiomes in mothers were minimally affected, sanitation of farrowing stalls impacted piglet microbiome colonization. These effects were mainly characterized by lower bacterial diversity in the gut and nasal cavity, specifically in D piglets at birth, and by distinct taxonomic compositions from birth to weaning depending on the farrowing environment. For instance, environmental bacteria greatly influenced microbiome colonization in Nde piglets, which also harbored significantly higher abundances of gut Lactobacillus and nasal Enhydrobacter at several time points through weaning. Different sanitation strategies at birth also resulted in distinct microbiome assembly patterns, with lower microbial exposures in D piglets being associated with limited interactions between bacterial taxa. However, increasing microbial exposures at birth through the lack of disinfection were also associated with lower piglet weight, highlighting the importance of understanding the trade-offs among optimal microbiome development, health, and growth performance in swine production systems. IMPORTANCE We show that levels of disinfection in farrowing facilities can impact early microbial exposures and colonization by pioneer microbes in piglets. Although previous research has shown a similar effect by raising pigs outdoors or by exposing them to soil, these practices are unattainable in most swine production systems in the United States due to biosecurity practices. Thus, our results underscore the importance of evaluating different disinfection practices in swine production to safely reduce pathogenic risks without limiting early microbial exposures. Allowing early exposure to both beneficial and pathogenic microbes may positively impact immune responses, reduce the stressors of weaning, and potentially reduce the need for dietary antimicrobials. However, the benefits of modified early microbial exposures need to be accomplished along with acceptable growth performance. Thus, our results also provide clues for understanding how disinfection practices in farrowing rooms may impact early microbiome development and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Law
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brigit Lozinski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ivanellis Torres
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samuel Davison
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
| | - Adrienne Hilbrands
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | - Emma Nelson
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Lee Johnston
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, West Central Research and Outreach Center, Morris, Minnesota, USA
| | - Andres Gomez
- Department of Animal Science, University of Minnesotagrid.17635.36, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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19
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Nowland TL, Kirkwood RN, Pluske JR. Review: Can early-life establishment of the piglet intestinal microbiota influence production outcomes? Animal 2021; 16 Suppl 2:100368. [PMID: 34649827 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract microbiota is involved in the development and function of many body processes. Studies demonstrate that early-life microbial colonisation is the most important time for shaping intestinal and immune development, with perturbations to the microbiota during this time having long-lasting negative implications for the host. Piglets face many early-life events that shape the acquisition and development of their intestinal microbiota. The pork industry has a unique advantage in that the producer has a degree of control over what piglets are exposed to, providing conditions that allow for optimum piglet growth and development. An influx of publications within this area has occurred in recent times and with this, interest surrounding its application in pork production has increased. However, it can be difficult to distinguish which research is of most relevance to industry in terms of delivering repeatable and reliable production outcomes. In this review, we describe the literature surrounding research within pigs, predominantly during the preweaning period that has either provided solutions to industry problems or is generating information targeted at addressing relevant industry issues, with the focus being on studies demonstrating causation where possible. This review will provide a basis for the development of new studies targeted at understanding how to better support initial intestinal microbiota colonisation in order to improve piglet health and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Nowland
- Livestock Sciences, South Australian Research and Development Institute, PPPI Building, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.
| | - R N Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - J R Pluske
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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20
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Wu Y, Zhang H, Zhang R, Cao G, Li Q, Zhang B, Wang Y, Yang C. Serum metabolome and gut microbiome alterations in broiler chickens supplemented with lauric acid. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101315. [PMID: 34280650 PMCID: PMC8318919 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic overuse in poultry husbandry poses a potential threat to meat safety and human health. Lauric acid (LA) is a primary medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) with a strong antibacterial capacity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the beneficial effects of LA on the growth performance, immune responses, serum metabolism, and cecal microbiota of broiler chickens. One-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups: CON, fed a basal diet; ANT, a basal diet supplemented with 75 mg/kg antibiotic; LA500, a basal diet supplemented with 500 mg/kg LA; LA1000, a basal diet supplemented with 1000 mg/kg LA. The feeding period was 42 d. The results showed that LA significantly improved broiler growth and immune functions, as evidenced by increased body weight (BW) and average daily gain (ADG), enhanced intestinal mucosal barrier, upregulated immunoglobulins (IgA, IgM, and IgY), and downregulated inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-4, and IL-10) (P < 0.05). HPLC/MS-based metabolome analysis revealed that the serum metabolites in the LA group differed from those of CON and ANT groups. LA markedly decreased the abundance of phosphatidylcholines (PCs), increased lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoPCs), and inhibited the sphingolipid metabolism pathway, indicating its capacity to modulate lipid metabolism. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that LA significantly altered cecal microbiota composition by reducing Phascolarctobacterium, Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, and Bacteroides, and increasing Faecalibacterium and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014 (P < 0.05). Furthermore, Spearman correlation analysis revealed that changes in metabolism and microbiota were highly correlated with the growth and immune indices; strong links were also found between lipid metabolism and microbial composition. Taken together, LA promotes broiler growth and immune functions by regulating lipid metabolism and gut microbiota. The above findings highlight the substantial potential of LA as a supplement in poultry diets and provide a new strategy to reduce antibiotic usage and improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guangtian Cao
- College of Standardisation, China Jiliang University, 310018, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caimei Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A&F University, 311300, Hangzhou, China.
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21
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Fu Q, Tan Z, Shi L, Xun W. Resveratrol Attenuates Diquat-Induced Oxidative Stress by Regulating Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Characteristics in Piglets. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:695155. [PMID: 34322107 PMCID: PMC8312259 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.695155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that dietary resveratrol (RES) reduces diarrhea and attenuates oxidative stress in piglets challenged with diquat. However, the effect of dietary resveratrol on the gut microbiota of these piglets, as well as the potential relationships between intestinal microflora and metabolites, remain unclear. Here, 16S ribosomal DNA sequencing and metabolome analyses were performed to investigate the effect of RES on the gut microbiota and metabolome of diquat-challenged piglets. A total of 18 weaned piglets (aged 28 ± 2 days) were divided into the control group (basal diet), diquat group (basal diet + diquat challenge), and RES group (basal diet containing 90 mg/kg RES + diquat challenge). Compared with the control group, piglets in the diquat group showed enriched relative abundance of the phyla Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, the genus Ruminococcaceae UCG-005, and members of the Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group. Noteworthy, RES supplementation significantly reduced the levels of these microorganisms. In contrast, the relative abundance of some beneficial bacterial species in the RES group, such as the genera Clostridium sensu stricto 1 and Lachnospiraceae unclassified were significantly higher than in the diquat and control groups. Metabolomic analysis indicated that some metabolites, including indole-3-carbinol, 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid, and uridine, were significantly upregulated upon RES supplementation. In particular, the relative abundance of uridine, indole, and alpha- and beta-dihydroresveratrol was significantly higher in the RES group than in the control group. Moreover, most gut bacterial genera were found to be highly correlated with altered gut microbiota-related metabolites. These findings suggest that dietary supplementation with resveratrol may alter the composition and metabolites of colonic microbiota in diquat-challenged piglets, which provides important insights into the use of resveratrol as a feed additive for gut microbial regulation in piglets with inflammatory and oxidative stress-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyao Fu
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction and Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhen Tan
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction and Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Liguang Shi
- Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Xun
- Hainan Key Lab of Tropical Animal Reproduction and Breeding and Epidemic Disease Research, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
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22
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Nowland TL, Kirkwood RN, Plush KJ, Barton MD, Torok VA. Exposure to maternal feces in lactation influences piglet enteric microbiota, growth, and survival preweaning. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6283769. [PMID: 34036347 PMCID: PMC8259832 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that gilt progeny performance is reduced compared with sow progeny. Previous research suggests that the presence of maternal feces in early life improves the health and survival of offspring. Therefore, we aimed to determine whether contact with feces from multiparous (MP) sows would improve the growth and survival of piglets born and reared on primiparous (P1) sows and if so, whether these differences are associated with the gut microbiota. Four treatments were applied for 10 days: Donor (n = 29) piglets had limited access to maternal feces as, each morning, sow feces were removed and placed in the crate of a P1 sow (P1-FT; n = 30 piglets) and P1-Con (n = 29) and MP-Con (n = 33) piglets had access to their own mothers’ feces. All piglets were weighed on days 1, 3, 10, and 18. Fecal samples were collected from a subset of sows (n = 10/treatment) 3 days post farrow and from two female piglets/litter on days 10 and 18 (n = 20/treatment) and subject to 16S rRNA amplicon analysis. Escherichia, Clostridium, Campylobacter, and Treponema were more abundant in MP sows, while P1 sows had a higher abundance of Lactobacillus and Prevotella. At 10 days, P1 progeny fecal microbiota differed, and growth and survival were reduced when compared with MP progeny. No treatment effect was observed for P1-FT piglets (P > 0.05). Donor piglets had a different fecal microbiota and improved weight and survival then all other treatments (P < 0.05). Overall, the removal of sow feces from the farrowing crate improved piglet microbiota development, growth, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya L Nowland
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | - Roy N Kirkwood
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia
| | | | - Mary D Barton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA 5000, Australia
| | - Valeria A Torok
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA 5371, Australia.,South Australian Research and Development Institute, Food Sciences, SA 5064, Australia
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23
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Luise D, Le Sciellour M, Buchet A, Resmond R, Clement C, Rossignol MN, Jardet D, Zemb O, Belloc C, Merlot E. The fecal microbiota of piglets during weaning transition and its association with piglet growth across various farm environments. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250655. [PMID: 33905437 PMCID: PMC8078812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the fecal microbiota from piglets reared in different living environments during the weaning transition, and presents the characteristics of microbiota associated with good growth of piglets after weaning. Fecal samples were collected pre- (d26) and post-weaning (d35) from 288 male piglets in 16 conventional indoor commercial farms located in the West of France. The changes one week after weaning on the most abundant microbial families was roughly the same in all farms: alpha diversity increased, the relative abundance of Bacteroidaceae (-61%), Christensenellaceae (-35%), Enterobacteriaceae (-42%), and Clostridiaceae (-32%) decreased, while the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae (+143%) and Lachnospiraceae (+21%) increased. Among all the collected samples, four enterotypes that were ubiquitous in all farms were identified. They could be discriminated by their respective relative abundances of Prevotella, Faecalibacterium, Roseburia, and Lachnospira, and likely corresponded to a gradual maturational shift from pre- to post-weaning microbiota. The rearing environment influenced the frequency of enterotypes, as well as the relative abundance of 6 families at d26 (including Christensenellaceae and Lactobacillaceae), and of 21 families at d35. In all farms, piglets showing the highest relative growth rate during the first three weeks after weaning, which were characterized as more robust, had a higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, a lower relative abundance of Proteobacteria, and showed a greater increase in Prevotella, Coprococcus, and Lachnospira in the post-weaning period. This study revealed the presence of ubiquitous enterotypes among the farms of this study, reflecting maturational stages of microbiota from a young suckling to an older cereal-eating profile. Despite significant variation in the microbial profile between farms, piglets whose growth after weaning was less disrupted were, those who had reached the more mature phenotype characterized by Prevotella the fastest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Luise
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Agricultural, Environmental, Food Science and Technology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Arnaud Buchet
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, Saint Gilles, France
- Cooperl Arc Atlantique, Lamballe, France
| | - Rémi Resmond
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, Saint Gilles, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elodie Merlot
- PEGASE, INRAE, Institut Agro, Saint Gilles, France
- * E-mail:
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24
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Suda Y, Sasaki N, Kagawa K, Elean M, Zhou B, Tomokiyo M, Islam MA, Rajoka MSR, Kober AKMH, Shimazu T, Egusa S, Terashima Y, Aso H, Ikeda-Ohtsubo W, Villena J, Kitazawa H. Immunobiotic Feed Developed with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii TUA4408L and the Soymilk By-Product Okara Improves Health and Growth Performance in Pigs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9050921. [PMID: 33923082 PMCID: PMC8145491 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9050921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. delbrueckii TUA4408L is able to differentially modulate the innate immune response of porcine intestinal epithelial cells triggered by TLR4 activation. This strain also has a remarkable ability to grow on plant substrates. These two immunological and biotechnological characteristics prompted us to evaluate whether the soymilk by-product okara fermented with the TUA4408L strain can serve as an immunobiotic feed with the ability to beneficially modulate the intestinal immunity of piglets after weaning to improve their productivity. Our in vivo studies demonstrated that the administration of immunobiotic TUA4408L-fermented okara feed significantly increased piglet growth performance and meat quality. These positive effects were associated with the ability of the TUA4408L-fermented okara feed to beneficially modulate both intestinal microbiota and immunity in pigs. The immunobiotic feed improved the abundance of the beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus and Lactococcus in the gut of pigs, reduced blood markers of inflammation, and differentially regulated the expression of inflammatory and regulatory cytokines in the intestinal mucosa. These findings indicate that the immunobiotic TUA4408L-fermented okara feed could be an economical and environmentally friendly option to improve the growth performance and immune health of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihito Suda
- Department of Food Resource Development, School of Food Industrial Sciences, Miyagi University, Sendai 982-0215, Japan; (Y.S.); (N.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Nana Sasaki
- Department of Food Resource Development, School of Food Industrial Sciences, Miyagi University, Sendai 982-0215, Japan; (Y.S.); (N.S.); (K.K.)
| | - Kyoma Kagawa
- Department of Food Resource Development, School of Food Industrial Sciences, Miyagi University, Sendai 982-0215, Japan; (Y.S.); (N.S.); (K.K.)
- Graduate School of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Miyagi University, Sendai 982-0215, Japan
| | - Mariano Elean
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman CP4000, Argentina;
| | - Binghui Zhou
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (B.Z.); (M.T.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.R.); (A.K.M.H.K.); (W.I.-O.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
| | - Mikado Tomokiyo
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (B.Z.); (M.T.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.R.); (A.K.M.H.K.); (W.I.-O.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
| | - Md. Aminul Islam
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (B.Z.); (M.T.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.R.); (A.K.M.H.K.); (W.I.-O.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Shahid Riaz Rajoka
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (B.Z.); (M.T.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.R.); (A.K.M.H.K.); (W.I.-O.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
| | - A. K. M. Humayun Kober
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (B.Z.); (M.T.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.R.); (A.K.M.H.K.); (W.I.-O.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
- Department of Dairy and Poultry Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chittagong 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Tomoyuki Shimazu
- Department of Food Science and Business, School of Food Industrial Sciences, Miyagi University, Sendai 982-0215, Japan;
| | - Shintaro Egusa
- Research and Development Division, Marusan-Ai Co., Ltd., Okazaki 444-2193, Japan; (S.E.); (Y.T.)
| | - Yuji Terashima
- Research and Development Division, Marusan-Ai Co., Ltd., Okazaki 444-2193, Japan; (S.E.); (Y.T.)
| | - Hisashi Aso
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
- Laboratory of Animal Health Science, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Wakako Ikeda-Ohtsubo
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (B.Z.); (M.T.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.R.); (A.K.M.H.K.); (W.I.-O.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
| | - Julio Villena
- Laboratory of Immunobiotechnology, Reference Centre for Lactobacilli (CERELA-CONICET), Tucuman CP4000, Argentina;
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (B.Z.); (M.T.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.R.); (A.K.M.H.K.); (W.I.-O.)
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (H.K.)
| | - Haruki Kitazawa
- Food and Feed Immunology Group, Laboratory of Animal Food Function, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (B.Z.); (M.T.); (M.A.I.); (M.S.R.R.); (A.K.M.H.K.); (W.I.-O.)
- Livestock Immunology Unit, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology (CFAI), Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan;
- Correspondence: (J.V.); (H.K.)
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25
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Trevisi P, Luise D, Correa F, Bosi P. Timely Control of Gastrointestinal Eubiosis: A Strategic Pillar of Pig Health. Microorganisms 2021; 9:313. [PMID: 33546450 PMCID: PMC7913656 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an open ecosystem in which microorganisms and their host are mutually involved and continually adapt to different factors and problems which may or may not be host dependent or due to the production system. The aim of the present review is to highlight the factors affecting the GIT microbial balance in young pigs, focusing on the pre- and post-weaning phases, to define a road map for improving pig health and the production efficiency of the food chain. Birth and weaning body weight, physiological maturation, colostrum and milk (composition and intake), genetic background, environmental stressors and management practices, antibiotic use and diet composition are considered. Overall, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the effect that some factors, including weaning age, the use of creep feed, the composition of the colostrum and milk and the use of antibiotics, may have on the gut microbiome of piglets. Furthermore, the information on the gut microbiome of piglets is mainly based on the taxonomy description, while there is a lack of knowledge regarding the functional modification of the microbiota, essential for the exploitation of microbiota potential for modulating pig physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (D.L.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
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26
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Herd-Level and Individual Differences in Fecal Lactobacilli Dynamics of Growing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010113. [PMID: 33430499 PMCID: PMC7827896 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Selection for hyper-prolific sows has led to increased litter size, decreased birth weight, and increased within-litter variation. This is accompanied by impaired colostrum intake of piglets and poor performance. We aimed to investigate the total count of fecal lactobacilli and species diversity in growing pigs on two herds. Study pigs were categorized either small or large according to their birth weight. Sow colostrum quality and colostrum supply of piglets were determined. We hypothesized that the birth weight and growth performance of pigs are associated with fecal lactobacilli composition, which is influenced by colostrum. Small pigs had higher lactobacilli counts in both herds, but the difference was significant only for one herd (p = 0.01). Colostrum quality was numerically better in the herd that appeared also better managed in comparison to the other study herd. Colostrum intake tended to be significantly associated with the total lactobacilli count in the better-managed herd. In conclusion, herd-level factors clearly contribute to the microbiota of pigs, but birth weight also plays a potential role in the gastrointestinal tract lactobacilli dynamics. Our results revealed a potential long-term effect of colostrum, and therefore give a reason to investigate more thoroughly the associations between maternal immunity, pig microbiota, and performance. Abstract We studied the fecal lactobacilli count and species diversity of growing pigs along with immune parameters associated with intestinal lactobacilli. Thirty pigs categorized as small (S, n = 12) or large (L, n = 18) at birth were followed from birth to slaughter in two commercial herds, H1 and H2. Herds differed in terms of their general management. We determined sow colostrum quality, colostrum intake, piglet serum immunoglobulins, and pig growth. We took individual fecal samples from pigs in the weaning and finishing units. We studied lactobacilli count and identified their diversity with 16S PCR. Total lactobacilli count increased in H1 and decreased in H2 between samplings. Lactobacilli species diversity was higher in H1 in both fecal sampling points, whereas diversity decreased over time in both herds. We identified altogether seven lactobacilli species with a maximum of five (one to five) species in one herd. However, a relatively large proportion of lactobacilli remained unidentified with the used sequencing technique. Small pigs had higher lactobacilli counts in both herds but the difference was significant only in H2 (p = 0.01). Colostrum quality was numerically better in H1 than in H2, where colostrum intake tended to be associated with total lactobacilli count (p = 0.05).
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27
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Gaukroger CH, Edwards SA, Walshaw J, Nelson A, Adams IP, Stewart CJ, Kyriazakis I. Shifting sows: longitudinal changes in the periparturient faecal microbiota of primiparous and multiparous sows. Animal 2020; 15:100135. [PMID: 33573959 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of periparturient longitudinal changes in sow microbiota composition is necessary to fully understand her role in the development of the piglet microbiota, but also to improve gut health and performance of the sow in lactation. Primiparous sows face the challenge of partitioning nutrients to support maternal growth in addition to supporting foetal growth and the demands of lactation. Additional metabolic stress present during the periparturient period may induce changes in the microbiota profile between primiparous and multiparous sows. Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the study aimed to characterise the longitudinal changes in the periparturient microbiota and identify differences within the sow microbiota profile associated with parity. Faecal samples from primiparous (n = 13) and multiparous (n = 16) sows were collected at four different time points (day -6, -1, 3 and 8) in relation to farrowing (day 0). Microbiota richness was lowest on day 3 and -1 of the periparturient period (P < 0.05). Microbiota community composition, assessed by weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances, demonstrated longitudinal changes, with day 3 samples clustering away from all other sampling time points (P < 0.05). The relative abundance of several genera segregated gestation from lactation samples including Roseburia, Prevotella 1, Prevotella 2, Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Ruminococcaceae UCG-002 and Ruminococcaceae UCG-010 (P < 0.01). Furthermore, day 3 was characterised by a significant increase in the relative abundance of Escherichia/Shigella, Fusobacterium and Bacteroides, and a decrease in Alloprevotella, Prevotellaceae UCG-003 and Ruminococcus 1 (P < 0.001). Primiparous sows had overall lower periparturient microbiota diversity (P < 0.01) and there was a significant interaction between parity and sampling time point, with primiparous sows having lower microbiota richness on day -6 (P < 0.001). There was a significant interaction between sow parity and sampling time point on microbiota composition on day -6 and -1 (unweighted UniFrac distances; ≤ 0.01) and day 8 (weighted and unweighted UniFrac distances; P < 0.05). Whilst no significant interactions between sow parity and sampling day were observed for genera relative abundances, multiparous sows had a significantly higher relative abundance of Bacteroidetes dgA-11 gut group and Prevotellaceae UCG-004 (P < 0.01). This study demonstrates that the sow microbiota undergoes longitudinal changes, which are collectively related to periparturient changes in the sow environment, diet and physiological changes to support foetal growth, delivery and the onset of lactation, but also sow parity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Gaukroger
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - S A Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - J Walshaw
- Fera Science Limited, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - A Nelson
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - I P Adams
- Fera Science Limited, York, YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - C J Stewart
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - I Kyriazakis
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
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