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Bastos-Gonçalves R, Coimbra B, Rodrigues AJ. The mesopontine tegmentum in reward and aversion: From cellular heterogeneity to behaviour. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105702. [PMID: 38718986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The mesopontine tegmentum, comprising the pedunculopontine tegmentum (PPN) and the laterodorsal tegmentum (LDT), is intricately connected to various regions of the basal ganglia, motor systems, and limbic systems. The PPN and LDT can regulate the activity of different brain regions of these target systems, and in this way are in a privileged position to modulate motivated behaviours. Despite recent findings, the PPN and LDT have been largely overlooked in discussions about the neural circuits associated with reward and aversion. This review aims to provide a timely and comprehensive resource on past and current research, highlighting the PPN and LDT's connectivity and influence on basal ganglia and limbic, and motor systems. Seminal studies, including lesion, pharmacological, and optogenetic/chemogenetic approaches, demonstrate their critical roles in modulating reward/aversive behaviours. The review emphasizes the need for further investigation into the associated cellular mechanisms, in order to clarify their role in behaviour and contribution for different neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Bastos-Gonçalves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bárbara Coimbra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| | - Ana João Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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2
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Tscherpel C, Mustin M, Massimini M, Paul T, Ziemann U, Fink GR, Grefkes C. Local neuronal sleep after stroke: The role of cortical bistability in brain reorganization. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:836-846. [PMID: 39019396 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute cerebral ischemia triggers a number of cellular mechanisms not only leading to excitotoxic cell death but also to enhanced neuroplasticity, facilitating neuronal reorganization and functional recovery. OBJECTIVE Transferring these cellular mechanisms to neurophysiological correlates adaptable to patients is crucial to promote recovery post-stroke. The combination of TMS and EEG constitutes a promising readout of neuronal network activity in stroke patients. METHODS We used the combination of TMS and EEG to investigate the development of local signal processing and global network alterations in 40 stroke patients with motor deficits alongside neural reorganization from the acute to the chronic phase. RESULTS We show that the TMS-EEG response reflects information about reorganization and signal alterations associated with persistent motor deficits throughout the entire post-stroke period. In the early post-stroke phase and in a subgroup of patients with severe motor deficits, TMS applied to the lesioned motor cortex evoked a sleep-like slow wave response associated with a cortical off-period, a manifestation of cortical bistability, as well as a rapid disruption of the TMS-induced formation of causal network effects. Mechanistically, these phenomena were linked to lesions affecting ascending activating brainstem fibers. Of note, slow waves invariably vanished in the chronic phase, but were highly indicative of a poor functional outcome. CONCLUSION In summary, we found evidence that transient effects of sleep-like slow waves and cortical bistability within ipsilesional M1 resulting in excessive inhibition may interfere with functional reorganization, leading to a less favorable functional outcome post-stroke, pointing to a new therapeutic target to improve recovery of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Tscherpel
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Maike Mustin
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marcello Massimini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Science 'L. Sacco', University Milan, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi ONLUS, Milan, Italy
| | - Theresa Paul
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulf Ziemann
- Department of Neurology & Stroke and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christian Grefkes
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany.
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3
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Björklund A, Barker RA. The basal forebrain cholinergic system as target for cell replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2024; 147:1937-1952. [PMID: 38279949 PMCID: PMC11146424 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years there has been a renewed interest in the basal forebrain cholinergic system as a target for the treatment of cognitive impairments in patients with Parkinson's disease, due in part to the need to explore novel approaches to treat the cognitive symptoms of the disease and in part to the development of more refined imaging tools that have made it possible to monitor the progressive changes in the structure and function of the basal forebrain system as they evolve over time. In parallel, emerging technologies allowing the derivation of authentic basal forebrain cholinergic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells are providing new powerful tools for the exploration of cholinergic neuron replacement in animal models of Parkinson's disease-like cognitive decline. In this review, we discuss the rationale for cholinergic cell replacement as a potential therapeutic strategy in Parkinson's disease and how this approach can be explored in rodent models of Parkinson's disease-like cognitive decline, building on insights gained from the extensive animal experimental work that was performed in rodent and primate models in the 1980s and 90s. Although therapies targeting the cholinergic system have so far been focused mainly on patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease with dementia may be a more relevant condition. In Parkinson's disease with dementia, the basal forebrain system undergoes progressive degeneration and the magnitude of cholinergic cell loss has been shown to correlate with the level of cognitive impairment. Thus, cell therapy aimed to replace the lost basal forebrain cholinergic neurons represents an interesting strategy to combat some of the major cognitive impairments in patients with Parkinson's disease dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Björklund
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Roger A Barker
- Wellcome MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute and John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
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4
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Salazar Leon LE, Brown AM, Kaku H, Sillitoe RV. Purkinje cell dysfunction causes disrupted sleep in ataxic mice. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050379. [PMID: 38563553 PMCID: PMC11190574 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cell dysfunction disrupts movement and causes disorders such as ataxia. Recent evidence suggests that Purkinje cell dysfunction may also alter sleep regulation. Here, we used an ataxic mouse model generated by silencing Purkinje cell neurotransmission (L7Cre;Vgatfx/fx) to better understand how cerebellar dysfunction impacts sleep physiology. We focused our analysis on sleep architecture and electrocorticography (ECoG) patterns based on their relevance to extracting physiological measurements during sleep. We found that circadian activity was unaltered in the mutant mice, although their sleep parameters and ECoG patterns were modified. The L7Cre;Vgatfx/fx mutant mice had decreased wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, whereas non-REM sleep was increased. The mutants had an extended latency to REM sleep, which is also observed in human patients with ataxia. Spectral analysis of ECoG signals revealed alterations in the power distribution across different frequency bands defining sleep. Therefore, Purkinje cell dysfunction may influence wakefulness and equilibrium of distinct sleep stages in ataxia. Our findings posit a connection between cerebellar dysfunction and disrupted sleep and underscore the importance of examining cerebellar circuit function in sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E. Salazar Leon
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Heet Kaku
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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5
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Chen X, Zhang Y. A review of the neurotransmitter system associated with cognitive function of the cerebellum in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:324-330. [PMID: 37488885 PMCID: PMC10503617 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.379042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dichotomized brain system is a concept that was generalized from the 'dual syndrome hypothesis' to explain the heterogeneity of cognitive impairment, in which anterior and posterior brain systems are independent but partially overlap. The dopaminergic system acts on the anterior brain and is responsible for executive function, working memory, and planning. In contrast, the cholinergic system acts on the posterior brain and is responsible for semantic fluency and visuospatial function. Evidence from dopaminergic/cholinergic imaging or functional neuroimaging has shed significant insight relating to the involvement of the cerebellum in the cognitive process of patients with Parkinson's disease. Previous research has reported evidence that the cerebellum receives both dopaminergic and cholinergic projections. However, whether these two neurotransmitter systems are associated with cognitive function has yet to be fully elucidated. Furthermore, the precise role of the cerebellum in patients with Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment remains unclear. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the cerebellar dopaminergic and cholinergic projections and their relationships with cognition, as reported by previous studies, and investigated the role of the cerebellum in patients with Parkinson's disease and cognitive impairment, as determined by functional neuroimaging. Our findings will help us to understand the role of the cerebellum in the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuhu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Guangdong Neuroscience Institute, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Nakamura Y, Okemoto M, Ikuta T. Food go/no-go training alters neural circuits for food evaluation for appetite reduction. Appetite 2024; 192:107099. [PMID: 37890532 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Food go/no-go training has been traditionally categorized as a type of inhibitory training that decreases the desire for high-calorie food consumption. This training requires participants to either respond or withhold their responses to presented items with go cues or food items with no-go cues, respectively. Recent findings have suggested that this training may devalue food items associated with no-go cues instead of facilitating inhibitory control, leading to reduced food consumption. We thus hypothesized that food go/no-go training would alter the brain response to food items with no-go cues in food evaluation regions. To examine this hypothesis, we conducted a repeated measures functional magnetic resonance imaging using food images in healthy participants, who underwent 3 weeks of food go/no-go training (n = 26) using high- and low-calorie food items paired with no-go cues (no-go food) and go cues (go food), respectively, and control training (n = 24). The food go/no-go training reduced the ratings for the desire to eat no-go foods and increased the ratings for go foods. The reduction in no-go food rating was positively associated with a decrease in daily snack intake. The neural responses in the food evaluation regions increased for go foods. Moreover, the functional connectivity of those regions was altered. The food go/no-go training did not decrease impulsivity traits or increase restrained eating, which are associated with inhibitory control. Overall, food go/no-go training influenced the brain regions associated with food evaluation, thus devaluating no-go foods and reducing the daily snack intake. Accordingly, food go/no-go training could promote healthier food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakamura
- Center for Evolutionary Cognitive Sciences, Graduate School of Art and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Okemoto
- The Natural Sciences II, College of Arts and Sciences of the Junior Division, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Toshikazu Ikuta
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, School of Applied Sciences, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 37677, USA.
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Liu Y, Zhu R, Zhou Y, Lü J, Chai Y. Improved control effect of pathological oscillations by using delayed feedback stimulation in neural mass model with pedunculopontine nucleus. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3183. [PMID: 37533306 PMCID: PMC10570496 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of delayed feedback stimulation in the discussion of Parkinson's disease (PD) has recently received increasing attention. Stimulation of pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is an emerging treatment for PD. However, the effect of PPN in regulating PD is ignored, and the delayed feedback stimulation algorithm is facing some problems in parameter selection. METHODS On the basis of a neural mass model, we established a new network for PPN. Four types of delayed feedback stimulation schemes were designed, such as stimulating subthalamic nucleus (STN) with the local field potentials (LFPs) of STN nucleus, globus pallidus (GPe) with the LFPs of Gpe nucleus, PPN with the LFPs of Gpe nucleus, and STN with the LFPs of PPN nucleus. RESULTS In this study, we found that all four kinds of delayed feedback schemes are effective, suggesting that the algorithm is simple and more effective in experiments. More specifically, the other three control schemes improved the control performance and reduced the stimulation energy expenditure compared with traditional stimulating STN itself only. CONCLUSION PPN stimulation can affect the new network and help to suppress pathological oscillations for each neuron. We hope that our results can gain an insight into the future clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingpeng Liu
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsShanghai University of Electric PowerShanghaiChina
| | - Rui Zhu
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsShanghai University of Electric PowerShanghaiChina
| | - Ye Zhou
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsShanghai University of Electric PowerShanghaiChina
| | - Jiali Lü
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsShanghai University of Electric PowerShanghaiChina
| | - Yuan Chai
- School of Mathematics and PhysicsShanghai University of Electric PowerShanghaiChina
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8
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Reiner J, Franken L, Raveh E, Rosset I, Kreitman R, Ben-Ami E, Djaldetti R. Oculometric measures as a tool for assessment of clinical symptoms and severity of Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2023; 130:1241-1248. [PMID: 37553460 PMCID: PMC10480268 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-023-02681-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Abnormalities of oculometric measures (OM) are widely described in people with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, knowledge of correlations between abnormal OM, disease severity and clinical assessment in PD patients is still lacking. To evaluate these correlations, PD patients (215 patients, mean age 69 ± 9.1 years, 79 females) with severe (H&Y > 3) and mild to moderate (H&Y ≤ 2) disease, and 215 age-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. All patients were evaluated using MDS-UPDRS and an oculometric test using computer vision and deep learning algorithms. Comparisons of OM between groups and correlations between OM and MDS-UPDRS scores were calculated. Saccadic latency (ms) was prolonged in patients with severe compared with mild to moderate disease (pro-saccades: 267 ± 69 vs. 238 ± 53, p = 0.0011; anti-saccades: 386 ± 119 vs. 352 ± 106, p = 0.0393) and in patients with mild to moderate disease versus healthy subjects (pro-saccades: 238 ± 53 vs. 220 ± 45, p = 0.0003; anti-saccades: 352 ± 106 vs. 289 ± 71, p < 0.0001). Error rate (%) was higher among patients with severe (64.06 ± 23.08) versus mild to moderate disease (49.84 ± 24.81, p = 0.0001), and versus healthy subjects (49.84 ± 24.81 vs. 28.31 ± 21.72, p = 0.00001). Response accuracy (%) was lower for patients with severe (75.66 ± 13.11) versus mild to moderate disease (79.66 ± 13.56, p = 0.0462), and versus healthy subjects (79.66 ± 13.56 vs. 90.27 ± 8.79, p < 0.0001). Pro- and anti-saccadic latency, error rate and accuracy were correlated with MDS-UPDRS scores (r = 0.32, 0.28, 0.36 and -0.30, respectively, p < 0.0001) and similar correlations were found with its axial subscore (R = 0.38, 0.29, 0.44, and -0.30, respectively, p < 0.0001). Several OM were different in patients under levodopa treatment. OM worsened as PD severity increases, and were correlated with MDS-UPDRS scores. Using OM can be implemented for PD patients' assessment as a tool to follow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Reiner
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Movement Disorders Clinic, Beilinson Hospital, 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Liron Franken
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Movement Disorders Clinic, Beilinson Hospital, 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | - Ruth Djaldetti
- Department of Neurology, Rabin Medical Center, Movement Disorders Clinic, Beilinson Hospital, 4941492, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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9
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Salazar Leon LE, Brown AM, Kaku H, Sillitoe RV. Purkinje cell dysfunction causes disrupted sleep in ataxic mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.03.547586. [PMID: 37461479 PMCID: PMC10350025 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.03.547586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Purkinje cell dysfunction causes movement disorders such as ataxia, however, recent evidence suggests that Purkinje cell dysfunction may also alter sleep regulation. Here, we used an ataxia mouse model generated by silencing Purkinje cell neurotransmission ( L7 Cre ;Vgat fx/fx ) to better understand how cerebellar dysfunction impacts sleep physiology. We focused our analysis on sleep architecture and electrocorticography (ECoG) patterns based on their relevance to extracting physiological measurements during sleep. We found that circadian activity is unaltered in the mutant mice, although their sleep parameters and ECoG patterns are modified. The L7 Cre ;Vgat fx/fx mutant mice have decreased wakefulness and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, while non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep is increased. The mutant mice have an extended latency to REM sleep, which is also observed in human ataxia patients. Spectral analysis of ECoG signals revealed alterations in the power distribution across different frequency bands defining sleep. Therefore, Purkinje cell dysfunction may influence wakefulness and equilibrium of distinct sleep stages in ataxia. Our findings posit a connection between cerebellar dysfunction and disrupted sleep and underscore the importance of examining cerebellar circuit function in sleep disorders. Summary Statement Utilizing a precise genetic mouse model of ataxia, we provide insights into the cerebellum's role in sleep regulation, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target for motor disorders-related sleep disruptions.
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10
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Gibson AR, Horn KM, Pong M. Nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis: a bridge between the basal ganglia and cerebellum for movement control. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:1271-1287. [PMID: 37000205 PMCID: PMC10129968 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural processing in the basal ganglia is critical for normal movement. Diseases of the basal ganglia, such as Parkinson's disease, produce a variety of movement disorders including akinesia and bradykinesia. Many believe that the basal ganglia influence movement via thalamic projections to motor areas of the cerebral cortex and through projections to the cerebellum, which also projects to the motor cortex via the thalamus. However, lesions that interrupt these thalamic pathways to the cortex have little effect on many movements, including limb movements. Yet, limb movements are severely impaired by basal ganglia disease or damage to the cerebellum. We can explain this impairment as well as the mild effects of thalamic lesions if basal ganglia and cerebellar output reach brainstem motor regions without passing through the thalamus. In this report, we describe several brainstem pathways that connect basal ganglia output to the cerebellum via nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP). Additionally, we propose that widespread afferent and efferent connections of NRTP with the cerebellum could integrate processing across cerebellar regions. The basal ganglia could then alter movements via descending projections of the cerebellum. Pathways through NRTP are important for the control of normal movement and may underlie deficits associated with basal ganglia disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan R Gibson
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA.
- , 3417 E. Mission Ln, Phoenix, AZ, 85028, USA.
| | - Kris M Horn
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
- Chamberlain College of Nursing, 1036 E Baylor Ln, Gilbert, AZ, 85296, USA
| | - Milton Pong
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, 85013, USA
- School of Osteopathic Medicine, Arizona, A. T. Still University, 5850 E. Still Circle, Mesa, AZ, 85206, USA
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11
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Garofalo M, Vansenne F, Verbeek DS, Sival DA. The pathogenetic basis for a disease continuum in early- and late-onset ataxia-dystonia supports a unified genetic diagnostic approach. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2023; 43:44-51. [PMID: 36905829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genetically inherited ataxic disorders are classified by their age of disease presentation into early- and late-onset ataxia (EOA and LOA, presenting before or after the 25th year-of-life). In both disease groups, comorbid dystonia co-occurs frequently. Despite overlapping genes and pathogenetic features, EOA, LOA and dystonia are considered as different genetic entities with a separate diagnostic approach. This often leads to diagnostic delay. So far, the possibility of a disease continuum between EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia has not been explored in silico. In the present study, we analyzed the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia. METHODS We analyzed the association of 267 ataxia genes with comorbid dystonia and anatomical MRI lesions in literature. We compared anatomical damage, biological pathways, and temporal cerebellar gene expression between EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia. RESULTS The majority (≈65%) of ataxia genes were associated with comorbid dystonia in literature. Both EOA and LOA gene groups with comorbid dystonia were significantly associated with lesions in the cortico-basal-ganglia-pontocerebellar network. EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia gene groups were enriched for biological pathways related to nervous system development, neural signaling and cellular processes. All genes revealed similar cerebellar gene expression levels before and after 25 years of age and during cerebellar development. CONCLUSION In EOA, LOA and mixed ataxia-dystonia gene groups, our findings show similar anatomical damage, underlying biological pathways and temporal cerebellar gene expression patterns. These findings may suggest the existence of a disease continuum, supporting the diagnostic use of a unified genetic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - F Vansenne
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - D S Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - D A Sival
- Department of Pediatrics, Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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12
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Lin C, Ridder MC, Sah P. The PPN and motor control: Preclinical studies to deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1095441. [PMID: 36925563 PMCID: PMC10011138 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1095441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is the major part of the mesencephalic locomotor region, involved in the control of gait and locomotion. The PPN contains glutamatergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic neurons that all make local connections, but also have long-range ascending and descending connections. While initially thought of as a region only involved in gait and locomotion, recent evidence is showing that this structure also participates in decision-making to initiate movement. Clinically, the PPN has been used as a target for deep brain stimulation to manage freezing of gait in late Parkinson's disease. In this review, we will discuss current thinking on the role of the PPN in locomotor control. We will focus on the cytoarchitecture and functional connectivity of the PPN in relationship to motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Lin
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Joint Centre for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Margreet C Ridder
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Pankaj Sah
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Joint Centre for Neuroscience and Neural Engineering, and Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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Su JH, Hu YW, Song YP, Yang Y, Li RY, Zhou KG, Hu L, Wan XH, Teng F, Jin LJ. Dystonia-like behaviors and impaired sensory-motor integration following neurotoxic lesion of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in mice. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1102837. [PMID: 37064180 PMCID: PMC10101329 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPTg) is a vital interface between the basal ganglia and cerebellum, participating in modulation of the locomotion and muscle tone. Pathological changes of the PPTg have been reported in patients and animal models of dystonia, while its effect and mechanism on the phenotyping of dystonia is still unknown. Methods In this study, a series of behavioral tests focusing on the specific deficits of dystonia were conducted for mice with bilateral and unilateral PPTg excitotoxic lesion, including the dystonia-like movements evaluation, different types of sensory-motor integrations, explorative behaviors and gait. In addition, neural dysfunctions including apoptosis, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration and neural activation of PPTg-related motor areas in the basal ganglia, reticular formations and cerebellum were also explored. Results Both bilateral and unilateral lesion of the PPTg elicited dystonia-like behaviors featured by the hyperactivity of the hindlimb flexors. Moreover, proprioceptive and auditory sensory-motor integrations were impaired in bilaterally lesioned mice, while no overt alterations were found for the tactile sensory-motor integration, explorative behaviors and gait. Similar but milder behavioral deficits were found in the unilaterally lesioned mice, with an effective compensation was observed for the auditory sensory-motor integration. Histologically, no neural loss, apoptosis, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration were found in the substantia nigra pars compacta and caudate putamen (CPu) following PPTg lesion, while reduced neural activity was found in the dorsolateral part of the CPu and striatal indirect pathway-related structures including subthalamic nucleus, globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra pars reticular. Moreover, the neural activity was decreased for the reticular formations such as pontine reticular nucleus, parvicellular reticular nucleus and gigantocellular reticular nucleus, while deep cerebellar nuclei were spared. Conclusion In conclusion, lesion of the PPTg could elicit dystonia-like behaviors through its effect on the balance of the striatal pathways and the reticular formations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Su
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Wen Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Ping Song
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-Yu Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai-Ge Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Hu
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Hua Wan
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Fei Teng
| | - Ling-Jing Jin
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai Yangzhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Ling-Jing Jin
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14
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Su JH, Hu YW, Yang Y, Li RY, Teng F, Li LX, Jin LJ. Dystonia and the pedunculopontine nucleus: Current evidences and potential mechanisms. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1065163. [PMID: 36504662 PMCID: PMC9727297 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1065163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Being a major component of the midbrain locomotion region, the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is known to have various connections with the basal ganglia, the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and motor regions of the brainstem and spinal cord. Functionally, the PPN is associated with muscle tone control and locomotion modulation, including motor initiation, rhythm and speed. In addition to its motor functions, the PPN also contribute to level of arousal, attention, memory and learning. Recent studies have revealed neuropathologic deficits in the PPN in both patients and animal models of dystonia, and deep brain stimulation of the PPN also showed alleviation of axial dystonia in patients of Parkinson's disease. These findings indicate that the PPN might play an important role in the development of dystonia. Moreover, with increasing preclinical evidences showed presence of dystonia-like behaviors, muscle tone changes, impaired cognitive functions and sleep following lesion or neuromodulation of the PPN, it is assumed that the pathological changes of the PPN might contribute to both motor and non-motor manifestations of dystonia. In this review, we aim to summarize the involvement of the PPN in dystonia based on the current preclinical and clinical evidences. Moreover, potential mechanisms for its contributions to the manifestation of dystonia is also discussed base on the dystonia-related basal ganglia-cerebello-thalamo-cortical circuit, providing fundamental insight into the targeting of the PPN for the treatment of dystonia in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-hui Su
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-wen Hu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruo-yu Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-xi Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-jing Jin
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,Department of Neurology and Neurological Rehabilitation, Shanghai YangZhi Rehabilitation Hospital (Shanghai Sunshine Rehabilitation Center), School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Ling-jing Jin
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15
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Kelemen A, Halász L, Muthuraman M, Erőss L, Barsi P, Zádori D, Laczó B, Kis D, Klivényi P, Fekete G, Bognár L, Bereczki D, Tamás G. Clinical parameters predict the effect of bilateral subthalamic stimulation on dynamic balance parameters during gait in Parkinson's disease. Front Neurol 2022; 13:917187. [PMID: 36226087 PMCID: PMC9549153 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.917187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of deep brain stimulation on dynamic balance during gait in Parkinson's disease with motion sensor measurements and predicted their values from disease-related factors. We recruited twenty patients with Parkinson's disease treated with bilateral subthalamic stimulation for at least 12 months and 24 healthy controls. Six monitors with three-dimensional gyroscopes and accelerometers were placed on the chest, the lumbar region, the two wrists, and the shins. Patients performed the instrumented Timed Up and Go test in stimulation OFF, stimulation ON, and right- and left-sided stimulation ON conditions. Gait parameters and dynamic balance parameters such as double support, peak turn velocity, and the trunk's range of motion and velocity in three dimensions were analyzed. Age, disease duration, the time elapsed after implantation, the Hoehn-Yahr stage before and after the operation, the levodopa, and stimulation responsiveness were reported. We individually calculated the distance values of stimulation locations from the subthalamic motor center in three dimensions. Sway values of static balance were collected. We compared the gait parameters in the OFF and stimulation ON states and controls. With cluster analysis and a machine-learning-based multiple regression method, we explored the predictive clinical factors for each dynamic balance parameter (with age as a confounder). The arm movements improved the most among gait parameters due to stimulation and the horizontal and sagittal trunk movements. Double support did not change after switching on the stimulation on the group level and did not differ from control values. Individual changes in double support and horizontal range of trunk motion due to stimulation could be predicted from the most disease-related factors and the severity of the disease; the latter also from the stimulation-related changes in the static balance parameters. Physiotherapy should focus on double support and horizontal trunk movements when treating patients with subthalamic deep brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kelemen
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Halász
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Muthuraman Muthuraman
- Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Loránd Erőss
- National Institute of Clinical Neurosciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Barsi
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Imaging Centre, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dénes Zádori
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bence Laczó
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Dávid Kis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Péter Klivényi
- Department of Neurology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Fekete
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Bognár
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Bereczki
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gertrúd Tamás
- Department of Neurology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Gertrúd Tamás
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Lin M, Wang Y, Wang Y, Chen F. Electrical activation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus modulates the neuronal activities of the subthalamic nucleus and the substantia nigra pars reticulata in anesthetized rats. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:2090-2106. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muxin Lin
- Bio‐X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
| | - Ying Wang
- Core Research Facilities Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen China
| | - Yi Wang
- Enlight Medical Technologies (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Shanghai China
| | - Fujun Chen
- Bio‐X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- Exercise, Health and Technology Centre, Department of Physical Education Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai China
- WLA Laboratories, World Laureates Association Shanghai China
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17
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Hosseiniravesh MR, Hojati V, Khajavirad A, Shajiee H, Shafei MN, Mohebbati R. Effect of MK-801, an antagonist of NMDA receptor in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, on cardiovascular parameters in normotensive and hydralazine hypotensive rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:569-576. [PMID: 35911640 PMCID: PMC9282751 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.62431.13809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In the present study, the cardiovascular effects of glutamate NMDA receptor of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) in normotensive and hydralazine (HLZ) hypotensive rats were evaluated. Materials and Methods In the normotensive condition, MK-801(1 nmol; an NMDA receptor antagonist) and L-glutamate (L-Glu, 50 nmol an agonist) alone and together were microinjected into the nucleus using a stereotaxic device. In hypotensive condition, 2 min after induction of hypotension by HLZ (10 mg/kg, intravenous), drugs, same as in normotensive condition, were microinjected into the PPT. Recorded mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded throughout the experiment by a Power lab apparatus that was connected to a catheter inserted into the femoral arty. The cardiovascular changes (Δ) induced by microinjection drugs were computed and statistically analyzed. Results In the normotensive condition, L-Glu significantly increased ΔMAP and ΔSBP (P<0.001) and decreased ΔHR (P<0.01) compared with the control. MK-801 alone significantly increased HR (P<0.05) while co-injected with L-Glu + MK-801 it significantly attenuated the L-Glu effect on ΔMAP and ΔSBP but augmented ΔHR (P<0.01). In the hydralazine hypotension condition, L-Glu significantly improved hypotension (P<0.01) and deteriorated bradycardia induced by HLZ (P<0.05). MK-801 alone did not significantly affect ΔMAP, ΔSBP, and ΔHR but when co-injected with L-Glu (L-Glu + MK-801) it could significantly attenuate the cardiovascular effect of L-Glu in the PPT. Conclusion We found that activation of NMDA receptors of the glutamatergic system in the PPT evoked blood pressure and inhibited HR in both normotensive and hypotensive conditions in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vida Hojati
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Khajavirad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hooman Shajiee
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Mohammad Naser Shafei. Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-38828565; Fax: +98-51-38828564;
| | - Reza Mohebbati
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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18
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Alikhani V, Nikyar T, Mohebbati R, Shafei MN, Ghorbani A. Cardiovascular responses induced by the activation of muscarinic receptors of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus in anesthetized rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2022; 44:297-305. [PMID: 35266430 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2021.2007944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cardiovascular effects of nicotinic receptors of cholinergic system in the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPT) were shown. OBJECTIVE In the following, the cardiovascular effects of the muscarinic receptor, another receptor in this system, were examined. METHODS Rats were divided into eight groups: 1) control; 2 and 3) Ach (acetylcholine, an agonist) 90 and 150 nmol; 4 and 5) Atr (atropine; a muscarinic antagonist) 3 and 9 nmol; 6) Atr 3 + Ach 150; 7) Atr 9 + Ach 150; and 8) Atr 3 + hexamethonium (Hexa; 300 nmol) + Ach 150. After anesthesia, cannulation of the femoral artery was performed, and then the mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and heart rate (HR) were recorded using a power lab apparatus. RESULTS Following drug microinjection, the maximum change (Δ) in MAP, SBP, and HR was calculated and analyzed. Both doses of Ach (90 and 150) significantly decreased ΔMAP and ΔSBP but could not change ΔHR. Neither of the doses of Atr significantly affected ΔMAP, ΔSBP, and ΔHR. Co-injection of Atr 3 + Ach 150 only increased ΔHR, but Atr 9 + Ach 150 decreased ΔMAP and ΔSBP than Ach 150 alone. The effect of the co-injection of Atr 9 + Hexa 300 + Ach 150 was also the same as the Atr 9 + Ach 150 group. CONCLUSION The present results revealed that cholinergic muscarinic receptors in the PPT have an inhibitory effect on MAP and SBP with no important effect on HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Alikhani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tahereh Nikyar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Mohebbati
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naser Shafei
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Atiyeh Ghorbani
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Warsi NM, Yan H, Suresh H, Wong SM, Arski ON, Gorodetsky C, Zhang K, Gouveia FV, Ibrahim GM. The anterior and centromedian thalamus: anatomy, function, and dysfunction in epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2022; 182:106913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus guide reversal learning by signaling the changing reward contingency. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110437. [PMID: 35235804 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive flexibility enables effective switching between mental processes to generate appropriate responses. Cholinergic neurons (CNs) within the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) are associated with many functions, but their contribution to cognitive flexibility remains poorly understood. Here we measure PPN cholinergic activities using calcium indicators during the attentional set-shifting task. We find that PPN CNs exhibit increasing activities correlated with rewards during each stage and error trials in reversal stages, indicating sensitivity to rule switching. Inhibition of PPN cholinergic activity selectively impairs reversal learning, which improves with PPN CN activation. Activation of PPN CNs projecting to the substantia nigra pars compacta, mediodorsal thalamus, and parafascicular nucleus in a time-locked manner with reward improves reversal learning. Therefore, PPN CNs may encode not only reward signals but also the information of changing reward contingency that contributes to guiding reversal learning through output projections to multiple nuclei that participate in flexibility.
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21
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Sival DA, Noort SAMV, Tijssen MAJ, de Koning TJ, Verbeek DS. Developmental neurobiology of cerebellar and Basal Ganglia connections. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2022; 36:123-129. [PMID: 34954622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high prevalence of mixed phenotypes of Early Onset Ataxia (EOA) with comorbid dystonia has shifted the pathogenetic concept from the cerebellum towards the interconnected cerebellar motor network. This paper on EOA with comorbid dystonia (EOA-dystonia) explores the conceptual relationship between the motor phenotype and the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network. METHODS In EOA-dystonia, we reviewed anatomic-, genetic- and biochemical-studies on the comorbidity between ataxia and dystonia. RESULTS In a clinical EOA cohort, the prevalence of dystonia was over 60%. Both human and animal studies converge on the underlying role for the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network. Genetic -clinical and -in silico network studies reveal underlying biological pathways for energy production and neural signal transduction. CONCLUSIONS EOA-dystonia phenotypes are attributable to the cortico-basal-ganglia-ponto-cerebellar network, instead of to the cerebellum, alone. The underlying anatomic and pathogenetic pathways have clinical implications for our understanding of the heterogeneous phenotype, neuro-metabolic and genetic testing and potentially also for new treatment strategies, including neuro-modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Sival
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Suus A M van Noort
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J de Koning
- Department of Neurology and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S Verbeek
- Genetics University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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22
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Scholl JL, Espinoza AI, Rai W, Leedom M, Baugh LA, Berg-Poppe P, Singh A. Relationships between Freezing of Gait Severity and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111496. [PMID: 34827496 PMCID: PMC8615553 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Freezing of gait (FOG) is one of the most debilitating motor symptoms experienced by patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), as it can lead to falls and a reduced quality of life. Evidence supports an association between FOG severity and cognitive functioning; however, results remain debatable. PD patients with (PDFOG+, n = 41) and without FOG (PDFOG–, n = 39) and control healthy subjects (n = 41) participated in this study. The NIH toolbox cognition battery, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and the interval timing task were used to test cognitive domains. Measurements were compared between groups using multivariable models and adjusting for covariates. Correlation analyses, linear regression, and mediation models were applied to examine relationships among disease duration and severity, FOG severity, and cognitive functioning. Significant differences were observed between controls and PD patients for all cognitive domains. PDFOG+ and PDFOG– exhibited differences in Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) test, interval timing task, and MoCA scores. After adjusting for covariates in two different models, PDFOG+ and PDFOG– differed in both MoCA and DCCS scores. In addition, significant relationships between FOG severity and cognitive function (MoCA, DCCS, and interval timing) were also found. Regression models suggest that FOG severity may be a predictor of cognitive impairment, and mediation models show the effects of cognitive impairment on the relationship between disease severity and FOG severity. Overall, this study provides insight into the relationship between cognitive and FOG severity in patients with PD, which could aid in the development of therapeutic interventions to manage both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Scholl
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA; (J.L.S.); (L.A.B.)
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA;
| | | | - Wijdan Rai
- Department of Neurosciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, USA;
| | | | - Lee A. Baugh
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA; (J.L.S.); (L.A.B.)
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA;
| | - Patti Berg-Poppe
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA;
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA
| | - Arun Singh
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA; (J.L.S.); (L.A.B.)
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Trofimova I. Functional Constructivism Approach to Multilevel Nature of Bio-Behavioral Diversity. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:641286. [PMID: 34777031 PMCID: PMC8578849 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Attempts to revise the existing classifications of psychiatric disorders (DSM and ICD) continue and highlight a crucial need for the identification of biomarkers underlying symptoms of psychopathology. The present review highlights the benefits of using a Functional Constructivism approach in the analysis of the functionality of the main neurotransmitters. This approach explores the idea that behavior is neither reactive nor pro-active, but constructive and generative, being a transient selection of multiple degrees of freedom in perception and actions. This review briefly describes main consensus points in neuroscience related to the functionality of eight neurochemical ensembles, summarized as a part of the neurochemical model Functional Ensemble of Temperament (FET). None of the FET components is represented by a single neurotransmitter; all neurochemical teams have specific functionality in selection of behavioral degrees of freedom and stages of action construction. The review demonstrates the possibility of unifying taxonomies of temperament and classifications of psychiatric disorders and presenting these taxonomies formally and systematically. The paper also highlights the multi-level nature of regulation of consistent bio-behavioral individual differences, in line with the concepts of diagonal evolution (proposed earlier) and Specialized Extended Phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Trofimova
- Laboratory of Collective Intelligence, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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24
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Salari M, Lang AE, Dargahi L, Habibi AH, Etemadifar M. Irreversible extreme freezing of gait after dopamine agonist withdrawal. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:e04712. [PMID: 34466262 PMCID: PMC8385461 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine agonist withdrawal can cause freezing of gait in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Salari
- Functional Neurosurgery Research CenterShohada Tajrish Comprehensive Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Anthony E. Lang
- Edmond J. Safra Program for Parkinson Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic,Toronto Western HospitalUniversity Health NetworkTorontoONCanada
- Krembil Brain Institute TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | | | - Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of NeurosurgeryIsfahan University of Medical SciencesIsfahanIran
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Pimentel JM, Moioli RC, de Araujo MFP, Ranieri CM, Romero RAF, Broz F, Vargas PA. Neuro4PD: An Initial Neurorobotics Model of Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurorobot 2021; 15:640449. [PMID: 34276331 PMCID: PMC8283825 DOI: 10.3389/fnbot.2021.640449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we present the first steps toward the creation of a new neurorobotics model of Parkinson's Disease (PD) that embeds, for the first time in a real robot, a well-established computational model of PD. PD mostly affects the modulation of movement in humans. The number of people suffering from this neurodegenerative disease is set to double in the next 15 years and there is still no cure. With the new model we were capable to further explore the dynamics of the disease using a humanoid robot. Results show that the embedded model under both conditions, healthy and parkinsonian, was capable of performing a simple behavioural task with different levels of motor disturbance. We believe that this neurorobotics model is a stepping stone to the development of more sophisticated models that could eventually test and inform new PD therapies and help to reduce and replace animals in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhielson M. Pimentel
- Edinburgh Centre for Robotics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Renan C. Moioli
- Bioinformatics Multidisciplinary Environment, Digital Metropolis Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Frank Broz
- Edinburgh Centre for Robotics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A. Vargas
- Edinburgh Centre for Robotics, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Paparella G, Fasano A, Hallett M, Berardelli A, Bologna M. Emerging concepts on bradykinesia in non-parkinsonian conditions. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:2403-2422. [PMID: 33793037 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Bradykinesia is one of the cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, clinical and experimental studies indicate that bradykinesia may also be observed in various neurological diseases not primarily characterized by parkinsonism. These conditions include hyperkinetic movement disorders, such as dystonia, chorea, and essential tremor. Bradykinesia may also be observed in patients with neurological conditions that are not seen as "movement disorders," including those characterized by the involvement of the cerebellum and corticospinal system, dementia, multiple sclerosis, and psychiatric disorders. METHODS We reviewed clinical reports and experimental studies on bradykinesia in non-parkinsonian conditions and discussed the major findings. RESULTS Bradykinesia is a common motor abnormality in non-parkinsonian conditions. From a pathophysiological standpoint, bradykinesia in neurological conditions not primarily characterized by parkinsonism may be explained by brain network dysfunction. CONCLUSION In addition to the pathophysiological implications, the present paper highlights important terminological issues and the need for a new, more accurate, and more widely used definition of bradykinesia in the context of movement disorders and other neurological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Krembil Brain Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Bologna
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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A Signaled Locomotor Avoidance Action Is Fully Represented in the Neural Activity of the Midbrain Tegmentum. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4262-4275. [PMID: 33789917 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0027-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals, including humans, readily learn to avoid harmful and threatening situations by moving in response to cues that predict the threat (e.g., fire alarm, traffic light). During a negatively reinforced sensory-guided locomotor action, known as signaled active avoidance, animals learn to avoid a harmful unconditioned stimulus (US) by moving away when signaled by a harmless conditioned stimulus (CS) that predicts the threat. CaMKII-expressing neurons in the pedunculopontine tegmentum area (PPT) of the midbrain locomotor region have been shown to play a critical role in the expression of this learned behavior, but the activity of these neurons during learned behavior is unknown. Using calcium imaging fiber photometry in freely behaving mice, we show that PPT neurons sharply activate during presentation of the auditory CS that predicts the threat before onset of avoidance movement. PPT neurons activate further during the succeeding CS-driven avoidance movement, or during the faster US-driven escape movement. PPT neuron activation was weak during slow spontaneous movements but correlated sharply with movement speed and, therefore, with the urgency of the behavior. Moreover, using optogenetics, we found that these neurons must discharge during the signaled avoidance interval for naive mice to effectively learn the active avoidance behavior. As an essential hub for signaled active avoidance, neurons in the midbrain tegmentum process the conditioned cue that predicts the threat and discharge sharply relative to the speed or apparent urgency of the avoidance (learned) and escape (innate) responses.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT During signaled active avoidance behavior, subjects move away to avoid a threat when directed by an innocuous sensory stimulus. Using imaging methods in freely behaving mice, we found that the activity of neurons in a part of the midbrain, known as the pedunculopontime tegmentum, increases during the presentation of the innocuous sensory stimulus that predicts the threat and also during the expression of the learned behavior as mice move away to avoid the threat. In addition, inhibiting these neurons abolishes the ability of mice to learn the behavior. Thus, neurons in this part of the midbrain code and are essential for signaled active avoidance behavior.
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Lee S, Liu A, McKeown MJ. Current perspectives on galvanic vestibular stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Neurother 2021; 21:405-418. [PMID: 33621149 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2021.1894928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) is a noninvasive technique that activates vestibular afferents, influencing activity and oscillations in a broad network of brain regions. Several studies have suggested beneficial effects of GVS on motor symptoms in Parkinson's Disease (PD).Areas covered: A comprehensive overview of the stimulation techniques, potential mechanisms of action, challenges, and future research directions.Expert opinion: This emerging technology is not currently a viable therapy. However, a complementary therapy that is inexpensive, easily disseminated, customizable, and portable is sufficiently enticing that continued research and development is warranted. Future work utilizing biomedical engineering approaches, including concomitant functional neuroimaging, have the potential to significantly increase efficacy. GVS could be explored for other PD symptoms including orthostatic hypotension, dyskinesia, and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soojin Lee
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford UK
| | - Aiping Liu
- Department of Electronic Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Martin J McKeown
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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29
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Agurto C, Heisig S, Abrami A, Ho BK, Caggiano V. Parkinson's disease medication state and severity assessment based on coordination during walking. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0244842. [PMID: 33596202 PMCID: PMC7888646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Walking is a complex motor function requiring coordination of all body parts. Parkinson's disease (PD) motor signs such as rigidity, bradykinesia, and impaired balance affect movements including walking. Here, we propose a computational method to objectively assess the effects of Parkinson's disease pathology on coordination between trunk, shoulder and limbs during the gait cycle to assess medication state and disease severity. Movements during a scripted walking task were extracted from wearable devices placed at six different body locations in participants with PD and healthy participants. Three-axis accelerometer data from each device was synchronized at the beginning of either left or right steps. Canonical templates of movements were then extracted from each body location. Movements projected on those templates created a reduced dimensionality space, where complex movements are represented as discrete values. These projections enabled us to relate the body coordination in people with PD to disease severity. Our results show that the velocity profile of the right wrist and right foot during right steps correlated with the participant's total score on the gold standard Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPRDS) with an r2 up to 0.46. Left-right symmetry of feet, trunk and wrists also correlated with the total UPDRS score with an r2 up to 0.3. In addition, we demonstrate that binary dopamine replacement therapy medication states (self-reported 'ON' or 'OFF') can be discriminated in PD participants. In conclusion, we showed that during walking, the movement of body parts individually and in coordination with one another changes in predictable ways that vary with disease severity and medication state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Agurto
- IBM Research - Healthcare and Life Sciences, Yorktown Heights, Yorktown, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen Heisig
- IBM Research - Healthcare and Life Sciences, Yorktown Heights, Yorktown, New York, United States of America
| | - Avner Abrami
- IBM Research - Healthcare and Life Sciences, Yorktown Heights, Yorktown, New York, United States of America
| | - Bryan K. Ho
- Department of Neurology, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vittorio Caggiano
- IBM Research - Healthcare and Life Sciences, Yorktown Heights, Yorktown, New York, United States of America
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30
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Chometton S, Barbier M, Risold PY. The zona incerta system: Involvement in attention and movement. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:173-184. [PMID: 34225928 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The zona incerta (ZI) is a large structure made of four neurochemically defined regions (at least, in rodents). It is globally involved in complex connections with telencephalic and brainstem centers. In this work, we focus on some of the anatomical links this structure develops with the cerebral cortex and the tectum. We also point to its integration within a larger basal ganglia network. The functions of this region are still mysterious, even if recent works suggest its participation in behavioral expression. Studies about the functional organization of the vibrissal system have provided the first integrated model, illustrating the ZI's role in sensory-motor programing. In addition, ZI connections with the superior colliculus and the cerebral cortex as well as recent behavioral studies point to this region playing a role in cognitive processes related to attention toward salient stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Chometton
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Marie Barbier
- Seaver Autism Center, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- EA481, Integrative and Clinical Neurosciences, UFR Santé, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
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31
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Early Onset Ataxia with Comorbid Dystonia: Clinical, Anatomical and Biological Pathway Analysis Expose Shared Pathophysiology. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10120997. [PMID: 33255407 PMCID: PMC7760948 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10120997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In degenerative adult onset ataxia (AOA), dystonic comorbidity is attributed to one disease continuum. However, in early adult onset ataxia (EOA), the prevalence and pathogenesis of dystonic comorbidity (EOAD+), are still unclear. In 80 EOA-patients, we determined the EOAD+-prevalence in association with MRI-abnormalities. Subsequently, we explored underlying biological pathways by genetic network and functional enrichment analysis. We checked pathway-outcomes in specific EOAD+-genotypes by comparing results with non-specifically (in-silico-determined) shared genes in up-to-date EOA, AOA and dystonia gene panels (that could concurrently cause ataxia and dystonia). In the majority (65%) of EOA-patients, mild EOAD+-features concurred with extra-cerebellar MRI abnormalities (at pons and/or basal-ganglia and/or thalamus (p = 0.001)). Genetic network and functional enrichment analysis in EOAD+-genotypes indicated an association with organelle- and cellular-component organization (important for energy production and signal transduction). In non-specifically, in-silico-determined shared EOA, AOA and dystonia genes, pathways were enriched for Krebs-cycle and fatty acid/lipid-metabolic processes. In frequently occurring EOAD+-phenotypes, clinical, anatomical and biological pathway analyses reveal shared pathophysiology between ataxia and dystonia, associated with cellular energy metabolism and network signal transduction. Insight in the underlying pathophysiology of heterogeneous EOAD+-phenotype-genotype relationships supports the rationale for testing with complete, up-to-date movement disorder gene lists, instead of single EOA gene-panels.
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32
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Asan F, Gündüz A, E Kızıltan M. Prepulse inhibition and recovery of trigemino-cervical reflex in patients with cervical dystonia. Neurophysiol Clin 2020; 50:361-366. [PMID: 33036866 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to analyze the prepulse inhibition (PPI) and recovery rate (R) of the trigeminocervical reflex (TCR) in patients with cervical dystonia (CD). METHODS We enrolled 15 patients with CD and 16 healthy subjects. TCR was recorded over splenius capitis after infraorbital nerve stimulation. For TCR-PPI, we applied a prepulse stimulus to the left second finger 100 ms prior to the test stimulus and the percentage of change of response to test stimulus was calculated. For TCR-R, we applied paired infraorbital stimuli at interstimulus interval (ISIs) of 300 ms and the percentage of change of the second compared to the first response was calculated. RESULTS TCR-PPI and TCR-R values were higher (less inhibition and greater recovery) on both sides in the patient group compared to healthy subjects. There was high correlation between TCR-PPI and TCR-R on both sides in patients with dystonia (p < 0.005). We did not find any significant relationship between TCR-R or TCR-PPI and side of dystonic posture. CONCLUSIONS We showed disturbed modulation of TCR in CD patients. In CD, a general inhibition of the inhibitory pathways and facilitation of the excitatory pathways occur. Although TCR was recorded directly on the affected muscles in CD, symmetric abnormal TCR findings in CD suggest that these findings are probably secondary to altered function of higher order centers rather than being directly related to the pathophysiological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furkan Asan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Turkey.
| | - Ayşegül Gündüz
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Turkey
| | - Meral E Kızıltan
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Turkey
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33
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Satoh Y, Tsuji K. Suppressive effect of the swallowing reflex by stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus. Neurosci Res 2020; 169:40-47. [PMID: 32649975 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates whether the swallowing reflex is modulated by stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PTg). Sprague-Dawley rats under urethane anesthesia were used. The swallowing reflex was induced by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve and was identified by the electromyographic activities from the mylohyoid muscle. The number of swallows was reduced by electrical stimulation of the PTg. The latency of the onset of the first swallow was increased during stimulation of the PTg. The duration of electromyogram bursts of the mylohyoid muscle was significantly shorter during the PTg stimulation than with no stimulation. The number of swallows was reduced, latency of onset of the first swallow increased, the duration of electromyogram bursts of the mylohyoid muscle was significantly shorter and the peak-to-peak amplitude of electromyogram bursts of the mylohyoid muscle was significantly suppressed after microinjection of glutamate into the PTg. These results suggest that the PTg is involved in the control of swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihide Satoh
- Department of Physiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8580, Japan.
| | - Kojun Tsuji
- Department of Physiology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata, 951-8580, Japan
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34
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Antonyová V, Kejík Z, Brogyányi T, Kaplánek R, Pajková M, Talianová V, Hromádka R, Masařík M, Sýkora D, Mikšátková L, Martásek P, Jakubek M. Role of mtDNA disturbances in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 91-92:102871. [PMID: 32502755 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease) are becoming increasingly problematic to healthcare systems. Therefore, their underlying mechanisms are trending topics of study in medicinal research. Numerous studies have evidenced a strong association between mitochondrial DNA disturbances (e.g. oxidative damage, mutations, and methylation shifts) and the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this review discusses the risk and development of neurodegenerative diseases in terms of disturbances in mitochondrial DNA and as a part of a complex ecosystem that includes other important mechanisms (e.g. neuroinflammation and the misfolding and aggregation of amyloid-β peptides, α-synuclein, and tau proteins). In addition, the influence of individual mitochondrial DNA haplogroups on the risk and development of neurodegenerative diseases is also described and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Antonyová
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kejík
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Brogyányi
- Depertment of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 2, 121 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Kaplánek
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Pajková
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Talianová
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Róbert Hromádka
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Masařík
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - David Sýkora
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Mikšátková
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Jakubek
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Kateřinská 32, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Dejvice, Czech Republic.
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Abrami A, Heisig S, Ramos V, Thomas KC, Ho BK, Caggiano V. Using an unbiased symbolic movement representation to characterize Parkinson's disease states. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7377. [PMID: 32355166 PMCID: PMC7193555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Unconstrained human movement can be broken down into a series of stereotyped motifs or 'syllables' in an unsupervised fashion. Sequences of these syllables can be represented by symbols and characterized by a statistical grammar which varies with external situational context and internal neurological state. By first constructing a Markov chain from the transitions between these syllables then calculating the stationary distribution of this chain, we estimate the overall severity of Parkinson's symptoms by capturing the increasingly disorganized transitions between syllables as motor impairment increases. Comparing stationary distributions of movement syllables has several advantages over traditional neurologist administered in-clinic assessments. This technique can be used on unconstrained at-home behavior as well as scripted in-clinic exercises, it avoids differences across human evaluators, and can be used continuously without requiring scripted tasks be performed. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this technique using movement data captured with commercially available wrist worn sensors in 35 participants with Parkinson's disease in-clinic and 25 participants monitored at home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avner Abrami
- IBM Research - Healthcare and Life Sciences - 1101 Kitchawan Rd, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Stephen Heisig
- IBM Research - Healthcare and Life Sciences - 1101 Kitchawan Rd, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Vesper Ramos
- Digital Medicine and the Pfizer Innovation Research Lab, Pfizer, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kevin C Thomas
- Laboratory for Human Neurobiology, Spivack Center for Clinical and Translational Neuroscience, 650 Albany Street, X-140, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Bryan K Ho
- Department of Neurology Tufts Medical Center 800 Washington Street, Box 314, Boston, MA, 02111-1800, USA
| | - Vittorio Caggiano
- IBM Research - Healthcare and Life Sciences - 1101 Kitchawan Rd, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA.
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36
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Neuropsychiatric aspects of Parkinson disease psychopharmacology: Insights from circuit dynamics. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 165:83-121. [PMID: 31727232 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64012-3.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a complex pathophysiology characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. Persons with PD experience several motoric and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychiatric features of PD include depression, anxiety, psychosis, impulse control disorders, and apathy. In this chapter, we will utilize the National Institutes of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) to frame and integrate observations from two prevailing disease constructions: neurotransmitter anomalies and circuit physiology. When there is available evidence, we posit how unified translational observations may have clinical relevance and postulate importance outside of PD. Finally, we review the limited evidence available for pharmacologic management of these symptoms.
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37
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Fulcher N, Azzopardi E, De Oliveira C, Hudson R, Schormans AL, Zaman T, Allman BL, Laviolette SR, Schmid S. Deciphering midbrain mechanisms underlying prepulse inhibition of startle. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 185:101734. [PMID: 31863802 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.101734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is an operational measure of sensorimotor gating. Deficits of PPI are a hallmark of schizophrenia and associated with several other psychiatric illnesses such as e.g. autism spectrum disorder, yet the mechanisms underlying PPI are still not fully understood. There is growing evidence contradicting the long-standing hypothesis that PPI is mediated by a short feed-forward midbrain circuitry including inhibitory cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) to the startle pathway. Here, we employed a chemogenetic approach to explore the involvement of the PPTg in general, and cholinergic neurons specifically, in PPI. Activation of inhibitory DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) in the PPTg by systemic administration of clozapine-N-oxide (CNO) disrupted PPI, confirming the involvement of the PPTg in PPI. In contrast, chemogenetic inhibition of specifically cholinergic PPTg neurons had no effect on PPI, but inhibited morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) in the same animals, showing that the DREADDs were effective in modulating behavior. These findings support a functional role of the PPTg and/or neighboring structures in PPI in accordance with previous lesion studies, but also provide strong evidence against the hypothesis that specifically cholinergic PPTg neurons are involved in mediating PPI, implicating rather non-cholinergic midbrain neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niveen Fulcher
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Erin Azzopardi
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Cleusa De Oliveira
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Roger Hudson
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Ashley L Schormans
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Tariq Zaman
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Brian L Allman
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada; University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Steven R Laviolette
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada; University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada
| | - Susanne Schmid
- University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Neuroscience Graduate Program, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada; University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, London, ON, N6A 5C1 Canada.
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Miterko LN, Baker KB, Beckinghausen J, Bradnam LV, Cheng MY, Cooperrider J, DeLong MR, Gornati SV, Hallett M, Heck DH, Hoebeek FE, Kouzani AZ, Kuo SH, Louis ED, Machado A, Manto M, McCambridge AB, Nitsche MA, Taib NOB, Popa T, Tanaka M, Timmann D, Steinberg GK, Wang EH, Wichmann T, Xie T, Sillitoe RV. Consensus Paper: Experimental Neurostimulation of the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:1064-1097. [PMID: 31165428 PMCID: PMC6867990 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is best known for its role in controlling motor behaviors. However, recent work supports the view that it also influences non-motor behaviors. The contribution of the cerebellum towards different brain functions is underscored by its involvement in a diverse and increasing number of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions including ataxia, dystonia, essential tremor, Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. Although there are no cures for these conditions, cerebellar stimulation is quickly gaining attention for symptomatic alleviation, as cerebellar circuitry has arisen as a promising target for invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation. This consensus paper brings together experts from the fields of neurophysiology, neurology, and neurosurgery to discuss recent efforts in using the cerebellum as a therapeutic intervention. We report on the most advanced techniques for manipulating cerebellar circuits in humans and animal models and define key hurdles and questions for moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Miterko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth B Baker
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jaclyn Beckinghausen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lynley V Bradnam
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
| | - Jessica Cooperrider
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mahlon R DeLong
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Simona V Gornati
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Building 10, Room 7D37, 10 Center Dr MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1428, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Ave, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- NIDOD Department, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Abbas Z Kouzani
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Andre Machado
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Alana B McCambridge
- Graduate School of Health, Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosiences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Traian Popa
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Building 10, Room 7D37, 10 Center Dr MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1428, USA
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
- R281 Department of Neurosurgery, Stanfod University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eric H Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2030, Chicago, IL, 60637-1470, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Bharti K, Suppa A, Tommasin S, Zampogna A, Pietracupa S, Berardelli A, Pantano P. Neuroimaging advances in Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait: A systematic review. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 24:102059. [PMID: 31795038 PMCID: PMC6864177 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Freezing of gait (FOG) is a paroxysmal gait disorder that often occurs at advanced stages of Parkinson's disease (PD). FOG consists of abrupt walking interruption and severe difficulty in locomotion with an increased risk of falling. Pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning FOG in PD are still unclear. However, advanced MRI and nuclear medicine studies have gained relevant insights into the pathophysiology of FOG in PD. Neuroimaging studies have demonstrated structural and functional abnormalities in a number of cortical and subcortical brain regions in PD patients with FOG. In this paper, we systematically review existing neuroimaging literature on the structural and functional brain changes described in PD patients with FOG, according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. We evaluate previous studies using various MRI techniques to estimate grey matter loss and white matter degeneration. Moreover, we review functional brain changes by examining functional MRI and nuclear medicine imaging studies. The current review provides up-to-date knowledge in this field and summarizes the possible mechanisms responsible for FOG in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Bharti
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Suppa
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Silvia Tommasin
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Zampogna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Patrizia Pantano
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale dell'Università 30, 00185 Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy.
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Neuromodulators and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in Learning and Memory: A Steered-Glutamatergic Perspective. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9110300. [PMID: 31683595 PMCID: PMC6896105 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways underlying the induction and maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity have been extensively investigated revealing various mechanisms by which neurons control their synaptic strength. The dynamic nature of neuronal connections combined with plasticity-mediated long-lasting structural and functional alterations provide valuable insights into neuronal encoding processes as molecular substrates of not only learning and memory but potentially other sensory, motor and behavioural functions that reflect previous experience. However, one key element receiving little attention in the study of synaptic plasticity is the role of neuromodulators, which are known to orchestrate neuronal activity on brain-wide, network and synaptic scales. We aim to review current evidence on the mechanisms by which certain modulators, namely dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin, control synaptic plasticity induction through corresponding metabotropic receptors in a pathway-specific manner. Lastly, we propose that neuromodulators control plasticity outcomes through steering glutamatergic transmission, thereby gating its induction and maintenance.
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Tunc S, Baginski N, Lubs J, Bally JF, Weissbach A, Baaske MK, Tadic V, Brüggemann N, Bäumer T, Beste C, Münchau A. Predictive coding and adaptive behavior in patients with genetically determined cerebellar ataxia--A neurophysiology study. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 24:102043. [PMID: 31678909 PMCID: PMC6978209 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetically determined cerebellar ataxias (CA) are a heterogeneous group of disorders with progressive decline of cerebellar functions. The cerebellum influences internal forward models that play a role in cognitive control, but whether these processes are dysfunctional in CA is unclear. Here, we examined sensory predictive coding processes and response adaptation in CA and healthy controls (HC) using behavioral tests with concomitant EEG recordings. N = 23 patients and N = 29 age- and sex-matched HC were studied. Sensory prediction coding was tested with an auditory distraction paradigm and error-related behavioral adaptation with a visual flanker task. As neurophysiological markers we studied different event-related potentials: the P3a for orientation of attention; the N2 and the error-related negativity (ERN) for cognitive adaptation processes/consequences of response errors; error-related positivity (Pe) for error-awareness; the mismatch negativity (MMN) for sensory predictive coding; and reorientation negativity (RON) for reorientation after unexpected events. Overall reaction times were slower in patients compared to HC, but error rates did not differ. Both in patients and HC, P3a amplitudes were larger in distraction trials, but the P3a amplitude was smaller in patients compared to HC. The MMN as well as behavioral and EEG-correlates of response adaptation (ERN/N2) did not differ between groups, while the Pe was attenuated in patients. During sensory predictive coding, RON amplitudes were significantly larger in HC compared to patients. In HC, but not in patients, RON amplitudes were also larger in deviant compared to frequent trials. Processes generating internal forward models are largely intact in genetically determined CA, whereas updating of mental models and error awareness are disturbed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Tunc
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Juliane Lubs
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julien F Bally
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Magdalena Khira Baaske
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vera Tadic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Yano Y, Murata Y, Taniguchi M, Okutani F, Yamaguchi M, Kaba H. Olfactory Stimulation with Japanese Soy Sauce Improves Upper Limb Performance. Occup Ther Int 2019; 2019:2748721. [PMID: 31656454 PMCID: PMC6791263 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2748721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have observed changes in body reactions during cooking, which is one of the treatment modalities used in occupational therapy. The perception of food-related odors during cooking may have behavioral effects on human activities through the activation of appetitive motivation. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether odor components contained in seasonings could facilitate the human motor system and the specificity of this effect. METHODS The subjects were 72 healthy adults, randomly assigned to a water exposure group, a phenylethyl alcohol (PEA, pleasant rose-like odor) exposure group, and a Japanese soy sauce (Koikuchi Shoyu) exposure group (n = 24 each). The subjects' olfactory sense was stimulated by their sniffing of three different test tubes containing 5 ml of water, PEA, or Japanese soy sauce for 20 sec while they were seated. The modified Functional Reach Test (mFRT), which mimics a functional activity that is required in daily living and assesses a reliable measure of sitting balance, was performed prior to and immediately after the sniffing. RESULTS Sniffing the soy sauce increased the subjects' mFRT scores. This facilitation effect was odorant-specific and was absent when the subjects were presented with water or PEA. CONCLUSIONS Cooking interventions are aimed at improving tool-handling skills such as using knives and chopsticks. The results indicate that treatment interventions using odors of seasonings would be effective for improving subjects' physical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Yano
- HITO Hospital, Shikokuchuo, Ehime 799-0121, Japan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Tosa Rehabilitation College, Kochi 781-5103, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Murata
- Department of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Mutsuo Taniguchi
- Department of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Fumino Okutani
- Department of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
| | - Hideto Kaba
- Department of Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan
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Jellinger KA. Neuropathology and pathogenesis of extrapyramidal movement disorders: a critical update-I. Hypokinetic-rigid movement disorders. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:933-995. [PMID: 31214855 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02028-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extrapyramidal movement disorders include hypokinetic rigid and hyperkinetic or mixed forms, most of them originating from dysfunction of the basal ganglia (BG) and their information circuits. The functional anatomy of the BG, the cortico-BG-thalamocortical, and BG-cerebellar circuit connections are briefly reviewed. Pathophysiologic classification of extrapyramidal movement disorder mechanisms distinguish (1) parkinsonian syndromes, (2) chorea and related syndromes, (3) dystonias, (4) myoclonic syndromes, (5) ballism, (6) tics, and (7) tremor syndromes. Recent genetic and molecular-biologic classifications distinguish (1) synucleinopathies (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease-dementia, and multiple system atrophy); (2) tauopathies (progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, FTLD-17; Guamian Parkinson-dementia; Pick's disease, and others); (3) polyglutamine disorders (Huntington's disease and related disorders); (4) pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration; (5) Wilson's disease; and (6) other hereditary neurodegenerations without hitherto detected genetic or specific markers. The diversity of phenotypes is related to the deposition of pathologic proteins in distinct cell populations, causing neurodegeneration due to genetic and environmental factors, but there is frequent overlap between various disorders. Their etiopathogenesis is still poorly understood, but is suggested to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors. Multiple etiologies and noxious factors (protein mishandling, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, energy failure, and chronic neuroinflammation) are more likely than a single factor. Current clinical consensus criteria have increased the diagnostic accuracy of most neurodegenerative movement disorders, but for their definite diagnosis, histopathological confirmation is required. We present a timely overview of the neuropathology and pathogenesis of the major extrapyramidal movement disorders in two parts, the first one dedicated to hypokinetic-rigid forms and the second to hyperkinetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt A Jellinger
- Institute of Clinical Neurobiology, Alberichgasse 5/13, 1150, Vienna, Austria.
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Galazky I, Kaufmann J, Voges J, Hinrichs H, Heinze HJ, Sweeney-Reed CM. Neuronal spiking in the pedunculopontine nucleus in progressive supranuclear palsy and in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2019; 266:2244-2251. [PMID: 31155683 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09396-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is engaged in posture and gait control, and neuronal degeneration in the PPN has been associated with Parkinsonian disorders. Clinical outcomes of deep brain stimulation of the PPN in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) differ, and we investigated whether the PPN is differentially affected in these conditions. We had the rare opportunity to record continuous electrophysiological data intraoperatively in 30 s blocks from single microelectrode contacts implanted in the PPN in six PSP patients and three IPD patients during rest, passive movement, and active movement. Neuronal spikes were sorted according to shape using a wavelet-based clustering approach to enable comparisons between individual neuronal firing rates in the two disease states. The action potential widths showed a bimodal distribution consistent with previous findings, suggesting spikes from noncholinergic (likely glutamatergic) and cholinergic neurons. A higher PPN spiking rate of narrow action potentials was observed in the PSP than in the IPD patients when pooled across all three conditions (Wilcoxon rank sum test: p = 0.0141). No correlation was found between firing rate and disease severity or duration. The firing rates were higher during passive movement than rest and active movement in both groups, but the differences between conditions were not significant. PSP and IPD are believed to represent distinct disease processes, and our findings that the neuronal firing rates differ according to disease state support the proposal that pathological processes directly involving the PPN may be more pronounced in PSP than IPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Galazky
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Kaufmann
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Departments of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - J Voges
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - H Hinrichs
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
- Forschungscampus STIMULATE, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - H-J Heinze
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Behavioral Neurology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - C M Sweeney-Reed
- Neurocybernetics and Rehabilitation, Departments of Neurology and Stereotactic Neurosurgery, Otto-Von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Weersink JB, Maurits NM, de Jong BM. EEG time-frequency analysis provides arguments for arm swing support in human gait control. Gait Posture 2019; 70:71-78. [PMID: 30826690 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human gait benefits from arm swing, which requires four-limb co-ordination. The Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) is involved in multi-limb coordination. With its location anterior to the leg motor cortex and the pattern of its connections, this suggests a distinct role in gait control. RESEARCH QUESTION Is the SMA functionally implicated in gait-related arm swing? METHODS Ambulant electroencephalography (EEG) was employed during walking with and without arm swing in twenty healthy subjects (mean age: 64.9yrs, SD 7.2). Power changes across the EEG frequency spectrum were assessed by Event Related Spectral Perturbation (ERSP) analysis over both the putative SMA at electrode position Fz and additional sensorimotor regions. RESULTS During walking with arm swing, midline electrodes Fz and Cz showed a step-related pattern of Event Related Desynchronization (ERD) followed by Event Related Synchronization (ERS). Walking without arm swing was associated with significant ERD-ERS power reduction in the high-beta/low-gamma band over Fz and a power increase over Cz. Electrodes C3 and C4 revealed a pattern of ERD during contralateral- and ERS during ipsilateral leg swing. This ERD power decreased in gait without arm swing (low-frequency band). The ERSP pattern during walking with arm swing was similar at CP1 and CP2: ERD was seen during double support and the initial swing phase of the right leg, while a strong ERS emerged during the second half of the left leg's swing. Walking without arm swing showed a significant power reduction of this ERD-ERS pattern over CP2, while over CP1, ERS during left leg's swing turned into ERD. CONCLUSION The relation between arm swing in walking and a step-related ERD-ERS pattern in the high-beta/low-gamma band over the putative SMA, points at an SMA contribution to integrated cyclic anti-phase movements of upper- and lower limbs. This supports a cortical underpinning of arm swing support in gait control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce B Weersink
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, POB 30.001, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Natasha M Maurits
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, POB 30.001, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bauke M de Jong
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, POB 30.001, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Cholinergic Neurons of the Medial Septum Are Crucial for Sensorimotor Gating. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5234-5242. [PMID: 31028115 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0950-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypofunction of NMDA receptors has been considered a possible cause for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. More recently, indirect ways to regulate NMDA that would be less disruptive have been proposed and metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) represents one such candidate. To characterize the cell populations involved, we demonstrated here that knock-out (KO) of mGluR5 in cholinergic, but not glutamatergic or parvalbumin (PV)-positive GABAergic, neurons reduced prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI) and enhanced sensitivity to MK801-induced locomotor activity. Inhibition of cholinergic neurons in the medial septum by DREADD (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) resulted in reduced PPI further demonstrating the importance of these neurons in sensorimotor gating. Volume imaging and quantification were used to compare PV and cholinergic cell distribution, density, and total cell counts in the different cell-type-specific KO lines. Electrophysiological studies showed reduced NMDA receptor-mediated currents in cholinergic neurons of the medial septum in mGluR5 KO mice. These results obtained from male and female mice indicate that cholinergic neurons in the medial septum represent a key cell type involved in sensorimotor gating and are relevant to pathologies associated with disrupted sensorimotor gating such as schizophrenia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mechanistic complexity underlying psychiatric disorders remains a major challenge that is hindering the drug discovery process. Here, we generated genetically modified mouse lines to better characterize the involvement of the receptor mGluR5 in the fine-tuning of NMDA receptors, specifically in the context of sensorimotor gating. We evaluated the importance of knocking-out mGluR5 in three different cell types in two brain regions and performed different sets of experiments including behavioral testing and electrophysiological recordings. We demonstrated that cholinergic neurons in the medial septum represent a key cell-type involved in sensorimotor gating. We are proposing that pathologies associated with disrupted sensorimotor gating, such as with schizophrenia, could benefit from further evaluating strategies to modulate specifically cholinergic neurons in the medial septum.
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Ilyas A, Pizarro D, Romeo AK, Riley KO, Pati S. The centromedian nucleus: Anatomy, physiology, and clinical implications. J Clin Neurosci 2019; 63:1-7. [PMID: 30827880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Of all the truncothalamic nuclei, the centromedian-parafascicular nuclei complex (CM-Pf) is the largest and is considered the prototypic thalamic projection system. Located among the caudal intralaminar thalamic nuclei, the CM-Pf been described by Jones as "the forgotten components of the great loop of connections joining the cerebral cortex via the basal ganglia". The CM, located lateral relative to the Pf, is a major source of direct input to the striatum and also has connections to other, distinct region of the basal ganglia as well as the brainstem and cortex. Functionally, the CM participates in sensorimotor coordination, cognition (e.g. attention, arousal), and pain processing. The role of CM as 'gate control' function by propagating only salient stimuli during attention-demanding tasks has been proposed. Given its rich connectivity and diverse physiologic role, recent studies have explored the CM as potential target for neuromodulation therapy for Tourette syndrome, Parkinson's disease, generalized epilepsy, intractable neuropathic pain, and in restoring consciousness. This comprehensive review summarizes the structural and functional anatomy of the CM and its physiologic role with a focus on clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Ilyas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States.
| | - Diana Pizarro
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Andrew K Romeo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Kristen O Riley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Sandipan Pati
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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Ciric J, Kapor S, Perovic M, Saponjic J. Alterations of Sleep and Sleep Oscillations in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:148. [PMID: 30872994 PMCID: PMC6401659 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies in the rat model of Parkinson’s disease (PD) cholinopathy demonstrated the sleep-related alterations in electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations at the cortical and hippocampal levels, cortical drives, and sleep spindles (SSs) as the earliest functional biomarkers preceding hypokinesia. Our aim in this study was to follow the impact of a unilateral substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) lesion in rat on the cortical and hippocampal sleep architectures and their EEG microstructures, as well as the cortico-hippocampal synchronizations of EEG oscillations, and the SS and high voltage sleep spindle (HVS) dynamics during NREM and REM sleep. We performed unilateral SNpc lesions using two different concentrations/volumes of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 12 μg/1 μl or 12 μg/2 μl). Whereas the unilateral dopaminergic neuronal loss >50% throughout the overall SNpc rostro-caudal dimension prolonged the Wake state, with no change in the NREM or REM duration, there was a long-lasting theta amplitude augmentation across all sleep states in the motor cortex (MCx), but also in the CA1 hippocampus (Hipp) during both Wake and REM sleep. We demonstrate that SS are the hallmarks of NREM sleep, but that they also occur during REM sleep in the MCx and Hipp of the control rats. Whereas SS are always longer in REM vs. NREM sleep in both structures, they are consistently slower in the Hipp. The dopaminergic neuronal loss increased the density of SS in both structures and shortened them in the MCx during NREM sleep, without changing the intrinsic frequency. Conversely, HVS are the hallmarks of REM sleep in the control rats, slower in the Hipp vs. MCx, and the dopaminergic neuronal loss increased their density in the MCx, but shortened them more consistently in the Hipp during REM sleep. In addition, there was an altered synchronization of the EEG oscillations between the MCx and Hipp in different sleep states, particularly the theta and sigma coherences during REM sleep. We provide novel evidence for the importance of the SNpc dopaminergic innervation in sleep regulation, theta rhythm generation, and SS/HVS dynamics control. We suggest the importance of the underlying REM sleep regulatory substrate to HVS generation and duration and to the cortico-hippocampal synchronizations of EEG oscillations in hemiparkinsonian rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ciric
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Kapor
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milka Perovic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Saponjic
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This survey takes into consideration the most recent advances in both human degenerative ataxias, disorders with a well established cerebellar origin, and discoveries from dystonia rodent models aimed at discussing the pathogenesis of dystonia. RECENT FINDINGS One common recurrent term that emerges when describing dystonia is heterogeneity. Indeed, dystonia encompasses a wide group of 'hyperkinetic' movement disorders, with heterogeneous causes, classification, anatomical and physiological substrates. In addition, the clinical heterogeneity of age at onset, symptom distribution and appearance of non-motor symptoms has supported the concept of dystonia as 'network' disorder. Pathophysiological alterations are thought to arise from dysfunction at cortico-thalamic-basal ganglia level, whereas, more recently, a role for cerebellar pathways emerged. Results from human and animal studies thus fuel the evolving concept of the network disorder. SUMMARY Current evidence suggests the involvement of multiple brain regions and cellular mechanisms, as part of the neural dysfunction observed at system level in dystonia.
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Augustine F, Singer HS. Merging the Pathophysiology and Pharmacotherapy of Tics. Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2019; 8:595. [PMID: 30643668 PMCID: PMC6329776 DOI: 10.7916/d8h14jtx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anatomically, cortical-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical (CBGTC) circuits have an essential role in the expression of tics. At the biochemical level, the proper conveyance of messages through these circuits requires several functionally integrated neurotransmitter systems. In this manuscript, evidence supporting proposed pathophysiological abnormalities, both anatomical and chemical is reviewed. In addition, the results of standard and emerging tic-suppressing therapies affecting nine separate neurotransmitter systems are discussed. The goal of this review is to integrate our current understanding of the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome (TS) with present and proposed pharmacotherapies for tic suppression. Methods For this manuscript, literature searches were conducted for both current basic science and clinical information in PubMed, Google-Scholar, and other scholarly journals to September 2018. Results The precise primary site of abnormality for tics remains undetermined. Although many pathophysiologic hypotheses favor a specific abnormality of the cortex, striatum, or globus pallidus, others recognize essential influences from regions such as the thalamus, cerebellum, brainstem, and ventral striatum. Some prefer an alteration within direct and indirect pathways, whereas others believe this fails to recognize the multiple interactions within and between CBGTC circuits. Although research and clinical evidence supports involvement of the dopaminergic system, additional data emphasizes the potential roles for several other neurotransmitter systems. Discussion A greater understanding of the primary neurochemical defect in TS would be extremely valuable for the development of new tic-suppressing therapies. Nevertheless, recognizing the varied and complex interactions that exist in a multi-neurotransmitter system, successful therapy may not require direct targeting of the primary abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhan Augustine
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Harvey S. Singer
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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