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Zhu H, Liu J, Zhou J, Jin Y, Zhao Q, Jiang X, Gao H. Notopterygium incisum roots extract (NRE) alleviates neuroinflammation pathology in Alzheimer's disease through TLR4-NF-κB pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 335:118651. [PMID: 39094757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Notopterygium incisum Ting ex H. T. Chang, also called 'Qianghuo', is a distinct umbelliferae plant in China. The rhizomes and roots of Notopterygium incisum have long been used to treat headaches, colds, analgesia and rheumatoid arthritis. It is a main traditional Chinese medicine in Qianghuo Yufeng Decoction, which was used to treat diseases such as liver and kidney insufficiency, mental paralysis and dementia. AIM OF THIS STUDY As the most common dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has a complicated pathogenesis. So far, there is no effective drug to prevent its pathological process. Previous research has shown that Notopterygium incisum root extract (NRE) may inhibit the release of Aβ and the activation of tau in mice with AD. However, the effect of NRE on the pathological process of neuroinflammation is still unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS We determined the pro-inflammatory cytokines levels in BV2 cells exposed to LPS/Aβ42 after treated with NRE. APP/PS1 and LPS-induced C57BL/6 neuroinflammatory mice were given NRE for 8 weeks and 5 days respectively to detect the pathological changes of neuroinflammation. RESULTS The findings showed that NRE had a notable inhibitory effect on the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in BV2 cells induced by LPS/Aβ42. The results of in vivo experiments show that following NRE treatment, there was a notable decrease in the number of activated microglia in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice as indicated by immunofluorescence results. Sholl analysis showed that microglia branches increased in NRE group, indicating that M1 microglia activation was inhibited. In the mice model injected with LPS in the tail vein, PCR and Western Blot results confirmed the anti-inflammatory effect of NRE, Nissl staining showed the protective effect of NRE on neurons, and immunofluorescence results also indicated that the activation of M1 microglia was inhibited. CONCLUSION These results suggest that long term oral administration of NRE may inhibit neuroinflammation in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Zhu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Substances Research & Translational Medicine of Immune Diseases of Shenyang, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Substances Research & Translational Medicine of Immune Diseases of Shenyang, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Substances Research & Translational Medicine of Immune Diseases of Shenyang, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Jin
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Substances Research & Translational Medicine of Immune Diseases of Shenyang, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingchun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Department of Pharmacy, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, 110840, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Substances Research & Translational Medicine of Immune Diseases of Shenyang, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Substances Research & Translational Medicine of Immune Diseases of Shenyang, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design & Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Yang Q, Vazquez AL, Cui XT. Revealing in vivo cellular mechanisms of cerebral microbleeds on neurons and microglia across cortical layers. iScience 2024; 27:109371. [PMID: 38510113 PMCID: PMC10951986 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) are associated with higher risk for various neurological diseases including stroke, dementia, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the understanding of cellular pathology of CMBs, particularly in deep brain regions, remains limited. Utilizing two-photon microscopy and microprism implantation, we longitudinally imaged the impact of CMBs on neuronal and microglial activities across cortical depths in awake mice. A temporary decline in spontaneous neuronal activity occurred throughout cortical layers, followed by recovery within a week. However, significant changes of neuron-neuron activity correlations persisted for weeks. Moreover, microglial contact with neuron soma significantly increased post-microbleeds, indicating an important modulatory role of microglia. Notably, microglial contact, negatively correlated with neuronal firing rate in normal conditions, became uncorrelated after microbleeds, suggesting a decreased neuron-microglia inhibition. These findings reveal chronic alterations in cortical neuronal networks and microglial-neuronal interactions across cortical depths, shedding light on the pathology of CMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Alberto L. Vazquez
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - X. Tracy Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Cui S, Jiang P, Cheng Y, Cai H, Zhu J, Yu Y. Molecular mechanisms underlying resting-state brain functional correlates of behavioral inhibition. Neuroimage 2023; 283:120415. [PMID: 37863277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous literature has established the presence of sex differences in behavioral inhibition as well as its neural substrates and related disease risk. However, there is limited evidence that speaks directly to the question of whether or not there are sex-dependent associations between behavioral inhibition and resting-state brain function and, if so, how they are modulated by the underlying molecular mechanisms. We computed functional connectivity density (FCD) using resting-state functional MRI data to examine their associations with behavioral inhibition ability measured using a Go/No-Go task across a large cohort of 510 healthy young adults. Then, we examined the spatial relationships of the FCD correlates of behavioral inhibition with gene expression and neurotransmitter atlases to explore their potential genetic architecture and neurochemical basis. A significant negative correlation between behavioral inhibition and FCD in the left superior parietal lobule was found in females but not males. Further spatial correlation analyses demonstrated that the identified neural correlates of behavioral inhibition were associated with expression of gene categories predominantly implicating essential components of the cerebral cortex (glial cell, neuron, axon, dendrite, and synapse) and ion channel activity, as well as were linked to the serotonergic system. Our findings may not only yield important insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the female-specific neural substrates of behavioral inhibition, but also provide a critical context for understanding how biological sex might contribute to variation in behavioral inhibition and its related disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunshun Cui
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China; Research Center of Clinical Medical Imaging, Anhui Province, Hefei 230032, China; Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
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Yonemoto K, Fujii F, Taira R, Ohgidani M, Eguchi K, Okuzono S, Ichimiya Y, Sonoda Y, Chong PF, Goto H, Kanemasa H, Motomura Y, Ishimura M, Koga Y, Tsujimura K, Hashiguchi T, Torisu H, Kira R, Kato TA, Sakai Y, Ohga S. Heterogeneity and mitochondrial vulnerability configurate the divergent immunoreactivity of human induced microglia-like cells. Clin Immunol 2023; 255:109756. [PMID: 37678717 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Microglia play versatile roles in progression of and protection against neuroinflammatory diseases. Little is known, however, about the mechanisms underlying the diverse reactivity of microglia to inflammatory conditions. We investigated how human induced microglia-like (iMG) cells respond to innate immune ligands. Quantitative PCR showed that poly-I:C and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activated the expression of IL1B and TNF. Immunoreactivity of iMG did not differ between controls (n = 11) and patients with neuroinflammatory diseases (n = 24). Flow cytometry revealed that CD14high cells expressed interleukin (IL) -1β after LPS treatment. Immunoblotting showed that poly-I:C and LPS differentially activated inflammatory pathways but commonly induced mitochondrial instability and the expression of pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2). Furthermore, a potent stimulator of PKM2 (DASA-58) alleviated IL-1β production after LPS treatment. These data indicate that heterogeneous cell populations and mitochondrial stability underlie the divergent immunoreactivity of human iMG in environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Yonemoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Fujii
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryoji Taira
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohgidani
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Functional Anatomy and Neuroscience, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Eguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sayaka Okuzono
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Section of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuko Ichimiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuri Sonoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Pin Fee Chong
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hironori Goto
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kanemasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Motomura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masataka Ishimura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuhki Koga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Keita Tsujimura
- Group of Brain Function and Development, Neuroscience Institute of the Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan; Research Unit for Developmental Disorders, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takao Hashiguchi
- Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Torisu
- Section of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kira
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Fukuoka Children's Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takahiro A Kato
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasunari Sakai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Shouichi Ohga
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Yu X, Li D, Liu N, Xue X, Fu J. Periventricular Microglia Polarization and Morphological Changes Accompany NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Neuroinflammation after Hypoxic-Ischemic White Matter Damage in Premature Rats. J Immunol Res 2023; 2023:5149306. [PMID: 37636861 PMCID: PMC10460280 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5149306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
White matter damage (WMD) is a primary cause of cerebral palsy and cognitive impairment in preterm infants, and no effective treatments are available. Microglia are a major component of the innate immune system. When activated, they form typical pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes and regulate myelin development and synapse formation. Therefore, they may play a pivotal role in hypoxic-ischemic (HI) WMD. Herein, we investigated neural inflammation and long-term microglia phenotypic polarization in a neonatal rat model of hypoxia-ischemia-induced WMD and elucidated the underlying pathophysiological processes. We exposed 3-day-old (P3) Sprague-Dawley rats to hypoxia (8% oxygen) for 2.5 hr after unilateral common carotid artery ligation. The activation of NLRP3 inflammatory bodies, microglia M1/M2 polarization, myelination, and synaptic development in our model were monitored 7, 14, and 21 days after birth. In addition, the Morris water maze test was performed on postnatal Day 28. We confirmed myelination disturbance in the periventricular white matter, abnormal synaptic development, and behavioral changes in the periventricular area during the development of HI WMD. In addition, we found an association between the occurrence and development of HI WMD and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, microglial M1/M2 polarization, and the release of inflammatory factors. NLRP3 inhibition can play an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting the differentiation of microglia into the M1 phenotype, thereby improving myelination and synapse formation. In conclusion, microglia are key mediators of the inflammatory response and exhibit continuous phenotypic polarization 7-21 days after HI-induced WMD. This finding can potentially lead to a new treatment regimen targeting the phenotypic polarization of microglia early after HI-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116021, Liaoning, China
| | - Yajun Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Dalian Municipal Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Dalian 116021, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuefei Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Na Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xindong Xue
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Jianhua Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
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Ravenhill SM, Evans AH, Crewther SG. Escalating Bi-Directional Feedback Loops between Proinflammatory Microglia and Mitochondria in Ageing and Post-Diagnosis of Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051117. [PMID: 37237983 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive age-related neurodegenerative disease affecting up to 3% of the global population over 65 years of age. Currently, the underlying physiological aetiology of PD is unknown. However, the diagnosed disorder shares many common non-motor symptoms associated with ageing-related neurodegenerative disease progression, such as neuroinflammation, microglial activation, neuronal mitochondrial impairment, and chronic autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Clinical PD has been linked to many interrelated biological and molecular processes, such as escalating proinflammatory immune responses, mitochondrial impairment, lower adenosine triphosphate (ATP) availability, increasing release of neurotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), impaired blood brain barrier integrity, chronic activation of microglia, and damage to dopaminergic neurons consistently associated with motor and cognitive decline. Prodromal PD has also been associated with orthostatic hypotension and many other age-related impairments, such as sleep disruption, impaired gut microbiome, and constipation. Thus, this review aimed to present evidence linking mitochondrial dysfunction, including elevated oxidative stress, ROS, and impaired cellular energy production, with the overactivation and escalation of a microglial-mediated proinflammatory immune response as naturally occurring and damaging interlinked bidirectional and self-perpetuating cycles that share common pathological processes in ageing and PD. We propose that both chronic inflammation, microglial activation, and neuronal mitochondrial impairment should be considered as concurrently influencing each other along a continuum rather than as separate and isolated linear metabolic events that affect specific aspects of neural processing and brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew Howard Evans
- Department of Medicine, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne 3052, Australia
- Epworth Hospital, Richmond 3121, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne 3050, Australia
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Cellular Prion Protein Attenuates OGD/R-Induced Damage by Skewing Microglia toward an Anti-inflammatory State via Enhanced and Prolonged Activation of Autophagy. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1297-1316. [PMID: 36441478 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03099-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of microglial pro/anti-inflammatory states and autophagy are promising new therapies for ischemic stroke, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. The objective of the study is to determine the intrinsic role of PrPC (cellular prion protein) in the regulation of microglial inflammatory states and autophagy in ischemic stroke. PrPC was expressed in murine microglia, and an in vitro oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R) model was established in microglia of different PRNP genotypes. During reperfusion following OGD, wild-type (WT) microglia had significantly increased pro/anti-inflammatory microglial percentages and related cytokine [interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10, IL-4, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon-gamma] release at reperfusion after 48 or 72 h. WT microglia also showed greater accumulation of the autophagy markers LC3B-II/I (microtubule-associated protein B-light chain 3), but not of p62 or LAMP1 (lysosome-associated membrane protein) at reperfusion after 24 h and 48 h. Inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine or bafilomycin A1 aggravated the OGD/R-induced pro-inflammatory state, and the effect of 3-methyladenine was significantly stronger than that of bafilomycin A1. Concomitantly, PRNP knockout shortened the accumulation of LC3B-II/I, suppressed microglial anti-inflammatory states, and further aggravated the pro-inflammatory states. Conversely, PRNP overexpression had the opposite effects. Bafilomycin A1 reversed the effect of PrPC on microglial inflammatory state transformation. Moreover, microglia with PRNP overexpression exhibited higher levels of LAMP1 expression in the control and OGD/R groups and delayed the OGD/R-induced decrease of LAMP1 to reperfusion after 48 h. PrPC attenuates OGD/R-induced damage by skewing microglia toward an anti-inflammatory state via enhanced and prolonged activation of autophagy.
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Cummings J, Wu YL, Dixon CE, Henchir J, Simard JM, Panigrahy A, Kochanek PM, Jha RM, Aneja RK. Abcc8 (sulfonylurea receptor-1) knockout mice exhibit reduced axonal injury, cytotoxic edema and cognitive dysfunction vs. wild-type in a cecal ligation and puncture model of sepsis. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:12. [PMID: 36681815 PMCID: PMC9862964 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02692-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated brain injury (SABI) is characterized by an acute deterioration of mental status resulting in cognitive impairment and acquisition of new and persistent functional limitations in sepsis survivors. Previously, we reported that septic mice had evidence of axonal injury, robust microglial activation, and cytotoxic edema in the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus in the absence of blood-brain barrier disruption. A key conceptual advance in the field was identification of sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1), a member of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette protein superfamily, that associates with the transient receptor potential melastatin 4 (TRPM4) cation channel to play a crucial role in cerebral edema development. Therefore, we hypothesized that knockout (KO) of Abcc8 (Sur1 gene) is associated with a decrease in microglial activation, cerebral edema, and improved neurobehavioral outcomes in a murine cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis. Sepsis was induced in 4-6-week-old Abcc8 KO and wild-type (WT) littermate control male mice by CLP. We used immunohistochemistry to define neuropathology and microglial activation along with parallel studies using magnetic resonance imaging, focusing on cerebral edema on days 1 and 4 after CLP. Abcc8 KO mice exhibited a decrease in axonal injury and cytotoxic edema vs. WT on day 1. Abcc8 KO mice also had decreased microglial activation in the cerebral cortex vs. WT. These findings were associated with improved spatial memory on days 7-8 after CLP. Our study challenges a key concept in sepsis and suggests that brain injury may not occur merely as an extension of systemic inflammation. We advance the field further and demonstrate that deletion of the SUR1 gene ameliorates CNS pathobiology in sepsis including edema, axonal injury, neuroinflammation, and behavioral deficits. Benefits conferred by Abcc8 KO in the murine CLP model warrant studies of pharmacological Abcc8 inhibition as a new potential therapeutic strategy for SABI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Cummings
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Yijen L. Wu
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - C. Edward Dixon
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Jeremy Henchir
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - J. Marc Simard
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- grid.239553.b0000 0000 9753 0008Division of Pediatric Radiology, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Ruchira M. Jha
- grid.427785.b0000 0001 0664 3531Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Rajesh K. Aneja
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA ,grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Faculty Pavilion Building, University of Pittsburgh, 2nd Floor, Suite 2112, 4401 Penn Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA
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Zhao H, Jin R, Hu J. Disturbed sensitive equilibrium led by stress-induced inflammation in psychiatric illness. Gen Psychiatr 2022; 35:e100910. [PMID: 36654665 PMCID: PMC9764608 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2022-100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hanqing Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruoxin Jin
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji Hu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Nagayach A, Bhaskar R, Patro I. Microglia activation and inflammation in hippocampus attenuates memory and mood functions during experimentally induced diabetes in rat. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 125:102160. [PMID: 36089179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of cognitive and emotional alterations are reportedly two times more in diabetic patients than in non-diabetic population with hitherto unexplained causation and mechanism. Purview of the hippocampus functional diversity sanctions the accessibility and the necessity to investigate the regional neuro-immunological aspects of neurodegeneration and related functional alterations following diabetes. We examined the possible involvement of microglia activation, macrophage response, oxidative stress and inflammatory stature in both ventral and dorsal hippocampus of rats rendered diabetic by a single injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 45 mg/ kg body weight; intraperitoneal). Cognitive and behavioural alterations were studied using open field test (locomotor activity), elevated plus maze (anxiety), Barnes maze (spatial cognition) and T maze (working memory) at 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, 10th and 12th week post diabetic confirmation. Oxidative stress was investigated via measuring the level of lipid peroxidation biochemically. Scenario of microglia activation, macrophage response and inflammation was gauged using qualitative and quantitative analysis. Pronounced macrophage expression and activation directed microglia phenotypic switching was prominent in both ventral and dorsal hippocampus indicating the impact of oxidative stress following diabetes in hippocampus. The resultant inflammatory response was also progressive and persistent in both ventral and dorsal hippocampus parallel to the altered cognitive, locomotor ability and anxiety behaviour in diabetic rats. Conclusively, present data not only comprehends the microglia, macrophage physiology and related immune response in functionally different hippocampal regions associated cognitive and behavioural deficits, but also offers a suggestive region-specific cellular mechanism pathway for developing an imminent therapeutic approach during particular diabetes deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Nagayach
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India; Department of Cancer Biology, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
| | - Rakesh Bhaskar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeonsang 38541, South Korea
| | - Ishan Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India; School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, Madhya Pradesh, India
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11
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Della Vecchia A, Marazziti D. Back to the Future: The Role of Infections in Psychopathology. Focus on OCD. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2022; 19:248-263. [PMID: 36101642 PMCID: PMC9442856 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20220407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recently, there has been a resurgence of interest in the relationship between infections and psychopathology, given the increasing data on the neurotropism and neurological/psychiatric morbidity of the SARS-COV2 virus, responsible for the current worldwide pandemic. Although the majority of observations were those obtained in mood and schizophrenic disorders, a few data are also available on the presence of bacterial or viral infections in patients suffering from obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Therefore, given the limited information, the present paper aimed at reviewing the most updated evidence of infections in neuropsychiatric disorders and their possible mechanisms of actions, with a narrow focus on microbes in OCD. METHOD This paper is a narrative review. The databases of PubMed, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO and Google Scholar were accessed to research and collect English language papers published between 1 January 1980 and 31 December 2021. The data on PANDAS/PANS and those observed during severe brain infections were excluded. RESULTS Several pathogens have been associated with an increased risk to develop a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia, mood disorders, autism, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, anorexia nervosa, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Some evidence supported a possible role of infections also in the pathophysiology of OCD. Infections from Herpes simplex virus 1, Borna disease virus, Group A-Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus, Borrelia spp., and Toxoplasma gondii were actually found in patients with OCD. Although different mechanisms have been hypothesized, all would converge to trigger functional/structural alterations of specific circuits or immune processes, with cascade dysfunctions of several other systems. CONCLUSIONS Based on the current evidence, a possible contribution of different types of microbes has been proposed for different neuropsychiatric disorders including OCD. However, the currently available literature is meager and heterogeneous in terms of sample characteristics and methods used. Therefore, further studies are needed to better understand the impact of infectious agents in neuropsychiatric disorders. Our opinion is that deeper insights in this field might contribute to a better definition of biological underpinnings of specific clinical pictures, as well as to promote psychiatric precision medicine, with treatments based on altered pathological pathways of single patients. This might be particularly relevant in OCD, a disorder with a high proportion of patients who are resistant or do not respond to conventional therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Della Vecchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, and
| | - Donatella Marazziti
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, and, Saint Camillus International University of Health and Medical Sciences – UniCamillus, Rome, Italy
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12
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Fernandes BS, Dai Y, Jia P, Zhao Z. Charting the proteome landscape in major psychiatric disorders: From biomarkers to biological pathways towards drug discovery. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 61:43-59. [PMID: 35763977 PMCID: PMC9378550 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ), bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD) are major mental disorders that affect a significant proportion of the global population. Advancing our knowledge of the pathophysiology of these disorders and identifying biomarkers are urgent needs for developing objective diagnostic tests and new therapeutics. In this study, we performed a systematic review and then extracted, curated, and analyzed proteomics data from published studies, aiming to assess the proteome in peripheral blood of individuals with SZ, BD, or MDD. Then, we performed pathway and network analyses to illuminate the biological themes concatenated by the differentially expressed proteins by systematically interrogating the literature to uncover biological pathways with more robust biological meaning. We identified 486 differentially expressed proteins from 51 studies across the three disorders with 9,423 participants. The great majority of pathways were common to SZ, BD, and MDD. They were related to the immune system, including signaling by interleukins, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, and complement cascade, and to signal transduction, notably MAPK1/MAPK3 signaling, PI3K-Akt Signaling Pathway, Focal Adhesion-PI3K-Akt-mTOR-signaling, rhodopsin-like receptors, GPCR signaling, and the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. Other shared pathways included advanced glycosylation end-product receptor signaling, Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor, cholesterol metabolism, and IL-17 signaling pathway. Pathways shared between SZ and BD were integrin cell-surface interactions, GRB2:SOS provides linkage to MAPK signaling for integrins, and syndecan interactions. Shared between BD and MDD were the NRF2 pathway and signaling by EGFR pathways. Our findings advance our understanding of the protein variations and associations with these disorders, which are useful for accelerating biomarker development and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brisa S Fernandes
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yulin Dai
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peilin Jia
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Innate and adaptive immunity are essential for neurodevelopment and central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis; however, the fragile equilibrium between immune and brain cells can be disturbed by any immune dysregulation and cause detrimental effects. Accumulating evidence indicates that, despite the blood-brain barrier (BBB), overactivation of the immune system leads to brain vulnerability that increases the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly upon subsequent exposure later in life. Disruption of microglial function in later life can be triggered by various environmental and psychological factors, including obesity-driven chronic low-grade inflammation and gut dysbiosis. Increased visceral adiposity has been recognized as an important risk factor for multiple neuropsychiatric conditions. The review aims to present our current understanding of the topic.
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14
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Cheiran Pereira G, Piton E, Moreira Dos Santos B, Ramanzini LG, Muniz Camargo LF, Menezes da Silva R, Bochi GV. Microglia and HPA axis in depression: An overview of participation and relationship. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:165-182. [PMID: 34100334 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1939154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: This narrative review article provides an overview on the involvement of microglia and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in the pathophysiology of depression, as well investigates the mutual relationship between these two entities: how microglial activation can contribute to the dysregulation of the HPA axis, and vice versa.Methods: Relevant studies and reviews already published in the Pubmed electronic database involving the themes microglia, HPA axis and depression were used to meet the objectives.Results: Exposition to stressful events is considered a common factor in the mechanisms proposed to explain the depressive disorder. Stress can activate microglial cells, important immune components of the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, another system involved in the physiological response to stressors is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the main stress response system responsible for the production of the glucocorticoid hormone (GC). Also, mediators released after microglial activation can stimulate the HPA axis, inducing production of GC. Likewise, high levels of GCs are also capable of activating microglia, generating a vicious cycle.Conclusion: Immune and neuroendocrine systems seems to work in a coordinated manner and that their dysregulation may be involved in the pathophysiology of depression since neuroinflammation and hypercortisolism are often observed in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Cheiran Pereira
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Center of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Elisa Piton
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Brenda Moreira Dos Santos
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Center of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luis Guilherme Ramanzini
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Luis Fernando Muniz Camargo
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Rossano Menezes da Silva
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Vargas Bochi
- Center of Health Sciences, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Center of Health Sciences, Postgraduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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15
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Kim J, Erice C, Rohlwink UK, Tucker EW. Infections in the Developing Brain: The Role of the Neuro-Immune Axis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:805786. [PMID: 35250814 PMCID: PMC8891478 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.805786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections occur more commonly in young children than in adults and pose unique challenges in the developing brain. This review builds on the distinct vulnerabilities in children's peripheral immune system (outlined in part 1 of this review series) and focuses on how the developing brain responds once a CNS infection occurs. Although the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB) matures early, pathogens enter the CNS and initiate a localized innate immune response with release of cytokines and chemokines to recruit peripheral immune cells that contribute to the inflammatory cascade. This immune response is initiated by the resident brain cells, microglia and astrocytes, which are not only integral to fighting the infection but also have important roles during normal brain development. Additionally, cytokines and other immune mediators such as matrix metalloproteinases from neurons, glia, and endothelial cells not only play a role in BBB permeability and peripheral cell recruitment, but also in brain maturation. Consequently, these immune modulators and the activation of microglia and astrocytes during infection adversely impact normal neurodevelopment. Perturbations to normal brain development manifest as neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive impairments common among children who survive CNS infections and are often permanent. In part 2 of the review series, we broadly summarize the unique challenges CNS infections create in a developing brain and explore the interaction of regulators of neurodevelopment and CNS immune response as part of the neuro-immune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Clara Erice
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ursula K. Rohlwink
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth W. Tucker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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16
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Paasila PJ, Aramideh JA, Sutherland GT, Graeber MB. Synapses, Microglia, and Lipids in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 15:778822. [PMID: 35095394 PMCID: PMC8789683 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.778822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by synaptic dysfunction accompanied by the microscopically visible accumulation of pathological protein deposits and cellular dystrophy involving both neurons and glia. Late-stage AD shows pronounced loss of synapses and neurons across several differentially affected brain regions. Recent studies of advanced AD using post-mortem brain samples have demonstrated the direct involvement of microglia in synaptic changes. Variants of the Apolipoprotein E and Triggering Receptors Expressed on Myeloid Cells gene represent important determinants of microglial activity but also of lipid metabolism in cells of the central nervous system. Here we review evidence that may help to explain how abnormal lipid metabolism, microglial activation, and synaptic pathophysiology are inter-related in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Paasila
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jason A. Aramideh
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Greg T. Sutherland
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Manuel B. Graeber
- Brain and Mind Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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17
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Zhou S, Cisse B. Regulation of Microglia for the Treatment of Glioma. World Neurosurg 2021; 154:222-227. [PMID: 34583499 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). They are derived from the erythromyeloid progenitors in the embryonic yolk sac, and they are maintained postnatally by limited self-renewal and longevity. As the most abundant immune cells in the CNS, they play critical roles in homeostasis and various CNS pathologies, including tumor, stroke, and neurodegenerative disease. For instance, in gliomas, up to more than 30% of cells in the tumor microenvironment can be microglia and tumor-associated macrophages. These cells are typically coopted by tumor cells to create a pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. The transcriptional regulation of the development and function of microglia in health and disease is not well understood. Transcription factors are master regulators of cell fates and functions and activate target genes that execute a genetic program typically initiated by external stimuli. Several transcription factors, not necessarily specific to microglia, have been shown to play roles in the development, function, and activation state of microglia. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the roles of transcription factors in the functions of microglia in normal CNS homeostasis and in gliomas. A thorough understanding of the transcription factors and their target genes that mediate and regulate the functions of microglia in gliomas may help identify new targets for immune therapies. These stroma-directed therapies may be combined with tumor cell-directed therapies for more effective treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sichang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Babacar Cisse
- Department of Neurosurgery, NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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18
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Zaman V, Shields DC, Shams R, Drasites KP, Matzelle D, Haque A, Banik NL. Cellular and molecular pathophysiology in the progression of Parkinson's disease. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:815-827. [PMID: 33599945 PMCID: PMC8170715 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00689-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder etiologically linked to the loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons in the mid-brain. The etiopathology of sporadic PD is still unclear; however, the interaction of extrinsic and intrinsic factors may play a critical role in the onset and progression of the disease. Studies in animal models and human post-mortem tissue have identified distinct cellular and molecular changes in the diseased brain, suggesting complex interactions between different glial cell types and various molecular pathways. Small changes in the expression of specific genes in a single pathway or cell type possibly influence others at the cellular and system levels. These molecular and cellular signatures like neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy have been observed in PD patients' brain tissue. While the etiopathology of PD is still poorly understood, the interplay between glial cells and molecular events may play a crucial role in disease onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Zaman
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Donald C Shields
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Ramsha Shams
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, 171 Moultrie St, Charleston, SC, 29409, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kelsey P Drasites
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, 171 Moultrie St, Charleston, SC, 29409, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Denise Matzelle
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Azizul Haque
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
| | - Narendra L Banik
- Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, 109 Bee St, Charleston, SC, 29401, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St., Suite 301, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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19
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Microglial Heterogeneity and Its Potential Role in Driving Phenotypic Diversity of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052780. [PMID: 33803478 PMCID: PMC7967159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is increasingly recognized as a highly heterogeneous disorder occurring under distinct clinical and neuropathological phenotypes. Despite the molecular determinants of such variability not being well defined yet, microglial cells may play a key role in this process by releasing distinct pro- and/or anti-inflammatory cytokines, potentially affecting the expression of the disease. We carried out a neuropathological and biochemical analysis on a series of AD brain samples, gathering evidence about the heterogeneous involvement of microglia in AD. The neuropathological studies showed differences concerning morphology, density and distribution of microglial cells among AD brains. Biochemical investigations showed increased brain levels of IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, CCL17, MMP-7 and CXCL13 in AD in comparison with control subjects. The molecular profiling achieved by measuring the brain levels of 25 inflammatory factors known to be involved in neuroinflammation allowed a stratification of the AD patients in three distinct “neuroinflammatory clusters”. These findings strengthen the relevance of neuroinflammation in AD pathogenesis suggesting, in particular, that the differential involvement of neuroinflammatory molecules released by microglial cells during the development of the disease may contribute to modulate the characteristics and the severity of the neuropathological changes, driving—at least in part—the AD phenotypic diversity.
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20
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Ruzafa N, Pereiro X, Fonollosa A, Araiz J, Acera A, Vecino E. The Effect of Plasma Rich in Growth Factors on Microglial Migration, Macroglial Gliosis and Proliferation, and Neuronal Survival. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:606232. [PMID: 33716738 PMCID: PMC7953148 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.606232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF) is a subtype of platelet-rich plasma that has being employed in the clinic due to its capacity to accelerate tissue regeneration. Autologous PRGF has been used in ophthalmology to repair a range of retinal pathologies with some efficiency. In the present study, we have explored the role of PRGF and its effect on microglial motility, as well as its possible pro-inflammatory effects. Organotypic cultures from adult pig retinas were used to test the effect of the PRGF obtained from human as well as pig blood. Microglial migration, as well as gliosis, proliferation and the survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. The cytokines present in these PRGFs were analyzed by multiplex ELISA. In addition, we set out to determine if blocking some of the inflammatory components of PRGF alter its effect on microglial migration. In organotypic cultures, PRGF induces microglial migration to the outer nuclear layers as a sign of inflammation. This phenomenon could be due to the presence of several cytokines in PRGF that were quantified here, such as the major pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα. Heterologous PRGF (human) and longer periods of cultured (3 days) induced more microglia migration than autologous porcine PRGF. Moreover, the migratory effect of microglia was partially mitigated by: 1) heat inactivation of the PRGF; 2) the presence of dexamethasone; or 3) anti-cytokine factors. Furthermore, PRGF seems not to affect gliosis, proliferation or RGC survival in organotypic cultures of adult porcine retinas. PRGF can trigger an inflammatory response as witnessed by the activation of microglial migration in the retina. This can be prevented by using autologous PRGF or if this is not possible due to autoimmune diseases, by mitigating its inflammatory effect. In addition, PRGF does not increase either the proliferation rate of microglial cells or the survival of neurons. We cannot discard the possible positive effect of microglial cells on retinal function. Further studies should be performed to warrant the use of PRGF on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Ruzafa
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www-ehu.eus/GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Xandra Pereiro
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www-ehu.eus/GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alex Fonollosa
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www-ehu.eus/GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Araiz
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www-ehu.eus/GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Arantxa Acera
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www-ehu.eus/GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Elena Vecino
- Experimental Ophthalmo-Biology Group (GOBE, www-ehu.eus/GOBE), Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- Begiker-Ophthalmology Research Group, BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces Hospital, Bilbao, Spain
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21
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Shao R, Sun D, Hu Y, Cui D. White matter injury in the neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain and potential therapies targeting microglia. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:991-1008. [PMID: 33416205 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (H-I) injury, which mainly causes neuronal damage and white matter injury (WMI), is among the predominant causes of infant morbidity (cerebral palsy, cognitive and persistent motor disabilities) and mortality. Disruptions to the oxygen and blood supply in the perinatal brain affect the cerebral microenvironment and may affect microglial activation, excitotoxicity, and oxidative stress. Microglia are significantly associated with axonal damage and myelinating oligodendrocytes, which are major pathological components of WMI. However, the effects of H-I injury on microglial functions and underlying transformation mechanisms remain poorly understood. The historical perception that these cells are major risk factors for ischemic stroke has been questioned due to our improved understanding of the diversity of microglial phenotypes and their alterable functions, which exacerbate or attenuate injuries in different regions in response to environmental instability. Unfortunately, although therapeutic hypothermia is an efficient treatment, death and disability remain the prognosis for a large proportion of neonates with H-I injury. Hence, novel neuroprotective therapies to treat WMI following H-I injury are urgently needed. Here, we review microglial mechanisms that might occur in the developing brain due to neonatal H-I injury and discuss whether microglia function as a double-edged sword in WMI. Then, we emphasize microglial heterogeneity, notably at the single-cell level, and sex-specific effects on the etiology of neurological diseases. Finally, we discuss current knowledge of strategies aiming to improve microglia modulation and remyelination following neonatal H-I injury. Overall, microglia-targeted therapy might provide novel and valuable insights into the treatment of neonatal H-I insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjiao Shao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Dawei Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Derong Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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22
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Kubick N, Henckell Flournoy PC, Klimovich P, Manda G, Mickael M. What has single-cell RNA sequencing revealed about microglial neuroimmunology? Immun Inflamm Dis 2020; 8:825-839. [PMID: 33085226 PMCID: PMC7654416 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) in microglial research is increasing rapidly. The basic workflow of this approach consists of isolating single cells, followed by sequencing. scRNA-seq is capable of examining microglial heterogeneity on a cellular level. However, the results gained from applying this technique suffer from discrepancies due to differences between applied methods characteristics such as the number of cells sequenced and the depth of sequencing. This review aims to shed more light on the recent developments that happened in this field and how they are related to the methods used. To do that, we track the progress and limitations of various scRNA-seq methods currently available. The review then summarizes the current knowledge gained using scRNA-seq in the field of microglia, including novel subpopulations associated with function and development under homeostasis as well during several pathological conditions such as Alzheimer, lipopolysaccharide response, and HIV in relation to the methods employed. Our review points out that despite major developments found using this technique, current scRNA-seq methods suffer from high cost, low yields, and nonstandardization of generated data. Additional development of scRNA-seq methods will raise our awareness of microglia's heterogeneity and plasticity under healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norwin Kubick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology (IBMZ)University Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | | | - Pavel Klimovich
- Department of ImmunologyPM Research CenterStockholmEkeröSweden
| | - Gina Manda
- Department of RadiologyVictor Babes National Institute of PathologyBucharestRomania
| | - Michel‐Edwar Mickael
- Department of ImmunologyPM Research CenterStockholmEkeröSweden
- Department of PathologyBevill Biomedical SciencesBirminghamAlabamaUSA
- Department of Experimental Genomics, Neuroimmunology Group, Institute of Genetics and Animal BiotechnologyPolish Academy of ScienceMagdalenkaPoland
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23
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Bozic I, Savic D, Lavrnja I. Astrocyte phenotypes: Emphasis on potential markers in neuroinflammation. Histol Histopathol 2020; 36:267-290. [PMID: 33226087 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes, the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS), have numerous integral roles in all CNS functions. They are essential for synaptic transmission and support neurons by providing metabolic substrates, secreting growth factors and regulating extracellular concentrations of ions and neurotransmitters. Astrocytes respond to CNS insults through reactive astrogliosis, in which they go through many functional and molecular changes. In neuroinflammatory conditions reactive astrocytes exert both beneficial and detrimental functions, depending on the context and heterogeneity of astrocytic populations. In this review we profile astrocytic diversity in the context of neuroinflammation; with a specific focus on multiple sclerosis (MS) and its best-described animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We characterize two main subtypes, protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes and describe the role of intermediate filaments in the physiology and pathology of these cells. Additionally, we outline a variety of markers that are emerging as important in investigating astrocytic biology in both physiological conditions and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Bozic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Savic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
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24
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Salminen A. Hypoperfusion is a potential inducer of immunosuppressive network in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104919. [PMID: 33242538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which causes a non-reversible cognitive impairment and dementia. The primary cause of late-onset AD remains unknown although its pathology was discovered over a century ago. Recently, the vascular hypothesis of AD has received backing from evidence emerging from neuroimaging studies which have revealed the presence of a significant hypoperfusion in the brain regions vulnerable to AD pathology. In fact, hypoxia can explain many of the pathological changes evident in AD pathology, e.g. the deposition of β-amyloid plaques and chronic low-grade inflammation. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) stimulates inflammatory responses and modulates both innate and adaptive immunity. It is known that hypoxia-induced inflammation evokes compensatory anti-inflammatory response involving tissue-resident microglia/macrophages and infiltrated immune cells. Hypoxia/HIF-1α induce immunosuppression by (i) increasing the expression of immunosuppressive genes, (ii) stimulating adenosinergic signaling, (iii) enhancing aerobic glycolysis, i.e. lactate production, and (iv) augmenting the secretion of immunosuppressive exosomes. Interestingly, it seems that these common mechanisms are also involved in the pathogenesis of AD. In AD pathology, an enhanced immunosuppression appears, e.g. as a shift in microglia/macrophage phenotypes towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype and an increase in the numbers of regulatory T cells (Treg). The augmented anti-inflammatory capacity promotes the resolution of acute inflammation but persistent inflammation has crucial effects not only on immune cells but also harmful responses to the homeostasis of AD brain. I will examine in detail the mechanisms of the hypoperfusion/hypoxia-induced immunosuppressive state in general and especially, in its association with AD pathogenesis. These immunological observations support the vascular hypothesis of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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25
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Fernández‐Zapata C, Leman JKH, Priller J, Böttcher C. The use and limitations of single-cell mass cytometry for studying human microglia function. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:1178-1191. [PMID: 33058349 PMCID: PMC8018011 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play an important role in brain development and homoeostasis, as well as in neuroinflammatory, neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Studies in animal models have been used to determine the origin and development of microglia, and how these cells alter their transcriptional and phenotypic signatures during CNS pathology. However, little is known about their human counterparts. Recent studies in human brain samples have harnessed the power of multiplexed single-cell technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and mass cytometry (cytometry by time-of-flight [CyTOF]) to provide a comprehensive molecular view of human microglia in healthy and diseased brains. CyTOF is a powerful tool to study high-dimensional protein expression of human microglia (huMG) at the single-cell level. This technology widens the possibilities of high-throughput quantification (of over 60 targeted molecules) at a single-cell resolution. CyTOF can be combined with scRNA-seq for comprehensive analysis, as it allows single-cell analysis of post-translational modifications of proteins, which provides insights into cell signalling dynamics in targeted cells. In addition, imaging mass cytometry (IMC) has recently become commercially available, and will be useful for analysing multiple cell types in human brain sections. IMC leverages mass spectrometry to acquire spatial data of cell-cell interactions on tissue sections, using (theoretically) over 40 markers at the same time. In this review, we summarise recent studies of huMG using CyTOF and IMC analyses. The uses and limitations as well as future directions of these technologies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Fernández‐Zapata
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular PsychiatryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Julia K. H. Leman
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular PsychiatryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular PsychiatryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)BerlinGermany
- UK Dementia Research Institute (DRI)University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular PsychiatryCharité – Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlinGermany
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26
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Lang GP, Ndongson-Dongmo B, Lajqi T, Brodhun M, Han Y, Wetzker R, Frasch MG, Bauer R. Impact of ambient temperature on inflammation-induced encephalopathy in endotoxemic mice-role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:292. [PMID: 33028343 PMCID: PMC7541275 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01954-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is an early and frequent event of infection-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase γ (PI3Kγ) is linked to neuroinflammation and inflammation-related microglial activity. In homeotherms, variations in ambient temperature (Ta) outside the thermoneutral zone lead to thermoregulatory responses, mainly driven by a gradually increasing sympathetic activity, and may affect disease severity. We hypothesized that thermoregulatory response to hypothermia (reduced Ta) aggravates SAE in PI3Kγ-dependent manner. METHODS Experiments were performed in wild-type, PI3Kγ knockout, and PI3Kγ kinase-dead mice, which were kept at neutral (30 ± 0.5 °C) or moderately lowered (26 ± 0.5 °C) Ta. Mice were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 μg/g, from Escherichia coli serotype 055:B5, single intraperitoneal injection)-evoked systemic inflammatory response (SIR) and monitored 24 h for thermoregulatory response and blood-brain barrier integrity. Primary microglial cells and brain tissue derived from treated mice were analyzed for inflammatory responses and related cell functions. Comparisons between groups were made with one-way or two-way analysis of variance, as appropriate. Post hoc comparisons were made with the Holm-Sidak test or t tests with Bonferroni's correction for adjustments of multiple comparisons. Data not following normal distribution was tested with Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn's multiple comparisons test. RESULTS We show that a moderate reduction of ambient temperature triggers enhanced hypothermia of mice undergoing LPS-induced systemic inflammation by aggravated SAE. PI3Kγ deficiency enhances blood-brain barrier injury and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as well as an impaired microglial phagocytic activity. CONCLUSIONS Thermoregulatory adaptation in response to ambient temperatures below the thermoneutral range exacerbates LPS-induced blood-brain barrier injury and neuroinflammation. PI3Kγ serves a protective role in suppressing release of MMPs, maintaining microglial motility and reinforcing phagocytosis leading to improved brain tissue integrity. Thus, preclinical research targeting severe brain inflammation responses is seriously biased when basic physiological prerequisites of mammal species such as preferred ambient temperature are ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ping Lang
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563006 China
| | - Bernadin Ndongson-Dongmo
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trim Lajqi
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Brodhun
- Department of Pathology, Helios-Klinikum Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Yingying Han
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wetzker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knöll-Straße 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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27
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Cai H, Ao Z, Hu L, Moon Y, Wu Z, Lu HC, Kim J, Guo F. Acoustofluidic assembly of 3D neurospheroids to model Alzheimer's disease. Analyst 2020; 145:6243-6253. [PMID: 32840509 PMCID: PMC7530134 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01373k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a central role in the progression of many neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and challenges remain in modeling the complex pathological or physiological processes. Here, we report an acoustofluidic method that can rapidly construct 3D neurospheroids and inflammatory microenvironments for modeling microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. By incorporating a unique contactless and label-free acoustic assembly, this cell culture platform can assemble dissociated embryonic mouse brain cells into hundreds of uniform 3D neurospheroids with controlled cell numbers, composition (e.g. neurons, astrocytes, and microglia), and environmental components (e.g. amyloid-β aggregates) in hydrogel within minutes. Moreover, this platform can maintain and monitor the interaction among neurons, astrocytes, microglia, and amyloid-β aggregates in real-time for several days to weeks, after the integration of a high-throughput, time-lapse cell imaging approach. We demonstrated that our engineered 3D neurospheroids can represent the amyloid-β neurotoxicity, which is one of the main pathological features of Alzheimer's disease. Using this method, we also investigated the microglia migratory behaviors and activation in the engineered 3D inflammatory microenvironment at a high throughput manner, which is not easy to achieve in 2D neuronal cultures or animal models. Along with the simple fabrication and setup, the acoustofluidic technology is compatible with conventional Petri dishes and well-plates, supports the fine-tuning of the cellular and environmental components of 3D neurospheroids, and enables the high-throughput cellular interaction investigation. We believe our technology may be widely used to facilitate 3D in vitro brain models for modeling neurodegenerative diseases, discovering new drugs, and testing neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Cai
- Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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28
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Lajqi T, Stojiljkovic M, Williams DL, Hudalla H, Bauer M, Witte OW, Wetzker R, Bauer R, Schmeer C. Memory-Like Responses of Brain Microglia Are Controlled by Developmental State and Pathogen Dose. Front Immunol 2020; 11:546415. [PMID: 33101271 PMCID: PMC7546897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.546415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the innate immune cells of the central nervous system, feature adaptive immune memory with implications for brain homeostasis and pathologies. However, factors involved in the emergence and regulation of these opposing responses in microglia have not been fully addressed. Recently, we showed that microglia from the newborn brain display features of trained immunity and immune tolerance after repeated contact with pathogens in a dose-dependent manner. Here, we evaluate the impact of developmental stage on adaptive immune responses of brain microglia after repeated challenge with ultra-low (1 fg/ml) and high (100 ng/ml) doses of the endotoxin LPS in vitro. We find that priming of naïve microglia derived from newborn but not mature and aged murine brain with ultra-low LPS significantly increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, MMP-9, and iNOS as well as neurotrophic factors indicating induction of trained immunity (p < 0.05). In contrast, stimulation with high doses of LPS led to a robust downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and iNOS independent of the developmental state, indicating induced immune tolerance. Furthermore, high-dose priming with LPS upregulated anti-inflammatory mediators IL-10, Arg-1, TGF- β, MSR1, and IL-4 in newborn microglia (p < 0.05). Our data indicate pronounced plasticity of the immune response of neonate microglia compared with microglia derived from mature and aged mouse brain. Induced trained immunity after priming with ultra-low LPS doses may be responsible for enhanced neuro-inflammatory susceptibility of immature brain. In contrast, the immunosuppressed phenotype following high-dose LPS priming might be prone to attenuate excessive damage after recurrent systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trim Lajqi
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Milan Stojiljkovic
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - David L Williams
- Department of Surgery and Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Neonatology, Heidelberg University Children's Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Otto W Witte
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Healthy Aging, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Wetzker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Schmeer
- Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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29
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Bottai D, Adami R, Paroni R, Ghidoni R. Brain Cancer-Activated Microglia: A Potential Role for Sphingolipids. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:4039-4061. [PMID: 31057101 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190506120213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Almost no neurological disease exists without microglial activation. Microglia has exert a pivotal role in the maintenance of the central nervous system and its response to external and internal insults. Microglia have traditionally been classified as, in the healthy central nervous system, "resting", with branched morphology system and, as a response to disease, "activated", with amoeboid morphology; as a response to diseases but this distinction is now outmoded. The most devastating disease that hits the brain is cancer, in particular glioblastoma. Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive glioma with high invasiveness and little chance of being surgically removed. During tumor onset, many brain alterations are present and microglia have a major role because the tumor itself changes microglia from the pro-inflammatory state to the anti-inflammatory and protects the tumor from an immune intervention. What are the determinants of these changes in the behavior of the microglia? In this review, we survey and discuss the role of sphingolipids in microglia activation in the progression of brain tumors, with a particular focus on glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bottai
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Adami
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Paroni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ghidoni
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Aldo Ravelli Research Center, Milan, Italy
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30
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Estradiol Increases Microglial Response to Lipopolysaccharide in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus during the Peripubertal Sensitive Period in Female Mice. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0505-19.2020. [PMID: 32554430 PMCID: PMC7333979 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0505-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensitive periods are times of development during which the effects of experience are unusually strong and long lasting. The peripubertal period has emerged as one such sensitive period, and a single administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) during this time reduces hormone-induced sexual behavior in adult female mice. During periods of high synaptic turnover, maturation, and elimination, as occurs during this sensitive period, microglia are particularly active. Estradiol also regulates microglial numbers, morphology, and activation. In addition, a good deal of evidence suggests that estradiol may confer this vulnerability to the effects of a stressor during the peripubertal period. Therefore, we investigated the effects of estradiol on microglial morphology, cytokine levels, and the sickness response to LPS. Estradiol levels were manipulated by implanting an estradiol-filled SILASTIC capsule (or oil-filled control) in ovariectomized mice or by administering the aromatase inhibitor, formestane (or oil control), to ovary-intact mice. We found that (1) estradiol elevates basal microglial Iba1 immunoreactivity in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), (2) LPS induces higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines in the presence of estradiol, and (3) LPS causes hypothermia in the presence of estradiol. Taken together, these data suggest that estradiol enhances the effect of LPS during the pubertal sensitive period.
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31
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Cho KHT, Zeng N, Anekal PV, Xu B, Fraser M. Effects of delayed intraventricular TLR7 agonist administration on long-term neurological outcome following asphyxia in the preterm fetal sheep. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6904. [PMID: 32327682 PMCID: PMC7181613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63770-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the preterm brain, accumulating evidence suggests toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key mediators of the downstream inflammatory pathways triggered by hypoxia-ischemia (HI), which have the potential to exacerbate or ameliorate injury. Recently we demonstrated that central acute administration of the TLR7 agonist Gardiquimod (GDQ) confers neuroprotection in the preterm fetal sheep at 3 days post-asphyxial recovery. However, it is unknown whether GDQ can afford long-term protection. To address this, we examined the long-term effects of GDQ. Briefly, fetal sheep (0.7 gestation) received sham asphyxia or asphyxia induced by umbilical cord occlusion, and were studied for 7 days recovery. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of GDQ (total dose 3.34 mg) or vehicle was performed from 1-4 hours after asphyxia. GDQ was associated with a robust increase in concentration of tumor necrosis factor-(TNF)-α in the fetal plasma, and interleukin-(IL)-10 in both the fetal plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. GDQ did not significantly change the number of total and immature/mature oligodendrocytes within the periventricular and intragyral white matter. No changes were observed in astroglial and microglial numbers and proliferating cells in both white matter regions. GDQ increased neuronal survival in the CA4 region of the hippocampus, but was associated with exacerbated neuronal injury within the caudate nucleus. In conclusion, our data suggest delayed acute ICV administration of GDQ after severe HI in the developing brain may not support long-term neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta H T Cho
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nina Zeng
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Praju V Anekal
- Biomedical Imaging Research Unit, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- The Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mhoyra Fraser
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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32
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Pape K, Tamouza R, Leboyer M, Zipp F. Immunoneuropsychiatry - novel perspectives on brain disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 15:317-328. [PMID: 30988501 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-019-0174-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Immune processes have a vital role in CNS homeostasis, resilience and brain reserve. Our cognitive and social abilities rely on a highly sensitive and fine-tuned equilibrium of immune responses that involve both innate and adaptive immunity. Autoimmunity, chronic inflammation, infection and psychosocial stress can tip the scales towards disruption of higher-order networks. However, not only classical neuroinflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and autoimmune encephalitis, are caused by immune dysregulation that affects CNS function. Recent insight indicates that similar processes are involved in psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder and depression. Pathways that are common to these disorders include microglial activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines, molecular mimicry, anti-neuronal autoantibodies, self-reactive T cells and disturbance of the blood-brain barrier. These discoveries challenge our traditional classification of neurological and psychiatric diseases. New clinical paths are required to identify subgroups of neuropsychiatric disorders that are phenotypically distinct but pathogenically related and to pave the way for mechanism-based immune treatments. Combined expertise from neurologists and psychiatrists will foster translation of these paths into clinical practice. The aim of this Review is to highlight outstanding findings that have transformed our understanding of neuropsychiatric diseases and to suggest new diagnostic and therapeutic criteria for the emerging field of immunoneuropsychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Pape
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ryad Tamouza
- Inserm, U955, Institut Mondor de la Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry of Mondor University Hospital, DHU PePsy, University of Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Inserm, U955, Institut Mondor de la Recherche Biomédicale, Créteil, France.,Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Department of Psychiatry of Mondor University Hospital, DHU PePsy, University of Paris-Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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33
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Microglia Mediated Neuroinflammation: Focus on PI3K Modulation. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010137. [PMID: 31947676 PMCID: PMC7022557 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation in the central nervous system involves mostly microglia in response to pathogen invasion or tissue damage, which react, promoting a self-limiting inflammatory response aimed to restore homeostasis. However, prolonged, uncontrolled inflammation may result in the production by microglia of neurotoxic factors that lead to the amplification of the disease state and tissue damage. In particular, specific inducers of inflammation associated with neurodegenerative diseases activate inflammatory processes that result in the production of a number of mediators and cytokines that enhance neurodegenerative processes. Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) constitute a family of enzymes regulating a wide range of activity, including signal transduction. Recent studies have focused attention on the intracellular role of PI3K and its contribution to neurodegenerative processes. This review illustrates and discusses recent findings about the role of this signaling pathway in the modulation of microglia neuroinflammatory responses linked to neurodegeneration. Finally, we discuss the modulation of PI3K as a potential therapeutic approach helpful for developing innovative therapeutic strategies in neurodegenerative diseases.
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34
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Jang JH, Lee SH, Jung K, Yoo H, Park G. Inhibitory Effects of Myricetin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10010032. [PMID: 31935983 PMCID: PMC7016734 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation elicits an immune response by producing proinflammatory modulators and cytokines that cause neurodegeneration. Therefore, a plausible strategy to prevent neurodegeneration is to inhibit neuroinflammation caused by microglial activation. Myricetin, a natural flavanol, induces neuroprotective effects by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress. However, whether myricetin inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation in hippocampus and cortex regions is not known. To test this, we examined the effects of myricetin on LPS-induced neuroinflammation in a microglial BV2 cell line. We found that myricetin significantly downregulated several markers of the neuroinflammatory response in LPS-induced activated microglia, including inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and proinflammatory modulators and cytokines such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Moreover, myricetin suppressed the expression of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), p38 MAPK, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), which are components of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Furthermore, myricetin inhibited LPS-induced macrophages and microglial activation in the hippocampus and cortex of mice. Based on our results, we suggest that myricetin inhibits neuroinflammation in BV2 microglia by inhibiting the MAPK signaling pathway and the production of proinflammatory modulators and cytokines. Therefore, this could potentially be used for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Jang
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
- Clinical Medicine Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
| | - Kyungsook Jung
- Natural Product Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk 56212, Korea;
| | - Horyong Yoo
- Department of Neurologic Disorders & Aging Brain Constitution, Dunsan Korean Medicine Hospital, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); or (G.P.); Tel.: +82-42-470-9490 (H.Y.); +82-61-338-7112 (G.P.)
| | - Gunhyuk Park
- Herbal Medicine Resources Research Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Jeollanam-do 58245, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); or (G.P.); Tel.: +82-42-470-9490 (H.Y.); +82-61-338-7112 (G.P.)
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35
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Stratoulias V, Venero JL, Tremblay MÈ, Joseph B. Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community. EMBO J 2019. [PMID: 31373067 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019a101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure to extrinsic cues in their environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia display differences in their functions that are not exclusively driven by their milieu, rather by the unique properties these cells possess. This microglial intrinsic heterogeneity has been largely overlooked, favoring the prevailing view that microglia are a single-cell type endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease. Here, we review the evidence that microglia might form a community of cells in which each member (or "subtype") displays intrinsic properties and performs unique functions. Distinctive features and functional implications of several microglial subtypes are considered, across contexts of health and disease. Finally, we suggest that microglial subtype categorization shall be based on function and we propose ways for studying them. Hence, we advocate that plasticity (reaction states) and diversity (subtypes) should both be considered when studying the multitasking microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Stratoulias
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jose Luis Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Toxicology Unit, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Stratoulias V, Venero JL, Tremblay M, Joseph B. Microglial subtypes: diversity within the microglial community. EMBO J 2019; 38:e101997. [PMID: 31373067 PMCID: PMC6717890 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are brain-resident macrophages forming the first active immune barrier in the central nervous system. They fulfill multiple functions across development and adulthood and under disease conditions. Current understanding revolves around microglia acquiring distinct phenotypes upon exposure to extrinsic cues in their environment. However, emerging evidence suggests that microglia display differences in their functions that are not exclusively driven by their milieu, rather by the unique properties these cells possess. This microglial intrinsic heterogeneity has been largely overlooked, favoring the prevailing view that microglia are a single-cell type endowed with spectacular plasticity, allowing them to acquire multiple phenotypes and thereby fulfill their numerous functions in health and disease. Here, we review the evidence that microglia might form a community of cells in which each member (or "subtype") displays intrinsic properties and performs unique functions. Distinctive features and functional implications of several microglial subtypes are considered, across contexts of health and disease. Finally, we suggest that microglial subtype categorization shall be based on function and we propose ways for studying them. Hence, we advocate that plasticity (reaction states) and diversity (subtypes) should both be considered when studying the multitasking microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Stratoulias
- Toxicology UnitInstitute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jose Luis Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología MolecularFacultad de FarmaciaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla‐Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Marie‐Ève Tremblay
- Department of Molecular MedicineUniversité LavalQuebecQCCanada
- Axe NeurosciencesCentre de Recherche du CHU de Québec‐Université LavalQuebecQCCanada
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Toxicology UnitInstitute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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37
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Bai Z, Chen G, Li W, Hou Y, Li N. Natural Inhibitors on Over-Activation of Microglia from Herbals. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2019; 67:640-647. [PMID: 31257319 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c18-00926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation manifested by over-activation of microglial cells plays an essential role in neurodegenerative diseases. Short-term activation of microglia can be beneficial, but chronically activated microglia can aggravate neuronal dysfunction possibly by secreting potentially cytotoxic substances such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO), which can result in dysfunction and death of neurons. Therefore inhibiting over-activation of microglia and the production of cytotoxic intermediates may become an effective therapeutic approach for neuroinflammation. In this paper, we review our continuous research on natural inhibitors of over-activated microglia from traditional herbals, including flavonoids, lignans, sesquiterpene coumarins, and stilbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zisong Bai
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University.,College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University
| | - Yue Hou
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University
| | - Ning Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
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38
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Mestre L, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Mecha M, Feliú A, Espejo C, Álvarez-Cermeño JC, Villar LM, Guaza C. Manipulation of Gut Microbiota Influences Immune Responses, Axon Preservation, and Motor Disability in a Model of Progressive Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1374. [PMID: 31258540 PMCID: PMC6587398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been implicated in MS and other immune diseases, although it remains unclear how manipulating the gut microbiota may affect the disease course. Using a well-established model of progressive MS triggered by intracranial infection with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), we sought to determine whether dysbiosis induced by oral antibiotics (ABX) administered on pre-symptomatic and symptomatic phases of the disease influences its course. We also addressed the effects of microbiota recolonization after ABX withdrawn in the presence or absence of probiotics. Central and peripheral immunity, plasma acetate and butyrate levels, axon damage and motor disability were evaluated. The cocktail of ABX prevented motor dysfunction and limited axon damage in mice, which had fewer CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the CNS, while gut microbiota recolonization worsened motor function and axonal integrity. The underlying mechanisms of ABX protective effects seem to involve CD4+CD39+ T cells and CD5+CD1d+ B cells into the CNS. In addition, microglia adopted a round amoeboid morphology associated to an anti-inflammatory gene profile in the spinal cord of TMEV mice administered ABX. The immune changes in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were modest, yet ABX treatment of mice limited IL-17 production ex vivo. Collectively, our results provide evidence of the functional relevance of gut microbiota manipulation on the neurodegenerative state and disease severity in a model of progressive MS and reinforce the role of gut microbiota as target for MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leyre Mestre
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Miriam Mecha
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Feliú
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carmen Espejo
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain.,Servei de Neurología-Neuroimmunología, Centre d'Esclerosi Múltiple de Catalunya, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José Carlos Álvarez-Cermeño
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luisa María Villar
- Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain.,Immunology Department, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Guaza
- Neuroimmunology Group, Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.,Red Española de Esclerosis Múltiple (REEM), Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Pepe G, Locati M, Della Torre S, Mornata F, Cignarella A, Maggi A, Vegeto E. The estrogen-macrophage interplay in the homeostasis of the female reproductive tract. Hum Reprod Update 2019; 24:652-672. [PMID: 30256960 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmy026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogens are known to orchestrate reproductive events and to regulate the immune system during infections and following tissue damage. Recent findings suggest that, in the absence of any danger signal, estrogens trigger the physiological expansion and functional specialization of macrophages, which are immune cells that populate the female reproductive tract (FRT) and are increasingly being recognized to participate in tissue homeostasis beyond their immune activity against infections. Although estrogens are the only female gonadal hormones that directly target macrophages, a comprehensive view of this endocrine-immune communication and its involvement in the FRT is still missing. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE Recent accomplishments encourage a revision of the literature on the ability of macrophages to respond to estrogens and induce tissue-specific functions required for reproductive events, with the aim to envision macrophages as key players in FRT homeostasis and mediators of the regenerative and trophic actions of estrogens. SEARCH METHODS We conducted a systematic search using PubMed and Ovid for human, animal (rodents) and cellular studies published until 2018 on estrogen action in macrophages and the activity of these cells in the FRT. OUTCOMES Our search identified the remarkable ability of macrophages to activate biochemical processes in response to estrogens in cell culture experiments. The distribution at specific locations, interaction with selected cells and acquisition of distinct phenotypes of macrophages in the FRT, as well as the cyclic renewal of these properties at each ovarian cycle, demonstrate the involvement of these cells in the homeostasis of reproductive events. Moreover, current evidence suggests an association between estrogen-macrophage signaling and the generation of a tolerant and regenerative environment in the FRT, although a causative link is still missing. WIDER IMPLICATIONS Dysregulation of the functions and estrogen responsiveness of FRT macrophages may be involved in infertility and estrogen- and macrophage-dependent gynecological diseases, such as ovarian cancer and endometriosis. Thus, more research is needed on the physiology and pharmacological control of this endocrine-immune interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Pepe
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9 Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Locati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Segrate, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, via fratelli Cervi, Segrate, Italy
| | - Sara Della Torre
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Mornata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Cignarella
- Department of Medicine, University of Padua, Largo Meneghetti 2, Padua, Italy
| | - Adriana Maggi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Vegeto
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Milan, via Balzaretti, 9 Milan, Italy
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40
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Joost E, Jordão MJC, Mages B, Prinz M, Bechmann I, Krueger M. Microglia contribute to the glia limitans around arteries, capillaries and veins under physiological conditions, in a model of neuroinflammation and in human brain tissue. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1301-1314. [PMID: 30706162 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01834-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Microglia represent resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), which have been shown to be involved in the pathophysiology of practically every neuropathology. As microglia were described to participate in the formation of the astroglial glia limitans around CNS vessels, they are part of the neurovascular unit (NVU). Since the NVU is a highly specialized structure, being functionally and morphologically adapted to differing demands in the arterial, capillary, and venous segments, the present study was aimed to systematically investigate the microglial contribution to the glia limitans along the vascular tree. Thereby, the microglial participation in the glia limitans was demonstrated for arteries, capillaries, and veins by immunoelectron microscopy in wild-type mice. Furthermore, analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed the highest density of microglial endfeet contacting the glial basement membrane around capillaries, with significantly lower densities around arteries and veins. Importantly, this pattern appeared to be unaltered in the setting of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in CX3CR1CreERT2:R26-Tomato reporter mice, although perivascular infiltrates of blood-borne leukocytes predominantly occur at the level of post-capillary venules. However, EAE animals exhibited significantly increased contact sizes of individual microglial endfeet around arteries and veins. Noteworthy, under EAE conditions, the upregulation of MHC-II was not limited to microglia of the glia limitans of veins showing infiltrates of leukocytes, but also appeared at the capillary level. As a microglial contribution to the glia limitans was also observed in human brain tissue, these findings may help characterizing microglial alterations within the NVU in various neuropathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emely Joost
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marta J C Jordão
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bianca Mages
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Straße 64, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Bechmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Martin Krueger
- Institute of Anatomy, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 13, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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41
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Yew WP, Djukic ND, Jayaseelan JSP, Walker FR, Roos KAA, Chataway TK, Muyderman H, Sims NR. Early treatment with minocycline following stroke in rats improves functional recovery and differentially modifies responses of peri-infarct microglia and astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:6. [PMID: 30626393 PMCID: PMC6325745 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1379-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered neuronal connectivity in peri-infarct tissue is an important contributor to both the spontaneous recovery of neurological function that commonly develops after stroke and improvements in recovery that have been induced by experimental treatments in animal models. Microglia and astrocytes are primary determinants of the environment in peri-infarct tissue and hence strongly influence the potential for neuronal plasticity. However, the specific roles of these cells and the timing of critical changes in their function are not well understood. Minocycline can protect against ischemic damage and promote recovery. These effects are usually attributed, at least partially, to the ability of this drug to suppress microglial activation. This study tested the ability of minocycline treatment early after stroke to modify reactive responses in microglia and astrocytes and improve recovery. METHODS Stroke was induced by photothrombosis in the forelimb sensorimotor cortex of Sprague-Dawley rats. Minocycline was administered for 2 days after stroke induction and the effects on forelimb function assessed up to 28 days. The responses of peri-infarct Iba1-positive cells and astrocytes were evaluated using immunohistochemistry and Western blots. RESULTS Initial characterization showed that the numbers of Iba1-positive microglia and macrophages decreased in peri-infarct tissue at 24 h then increased markedly over the next few days. Morphological changes characteristic of activation were readily apparent by 3 h and increased by 24 h. Minocycline treatment improved the rate of recovery of motor function as measured by a forelimb placing test but did not alter infarct volume. At 3 days, there were only minor effects on core features of peri-infarct microglial reactivity including the morphological changes and increased density of Iba1-positive cells. The treatment caused a decrease of 57% in the small subpopulation of cells that expressed CD68, a marker of phagocytosis. At 7 days, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and vimentin was markedly increased by minocycline treatment, indicating enhanced reactive astrogliosis. CONCLUSIONS Early post-stroke treatment with minocycline improved recovery but had little effect on key features of microglial activation. Both the decrease in CD68-positive cells and the increased activation of astrogliosis could influence neuronal plasticity and contribute to the improved recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Ping Yew
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Natalia D Djukic
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Jaya S P Jayaseelan
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Frederick R Walker
- Hunter Medical Research Institute; School of Biomedical Medical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle Priority Research Centre in Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Karl A A Roos
- Hunter Medical Research Institute; School of Biomedical Medical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle Priority Research Centre in Stroke and Traumatic Brain Injury, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Timothy K Chataway
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Hakan Muyderman
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia
| | - Neil R Sims
- Centre for Neuroscience, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA, 5001, Australia.
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42
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Yang Q, Zhou J. Neuroinflammation in the central nervous system: Symphony of glial cells. Glia 2018; 67:1017-1035. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao‐qiao Yang
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Jia‐wei Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai 200031 China
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43
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Hackett TA. Adenosine A 1 Receptor mRNA Expression by Neurons and Glia in the Auditory Forebrain. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1882-1905. [PMID: 30315630 PMCID: PMC6282551 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, purines such as ATP and adenosine can function as neurotransmitters and co‐transmitters, or serve as signals in neuron–glial interactions. In thalamocortical (TC) projections to sensory cortex, adenosine functions as a negative regulator of glutamate release via activation of the presynaptic adenosine A1 receptor (A1R). In the auditory forebrain, restriction of A1R‐adenosine signaling in medial geniculate (MG) neurons is sufficient to extend LTP, LTD, and tonotopic map plasticity in adult mice for months beyond the critical period. Interfering with adenosine signaling in primary auditory cortex (A1) does not contribute to these forms of plasticity, suggesting regional differences in the roles of A1R‐mediated adenosine signaling in the forebrain. To advance understanding of the circuitry, in situ hybridization was used to localize neuronal and glial cell types in the auditory forebrain that express A1R transcripts (Adora1), based on co‐expression with cell‐specific markers for neuronal and glial subtypes. In A1, Adora1 transcripts were concentrated in L3/4 and L6 of glutamatergic neurons. Subpopulations of GABAergic neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia expressed lower levels of Adora1. In MG, Adora1 was expressed by glutamatergic neurons in all divisions, and subpopulations of all glial classes. The collective findings imply that A1R‐mediated signaling broadly extends to all subdivisions of auditory cortex and MG. Selective expression by neuronal and glial subpopulations suggests that experimental manipulations of A1R‐adenosine signaling could impact several cell types, depending on their location. Strategies to target Adora1 in specific cell types can be developed from the data generated here. Anat Rec, 301:1882–1905, 2018. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy A Hackett
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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44
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Szepesi Z, Manouchehrian O, Bachiller S, Deierborg T. Bidirectional Microglia-Neuron Communication in Health and Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:323. [PMID: 30319362 PMCID: PMC6170615 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are ramified cells that exhibit highly motile processes, which continuously survey the brain parenchyma and react to any insult to the CNS homeostasis. Although microglia have long been recognized as a crucial player in generating and maintaining inflammatory responses in the CNS, now it has become clear, that their function are much more diverse, particularly in the healthy brain. The innate immune response and phagocytosis represent only a little segment of microglia functional repertoire that also includes maintenance of biochemical homeostasis, neuronal circuit maturation during development and experience-dependent remodeling of neuronal circuits in the adult brain. Being equipped by numerous receptors and cell surface molecules microglia can perform bidirectional interactions with other cell types in the CNS. There is accumulating evidence showing that neurons inform microglia about their status and thus are capable of controlling microglial activation and motility while microglia also modulate neuronal activities. This review addresses the topic: how microglia communicate with other cell types in the brain, including fractalkine signaling, secreted soluble factors and extracellular vesicles. We summarize the current state of knowledge of physiological role and function of microglia during brain development and in the mature brain and further highlight microglial contribution to brain pathologies such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, traumatic brain injury, brain tumor as well as neuropsychiatric diseases (depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Szepesi
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oscar Manouchehrian
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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45
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A. The potential importance of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3099-3120. [PMID: 29779041 PMCID: PMC11105369 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The exact cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is still unknown, but the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and chronic inflammation indicates that immune disturbances are involved in AD pathogenesis. Recent genetic studies have revealed that many candidate genes are expressed in both microglia and myeloid cells which infiltrate into the AD brains. Invading myeloid cells controls the functions of resident microglia in pathological conditions, such as AD pathology. AD is a neurologic disease with inflammatory component where the immune system is not able to eliminate the perpetrator, while, concurrently, it should prevent neuronal injuries induced by inflammation. Recent studies have indicated that AD brains are an immunosuppressive microenvironment, e.g., microglial cells are hyporesponsive to Aβ deposits and anti-inflammatory cytokines enhance Aβ deposition. Immunosuppression is a common element in pathological disorders involving chronic inflammation. Studies on cancer-associated inflammation have demonstrated that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have a crucial role in the immune escape of tumor cells. Immunosuppression is not limited to tumors, since MDSCs can be recruited into chronically inflamed tissues where inflammatory mediators enhance the proliferation and activation of MDSCs. AD brains express a range of chemokines and cytokines which could recruit and expand MDSCs in inflamed AD brains and thus generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Several neuroinflammatory disorders, e.g., the early phase of AD pathology, have been associated with an increase in the level of circulating MDSCs. We will elucidate the immunosuppressive armament of MDSCs and present evidences in support of the crucial role of MDSCs in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 100, 70029 KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
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Nadjar A. Role of metabolic programming in the modulation of microglia phagocytosis by lipids. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 135:63-73. [PMID: 30103935 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Microglia phagocytosis is an essential process to maintain lifelong brain homeostasis and clear potential toxic factors from the neuropil. Microglia can engulf cells or part of cells through the expression of specific receptors at their surface and activation of downstream signaling pathways to engulf material. Microglia phagocytosis is finely regulated and is under the dependence of many factors, including environmental cues such as dietary lipids. Yet, the molecular mechanisms implicated are still largely unknown. The present publication is a 'hypothesis review', assessing the possibility that lipid-mediated modulation of phagocytosis occurs by affecting bioenergetic pathways within microglia. I assess our present knowledge and the elements that allow drawing such hypothesis. I also list some of the important gaps in the literature that need to be filled in. I also consider opportunities for future therapeutic target including nutritional interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nadjar
- INRA, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux 33076, France; University Bordeaux, Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, UMR 1286, Bordeaux 33076, France.
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Haley MJ, Brough D, Quintin J, Allan SM. Microglial Priming as Trained Immunity in the Brain. Neuroscience 2017; 405:47-54. [PMID: 29292078 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In this review we discuss the possibility that the phenomenon of microglial priming can be explained by the mechanisms that underlie trained immunity. The latter involves the enhancement of inflammatory responses by epigenetic mechanisms that are mobilized after first exposure to an inflammatory stimulus. These mechanisms include long-lasting histone modifications, including H3K4me1 deposition at latent enhancer regions. Although such changes may be beneficial in peripheral infectious disease, in the context of microglial priming they may drive increased microglia reactivity that is damaging in diseases of brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Haley
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - David Brough
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Jessica Quintin
- Immunology of Fungal Infections Group, Department of Mycology, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, Paris, France
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Amos PJ, Fung S, Case A, Kifelew J, Osnis L, Smith CL, Green K, Naydenov A, Aloi M, Hubbard JJ, Ramakrishnan A, Garden GA, Jayadev S. Modulation of Hematopoietic Lineage Specification Impacts TREM2 Expression in Microglia-Like Cells Derived From Human Stem Cells. ASN Neuro 2017; 9:1759091417716610. [PMID: 28683563 PMCID: PMC5548325 DOI: 10.1177/1759091417716610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary innate immune cell type in the brain, and their dysfunction has been linked to a variety of central nervous system disorders. Human microglia are extraordinarily difficult to obtain for experimental investigation, limiting our ability to study the impact of human genetic variants on microglia functions. Previous studies have reported that microglia-like cells can be derived from human monocytes or pluripotent stem cells. Here, we describe a reproducible relatively simple method for generating microglia-like cells by first deriving embryoid body mesoderm followed by exposure to microglia relevant cytokines. Our approach is based on recent studies demonstrating that microglia originate from primitive yolk sac mesoderm distinct from peripheral macrophages that arise during definitive hematopoiesis. We hypothesized that functional microglia could be derived from human stem cells by employing BMP-4 mesodermal specification followed by exposure to microglia-relevant cytokines, M-CSF, GM-CSF, IL-34, and TGF-β. Using immunofluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, we observed cells with microglia morphology expressing a repertoire of markers associated with microglia: Iba1, CX3CR1, CD11b, TREM2, HexB, and P2RY12. These microglia-like cells maintain myeloid functional phenotypes including Aβ peptide phagocytosis and induction of pro-inflammatory gene expression in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Addition of small molecules BIO and SB431542, previously demonstrated to drive definitive hematopoiesis, resulted in decreased surface expression of TREM2. Together, these data suggest that mesodermal lineage specification followed by cytokine exposure produces microglia-like cells in vitro from human pluripotent stem cells and that this phenotype can be modulated by factors influencing hematopoietic lineage in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Amos
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Susan Fung
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amanda Case
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jerusalem Kifelew
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Leah Osnis
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Carole L Smith
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kevin Green
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alipi Naydenov
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Macarena Aloi
- 2 Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Gwenn A Garden
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,2 Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suman Jayadev
- 1 Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Wu MS, Chien CC, Cheng KT, Subbaraju GV, Chen YC. Hispolon Suppresses LPS- or LTA-Induced iNOS/NO Production and Apoptosis in BV-2 Microglial Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2017; 45:1649-1666. [PMID: 29121802 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x17500896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hispolon (HIS) is an active polyphenol compound derived from Phellinus linteus (Berkeley & Curtis), and our previous study showed that HIS effectively inhibited inflammatory responses in macrophages [Yang, L.Y., S.C. Shen, K.T. Cheng, G.V. Subbaraju, C.C. Chien and Y.C. Chen. Hispolon inhibition of inflammatory apoptosis through reduction of iNOS/NO production via HO-1 induction in macrophages. J. Ethnopharmacol. 156: 61-72, 2014]; however, its effect on neuronal inflammation is still undefined. In this study, HIS concentration- and time-dependently inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS)/NO production with increased heme oxygenase (HO)-1 proteins in BV-2 microglial cells. Accordingly, HIS protected BV-2 cells from LPS- or LTA-induced apoptosis, characterized by decreased DNA ladder formation, and caspase-3 and poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein cleavage in BV-2 cells. Similarly, the NOS inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (NAME), inhibited LPS- or LTA-induced apoptosis of BV-2 cells, but neither NAME nor HIS showed any inhibition of NO production or cell death induced by the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), indicating the involvement of NO in the inflammatory apoptosis of microglial cells. Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and nuclear factor (NF)-[Formula: see text]B contributed to LPS- or LTA-induced iNOS/NO production and apoptosis of BV-2 cells, and that was suppressed by HIS. Additionally, HIS possesses activity to induce HO-1 protein expression via activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in BV-2 cells, and application of the HO inhibitor, tin protoporphyrin (SnPP), or knockdown of HO-1 protein by HO-1 small interfering (si)RNA significantly reversed HIS inhibition of NO production and cell death in BV-2 cells stimulated by LPS. Results of an analysis of the effects of HIS and two structurally related chemicals, i.e. dehydroxy-HIS (D-HIS) and HIS-methyl ester (HIS-ME), showed that HIS expressed the most potent inhibitory effects on iNOS/NO production, JNK activation, and apoptosis in BV-2 microglial cells activated by LPS with increased HO-1 protein expression. Overall these results suggested that HIS possesses inhibitory activity against LPS- or LTA-induced inflammatory responses including iNOS/NO production and apoptosis in BV-2 microglial cells and that the mechanisms involve upregulation of the HO-1 protein and downregulation of JNK/NF-[Formula: see text]B activation. A critical role of hydroxyl at position C3 in the anti-inflammatory actions of HIS against activated BV-2 microglial cells was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shun Wu
- * Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,† Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chien
- ¶ Department of Nephrology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,∥ Department of Food Nutrition, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Kur-Ta Cheng
- ‡ Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Yen-Chou Chen
- § Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,†† Cancer Research Center and Orthopedics Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Takagi S, Furube E, Nakano Y, Morita M, Miyata S. Microglia are continuously activated in the circumventricular organs of mouse brain. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 331:74-86. [PMID: 29107327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident immune cells of the brain parenchyma and transform into the amoeboid form in the "activated state" under pathological conditions from the ramified form in the "resting state" under physiologically healthy conditions. In the present study, we found that microglia in the circumventricular organs (CVOs) of adult mice displayed the amoeboid form with fewer branched cellular processes even under normal conditions; however, those in other brain regions showed the ramified form, which is characterized by well-branched and dendritic cellular processes. Moreover, microglia in the CVOs showed the strong protein expression of the M1 markers CD16/32 and CD86 and M2 markers CD206 and Ym1 without any pathological stimulation. Thus, the present results indicate that microglia in the CVOs of adult mice are morphologically and functionally activated under normal conditions, possibly due to the specialized features of the CVOs, namely, the entry of blood-derived molecules into parenchyma through fenestrated capillaries and the presence of neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Takagi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Eriko Furube
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yousuke Nakano
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Brain Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Morita
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Seiji Miyata
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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