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Wiseglass G, Rubinstein R. Following the Evolutionary Paths of Dscam1 Proteins toward Highly Specific Homophilic Interactions. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae141. [PMID: 38989909 PMCID: PMC11272049 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Many adhesion proteins, evolutionarily related through gene duplication, exhibit distinct and precise interaction preferences and affinities crucial for cell patterning. Yet, the evolutionary paths by which these proteins acquire new specificities and prevent cross-interactions within their family members remain unknown. To bridge this gap, this study focuses on Drosophila Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule-1 (Dscam1) proteins, which are cell adhesion proteins that have undergone extensive gene duplication. Dscam1 evolved under strong selective pressure to achieve strict homophilic recognition, essential for neuronal self-avoidance and patterning. Through a combination of phylogenetic analyses, ancestral sequence reconstruction, and cell aggregation assays, we studied the evolutionary trajectory of Dscam1 exon 4 across various insect lineages. We demonstrated that recent Dscam1 duplications in the mosquito lineage bind with strict homophilic specificities without any cross-interactions. We found that ancestral and intermediate Dscam1 isoforms maintained their homophilic binding capabilities, with some intermediate isoforms also engaging in promiscuous interactions with other paralogs. Our results highlight the robust selective pressure for homophilic specificity integral to the Dscam1 function within the process of neuronal self-avoidance. Importantly, our study suggests that the path to achieving such selective specificity does not introduce disruptive mutations that prevent self-binding but includes evolutionary intermediates that demonstrate promiscuous heterophilic interactions. Overall, these results offer insights into evolutionary strategies that underlie adhesion protein interaction specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Wiseglass
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rotem Rubinstein
- School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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2
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Liakath-Ali K, Refaee R, Südhof TC. Cartography of teneurin and latrophilin expression reveals spatiotemporal axis heterogeneity in the mouse hippocampus during development. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002599. [PMID: 38713721 PMCID: PMC11101112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Synaptic adhesion molecules (SAMs) are evolutionarily conserved proteins that play an important role in the form and function of neuronal synapses. Teneurins (Tenms) and latrophilins (Lphns) are well-known cell adhesion molecules that form a transsynaptic complex. Recent studies suggest that Tenm3 and Lphn2 (gene symbol Adgrl2) are involved in hippocampal circuit assembly via their topographical expression. However, it is not known whether other teneurins and latrophilins display similar topographically restricted expression patterns during embryonic and postnatal development. Here, we reveal the cartography of all teneurin (Tenm1-4) and latrophilin (Lphn1-3 [Adgrl1-3]) paralog expression in the mouse hippocampus across prenatal and postnatal development as monitored by large-scale single-molecule RNA in situ hybridization mapping. Our results identify a striking heterogeneity in teneurin and latrophilin expression along the spatiotemporal axis of the hippocampus. Tenm2 and Tenm4 expression levels peak at the neonatal stage when compared to Tenm1 and Tenm3, while Tenm1 expression is restricted to the postnatal pyramidal cell layer. Tenm4 expression in the dentate gyrus (DG) exhibits an opposing topographical expression pattern in the embryonic and neonatal hippocampus. Our findings were validated by analyses of multiple RNA-seq datasets at bulk, single-cell, and spatial levels. Thus, our study presents a comprehensive spatiotemporal map of Tenm and Lphn expression in the hippocampus, showcasing their diverse expression patterns across developmental stages in distinct spatial axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kif Liakath-Ali
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Refaee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas C. Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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3
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Gogou C, Beugelink JW, Frias CP, Kresik L, Jaroszynska N, Drescher U, Janssen BJC, Hindges R, Meijer DH. Alternative splicing controls teneurin-3 compact dimer formation for neuronal recognition. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3648. [PMID: 38684645 PMCID: PMC11058771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuronal network formation is facilitated by recognition between synaptic cell adhesion molecules at the cell surface. Alternative splicing of cell adhesion molecules provides additional specificity in forming neuronal connections. For the teneurin family of cell adhesion molecules, alternative splicing of the EGF-repeats and NHL domain controls synaptic protein-protein interactions. Here we present cryo-EM structures of the compact dimeric ectodomain of two teneurin-3 isoforms that harbour the splice insert in the EGF-repeats. This dimer is stabilised by an EGF8-ABD contact between subunits. Cryo-EM reconstructions of all four splice variants, together with SAXS and negative stain EM, reveal compacted dimers for each, with variant-specific dimeric arrangements. This results in specific trans-cellular interactions, as tested in cell clustering and stripe assays. The compact conformations provide a structural basis for teneurin homo- and heterophilic interactions. Altogether, our findings demonstrate how alternative splicing results in rearrangements of the dimeric subunits, influencing neuronal recognition and likely circuit wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Gogou
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - J Wouter Beugelink
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cátia P Frias
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Leanid Kresik
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia Jaroszynska
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
| | - Uwe Drescher
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bert J C Janssen
- Structural Biochemistry, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Hindges
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dimphna H Meijer
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, Delft, the Netherlands.
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4
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Randolph EC, Fieber LA. Improvements in operant memory of Aplysia are correlated with age and specific gene expression. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1221794. [PMID: 37936650 PMCID: PMC10626442 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1221794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Aplysia CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (ApC/EBP) is expressed as an immediate early gene in the cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) mediated gene cascade, and it has essential functions in the synaptic consolidation of memory following a learning event. Synaptic consolidation primarily involves morphological changes at neuronal synapses, which are facilitated through the reorganization of the actin and microtubular cytoarchitecture of the cell. During early nervous system development, the transmembrane synaptic protein teneurin acts directly upon neuronal presynaptic microtubules and postsynaptic spectrin-based cytoskeletons to facilitate the creation of new synapses. It is reasonable to hypothesize that teneurin may also be linked to learning-induced synaptic changes and is a potential candidate to be a later gene expressed in the CREB-mediated gene cascade downstream of ApC/EBP. To assess the role of ApC/EBP and teneurin in learning and memory in the marine snail Aplysia californica, young (age 7-8 months) and aged (age 13-15 months; aging stage AII) siblings of Aplysia were trained in an operant conditioning paradigm-learning food is inedible (LFI)-over 2 days, during which they learned to modify the feeding reflex. Aged Aplysia had enhanced performance of the LFI task on the second day than younger siblings although far more aged animals were excluded from the analysis because of the initial failure in learning to recognize the inedible probe. After 2 days of training, ApC/EBP isoform X1 mRNA and teneurin mRNA were quantified in selected neurons of the buccal ganglia, the locus of neural circuits in LFI. Teneurin expression was elevated in aged Aplysia compared to young siblings regardless of training. ApC/EBP isoform X1 expression was significantly higher in untrained aged animals than in untrained young siblings but decreased in trained aged animals compared to untrained aged animals. Elevated levels of ApC/EBP isoform X1 and teneurin mRNA before training may have contributed to the enhancement of LFI performance in the aged animals that successfully learned.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynne A. Fieber
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami Rosenstiel School, Miami, FL, United States
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5
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Kuebler CA, Paré AC. Striped Expression of Leucine-Rich Repeat Proteins Coordinates Cell Intercalation and Compartment Boundary Formation in the Early Drosophila Embryo. Symmetry (Basel) 2023; 15:1490. [PMID: 38650964 PMCID: PMC11034934 DOI: 10.3390/sym15081490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Planar polarity is a commonly observed phenomenon in which proteins display a consistent asymmetry in their subcellular localization or activity across the plane of a tissue. During animal development, planar polarity is a fundamental mechanism for coordinating the behaviors of groups of cells to achieve anisotropic tissue remodeling, growth, and organization. Therefore, a primary focus of developmental biology research has been to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying planar polarity in a variety of systems to identify conserved principles of tissue organization. In the early Drosophila embryo, the germband neuroectoderm epithelium rapidly doubles in length along the anterior-posterior axis through a process known as convergent extension (CE); it also becomes subdivided into tandem tissue compartments through the formation of compartment boundaries (CBs). Both processes are dependent on the planar polarity of proteins involved in cellular tension and adhesion. The enrichment of actomyosin-based tension and adherens junction-based adhesion at specific cell-cell contacts is required for coordinated cell intercalation, which drives CE, and the creation of highly stable cell-cell contacts at CBs. Recent studies have revealed a system for rapid cellular polarization triggered by the expression of leucine-rich-repeat (LRR) cell-surface proteins in striped patterns. In particular, the non-uniform expression of Toll-2, Toll-6, Toll-8, and Tartan generates local cellular asymmetries that allow cells to distinguish between cell-cell contacts oriented parallel or perpendicular to the anterior-posterior axis. In this review, we discuss (1) the biomechanical underpinnings of CE and CB formation, (2) how the initial symmetry-breaking events of anterior-posterior patterning culminate in planar polarity, and (3) recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms downstream of LRR receptors that lead to planar polarized tension and junctional adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A. Kuebler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Adam C. Paré
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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6
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Krama T, Munkevics M, Krams R, Grigorjeva T, Trakimas G, Jõers P, Popovs S, Zants K, Elferts D, Rantala MJ, Sledevskis E, Contreras-Garduño J, de Bivort BL, Krams IA. Development under predation risk increases serotonin-signaling, variability of turning behavior and survival in adult fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1189301. [PMID: 37304760 PMCID: PMC10248140 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1189301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput behavioral assays, where numerous individual animals can be analyzed in various experimental conditions, has facilitated the study of animal personality. Previous research showed that isogenic Drosophila melanogaster flies exhibit striking individual non-heritable locomotor handedness. The variability of this trait, i.e., the predictability of left-right turn biases, varies across genotypes and under the influence of neural activity in specific circuits. This suggests that the brain can dynamically regulate the extent of animal personality. It has been recently shown that predators can induce changes in prey phenotypes via lethal or non-lethal effects affecting the serotonergic signaling system. In this study, we tested whether fruit flies grown with predators exhibit higher variability/lower predictability in their turning behavior and higher survival than those grown with no predators in their environment. We confirmed these predictions and found that both effects were blocked when flies were fed an inhibitor (αMW) of serotonin synthesis. The results of this study demonstrate a negative association between the unpredictability of turning behavior of fruit flies and the hunting success of their predators. We also show that the neurotransmitter serotonin controls predator-induced changes in the turning variability of fruit flies, regulating the dynamic control of behavioral predictability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Māris Munkevics
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Chair of Plant Health, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tatjana Grigorjeva
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Priit Jõers
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sergejs Popovs
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Krists Zants
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - Markus J. Rantala
- Department of Biology, Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Eriks Sledevskis
- Department of Technology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technologies, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia, Mexico
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin L. de Bivort
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Indrikis A. Krams
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
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7
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Naulé L, Mancini A, Pereira SA, Gassaway BM, Lydeard JR, Magnotto JC, Kim HK, Liang J, Matos C, Gygi SP, Merkle FT, Carroll RS, Abreu AP, Kaiser UB. MKRN3 inhibits puberty onset via interaction with IGF2BP1 and regulation of hypothalamic plasticity. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164178. [PMID: 37092553 PMCID: PMC10243807 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3) was identified as an inhibitor of puberty initiation with the report of loss-of-function mutations in association with central precocious puberty. Consistent with this inhibitory role, a prepubertal decrease in Mkrn3 expression was observed in the mouse hypothalamus. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of action of MKRN3 in the central regulation of puberty onset. We showed that MKRN3 deletion in hypothalamic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells was associated with significant changes in expression of genes controlling hypothalamic development and plasticity. Mkrn3 deletion in a mouse model led to early puberty onset in female mice. We found that Mkrn3 deletion increased the number of dendritic spines in the arcuate nucleus but did not alter the morphology of GnRH neurons during postnatal development. In addition, we identified neurokinin B (NKB) as an Mkrn3 target. Using proteomics, we identified insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) as another target of MKRN3. Interactome analysis revealed that IGF2BP1 interacted with MKRN3, along with several members of the polyadenylate-binding protein family. Our data show that one of the mechanisms by which MKRN3 inhibits pubertal initiation is through regulation of prepubertal hypothalamic development and plasticity, as well as through effects on NKB and IGF2BP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Naulé
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alessandra Mancini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sidney A. Pereira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brandon M. Gassaway
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John R. Lydeard
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John C. Magnotto
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Han Kyeol Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joy Liang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cynara Matos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florian T. Merkle
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust – Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science and
- Wellcome Trust – Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rona S. Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ursula B. Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Cheung A, Schachermayer G, Biehler A, Wallis A, Missaire M, Hindges R. Teneurin paralogues are able to localise synaptic sites driven by the intracellular domain and have the potential to form cis-heterodimers. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:915149. [PMID: 36408396 PMCID: PMC9670113 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.915149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic specificity during neurodevelopment is driven by combinatorial interactions between select cell adhesion molecules expressed at the synaptic membrane. These protein-protein interactions are important for instructing the correct connectivity and functionality of the nervous system. Teneurins are one family of synaptic adhesion molecules, highly conserved and widely expressed across interconnected areas during development. These type-II transmembrane glycoproteins are involved in regulating key neurodevelopmental processes during the establishment of neural connectivity. While four teneurin paralogues are found in vertebrates, their subcellular distribution within neurons and interaction between these different paralogues remains largely unexplored. Here we show, through fluorescently tagging teneurin paralogues, that true to their function as synaptic adhesion molecules, all four paralogues are found in a punctate manner and partially localised to synapses when overexpressed in neurons in vitro. Interestingly, each paralogue is differentially distributed across different pre- and post-synaptic sites. In organotypic cultures, Tenm3 is similarly localised to dendritic spines in CA1 neurons, particularly to spine attachment points. Furthermore, we show that the intracellular domain of teneurin plays an important role for synaptic localisation. Finally, while previous studies have shown that the extracellular domain of teneurins allows for active dimer formation and transsynaptic interactions, we find that all paralogues are able to form the full complement of homodimers and cis-heterodimers. This suggests that the combinatorial power to generate distinct molecular teneurin complexes underlying synaptic specificity is even higher than previously thought. The emerging link between teneurin with cancers and neurological disorders only serves to emphasise the importance of further elucidating the molecular mechanisms of teneurin function and their relation to human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Cheung
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Greta Schachermayer
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Aude Biehler
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amber Wallis
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mégane Missaire
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Hindges
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Duhart JC, Mosca TJ. Genetic regulation of central synapse formation and organization in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2022; 221:6597078. [PMID: 35652253 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyac078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A goal of modern neuroscience involves understanding how connections in the brain form and function. Such a knowledge is essential to inform how defects in the exquisite complexity of nervous system growth influence neurological disease. Studies of the nervous system in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster enabled the discovery of a wealth of molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying development of synapses-the specialized cell-to-cell connections that comprise the essential substrate for information flow and processing in the nervous system. For years, the major driver of knowledge was the neuromuscular junction due to its ease of examination. Analogous studies in the central nervous system lagged due to a lack of genetic accessibility of specific neuron classes, synaptic labels compatible with cell-type-specific access, and high resolution, quantitative imaging strategies. However, understanding how central synapses form remains a prerequisite to understanding brain development. In the last decade, a host of new tools and techniques extended genetic studies of synapse organization into central circuits to enhance our understanding of synapse formation, organization, and maturation. In this review, we consider the current state-of-the-field. We first discuss the tools, technologies, and strategies developed to visualize and quantify synapses in vivo in genetically identifiable neurons of the Drosophila central nervous system. Second, we explore how these tools enabled a clearer understanding of synaptic development and organization in the fly brain and the underlying molecular mechanisms of synapse formation. These studies establish the fly as a powerful in vivo genetic model that offers novel insights into neural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Timothy J Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie and Jack Farber Institute of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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10
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Dodsworth TL, Lovejoy DA. Role of Teneurin C-Terminal Associated Peptides (TCAP) on Intercellular Adhesion and Communication. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:868541. [PMID: 35585927 PMCID: PMC9108700 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.868541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The teneurin C-terminal associated peptides (TCAP) are encoded by the terminal exon of all metazoan teneurin genes. Evidence supports the liberation of a soluble TCAP peptide either by proteolytic cleavage from the mature transmembrane teneurin protein or by a separately transcribed mRNA. Synthetic versions of TCAP, based on its genomic structure, are efficacious at regulating intercellular communication by promoting neurite outgrowth and increasing dendritic spine density in vitro and in vivo in rodent models. This is achieved through cytoskeletal re-arrangement and metabolic upregulation. The putative receptors for TCAPs are the latrophilin (LPHN) family of adhesion G-protein coupled receptors, which facilitate TCAP’s actions through G-proteins associated with cAMP and calcium-regulating signalling pathways. The teneurin/TCAP and latrophilin genes are phylogenetically ancient, likely serving primitive functions in cell adhesion and energy regulation which have been since adapted for a more complex role in synaptogenesis in vertebrate nervous systems.
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11
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Godoy JA, Espinoza-Caicedo J, Inestrosa NC. Morphological neurite changes induced by porcupine inhibition are rescued by Wnt ligands. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:87. [PMID: 34399774 PMCID: PMC8369806 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wnt signaling plays key roles in cellular and physiological processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation and migration during development and tissue homeostasis in adults. This pathway can be defined as Wnt/β-catenin-dependent or β-catenin-independent or “non-canonical”, both signaling are involved in neurite and synapse development/maintenance. Porcupine (PORCN), an acylase that o-acylates Wnt ligands, a major modification in secretion and interaction with its receptors. We use Wnt-C59, a specific PORCN inhibitor, to block the secretion of endogenous Wnts in embryonic hippocampal neurons (DIV 4). Under these conditions, the activity of exogenous Wnt ligands on the complexity of the dendritic tree and axonal polarity were evaluated Methods Cultured primary embryonic hippocampal neurons obtained from Sprague–Dawley rat fetuses (E18), were cultured until day in vitro (DIV) 4 (according to Banker´s protocol) and treated with Wnt-C59 for 24 h, Wnt ligands were added to the cultures on DIV 3 for 24 h. Dendritic arbors and neurites were analysis by fluorescence microscopy. Transfection with Lipofectamine 2000 on DIV 2 of plasmid expressing eGFP and KIF5-Cherry was carried out to evaluate neuronal polarity. Immunostaining was performed with MAP1B and Tau protein. Immunoblot analysis was carried out with Wnt3a, β-catenin and GSK-3β (p-Ser9). Quantitative analysis of dendrite morphology was carried out with ImageJ (NIH) software with Neuron J Plugin. Results We report, here, that Wnt-C59 treatment changed the morphology of the dendritic arbors and neurites of embryonic hippocampal neurons, with decreases β-catenin and Wnt3a and an apparent increase in GSK-3β (p-Ser9) levels. No effect was observed on axonal polarity. In sister cultures, addition of exogenous Wnt3a, 5a and 7a ligands rescued the changes in neuronal morphology. Wnt3a restored the length of neurites to near that of the control, but Wnt7a increased the neurite length beyond that of the control. Wnt5a also restored the length of neurites relative to Wnt concentrations. Conclusions Results indicated that Wnt ligands, added exogenously, restored dendritic arbor complexity in embryonic hippocampal neurons, previously treated with a high affinity specific Porcupine inhibitor. We proposed that PORCN is an emerging molecular target of interest in the search for preclinical options to study and treat Wnt-related diseases. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-021-00709-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Godoy
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O`Higgins 340, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Jasson Espinoza-Caicedo
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O`Higgins 340, Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE-UC), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O`Higgins 340, Santiago de Chile, Chile. .,Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.
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12
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Charton C, Youm DJ, Ko BJ, Seol D, Kim B, Chai HH, Lim D, Kim H. The transcriptomic blueprint of molt in rooster using various tissues from Ginkkoridak (Korean long-tailed chicken). BMC Genomics 2021; 22:594. [PMID: 34348642 PMCID: PMC8340483 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Annual molt is a critical stage in the life cycle of birds. Although the most extensively documented aspects of molt are the renewing of plumage and the remodeling of the reproductive tract in laying hens, in chicken, molt deeply affects various tissues and physiological functions. However, with exception of the reproductive tract, the effect of molt on gene expression across the tissues known to be affected by molt has to date never been investigated. The present study aimed to decipher the transcriptomic effects of molt in Ginkkoridak, a Korean long-tailed chicken. Messenger RNA data available across 24 types of tissue samples (9 males) and a combination of mRNA and miRNA data on 10 males and 10 females blood were used. RESULTS The impact of molt on gene expression and gene transcript usage appeared to vary substantially across tissues types in terms of histological entities or physiological functions particularly related to nervous system. Blood was the tissue most affected by molt in terms of differentially expressed genes in both sexes, closely followed by meninges, bone marrow and heart. The effect of molt in blood appeared to differ between males and females, with a more than fivefold difference in the number of down-regulated genes between both sexes. The blueprint of molt in roosters appeared to be specific to tissues or group of tissues, with relatively few genes replicating extensively across tissues, excepted for the spliceosome genes (U1, U4) and the ribosomal proteins (RPL21, RPL23). By integrating miRNA and mRNA data, when chickens molt, potential roles of miRNA were discovered such as regulation of neurogenesis, regulation of immunity and development of various organs. Furthermore, reliable candidate biomarkers of molt were found, which are related to cell dynamics, nervous system or immunity, processes or functions that have been shown to be extensively modulated in response to molt. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a comprehensive description at the scale of the whole organism deciphering the effects of molt on the transcriptome in chicken. Also, the conclusion of this study can be used as a valuable resource in transcriptome analyses of chicken in the future and provide new insights related to molt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Charton
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jae Youm
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung June Ko
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyeok Seol
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongsang Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Ha Chai
- Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, 1500, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- eGnome, Inc, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Zhang S, Saunders T. Mechanical processes underlying precise and robust cell matching. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:75-84. [PMID: 34130903 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the development of complicated multicellular organisms, the robust formation of specific cell-cell connections (cell matching) is required for the generation of precise tissue structures. Mismatches or misconnections can lead to various diseases. Diverse mechanical cues, including differential adhesion and temporally varying cell contractility, are involved in regulating the process of cell-cell recognition and contact formation. Cells often start the process of cell matching through contact via filopodia protrusions, mediated by specific adhesion interactions at the cell surface. These adhesion interactions give rise to differential mechanical signals that can be further perceived by the cells. In conjunction with contractions generated by the actomyosin networks within the cells, this differentially coded adhesion information can be translated to reposition and sort cells. Here, we review the role of these different cell matching components and suggest how these mechanical factors cooperate with each other to facilitate specificity in cell-cell contact formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Zhang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
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14
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Yin C, Peterman E, Rasmussen JP, Parrish JZ. Transparent Touch: Insights From Model Systems on Epidermal Control of Somatosensory Innervation. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:680345. [PMID: 34135734 PMCID: PMC8200473 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.680345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensory neurons (SSNs) densely innervate our largest organ, the skin, and shape our experience of the world, mediating responses to sensory stimuli including touch, pressure, and temperature. Historically, epidermal contributions to somatosensation, including roles in shaping innervation patterns and responses to sensory stimuli, have been understudied. However, recent work demonstrates that epidermal signals dictate patterns of SSN skin innervation through a variety of mechanisms including targeting afferents to the epidermis, providing instructive cues for branching morphogenesis, growth control and structural stability of neurites, and facilitating neurite-neurite interactions. Here, we focus onstudies conducted in worms (Caenorhabditis elegans), fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster), and zebrafish (Danio rerio): prominent model systems in which anatomical and genetic analyses have defined fundamental principles by which epidermal cells govern SSN development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jay Z. Parrish
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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15
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Teneurins: Role in Cancer and Potential Role as Diagnostic Biomarkers and Targets for Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052321. [PMID: 33652578 PMCID: PMC7956758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins have been identified in vertebrates as four different genes (TENM1-4), coding for membrane proteins that are mainly involved in embryonic and neuronal development. Genetic studies have correlated them with various diseases, including developmental problems, neurological disorders and congenital general anosmia. There is some evidence to suggest their possible involvement in cancer initiation and progression, and drug resistance. Indeed, mutations, chromosomal alterations and the deregulation of teneurins expression have been associated with several tumor types and patient survival. However, the role of teneurins in cancer-related regulatory networks is not fully understood, as both a tumor-suppressor role and pro-tumoral functions have been proposed, depending on tumor histotype. Here, we summarize and discuss the literature data on teneurins expression and their potential role in different tumor types, while highlighting the possibility of using teneurins as novel molecular diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and as targets for cancer treatments, such as immunotherapy, in some tumors.
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16
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Brovkina MV, Duffié R, Burtis AEC, Clowney EJ. Fruitless decommissions regulatory elements to implement cell-type-specific neuronal masculinization. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009338. [PMID: 33600447 PMCID: PMC7924761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, male-specific splicing and translation of the Fruitless transcription factor (FruM) alters the presence, anatomy, and/or connectivity of >60 types of central brain neurons that interconnect to generate male-typical behaviors. While the indispensable function of FruM in sex-specific behavior has been understood for decades, the molecular mechanisms underlying its activity remain unknown. Here, we take a genome-wide, brain-wide approach to identifying regulatory elements whose activity depends on the presence of FruM. We identify 436 high-confidence genomic regions differentially accessible in male fruitless neurons, validate candidate regions as bona fide, differentially regulated enhancers, and describe the particular cell types in which these enhancers are active. We find that individual enhancers are not activated universally but are dedicated to specific fru+ cell types. Aside from fru itself, genes are not dedicated to or common across the fru circuit; rather, FruM appears to masculinize each cell type differently, by tweaking expression of the same effector genes used in other circuits. Finally, we find FruM motifs enriched among regulatory elements that are open in the female but closed in the male. Together, these results suggest that FruM acts cell-type-specifically to decommission regulatory elements in male fruitless neurons. Courtship behavior in male Drosophila melanogaster is controlled by a well-defined neural circuit that is labeled by the male-specific transcription factor Fruitless (FruM). While FruM is known to change the number, anatomy and connectivity of neurons which comprise the circuit and has been suggested to repress the expression of a few gene targets, the mechanism of how FruM regulates genes across many different kinds of neurons is unknown. Using an approach to identify gene regulatory elements based on their chromatin accessibility states (ATAC-seq), we identified a large set of chromatin accessibility changes downstream of Fruitless. By examining the activity of these regulatory elements in vivo, we found that their activity was 1) sexually dimorphic and 2) specific to a single class of FruM neurons, suggesting that FruM acts on different chromatin targets in different neuron classes comprising the courtship circuit. Further, we found a known FruM-regulated enhancer of the FruM-repressed gene Lgr3 to have closed chromatin specifically in FruM neurons. Combined with an enrichment of FruM motifs in regions which are closed in FruM neurons, we present a mechanism where FruM directs the decommissioning of sex-shared regulatory elements to masculinize neurons in a cell-type specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita V. Brovkina
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Rachel Duffié
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Abbigayl E. C. Burtis
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - E. Josephine Clowney
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Kim HY, Um JW, Ko J. Proper synaptic adhesion signaling in the control of neural circuit architecture and brain function. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 200:101983. [PMID: 33422662 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Trans-synaptic cell-adhesion molecules are critical for governing various stages of synapse development and specifying neural circuit properties via the formation of multifarious signaling pathways. Recent studies have pinpointed the putative roles of trans-synaptic cell-adhesion molecules in mediating various cognitive functions. Here, we review the literature on the roles of a diverse group of central synaptic organizers, including neurexins (Nrxns), leukocyte common antigen-related receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (LAR-RPTPs), and their associated binding proteins, in regulating properties of specific type of synapses and neural circuits. In addition, we highlight the findings that aberrant synaptic adhesion signaling leads to alterations in the structures, transmission, and plasticity of specific synapses across diverse brain areas. These results seem to suggest that proper trans-synaptic signaling pathways by Nrxns, LAR-RPTPs, and their interacting network is likely to constitute central molecular complexes that form the basis for cognitive functions, and that these complexes are heterogeneously and complexly disrupted in many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Young Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Ji Won Um
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, South Korea; Core Protein Resources Center, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea.
| | - Jaewon Ko
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, South Korea.
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18
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Fischer S, Schlotthauer I, Kizner V, Macartney T, Dorner-Ciossek C, Gillardon F. Loss-of-function Mutations of CUL3, a High Confidence Gene for Psychiatric Disorders, Lead to Aberrant Neurodevelopment In Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Neuroscience 2020; 448:234-254. [PMID: 32890664 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Both rare, high risk, loss-of-function mutations and common, low risk, genetic variants in the CUL3 gene are strongly associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Network analyses of neuropsychiatric risk genes have shown high CUL3 expression in the prenatal human brain and an enrichment in neural precursor cells (NPCs) and cortical neurons. The role of CUL3 in human neurodevelopment however, is poorly understood. In the present study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 nickase to knockout CUL3 in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). iPSCs were subsequently differentiated into cortical glutamatergic neurons using two different protocols and tested for structural/functional alterations. Immunocytochemical analysis and transcriptomic profiling revealed that pluripotency of heterozygous CUL3 knockout (KO) iPSCs remained unchanged compared to isogenic control iPSCs. Following small molecule-mediated differentiation into cortical glutamatergic neurons however, we detected a significant delay in transition from proliferating radial glia cells/NPCs to postmitotic neurons in CUL3 KO cultures. Notably, direct neural conversion of CUL3 KO iPSCs by lentiviral expression of Neurogenin-2 massively attenuated the neurodevelopmental delay. However, both optogenetic and electrical stimulation of induced neurons revealed decreased excitability in Cullin-3 deficient cultures, while basal synaptic transmission remained unchanged. Analysis of target gene expression pointed to alterations in FGF signaling in CUL3 KO NPCs, which is required for NPC proliferation and self-renewal, while RhoA and Notch signaling appeared unaffected. Our data provide first evidence for a major role of Cullin-3 in neuronal differentiation, and for neurodevelopmental deficits underlying neuropsychiatric disorders associated with CUL3 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Fischer
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Ines Schlotthauer
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Valeria Kizner
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Thomas Macartney
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Sir James Black Centre, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Cornelia Dorner-Ciossek
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Frank Gillardon
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, 88397 Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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19
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Chou VT, Johnson SA, Van Vactor D. Synapse development and maturation at the drosophila neuromuscular junction. Neural Dev 2020; 15:11. [PMID: 32741370 PMCID: PMC7397595 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are the sites of neuron-to-neuron communication and form the basis of the neural circuits that underlie all animal cognition and behavior. Chemical synapses are specialized asymmetric junctions between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic target that form through a series of diverse cellular and subcellular events under the control of complex signaling networks. Once established, the synapse facilitates neurotransmission by mediating the organization and fusion of synaptic vesicles and must also retain the ability to undergo plastic changes. In recent years, synaptic genes have been implicated in a wide array of neurodevelopmental disorders; the individual and societal burdens imposed by these disorders, as well as the lack of effective therapies, motivates continued work on fundamental synapse biology. The properties and functions of the nervous system are remarkably conserved across animal phyla, and many insights into the synapses of the vertebrate central nervous system have been derived from studies of invertebrate models. A prominent model synapse is the Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction, which bears striking similarities to the glutamatergic synapses of the vertebrate brain and spine; further advantages include the simplicity and experimental versatility of the fly, as well as its century-long history as a model organism. Here, we survey findings on the major events in synaptogenesis, including target specification, morphogenesis, and the assembly and maturation of synaptic specializations, with a emphasis on work conducted at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian T Chou
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seth A Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - David Van Vactor
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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20
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Saeui CT, Cho KC, Dharmarha V, Nairn AV, Galizzi M, Shah SR, Gowda P, Park M, Austin M, Clarke A, Cai E, Buettner MJ, Ariss R, Moremen KW, Zhang H, Yarema KJ. Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. Front Chem 2020; 8:13. [PMID: 32117864 PMCID: PMC7013041 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialylation, a post-translational modification that impacts the structure, activity, and longevity of glycoproteins has been thought to be controlled primarily by the expression of sialyltransferases (STs). In this report we explore the complementary impact of metabolic flux on sialylation using a glycoengineering approach. Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that flux-based changes to sialylation were broadly distributed across classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. Only three categories of proteins, however, were "highly responsive" to flux (defined as two or more sialylation changes of 10-fold or greater). Two of these categories were cell signaling and cell adhesion, which reflect well-known roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent exists for the role of glycosylation in the activity of these proteins. The highly flux-responsive proteins were all linked to cancer but sometimes as tumor suppressors, other times as proto-oncogenes, or sometimes both depending on sialylation status. A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. In summary, flux-driven changes to sialylation offer an intriguing and novel mechanism to switch between context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study. These findings illustrate how metabolic glycoengineering can uncover novel roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Saeui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kyung-Cho Cho
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vrinda Dharmarha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alison V Nairn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Melina Galizzi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sagar R Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Prateek Gowda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marian Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Melissa Austin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amelia Clarke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Edward Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Matthew J Buettner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ryan Ariss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin J Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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21
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Abstract
Convergent extension is a conserved mechanism for elongating tissues. In the Drosophila embryo, convergent extension is driven by planar polarized cell intercalation and is a paradigm for understanding the cellular, molecular, and biophysical mechanisms that establish tissue structure. Studies of convergent extension in Drosophila have provided key insights into the force-generating molecules that promote convergent extension in epithelial tissues, as well as the global systems of spatial information that systematically organize these cell behaviors. A general framework has emerged in which asymmetrically localized proteins involved in cytoskeletal tension and cell adhesion direct oriented cell movements, and spatial signals provided by the Toll, Tartan, and Teneurin receptor families break planar symmetry to establish and coordinate planar cell polarity throughout the tissue. In this chapter, we describe the cellular, molecular, and biophysical mechanisms that regulate cell intercalation in the Drosophila embryo, and discuss how research in this system has revealed conserved biological principles that control the organization of multicellular tissues and animal body plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Paré
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.
| | - Jennifer A Zallen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, United States.
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22
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Paré AC, Naik P, Shi J, Mirman Z, Palmquist KH, Zallen JA. An LRR Receptor-Teneurin System Directs Planar Polarity at Compartment Boundaries. Dev Cell 2019; 51:208-221.e6. [PMID: 31495696 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells dynamically self-organize in response to extracellular spatial cues relayed by cell-surface receptors. During convergent extension in Drosophila, Toll-related receptors direct planar polarized cell rearrangements that elongate the head-to-tail axis. However, many cells establish polarity in the absence of Toll receptor activity, indicating the presence of additional spatial cues. Here we demonstrate that the leucine-rich-repeat receptor Tartan and the teneurin Ten-m provide critical polarity signals at epithelial compartment boundaries. The Tartan and Ten-m extracellular domains interact in vitro, and Tartan promotes Ten-m localization to compartment boundaries in vivo. We show that Tartan and Ten-m are necessary for the planar polarity and organization of compartment boundary cells. Moreover, ectopic stripes of Tartan and Ten-m are sufficient to induce myosin accumulation at stripe boundaries. These results demonstrate that the Tartan/Ten-m and Toll receptor systems together create a high-resolution network of spatial cues that guides cell behavior during convergent extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam C Paré
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pooja Naik
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jay Shi
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zachary Mirman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karl H Palmquist
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer A Zallen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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23
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Araç D, Li J. Teneurin Structure: Splice Variants of a Bacterial Toxin Homolog Specifies Synaptic Connections. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:838. [PMID: 31440135 PMCID: PMC6693077 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Teneurins are a conserved family of cell-surface adhesion molecules that mediate cellular communication, and play key roles in embryonic and neural development. Their mechanisms of action remained unclear due in part to their unknown structures. In recent years, the structures of teneurins have been reported at atomic resolutions and revealed a clear homology to bacterial Tc toxins with no similarity to other eukaryotic proteins. Another surprising observation was that alternatively spliced variants of teneurins interact with distinct ligands, and thus specify excitatory vs. inhibitory synapses. In this review, we discuss teneurin structures that together with structure-guided biochemical and functional analyses, provide insights for the mechanisms of trans-cellular communication at the synapse and other cell-cell contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jingxian Li
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.,Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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24
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Tessarin GWL, Michalec OM, Torres-da-Silva KR, Da Silva AV, Cruz-Rizzolo RJ, Gonçalves A, Gasparini DC, Horta-Júnior JAC, Ervolino E, Bittencourt JC, Lovejoy DA, Casatti CA. A Putative Role of Teneurin-2 and Its Related Proteins in Astrocytes. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:655. [PMID: 31316338 PMCID: PMC6609321 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Teneurins are type II transmembrane proteins comprised of four phylogenetically conserved homologs (Ten-1-4) that are highly expressed during neurogenesis. An additional bioactive peptide named teneurin C-terminal-associated peptide (TCAP-1-4) is present at the carboxyl terminal of teneurins. The possible correlation between the Ten/TCAP system and brain injuries has not been explored yet. Thus, this study examined the expression of these proteins in the cerebral cortex after mechanical brain injury. Adult rats were subjected to cerebral cortex injury by needle-insertion lesion and sacrificed at various time points. This was followed by analysis of the lesion area by immunohistochemistry and conventional RT-PCR techniques. Control animals (no brain injury) showed only discrete Ten-2-like immunoreactive pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex. In contrast, Ten-2 immunoreactivity was significantly up-regulated in the reactive astrocytes in all brain-injured groups (p < 0.0001) when compared to the control group. Interestingly, reactive astrocytes also showed intense immunoreactivity to LPHN-1, an endogenous receptor for the Ten-2 splice variant named Lasso. Semi-quantitative analysis of Ten-2 and TCAP-2 expression revealed significant increases of both at 48 h, 3 days and 5 days (p < 0.0001) after brain injury compared to the remaining groups. Immortalized cerebellar astrocytes were also evaluated for Ten/TCAP expression and intracellular calcium signaling by fluorescence microscopy after TCAP-1 treatment. Immortalized astrocytes expressed additional Ten/TCAP homologs and exhibited significant increases in intracellular calcium concentrations after TCAP-1 treatment. This study is the first to demonstrate that Ten-2/TCAP-2 and LPHN-1 are upregulated in reactive astrocytes after a mechanical brain injury. Immortalized cerebellar astrocytes expressed Ten/TCAP homologs and TCAP-1 treatment stimulated intracellular calcium signaling. These findings disclose a new functional role of the Ten/TCAP system in astrocytes during tissue repair of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gestter W L Tessarin
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil.,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ola M Michalec
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kelly R Torres-da-Silva
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil.,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - André V Da Silva
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil.,School of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Três Lagoas, Brazil
| | - Roelf J Cruz-Rizzolo
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Alaide Gonçalves
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Daniele C Gasparini
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - José A C Horta-Júnior
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Edilson Ervolino
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, São Paulo University (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David A Lovejoy
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cláudio A Casatti
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araçatuba, Brazil.,Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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25
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Bastías-Candia S, Martínez M, Zolezzi JM, Inestrosa NC. Wnt Signaling Upregulates Teneurin-3 Expression via Canonical and Non-canonical Wnt Pathway Crosstalk. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:505. [PMID: 31156379 PMCID: PMC6534050 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins (Tens) are a highly conserved family of proteins necessary for cell-cell adhesion. Tens can be cleaved, and some of their proteolytic products, such as the teneurin c-terminal associated-peptide (TCAP) and the intracellular domain (ICD), have been demonstrated to be biologically active. Although Tens are considered critical for central nervous system development, they have also been demonstrated to play important roles in adult tissues, suggesting a potential link between their deregulation and various pathological processes, including neurodegeneration and cancer. However, knowledge regarding how Ten expression is modulated is almost absent. Relevantly, the functions of Tens resemble several of the effects of canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathway activation, including the effects of the Wnt pathways on neuronal development and function as well as their pivotal roles during carcinogenesis. Accordingly, in this initial study, we decided to evaluate whether Wnt signaling can modulate the expression of Tens. Remarkably, in the present work, we used a specific inhibitor of porcupine, the key enzyme for Wnt ligand secretion, to not only demonstrate the involvement of Wnt signaling in regulating Ten-3 expression for the first time but also reveal that Wnt3a, a canonical Wnt ligand, increases the expression of Ten-3 through a mechanism dependent on the secretion and activity of the non-canonical ligand Wnt5a. Although our work raises several new questions, our findings seem to demonstrate the upregulation of Ten-3 by Wnt signaling and also suggest that Ten-3 modulation is possible because of crosstalk between the canonical and non-canonical Wnt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussy Bastías-Candia
- Basal Center for Aging and Regeneration, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Excellence of Biomedicine of Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Milka Martínez
- Basal Center for Aging and Regeneration, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan M Zolezzi
- Basal Center for Aging and Regeneration, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Excellence of Biomedicine of Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Basal Center for Aging and Regeneration, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Center of Excellence of Biomedicine of Magallanes, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile.,School of Psychiatry, Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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26
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Araç D, Li J. Teneurins and latrophilins: two giants meet at the synapse. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2019; 54:141-151. [PMID: 30952063 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2019.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Teneurins and latrophilins are both conserved families of cell adhesion proteins that mediate cellular communication and play critical roles in embryonic and neural development. However, their mechanisms of action remain poorly understood. In the past several years, three-dimensional structures of teneurins and latrophilins have been reported at atomic resolutions and revealed distinct protein folds and unique structural features. In this review, we discuss these structures which, together with structure-guided biochemical and functional analyses, provide hints for the mechanisms of trans-cellular communication at the synapse and other cell-cell contact sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Araç
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Jingxian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology and Human Behavior, The University of Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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27
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Wides R. The Natural History of Teneurins: A Billion Years of Evolution in Three Key Steps. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:109. [PMID: 30930727 PMCID: PMC6428715 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The entire evolutionary history of the animal gene family, Teneurin, can be summed up in three key steps, plus three salient footnotes. In a shared ancestor of all bilaterians, the first step began with gene fusions that created a protein with an amino-terminal intracellular domain bridged via a single transmembrane helix to extracellular EGF-like domains. This first step was completed with a further gene fusion: an additional carboxy-terminal stretch of about 2000 amino acids (aa) was adopted, as-a-whole, from bacteria. The 2000 aa structure in Teneurin was recently solved in three dimensions. The 2000 aa region appears in a number of bacteria, yet was co-opted solely into Teneurin, and into no other eukaryotic proteins. Outside of bilaterian animals, no Teneurins exist, with a “Monosiga brevicollis caveat” brought below, as ‘the third footnote.” Subsequent to the “urTeneurin’s” genesis-by-fusions, all bilaterians bore a single Teneurin gene, always encoding an extraordinarily conserved Type II transmembrane protein with invariant domain content and order. The second key step was a duplication that led to an exception to singleton Teneurin genomes. A pair of Teneurin paralogs, Ten-a and Ten-m, are found in representatives of all four Arthropod sub-phyla, in: insects, crustaceans, myriapods, and chelicerates. In contrast, in every other protostome species’ genome, including those of all non-Arthropod ecdysozoan phyla, only a single Teneurin gene occurs. The closest, sister, phylum of arthropods, the Onychophorans (velvet worms), bear a singleton Teneurin. Ten-a and Ten-m therefore arose from a duplication in an urArthropod only after Arthropods split from Onychophorans, but before the splits that led to the four Arthropod sub-phyla. The third key step was a quadruplication of Teneurins at the root of vertebrate radiation. Four Teneurin paralogs (Teneurins 1 through 4) arose first by a duplication of a single chordate gene likely leading to one 1/4–type gene, and one 2/3-type gene: the two copies found in extant jawless vertebrates. Relatively soon thereafter, a second duplication round yielded the -1, -2, -3, and -4 paralog types now found in all jawed vertebrates, from sharks to humans. It is possible to assert that these duplication events correlate well to the Ohno hypothesized 2R (two round) vertebrate whole genome duplication (WGD), as refined in more recent treatments. The quadruplication can therefore be placed at approximately 400 Myr ago. Echinoderms, hemichordates, cephalochordates, and urochordates have only a single copy of Teneurin in their genomes. These deuterostomes and non-vertebrate chordates provide the anchor showing that the quadruplication happened at the root of vertebrates. A first footnote must be brought concerning some of the ‘invertebrate’ relatives of vertebrates, among Deuterostomes. A family of genes that encode 7000 aa proteins was derived from, but is distinct from, the Teneurin family. This distinct family arose early in deuterostomes, yet persists today only in hemichordate and cephalochordate genomes. They are named here TRIPs (Teneurin-related immense proteins). As a second of three ‘footnotes’: a limited number of species exist with additional Teneurin gene copies. However, these further duplications of Teneurins occur for paralog types (a, m, or 1–4) only in specific lineages within Arthropods or Vertebrates. All examples are paralog duplications that evidently arose in association with lineage specific WGDs. The increased Teneurin paralog numbers correlate with WGDs known and published in bony fish, Xenopus, plus select Chelicerates lineages and Crustaceans. The third footnote, alluded to above, is that a Teneurin occurs in one unicellular species: Monosiga brevicollis. Teneurins are solely a metazoan, bilaterian-specific family, to the exclusion of the Kingdoms of prokaryotes, plants, fungi, and protists. The single exception occurs among the unicellular, opisthokont, closest relatives of metazoans, the choanoflagellates. There is a Teneurin in Monosiga brevicollis, one species of the two fully sequenced choanoflagellate species. In contrast, outside of triploblast-bilaterians, there are no Teneurins in any diploblast genomes, including even sponges – those metazoans closest to choanoflagellates. Perhaps the ‘birth’ of the original Teneurin occurred in a shared ancestor of M. brevicollis and metazoans, then was lost in M. brevicollis’ sister species, and was serially and repeatedly lost in all diploblast metazoans. Alternatively, and as favored above, it first arose in the ‘urBilaterian,’ then was subsequently acquired from some bilaterian via horizontal transfer by a single choanoflagellate clade. The functional partnership of Teneurins and Latrophilins was discovered in rodents through the LPH1-TENM2 interaction. Recent work extends this to further members of each family. Surveying when the interacting domains of Teneurins and Latrophilins co-exist within different organisms can give an indication of how widespread their functional cooperation might be, across bilaterians. Paralog number for the two families is relatively correlated among bilaterians, and paralog numbers underwent co-increase in the WGDs mentioned above. With co-increasing paralog numbers, the possible combinatorial pairs grow factorially. This should have a significant impact for increasing nervous system complexity. The 3 key events in the ‘natural history’ of the Teneurins and their Latrophilin partners coincide with the ascendance of particularly successful metazoan clades: bilaterians; arthropods; and vertebrates. Perhaps we can attribute some of this success to the unique Teneurin family, and to its partnership with Latrophilins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Wides
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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28
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Schöneberg T, Prömel S. Latrophilins and Teneurins in Invertebrates: No Love for Each Other? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:154. [PMID: 30914910 PMCID: PMC6422961 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transsynaptic connections enabling cell–cell adhesion and cellular communication are a vital part of synapse formation, maintenance and function. A recently discovered interaction between the Adhesion GPCRs Latrophilins and the type II single transmembrane proteins Teneurins at mammalian synapses is vital for synapse formation and dendrite branching. While the understanding of the effects and the molecular interplay of this Latrophilin-Teneurin partnership is not entirely understood, its significance is highlighted by behavioral and neurological phenotypes in various animal models. As both groups of molecules, Latrophilins and Teneurins, are generally highly conserved, have overlapping expression and often similar functions across phyla, it can be speculated that this interaction, which has been proven essential in mammalian systems, also occurs in invertebrates to control shaping of synapses. Knowledge of the generality of this interaction is especially of interest due to its possible involvement in neuropathologies. Further, several invertebrates serve as model organisms for addressing various neurobiological research questions. So far, an interaction of Latrophilins and Teneurins has not been observed in invertebrates, but our knowledge on both groups of molecules is by far not complete. In this review, we give an overview on existing experimental evidence arguing for as well as against a potential Latrophilin-Teneurin interaction beyond mammals. By combining these insights with evolutionary aspects on each of the interaction partners we provide and discuss a comprehensive picture on the functions of both molecules in invertebrates and the likeliness of an evolutionary conservation of their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Schöneberg
- Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone Prömel
- Medical Faculty, Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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29
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Topf U, Drabikowski K. Ancient Function of Teneurins in Tissue Organization and Neuronal Guidance in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:205. [PMID: 30906249 PMCID: PMC6418043 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans expresses the ten-1 gene that encodes teneurin. TEN-1 protein is expressed throughout the life of C. elegans. The loss of ten-1 function results in embryonic and larval lethality, highlighting its importance for fundamental processes during development. TEN-1 is expressed in the epidermis and neurons. Defects in neuronal pathfinding and epidermal closure are characteristic of ten-1 loss-of-function mutations. The molecular mechanisms of TEN-1 function in neurite outgrowth, neuronal pathfinding, and dendritic morphology in C. elegans are largely unknown. Its genetic redundancy with the extracellular matrix receptors integrin and dystroglycan and genetic interactions with several basement membrane components suggest a role for TEN-1 in the maintenance of basement membrane integrity, which is essential for neuronal guidance. Identification of the lat-1 gene in C. elegans, which encodes latrophilin, as an interaction partner of ten-1 provides further mechanistic insights into TEN-1 function in neuronal development. However, receptor-ligand interactions between LAT-1 and TEN-1 remain to be experimentally proven. The present review discusses the function of teneurin in C. elegans, with a focus on its involvement in the formation of receptor signaling complexes and neuronal networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Topf
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Drabikowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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30
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Reid RM, Freij KW, Maples JC, Biga PR. Teneurins and Teneurin C-Terminal Associated Peptide (TCAP) in Metabolism: What's Known in Fish? Front Neurosci 2019; 13:177. [PMID: 30890915 PMCID: PMC6411802 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Teneurins have well established roles in function and maintenance of the central nervous systems of vertebrates. In addition, teneurin c-terminal associated peptide (TCAP), a bioactive peptide found on the c-terminal portion of teneurins, has been shown to regulate glucose metabolism. Although, the majority of research conducted on the actions of teneurins and TCAPs has strictly focused on neurological systems in rodents, TCAP was first identified in rainbow trout after screening trout hypothalamic cDNA. This suggests a conserved functional role of TCAP across vertebrates, however, the current depth of literature on teneurins and TCAPs in fish is limited. In addition, the overall function of TCAP in regulating metabolism is unclear. This review will highlight work that has been conducted specifically in fish species in relation to the teneurin system and metabolism in order to identify areas of research that are needed for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peggy R. Biga
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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31
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DePew AT, Aimino MA, Mosca TJ. The Tenets of Teneurin: Conserved Mechanisms Regulate Diverse Developmental Processes in the Drosophila Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:27. [PMID: 30760977 PMCID: PMC6363694 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To successfully integrate a neuron into a circuit, a myriad of developmental events must occur correctly and in the correct order. Neurons must be born and grow out toward a destination, responding to guidance cues to direct their path. Once arrived, each neuron must segregate to the correct sub-region before sorting through a milieu of incorrect partners to identify the correct partner with which they can connect. Finally, the neuron must make a synaptic connection with their correct partner; a connection that needs to be broadly maintained throughout the life of the animal while remaining responsive to modes of plasticity and pruning. Though many intricate molecular mechanisms have been discovered to regulate each step, recent work showed that a single family of proteins, the Teneurins, regulates a host of these developmental steps in Drosophila – an example of biological adaptive reuse. Teneurins first influence axon guidance during early development. Once neurons arrive in their target regions, Teneurins enable partner matching and synapse formation in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. Despite these diverse processes and systems, the Teneurins use conserved mechanisms to achieve these goals, as defined by three tenets: (1) transsynaptic interactions with each other, (2) membrane stabilization via an interaction with and regulation of the cytoskeleton, and (3) a role for presynaptic Ten-a in regulating synaptic function. These processes are further distinguished by (1) the nature of the transsynaptic interaction – homophilic interactions (between the same Teneurins) to engage partner matching and heterophilic interactions (between different Teneurins) to enable synaptic connectivity and the proper apposition of pre- and postsynaptic sites and (2) the location of cytoskeletal regulation (presynaptic cytoskeletal regulation in the CNS and postsynaptic regulation of the cytoskeleton at the NMJ). Thus, both the roles and the mechanisms governing them are conserved across processes and synapses. Here, we will highlight the contributions of Drosophila synaptic biology to our understanding of the Teneurins, discuss the mechanistic conservation that allows the Teneurins to achieve common neurodevelopmental goals, and present new data in support of these points. Finally, we will posit the next steps for understanding how this remarkably versatile family of proteins functions to control multiple distinct events in the creation of a nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison T DePew
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael A Aimino
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Timothy J Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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32
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Tucker RP. Teneurins: Domain Architecture, Evolutionary Origins, and Patterns of Expression. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:938. [PMID: 30618567 PMCID: PMC6297184 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of teneurin expression results in abnormal neural networks, but just how teneurins support the development of the central nervous system remains an area of active research. This review summarizes some of what we know about the functions of the various domains of teneurins, the possible evolution of teneurins from a bacterial toxin, and the intriguing patterns of teneurin expression. Teneurins are a family of type-2 transmembrane proteins. The N-terminal intracellular domain can be processed and localized to the nucleus, but the significance of this nuclear localization is unknown. The extracellular domain of teneurins is largely composed of tyrosine-aspartic acid repeats that fold into a hollow barrel, and the C-terminal domains of teneurins are stuffed, and least partly, into the barrel. A 6-bladed beta-propeller is found at the other end of the barrel. The same arrangement-6-bladed beta-propeller, tyrosine-aspartic acid repeat barrel, and the C-terminal domain inside the barrel-is seen in toxic proteins from bacteria, and there is evidence that teneurins may have evolved from a gene encoding a prokaryotic toxin via horizontal gene transfer into an ancestral choanoflagellate. Patterns of teneurin expression are often, but not always, complementary. In the central nervous system, where teneurins are best studied, interconnected populations of neurons often express the same teneurin. For example, in the chicken embryo neurons forming the tectofugal pathway express teneurin-1, whereas neurons forming the thalamofugal pathway express teneurin-2. In Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, zebrafish and mice, misexpression or knocking out teneurin expression leads to abnormal connections in the neural networks that normally express the relevant teneurin. Teneurins are also expressed in non-neuronal tissue during development, and in at least some regions the patterns of non-neuronal expression are also complementary. The function of teneurins outside the nervous system remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard P. Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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33
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Pei J, Kinch LN, Grishin NV. FlyXCDB—A Resource for Drosophila Cell Surface and Secreted Proteins and Their Extracellular Domains. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:3353-3411. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Selective Filopodia Adhesion Ensures Robust Cell Matching in the Drosophila Heart. Dev Cell 2018; 46:189-203.e4. [PMID: 30016621 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ability to form specific cell-cell connections within complex cellular environments is critical for multicellular organisms. However, the underlying mechanisms of cell matching that instruct these connections remain elusive. Here, we quantitatively explored the dynamics and regulation of cell matching processes utilizing Drosophila cardiogenesis. We found that cell matching is highly robust at boundaries between cardioblast (CB) subtypes, and filopodia of different CB subtypes have distinct binding affinities. Cdc42 is involved in regulating this selective filopodia binding adhesion and influences CB matching. Further, we identified adhesion molecules Fasciclin III (Fas3) and Ten-m, both of which also regulate synaptic targeting, as having complementary differential expression in CBs. Altering Fas3 expression changes differential filopodia adhesion and leads to CB mismatch. Furthermore, only when both Fas3 and Ten-m are lost is CB alignment severely impaired. Our results show that differential adhesion mediated by selective filopodia binding efficiently regulates precise and robust cell matching.
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35
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Ferralli J, Tucker RP, Chiquet-Ehrismann R. The teneurin C-terminal domain possesses nuclease activity and is apoptogenic. Biol Open 2018; 7:7/3/bio031765. [PMID: 29555638 PMCID: PMC5898268 DOI: 10.1242/bio.031765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins are type 2 transmembrane proteins expressed by developing neurons during periods of synaptogenesis and apoptosis. Neurons expressing teneurin-1 synapse with other teneurin-1-expressing neurons, and neurons expressing teneurin-2 synapse with other teneurin-2-expressing neurons. Knockdowns and mutations of teneurins lead to abnormal neuronal connections, but the mechanisms underlying teneurin action remain unknown. Teneurins appear to have evolved via horizontal gene transfer from prokaryotic proteins involved in bacterial self-recognition. The bacterial teneurin-like proteins contain a cytotoxic C-terminal domain that is encapsulated in a tyrosine-aspartic acid repeat barrel. Teneurins are likely to be organized in the same way, but it is unclear if the C-terminal domains of teneurins have cytotoxic properties. Here we show that expression of teneurin C-terminal domains or the addition of purified teneurin C-terminal domains leads to an increase in apoptosis in vitro. The C-terminal domains of teneurins are most similar to bacterial nucleases, and purified C-terminal domains of teneurins linearize pcDNA3 and hydrolyze mitochondrial DNA. We hypothesize that yet to be identified stimuli lead to the release of the encapsulated teneurin C-terminal domain into the intersynaptic region, resulting in programmed cell death or the disruption of mitochondrial DNA and the subsequent pruning of inappropriate contacts. Summary: Teneurins are transmembrane proteins found in the developing nervous system that are related to bacterial toxins. Teneurins also have cytotoxic properties that may help regulate apoptosis or pruning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Ferralli
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland
| | - Richard P Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California 95616-8643, United States of America
| | - Ruth Chiquet-Ehrismann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Novartis Research Foundation, Basel CH-4058, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel CH-4056, Switzerland
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36
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Jackson VA, Meijer DH, Carrasquero M, van Bezouwen LS, Lowe ED, Kleanthous C, Janssen BJC, Seiradake E. Structures of Teneurin adhesion receptors reveal an ancient fold for cell-cell interaction. Nat Commun 2018. [PMID: 29540701 PMCID: PMC5851990 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins are ancient cell–cell adhesion receptors that are vital for brain development and synapse organisation. They originated in early metazoan evolution through a horizontal gene transfer event when a bacterial YD-repeat toxin fused to a eukaryotic receptor. We present X-ray crystallography and cryo-EM structures of two Teneurins, revealing a ~200 kDa extracellular super-fold in which eight sub-domains form an intricate structure centred on a spiralling YD-repeat shell. An alternatively spliced loop, which is implicated in homophilic Teneurin interaction and specificity, is exposed and thus poised for interaction. The N-terminal side of the shell is ‘plugged’ via a fibronectin-plug domain combination, which defines a new class of YD proteins. Unexpectedly, we find that these proteins are widespread amongst modern bacteria, suggesting early metazoan receptor evolution from a distinct class of proteins, which today includes both bacterial proteins and eukaryotic Teneurins. Teneurins are cell-cell adhesion receptors that evolved through horizontal gene transfer in which a bacterial YD-repeat protein fused to a eukaryotic receptor. Here the authors present crystallographic and cryo-EM structures of two Teneurins, revealing an ancient YD-repeat protein super-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity A Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK.
| | - Dimphna H Meijer
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Laura S van Bezouwen
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Cryo-electron Microscopy, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward D Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK
| | - Colin Kleanthous
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK
| | - Bert J C Janssen
- Crystal and Structural Chemistry, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Seiradake
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, OX1 3QU, Oxford, UK.
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37
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Anderson GR, Maxeiner S, Sando R, Tsetsenis T, Malenka RC, Südhof TC. Postsynaptic adhesion GPCR latrophilin-2 mediates target recognition in entorhinal-hippocampal synapse assembly. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3831-3846. [PMID: 28972101 PMCID: PMC5674891 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201703042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapse assembly likely requires postsynaptic target recognition by incoming presynaptic afferents. Using newly generated conditional knock-in and knockout mice, we show in this study that latrophilin-2 (Lphn2), a cell-adhesion G protein-coupled receptor and presumptive α-latrotoxin receptor, controls the numbers of a specific subset of synapses in CA1-region hippocampal neurons, suggesting that Lphn2 acts as a synaptic target-recognition molecule. In cultured hippocampal neurons, Lphn2 maintained synapse numbers via a postsynaptic instead of a presynaptic mechanism, which was surprising given its presumptive role as an α-latrotoxin receptor. In CA1-region neurons in vivo, Lphn2 was specifically targeted to dendritic spines in the stratum lacunosum-moleculare, which form synapses with presynaptic entorhinal cortex afferents. In this study, postsynaptic deletion of Lphn2 selectively decreased spine numbers and impaired synaptic inputs from entorhinal but not Schaffer-collateral afferents. Behaviorally, loss of Lphn2 from the CA1 region increased spatial memory retention but decreased learning of sequential spatial memory tasks. Thus, Lphn2 appears to control synapse numbers in the entorhinal cortex/CA1 region circuit by acting as a domain-specific postsynaptic target-recognition molecule.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/metabolism
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/pathology
- CA1 Region, Hippocampal/physiopathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Spines/metabolism
- Dendritic Spines/pathology
- Entorhinal Cortex/metabolism
- Entorhinal Cortex/pathology
- Entorhinal Cortex/physiopathology
- Fear
- Genotype
- Maze Learning
- Memory
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Motor Activity
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Phenotype
- Presynaptic Terminals/metabolism
- Presynaptic Terminals/pathology
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/genetics
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Rotarod Performance Test
- Smell
- Synaptic Membranes/metabolism
- Synaptic Membranes/pathology
- Synaptic Potentials
- Time Factors
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Garret R Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
| | - Stephan Maxeiner
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
| | - Richard Sando
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
| | - Theodoros Tsetsenis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
| | - Robert C Malenka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Nancy Pritzker Laboratory, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
| | - Thomas C Südhof
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University Medical School, Stanford, CA
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38
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Torres-da-Silva KR, Tessarin GWL, Dias CA, Guiati IZ, Ervolino E, Gonçalves A, Beneti IM, Lovejoy DA, Casatti CA. Teneurin-2 presence in rat and human odontoblasts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184794. [PMID: 28926618 PMCID: PMC5604987 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins are transmembrane proteins consisting of four paralogues (Ten-1-4), notably expressed in the central nervous system during development. All teneurins contain a bioactive peptide in their carboxyl terminal named teneurin C-terminal associated peptide (TCAP). The present study analyzed the detailed distribution of teneurin-2-like immunoreactive (Ten-2-LI) cells in developing and mature rat molar teeth, as well as in mature human dental pulps. Ten-2 and TCAP-2 genic expressions were also evaluated in rat and human dental pulps. Finally, Ten-2-LI cells were analyzed during the repair process after dentin-pulp complex injury in rat lower molar teeth. For this, histological sections of rat molar teeth and human dental pulps were submitted to immunohistochemical techniques, while total RNA from developing rat teeth and mature human dental pulps were submitted to conventional RT-PCR. Ten-2-LI cells were evident in the initial bell stage of rat molar teeth development, especially in ectomesenchymal cells of the dental papilla. Ten-2-LI odontoblasts showed strong immunoreactivity in rat and human mature teeth. Ten-2 and TCAP-2 genic expressions were confirmed in rat and human dental pulps. Dentin-pulp complex injury resulted in a decrease of Ten-2-LI odontoblasts after traumatic injury. Interestingly, Ten-2-LI cells were also evident in the pulp cell-rich zone in all postoperative days. In conclusion, Ten-2-LI presence in rat and human odontoblasts was demonstrated for the first time and Ten-2/TCAP-2 genic expressions were confirmed in rat and human dental pulps. Furthermore, it was revealed that Ten-2-LI rat odontoblasts can be modulated during the regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. R. Torres-da-Silva
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G. W. L. Tessarin
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C. A. Dias
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- Restorative Dentistry Department, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I. Z. Guiati
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E. Ervolino
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A. Gonçalves
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I. M. Beneti
- Department of Surgery and Integrated Clinic, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D. A. Lovejoy
- Cell and Systems Biology Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C. A. Casatti
- Institute of Biosciences of Botucatu, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- Basic Sciences Department, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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39
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Mosca TJ, Luginbuhl DJ, Wang IE, Luo L. Presynaptic LRP4 promotes synapse number and function of excitatory CNS neurons. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28606304 PMCID: PMC5469616 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Precise coordination of synaptic connections ensures proper information flow within circuits. The activity of presynaptic organizing molecules signaling to downstream pathways is essential for such coordination, though such entities remain incompletely known. We show that LRP4, a conserved transmembrane protein known for its postsynaptic roles, functions presynaptically as an organizing molecule. In the Drosophila brain, LRP4 localizes to the nerve terminals at or near active zones. Loss of presynaptic LRP4 reduces excitatory (not inhibitory) synapse number, impairs active zone architecture, and abolishes olfactory attraction - the latter of which can be suppressed by reducing presynaptic GABAB receptors. LRP4 overexpression increases synapse number in excitatory and inhibitory neurons, suggesting an instructive role and a common downstream synapse addition pathway. Mechanistically, LRP4 functions via the conserved kinase SRPK79D to ensure normal synapse number and behavior. This highlights a presynaptic function for LRP4, enabling deeper understanding of how synapse organization is coordinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Mosca
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, United States.,Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - David J Luginbuhl
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Irving E Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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40
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Sakurai T. The role of cell adhesion molecules in brain wiring and neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 81:4-11. [PMID: 27561442 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in the nervous system have long been a research focus, but many mice lacking CAMs show very subtle phenotypes, giving an impression that CAMs may not be major players in constructing the nervous system. However, recent human genetic studies suggest CAM involvement in many neuropsychiatric disorders, implicating that they must have significant functions in nervous system development, namely in circuitry formation. As CAMs can provide specificity through their molecular interactions, this review summarizes possible mechanisms on how alterations of CAMs can result in neuropsychiatric disorders through circuitry modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sakurai
- Medical Innovation Center, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 53 Shogoin Kawaharacho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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41
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Bibollet-Bahena O, Okafuji T, Hokamp K, Tear G, Mitchell KJ. A dual-strategy expression screen for candidate connectivity labels in the developing thalamus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177977. [PMID: 28558017 PMCID: PMC5448750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus or “inner chamber” of the brain is divided into ~30 discrete nuclei, with highly specific patterns of afferent and efferent connectivity. To identify genes that may direct these patterns of connectivity, we used two strategies. First, we used a bioinformatics pipeline to survey the predicted proteomes of nematode, fruitfly, mouse and human for extracellular proteins containing any of a list of motifs found in known guidance or connectivity molecules. Second, we performed clustering analyses on the Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas data to identify genes encoding surface proteins expressed with temporal profiles similar to known guidance or connectivity molecules. In both cases, we then screened the resultant genes for selective expression patterns in the developing thalamus. These approaches identified 82 candidate connectivity labels in the developing thalamus. These molecules include many members of the Ephrin, Eph-receptor, cadherin, protocadherin, semaphorin, plexin, Odz/teneurin, Neto, cerebellin, calsyntenin and Netrin-G families, as well as diverse members of the immunoglobulin (Ig) and leucine-rich receptor (LRR) superfamilies, receptor tyrosine kinases and phosphatases, a variety of growth factors and receptors, and a large number of miscellaneous membrane-associated or secreted proteins not previously implicated in axonal guidance or neuronal connectivity. The diversity of their expression patterns indicates that thalamic nuclei are highly differentiated from each other, with each one displaying a unique repertoire of these molecules, consistent with a combinatorial logic to the specification of thalamic connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tatsuya Okafuji
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karsten Hokamp
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Guy Tear
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, New Hunt’s House, Guy’s Campus, King’s College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J. Mitchell
- Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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42
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Molecular codes for cell type specification in Brn3 retinal ganglion cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3974-E3983. [PMID: 28465430 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618551114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual information is conveyed from the eye to the brain by distinct types of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). It is largely unknown how RGCs acquire their defining morphological and physiological features and connect to upstream and downstream synaptic partners. The three Brn3/Pou4f transcription factors (TFs) participate in a combinatorial code for RGC type specification, but their exact molecular roles are still unclear. We use deep sequencing to define (i) transcriptomes of Brn3a- and/or Brn3b-positive RGCs, (ii) Brn3a- and/or Brn3b-dependent RGC transcripts, and (iii) transcriptomes of retinorecipient areas of the brain at developmental stages relevant for axon guidance, dendrite formation, and synaptogenesis. We reveal a combinatorial code of TFs, cell surface molecules, and determinants of neuronal morphology that is differentially expressed in specific RGC populations and selectively regulated by Brn3a and/or Brn3b. This comprehensive molecular code provides a basis for understanding neuronal cell type specification in RGCs.
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43
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Van Vactor D, Sigrist SJ. Presynaptic morphogenesis, active zone organization and structural plasticity in Drosophila. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 43:119-129. [PMID: 28388491 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Effective adaptation of neural circuit function to a changing environment requires many forms of plasticity. Among these, structural plasticity is one of the most durable, and is also an intrinsic part of the developmental logic for the formation and refinement of synaptic connectivity. Structural plasticity of presynaptic sites can involve the addition, remodeling, or removal of pre- and post-synaptic elements. However, this requires coordination of morphogenesis and assembly of the subcellular machinery for neurotransmitter release within the presynaptic neuron, as well as coordination of these events with the postsynaptic cell. While much progress has been made in revealing the cell biological mechanisms of postsynaptic structural plasticity, our understanding of presynaptic mechanisms is less complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Van Vactor
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Graduate University, Tancha 1919-1, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Stephan J Sigrist
- Institut für Biologie/Genetik and NeuroCure, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
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44
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Tews D, Fromme T, Keuper M, Hofmann SM, Debatin KM, Klingenspor M, Wabitsch M, Fischer-Posovszky P. Teneurin-2 (TENM2) deficiency induces UCP1 expression in differentiating human fat cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 443:106-113. [PMID: 28088466 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Under certain conditions UCP1 expressing adipocytes arise in white adipose tissue depots of both mice and humans. It is still not fully understood whether these cells differentiate de novo from specific progenitor cells or if they transdifferentiate from mature white adipocytes. Performing expression pattern analysis comparing adipocyte progenitor cells from deep and subcutaneous neck adipose tissue, we recently identified teneurin-2 (TENM2) enriched in white adipocyte progenitor cells. Here we tested whether TENM2 deficiency in adipocyte progenitor cells would lead to a brown adipocyte phenotype. By targeting TENM2 in SGBS preadipocytes using siRNA, we demonstrate that TENM2 knockdown induces both UCP1 mRNA and protein expression upon adipogenic differentiation without affecting mitochondrial mass. Furthermore, TENM2 knockdown in human SGBS adipocytes resulted in increased basal and leak mitochondrial respiration. In line with our previous observation these data suggest that TENM2 deficiency in human adipocyte precursors leads to induction of brown adipocyte marker genes upon adipogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tews
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany.
| | - T Fromme
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else-Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - M Keuper
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S M Hofmann
- Institute of Regeneration and Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Center Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - K M Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Klingenspor
- Chair of Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Else-Kröner-Fresenius Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - M Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - P Fischer-Posovszky
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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45
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Activity-Induced Synaptic Structural Modifications by an Activator of Integrin Signaling at the Drosophila Neuromuscular Junction. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3246-3263. [PMID: 28219985 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3128-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-induced synaptic structural modification is crucial for neural development and synaptic plasticity, but the molecular players involved in this process are not well defined. Here, we report that a protein named Shriveled (Shv) regulates synaptic growth and activity-dependent synaptic remodeling at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. Depletion of Shv causes synaptic overgrowth and an accumulation of immature boutons. We find that Shv physically and genetically interacts with βPS integrin. Furthermore, Shv is secreted during intense, but not mild, neuronal activity to acutely activate integrin signaling, induce synaptic bouton enlargement, and increase postsynaptic glutamate receptor abundance. Consequently, loss of Shv prevents activity-induced synapse maturation and abolishes post-tetanic potentiation, a form of synaptic plasticity. Our data identify Shv as a novel trans-synaptic signal secreted upon intense neuronal activity to promote synapse remodeling through integrin receptor signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability of neurons to rapidly modify synaptic structure in response to neuronal activity, a process called activity-induced structural remodeling, is crucial for neuronal development and complex brain functions. The molecular players that are important for this fundamental biological process are not well understood. Here we show that the Shriveled (Shv) protein is required during development to maintain normal synaptic growth. We further demonstrate that Shv is selectively released during intense neuronal activity, but not mild neuronal activity, to acutely activate integrin signaling and trigger structural modifications at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. This work identifies Shv as a key modulator of activity-induced structural remodeling and suggests that neurons use distinct molecular cues to differentially modulate synaptic growth and remodeling to meet synaptic demand.
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46
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Vysokov NV, Silva JP, Lelianova VG, Ho C, Djamgoz MB, Tonevitsky AG, Ushkaryov YA. The Mechanism of Regulated Release of Lasso/Teneurin-2. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:59. [PMID: 27499734 PMCID: PMC4956664 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Teneurins are large cell-surface receptors involved in axon guidance. Teneurin-2 (also known as latrophilin-1-associated synaptic surface organizer (Lasso)) interacts across the synaptic cleft with presynaptic latrophilin-1, an adhesion G-protein-coupled receptor that participates in regulating neurotransmitter release. Lasso-latrophilin-1 interaction mediates synapse formation and calcium signaling, highlighting the important role of this trans-synaptic receptor pair. However, Lasso is thought to be proteolytically cleaved within its ectodomain and released into the medium, making it unclear whether it acts as a proper cell-surface receptor or a soluble protein. We demonstrate here that during its intracellular processing Lasso is constitutively cleaved at a furin site within its ectodomain. The cleaved fragment, which encompasses almost the entire ectodomain of Lasso, is potentially soluble; however, it remains anchored on the cell surface via its non-covalent interaction with the transmembrane fragment of Lasso. Lasso is also constitutively cleaved within the intracellular domain (ICD). Finally, Lasso can be further proteolytically cleaved within the transmembrane domain. The third cleavage is regulated and releases the entire ectodomain of Lasso into the medium. The released ectodomain of Lasso retains its functional properties and binds latrophilin-1 expressed on other cells; this binding stimulates intracellular Ca2+ signaling in the target cells. Thus, Lasso not only serves as a bona fide cell-surface receptor, but also as a partially released target-derived signaling factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolai V Vysokov
- School of Pharmacy, University of KentChatham, UK; Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - John-Paul Silva
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Vera G Lelianova
- School of Pharmacy, University of KentChatham, UK; Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Claudia Ho
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Mustafa B Djamgoz
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London London, UK
| | - Alexander G Tonevitsky
- Department of Translational Oncology, P.A. Hertzen Moscow Oncology Research Institute, National Center of Medical Radiological Research Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri A Ushkaryov
- School of Pharmacy, University of KentChatham, UK; Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
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Antinucci P, Suleyman O, Monfries C, Hindges R. Neural Mechanisms Generating Orientation Selectivity in the Retina. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1802-15. [PMID: 27374343 PMCID: PMC4963213 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The orientation of visual stimuli is a salient feature of visual scenes. In vertebrates, the first neural processing steps generating orientation selectivity take place in the retina. Here, we dissect an orientation-selective circuit in the larval zebrafish retina and describe its underlying synaptic, cellular, and molecular mechanisms. We genetically identify a class of amacrine cells (ACs) with elongated dendritic arbors that show orientation tuning. Both selective optogenetic ablation of ACs marked by the cell-adhesion molecule Teneurin-3 (Tenm3) and pharmacological interference with their function demonstrate that these cells are critical components for orientation selectivity in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by being a source of tuned GABAergic inhibition. Moreover, our morphological analyses reveal that Tenm3+ ACs and orientation-selective RGCs co-stratify their dendrites in the inner plexiform layer, and that Tenm3+ ACs require Tenm3 to acquire their correct dendritic stratification. Finally, we show that orientation tuning is present also among bipolar cell presynaptic terminals. Our results define a neural circuit underlying orientation selectivity in the vertebrate retina and characterize cellular and molecular requirements for its assembly. We identify Tenm3+ ACs with elongated dendritic arbors showing orientation tuning Tenm3+ AC GABAergic inhibition is crucial for orientation-selective RGC tuning Orientation tuning is present also among some bipolar cell presynaptic terminals We propose a model of how orientation selectivity is generated in ganglion cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Paride Antinucci
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Oniz Suleyman
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Clinton Monfries
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Robert Hindges
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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48
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Addis L, Rosch RE, Valentin A, Makoff A, Robinson R, Everett KV, Nashef L, Pal DK. Analysis of rare copy number variation in absence epilepsies. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2016; 2:e56. [PMID: 27123475 PMCID: PMC4830185 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify shared genes and pathways between common absence epilepsy (AE) subtypes (childhood absence epilepsy [CAE], juvenile absence epilepsy [JAE], and unclassified absence epilepsy [UAE]) that may indicate common mechanisms for absence seizure generation and potentially a diagnostic continuum. METHODS We used high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism arrays to analyze genome-wide rare copy number variation (CNV) in a cohort of 144 children with AEs (95 CAE, 26 UAE, and 23 JAE). RESULTS We identified CNVs that are known risk factors for AE in 4 patients, including 3x 15q11.2 deletion. We also expanded the phenotype at 4 regions more commonly identified in other neurodevelopmental disorders: 1p36.33 duplication, 1q21.1 deletion, 22q11.2 duplication, and Xp22.31 deletion and duplication. Fifteen patients (10.5%) were found to carry rare CNVs that disrupt genes associated with neuronal development and function (8 CAE, 2 JAE, and 5 UAE). Four categories of protein are each disrupted by several CNVs: (1) synaptic vesicle membrane or vesicle endocytosis, (2) synaptic cell adhesion, (3) synapse organization and motility via actin, and (4) gap junctions. CNVs within these categories are shared across the AE subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Our results have reinforced the complex and heterogeneous nature of the AEs and their potential for shared genetic mechanisms and have highlighted several pathways that may be important in epileptogenesis of absence seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Addis
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard E Rosch
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Makoff
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Robinson
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate V Everett
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lina Nashef
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deb K Pal
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience (L.A., R.E.R., A.V., A.M., D.K.P.), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King's College London, United Kingdom; Neuroscience Discovery Research (L.A.), Eli Lilly and Company, Erl Wood, Surrey, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging (R.E.R.), Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (A.V.), Department of Neurology (L.N.), and Department of Child Health (D.K.P.), King's College Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Neurology (R.R.), Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; and St George's University of London (K.V.E.), Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
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