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Briand-Mésange F, Gennero I, Salles J, Trudel S, Dahan L, Ausseil J, Payrastre B, Salles JP, Chap H. From Classical to Alternative Pathways of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol Synthesis: AlterAGs at the Crossroad of Endocannabinoid and Lysophospholipid Signaling. Molecules 2024; 29:3694. [PMID: 39125098 PMCID: PMC11314389 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29153694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid (EC), acting as a full agonist at both CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. It is synthesized on demand in postsynaptic membranes through the sequential action of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase Cβ1 (PLCβ1) and diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα), contributing to retrograde signaling upon interaction with presynaptic CB1. However, 2-AG production might also involve various combinations of PLC and DAGL isoforms, as well as additional intracellular pathways implying other enzymes and substrates. Three other alternative pathways of 2-AG synthesis rest on the extracellular cleavage of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophospholipids by three different hydrolases: glycerophosphodiesterase 3 (GDE3), lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs), and two members of ecto-nucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterases (ENPP6-7). We propose the names of AlterAG-1, -2, and -3 for three pathways sharing an ectocellular localization, allowing them to convert extracellular lysophospholipid mediators into 2-AG, thus inducing typical signaling switches between various G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). This implies the critical importance of the regioisomerism of both lysophospholipid (LPLs) and 2-AG, which is the object of deep analysis within this review. The precise functional roles of AlterAGs are still poorly understood and will require gene invalidation approaches, knowing that both 2-AG and its related lysophospholipids are involved in numerous aspects of physiology and pathology, including cancer, inflammation, immune defenses, obesity, bone development, neurodegeneration, or psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Briand-Mésange
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
| | - Isabelle Gennero
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Juliette Salles
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Psychiatrie D’urgences, de Crise et de Liaison, Institut des Handicaps Neurologiques, Psychiatriques et Sensoriels, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Trudel
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Dahan
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France;
| | - Jérôme Ausseil
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Service de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Bernard Payrastre
- I2MC-Institute of Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, INSERM UMR1297 and University of Toulouse III, 31400 Toulouse, France;
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Laboratoire d’Hématologie, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Salles
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Unité d’Endocrinologie et Maladies Osseuses, Hôpital des Enfants, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Hugues Chap
- Infinity-Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Toulouse, INSERM, CNRS, Paul Sabatier University, 31059 Toulouse, France; (F.B.-M.); (I.G.); (J.S.); (S.T.); (J.A.); (J.-P.S.)
- Académie des Sciences, Inscriptions et Belles Lettres de Toulouse, Hôtel d’Assézat, 31000 Toulouse, France
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Brockhaus J, Kahl I, Ahmad M, Repetto D, Reissner C, Missler M. Conditional Knockout of Neurexins Alters the Contribution of Calcium Channel Subtypes to Presynaptic Ca 2+ Influx. Cells 2024; 13:981. [PMID: 38891114 PMCID: PMC11171642 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Presynaptic Ca2+ influx through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs) is a key signal for synaptic vesicle release. Synaptic neurexins can partially determine the strength of transmission by regulating VGCCs. However, it is unknown whether neurexins modulate Ca2+ influx via all VGCC subtypes similarly. Here, we performed live cell imaging of synaptic boutons from primary hippocampal neurons with a Ca2+ indicator. We used the expression of inactive and active Cre recombinase to compare control to conditional knockout neurons lacking either all or selected neurexin variants. We found that reduced total presynaptic Ca2+ transients caused by the deletion of all neurexins were primarily due to the reduced contribution of P/Q-type VGCCs. The deletion of neurexin1α alone also reduced the total presynaptic Ca2+ influx but increased Ca2+ influx via N-type VGCCs. Moreover, we tested whether the decrease in Ca2+ influx induced by activation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1-receptor) is modulated by neurexins. Unlike earlier observations emphasizing a role for β-neurexins, we found that the decrease in presynaptic Ca2+ transients induced by CB1-receptor activation depended more strongly on the presence of α-neurexins in hippocampal neurons. Together, our results suggest that neurexins have unique roles in the modulation of presynaptic Ca2+ influx through VGCC subtypes and that different neurexin variants may affect specific VGCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Brockhaus
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Kahl
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mohiuddin Ahmad
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Daniele Repetto
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Carsten Reissner
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Missler
- Institute of Anatomy and Molecular Neurobiology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Dócs K, Balázs A, Papp I, Szücs P, Hegyi Z. Reactive spinal glia convert 2-AG to prostaglandins to drive aberrant astroglial calcium signaling. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1382465. [PMID: 38784707 PMCID: PMC11112260 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1382465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) influences neurotransmission in the central nervous system mainly by activating type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1). Following its release, 2-AG is broken down by hydrolases to yield arachidonic acid, which may subsequently be metabolized by cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 converts arachidonic acid and also 2-AG into prostanoids, well-known inflammatory and pro-nociceptive mediators. Here, using immunohistochemical and biochemical methods and pharmacological manipulations, we found that reactive spinal astrocytes and microglia increase the expression of COX-2 and the production of prostaglandin E2 when exposed to 2-AG. Both 2-AG and PGE2 evoke calcium transients in spinal astrocytes, but PGE2 showed 30% more efficacy and 55 times more potency than 2-AG. Unstimulated spinal dorsal horn astrocytes responded to 2-AG with calcium transients mainly through the activation of CB1. 2-AG induced exaggerated calcium transients in reactive astrocytes, but this increase in the frequency and area under the curve of calcium signals was only partially dependent on CB1. Instead, aberrant calcium transients were almost completely abolished by COX-2 inhibition. Our results suggest that both reactive spinal astrocytes and microglia perform an endocannabinoid-prostanoid switch to produce PGE2 at the expense of 2-AG. PGE2 in turn is responsible for the induction of aberrant astroglial calcium signals which, together with PGE2 production may play role in the development and maintenance of spinal neuroinflammation-associated disturbances such as central sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Dócs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Anita Balázs
- Department of Theoretical and Integrative Health Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Papp
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Peter Szücs
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- HUN-REN-DE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Hegyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Mohammadpour-Asl S, Roshan-Milani S, Fard AA, Golchin A. Hormetic effects of a cannabinoid system component, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol, on cell viability and expression profile of growth factors in cultured mouse Sertoli cells: Friend or foe of male fertility? Reprod Toxicol 2024; 125:108575. [PMID: 38462211 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2024.108575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The generally undesired effects of exocannabinoids on male reproduction include alterations in testicular cell proliferation and function, as well as apoptosis induction. However, this paradigm has been challenged by the ability of endocannabinoids to regulate reproductive function. The present study addresses these paradoxical facts by investigating the effects of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) on mouse Sertoli cells' survival and apoptosis, with a mechanistic insight into Sertoli cell-based growth factors' production. The Mus musculus Sertoli cell line (TM4) was exposed to different concentrations of 2-AG, and cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay. Growth factors' gene and protein expressions were analyzed through RT-PCR and western blotting. 2-AG concentration dependently increased TM4 viability, with a slight increase starting at 0.0001 µM, a peak of 190% of the control level at 1 µM, and a decrease at 3 µM. Moreover, 2-AG paradoxically altered mRNA expression of caspase-3 and growth factors. Caspase-3 mRNA expression was down-regulated, and growth factors mRNA and protein expression were up-regulated when using a low concentration of 2-AG (1 μM). Opposite effects were observed by a higher concentration of 2-AG (3 μM). These paradoxical effects of 2-AG can be explained through the concept of hormesis. The results indicate the pivotal role of 2-AG in mediating Sertoli cell viability and apoptosis, at least in part, through altering growth factors secretion. Furthermore, they suggest the involvement of endocannabinoids in Sertoli cell-based physiological and pathological conditions and reflect the ability of abnormally elevated 2-AG to mimic the actions of exocannabinoids in reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Mohammadpour-Asl
- Student Research Committee, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shiva Roshan-Milani
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
| | - Amin Abdollahzade Fard
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Golchin
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Haddad NM, De Jesus LP, Serpa M, Van De Bilt M, Talib L, Costa A, Gattaz W, Loch AA. Endocannabinoid system alterations in schizophrenia: association with cannabis use and antipsychotic medication. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01788-x. [PMID: 38502208 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01788-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Determining peripheral modulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) may be important for differentiating individuals with schizophrenia. Such differentiation can also be extended to subgroups of individuals, those who use cannabis and antipsychotic medications, particularly those who are treatment resistant. Patients and controls were recruited from the outpatient clinic of the Psychosis Group of the University of São Paulo, Brazil. A final sample of 93 individuals was divided into 3 groups: patients with schizophrenia using clozapine (treatment-resistant) (n = 29), patients with schizophrenia using another antipsychotic (n = 31), and controls (n = 33). By measuring the proteins and metabolites involved in the ECS pathways in the peripheral blood, AEA (anandamide), 2-AG (2-arachidonoyl ethanolamine), and CB2 receptor (peripheral) were quantified. Individuals reporting lifetime cannabis use had lower 2-AG plasma levels (p = 0.011). Regarding the CB2 receptor, the values of patients with schizophrenia and controls were similar, but those of patients using antipsychotics other than clozapine differed (p = 0.022). In generalized linear models to control for confounders, the use of cannabis remained the only factor that significantly influenced 2-AG levels. The relationship for non-clozapine antipsychotics as the only factor related to CB2 changes was marginally significant. We found for the first time that cannabis use and non-clozapine antipsychotic medication are potentially involved in the modulation of the ECS, specifically influencing 2-AG endocannabinoid and CB2 receptor levels. More studies regarding the ECS are needed since it has been increasingly related to the physiopathology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mansur Haddad
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Peroni De Jesus
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Serpa
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Martinus Van De Bilt
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Leda Talib
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alana Costa
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Wagner Gattaz
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Andrade Loch
- Laboratório de Neurociências (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Clínicas HCFMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos 785, 4 Andar Ala Norte Sala 4N60, Sao Paulo, SP, CEP 05403-010, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, Brasília, Brazil
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Singh S, Sarroza D, English A, McGrory M, Dong A, Zweifel L, Land BB, Li Y, Bruchas MR, Stella N. Pharmacological Characterization of the Endocannabinoid Sensor GRAB eCB2.0. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 38064488 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The endocannabinoids (eCBs), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA), are produced by separate enzymatic pathways, activate cannabinoid (CB) receptors with distinct pharmacological profiles, and differentially regulate pathophysiological processes. The genetically encoded sensor, GRABeCB2.0, detects real-time changes in eCB levels in cells in culture and preclinical model systems; however, its activation by eCB analogues produced by cells and by phyto-CBs remains uncharacterized, a current limitation when interpreting changes in its response. This information could provide additional utility for the tool in in vivo pharmacology studies of phyto-CB action. Materials and Methods: GRABeCB2.0 was expressed in cultured HEK293 cells. Live cell confocal microscopy and high-throughput fluorescent signal measurements. Results: 2-AG increased GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal (EC50=85 nM), and the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist, SR141716 (SR1), decreased GRABeCB2.0 signal (IC50=3.3 nM), responses that mirror their known potencies at the CB1R. GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal also increased in response to AEA (EC50=815 nM), the eCB analogues 2-linoleoylglycerol and 2-oleoylglycerol (EC50=632 and 868 nM, respectively), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), and Δ8-THC (EC50=1.6 and 2.0 μM, respectively), and the artificial CB1R agonist, CP55,940 (CP; EC50=82 nM); however their potencies were less than what has been described at CB1R. Cannabidiol (CBD) did not affect basal GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal and yet reduced the 2-AG stimulated GRABeCB2.0 responses (IC50=9.7 nM). Conclusions: 2-AG and SR1 modulate the GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal with EC50 values that mirror their potencies at CB1R, whereas AEA, eCB analogues, THC, and CP increase GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal with EC50 values significantly lower than their potencies at CB1R. CBD reduces the 2-AG response without affecting basal signal, suggesting that GRABeCB2.0 retains the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) property of CBD at CB1R. This study describes the pharmacological profile of GRABeCB2.0 to improve interpretation of changes in fluorescent signal in response to a series of known eCBs and CB1R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dennis Sarroza
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Anthony English
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maya McGrory
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ao Dong
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Larry Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Benjamin B Land
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Abstract
Glycerophospholipids are major components of cellular membranes and provide important signaling molecules. Besides shaping membrane properties, some bind to specific receptors to activate biological pathways. Untangling the roles of individual glycerophospholipids requires clearly defined molecular species, a challenge that can be best addressed through chemical synthesis. However, glycerophospholipid syntheses are often lengthy due to the contrasting polarities found within these lipids. We now report a general strategy to quickly access glycerophospholipids via opening of a phosphate triester epoxide with carboxylic acids catalyzed by Jacobsen's Co(salen) complex. We show that this method can be applied to a variety of commercially available fatty acids, photoswitchable fatty acids, and other carboxylic acids to provide the corresponding glycerophosphate derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tufan K Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, Silver Center, 31 Washington Place, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States
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Tang TYC, Kim JS, Das A. Role of omega-3 and omega-6 endocannabinoids in cardiopulmonary pharmacology. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2023; 97:375-422. [PMID: 37236765 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are derived from dietary omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and play an important role in regulation of inflammation, development, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. They elicit this effect via interactions with cannabinoid receptors 1 and 2 which are also targeted by plant derived cannabinoid from cannabis. The evidence of the involvement of the endocannabinoid system in cardiopulmonary function comes from studies that show that cannabis consumption leads to cardiovascular effect such as arrythmia and is beneficial in lung cancer patients. Moreover, omega-3 and omega-6 endocannabinoids play several important roles in cardiopulmonary system such as causing airway relaxation, suppressing atherosclerosis and hypertension. These effects are mediated via the cannabinoids receptors that are abundant in the cardiopulmonary system. Overall, this chapter reviews the known role of phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids in the cardiopulmonary context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Y-C Tang
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences. Georgia Institute of Technology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Justin S Kim
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences. Georgia Institute of Technology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Aditi Das
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Sciences. Georgia Institute of Technology, Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA, United States.
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Singh S, Sarroza D, English A, McGrory M, Dong A, Zweifel L, Land BB, Li Y, Bruchas MR, Stella N. Pharmacological characterization of the endocannabinoid sensor GRAB eCB2.0. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.03.531053. [PMID: 36945533 PMCID: PMC10028790 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.03.531053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The endocannabinoids (eCBs), 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) and arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA), are produced by separate enzymatic pathways, activate cannabinoid receptors with distinct pharmacology, and differentially regulate pathophysiological processes. The genetically encoded sensor, GRABeCB2.0, detects real-time changes in eCB levels in cells in culture and preclinical model systems; however, its activation by eCB analogues produced by cells and by phyto-cannabinoids remains uncharacterized, a current limitation when interpreting changes in its response. This information could provide additional utility for the tool in in vivo pharmacology studies of phyto-cannabinoid action. Methods GRABeCB2.0 was expressed in cultured HEK293 cells. Live cell confocal microscopy and high-throughput fluorescent signal measurements. Results 2-AG increased GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal (EC50 = 85 nM), and the cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) antagonist, SR141617, decreased GRABeCB2.0 signal (SR1, IC50 = 3.3 nM), responses that mirror their known potencies at cannabinoid 1 receptors (CB1R). GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal also increased in response to AEA (EC50 = 815 nM), the eCB analogues 2-linoleoylglycerol and 2-oleoylglycerol (2-LG and 2-OG, EC50s = 1.5 and 1.0 μM, respectively), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and Δ8-THC (EC50s = 1.6 and 2.0 μM, respectively), and the artificial CB1R agonist, CP55,940 (CP, EC50 = 82 nM); however their potencies were less than what has been described at CB1R. Cannabidiol (CBD) did not affect basal GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal and yet reduced the 2-AG stimulated GRABeCB2.0 responses (IC50 = 8.8 nM). Conclusions 2-AG and SR1 modulate the GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal with EC50s that mirror their potencies at CB1R whereas AEA, eCB analogues, THC and CP increase GRABeCB2.0 fluorescent signal with EC50s significantly lower than their potencies at CB1R. CBD reduces the 2-AG response without affecting basal signal, suggesting that GRABeCB2.0 retains the negative allosteric modulator (NAM) property of CBD at CB1R. This study describes the pharmacological profile of GRABeCB2.0 to improve interpretation of changes in fluorescent signal in response to a series of known eCBs and CB1R ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simar Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Dennis Sarroza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Anthony English
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Maya McGrory
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ao Dong
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Larry Zweifel
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Benjamin B. Land
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Yulong Li
- Peking University School of Life Sciences, PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Michael R. Bruchas
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for Cannabis Research, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Center for the Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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10
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Dalle S, Schouten M, Meeus G, Slagmolen L, Koppo K. Molecular networks underlying cannabinoid signaling in skeletal muscle plasticity. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3517-3540. [PMID: 35862111 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The cannabinoid system is ubiquitously present and is classically considered to engage in neural and immunity processes. Yet, the role of the cannabinoid system in the whole body and tissue metabolism via central and peripheral mechanisms is increasingly recognized. The present review provides insights in (i) how cannabinoid signaling is regulated via receptor-independent and -dependent mechanisms and (ii) how these signaling cascades (might) affect skeletal muscle plasticity and physiology. Receptor-independent mechanisms include endocannabinoid metabolism to eicosanoids and the regulation of ion channels. Alternatively, endocannabinoids can act as ligands for different classic (cannabinoid receptor 1 [CB1 ], CB2 ) and/or alternative (e.g., TRPV1, GPR55) cannabinoid receptors with a unique affinity, specificity, and intracellular signaling cascade (often tissue-specific). Antagonism of CB1 might hold clues to improve oxidative (mitochondrial) metabolism, insulin sensitivity, satellite cell growth, and muscle anabolism, whereas CB2 agonism might be a promising way to stimulate muscle metabolism and muscle cell growth. Besides, CB2 ameliorates muscle regeneration via macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, induction of MyoD and myogenin expression and antifibrotic mechanisms. Also TRPV1 and GPR55 contribute to the regulation of muscle growth and metabolism. Future studies should reveal how the cannabinoid system can be targeted to improve muscle quantity and/or quality in conditions such as ageing, disease, disuse, and metabolic dysregulation, taking into account challenges that are inherent to modulation of the cannabinoid system, such as central and peripheral side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Dalle
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Moniek Schouten
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gitte Meeus
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Slagmolen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Department of Movement Sciences, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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11
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Kratz D, Sens A, Schäfer SMG, Hahnefeld L, Geisslinger G, Thomas D, Gurke R. Pre-analytical challenges for the quantification of endocannabinoids in human serum. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1190:123102. [PMID: 35026652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (ECs) are potent lipid mediators with high physiological relevance. They are involved in a wide variety of diseases like depression or multiple sclerosis and are closely connected to metabolic parameters in humans. Therefore, their suitability as a biomarker in different (patho-)physiological conditions is discussed intensively and predominantly investigated by analyzing systemic concentrations in easily accessible matrices like blood. Carefully designed pre-analytical sample handling is of major importance for high-quality data, but harmonization is not achieved yet. Whole blood is either processed to serum or plasma before the onset of analytical workflows and while knowledge about pre-analytical challenges in plasma handling is thorough they were not systematically investigated for serum. Therefore, the ECs AEA and 2-AG, and closely related EC-like substances 1-AG, DHEA, and PEA were examined by LC-MS/MS in serum samples of nine healthy volunteers employing different pre-analytical sample handling protocols, including prolonged coagulation, and storage after centrifugation at room temperature (RT) or on ice. Furthermore, all analytes were also assessed in plasma samples obtained from the same individuals at the same time points to investigate the comparability between those two blood-based matrices regarding obtained concentrations and their 2-AG/1-AG ratio. This study shows that ECs and EC-like substances in serum samples were significantly higher than in plasma and are especially prone to ex vivo changes during initial and prolonged storage for coagulation at RT. Storage on ice after centrifugation is less critical. However, storage at RT further increases 1-AG and 2-AG concentrations, while also lowering the already reduced 2-AG/1-AG ratio due to isomerization. Thus, avoidance of prolonged processing at RT can increase data quality if serum as the matrix of choice is unavoidable. However, serum preparation in itself is expected to initiate changes of physiological concentrations as standard precautionary measures like fast and cooled processing can only be utilized by using plasma, which should be the preferred matrix for analyses of ECs and EC-like substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kratz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - A Sens
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - S M G Schäfer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - L Hahnefeld
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - G Geisslinger
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - R Gurke
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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12
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Farah SI, Hilston S, Tran N, Zvonok N, Makriyannis A. 1-, 2- and 3-AG as substrates of the endocannabinoid enzymes and endogenous ligands of the cannabinoid receptor 1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 591:31-36. [PMID: 34995983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most potent and abundant endocannabinoid that acts as a full agonist at the cannabinoid 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2) receptors. It serves as a substrate for several serine hydrolases, including monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL), α/β hydrolase domain 6 (ABHD6) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). However, 2-AG's rapid conversion to 1-AG (the S stereoisomer) and 3-AG (the R stereoisomer) complicates in vivo signaling. Here, we present the interaction profiles of 2-AG and its isomerization products, 1- and 3-AG, with the endocannabinoid MGL, ABHD6 and FAAH enzymes as well as the CB1 receptor. The 1- and 3-AG enantiomers are less prone to isomerization, and their affinities to endocannabinoid enzymes and potencies at CB1 receptor are quite different compared to 2-AG. Although MGL is the principal hydrolytic enzyme of 2-AG, 3-AG (the R isomer) appears to be the best substrate for hMGL. Contrarily, 1-AG (the S isomer) demonstrates the worst substrate profile, indicating that the stereochemistry of 1(3)-monoacylglycerols is very important for MGL enzyme. On the other hand, both 1- and 3-AG (the sn1 monoacylglycerols) are efficiently hydrolyzed by hABHD6 without preference, while 2-AG (the sn2 monoacylglycerol) has the lowest rate of hydrolysis. FAAH, the principal hydrolytic enzyme for arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide, AEA), catalyzes the hydrolysis of all three isomers with similar efficiencies. In a functional cAMP assay at CB1 receptor, all three isomers behaved as agonists, with 2-AG being the most potent, followed by 3-AG then 1-AG. The presented data provides stereochemical insights to design chemically stable AG analogs with preferential stability against enzymes of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shrouq I Farah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Samantha Hilston
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ngan Tran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Nikolai Zvonok
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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13
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Kratz D, Thomas D, Gurke R. Endocannabinoids as potential biomarkers: It's all about pre-analytics. J Mass Spectrom Adv Clin Lab 2021; 22:56-63. [PMID: 34939056 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmsacl.2021.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are central lipid mediators of the endocannabinoid system. They are highly relevant due to their involvement in a wide variety of inflammatory, metabolic or malign diseases. Further elucidation of their modes of action and use as biomarkers in an easily accessible matrix, like blood, is restricted by their susceptibility to deviations during blood sampling and physiological co-dependences, which results in high variability of reported concentrations in low ng/mL ranges. Objectives The objective of this review is the identification of critical parameters during the pre-analytical phase and proposal of minimum requirements for reliable determination of endocannabinoids (ECs) in blood samples. Methods Reported physiological processes influencing the EC concentrations were put into context with published pre-analytical research and stability data from bioanalytical method validation. Results The cause for variability in EC concentrations is versatile. In part, they are caused by inter-individual factors like sex, metabolic status and/or diurnal changes. Nevertheless, enzymatic activity in freshly drawn blood samples is the main reason for changing concentrations of AEA and 2-AG, besides additional non-enzymatic isomerization of the latter. Conclusion Blood samples for EC analyses require immediate processing at low temperatures (>0 °C) to maintain sample integrity. Standardization of the respective blood tube or anti-coagulant, sampling time point, applied centrifugal force and complete processing time can further decrease variability caused by sample handling. Nevertheless, extensive characterization of study participants is needed to reduce distortion of clinical data caused by co-variables and facilitate research on the endocannabinoid system.
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Key Words
- (U)HPLC, (ultra) high performance liquid chromatography
- 1-AG, 1-arachidonoyl glycerol
- 2-AG, 2-arachidonoyl glycerol
- 2-Arachidonoyl glycerol
- AEA, arachidonoyl ethanolamide
- Anandamide
- BMI, body mass index
- Blood sampling
- CBR, cannabinoid receptor
- EC-like, endocannabinoid-like
- ECS, endocannabinoid system
- ECs, endocannabinoids
- EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
- Endocannabinoid
- FAAH, fatty acid amide hydrolase
- FT, freezing temperature
- FTC, freeze–thaw cycles
- HDL, high density lipo protein
- KSCN, potassium thiocyanate
- LLE, liquid–liquid extraction
- MAGL, monoacylglycerol lipase
- MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry
- O-AEA, virodhamine
- OEA, oleoyl ethanolamide
- PAF, platelet-activating factor
- PEA, palmitoyl ethanolamide
- PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- Pre-analytics
- RT, room temperature
- SPE, solid-phase extraction
- WB, whole blood
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kratz
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Robert Gurke
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital of Goethe-University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology (ITMP), and Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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14
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Zhang H, Li X, Liao D, Luo P, Jiang X. Alpha/Beta-Hydrolase Domain-Containing 6: Signaling and Function in the Central Nervous System. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:784202. [PMID: 34925039 PMCID: PMC8675881 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.784202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocannabinoid (eCB) signaling plays an important role in the central nervous system (CNS). α/β-Hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6) is a transmembrane serine hydrolase that hydrolyzes monoacylglycerol (MAG) lipids such as endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG). ABHD6 participates in neurotransmission, inflammation, brain energy metabolism, tumorigenesis and other biological processes and is a potential therapeutic target for various neurological diseases, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), multiple sclerosis (MS), epilepsy, mental illness, and pain. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of action and biological functions of ABHD6, particularly its mechanism of action in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, and provides a theoretical basis for new pharmacological interventions via targeting of ABHD6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofuzi Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaofan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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15
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Joaquim HPG, Costa AC, Pereira CAC, Talib LL, Bilt MMV, Loch AA, Gattaz WF. Plasmatic endocannabinoids are decreased in subjects with ultra-high risk of psychosis. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:1079-1087. [PMID: 34716624 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The onset of frank psychosis is usually preceded by a prodromal phase characterized by attenuated psychotic symptoms. Currently, research on schizophrenia prodromal phase (ultra-high risk for psychosis [UHR]) has focused on the risk of developing psychosis, on the transition to full blown psychosis and on its prediction. Neurobiological differences between UHR individuals who fully recover (remitters) versus those who show persistent/progressive prodromal symptoms (nonremitters) have been little explored. The endocannabinoid system constitutes a neuromodulatory system that plays a major role in brain development, synaptic plasticity, emotional behaviours and cognition. It comprises two cannabinoid receptors (CB1/CB2), two endocannabinoid ligands, arachidonylethanolamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG) along with their inactivation enzymes. Despite much evidence that the endocannabinoid system is imbalanced during psychosis, very little is known about it in UHR. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the plasma endocannabinoid levels in UHR and healthy controls (HC) and verify if these metabolites could differentiate between remitters and nonremitters. Circulating concentrations of AEA (p = .003) and 2AG (p < .001) were lower in UHR when compared with HC, with no difference between remitters and nonremitters. Regarding clinical evolution, it was observed that out of 91 UHRs initially considered, 16 had psychiatric complaints (3 years of follow-up). Considering those subjects, there were weak correlations between clinical parameters and plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids. Our results suggest that the endocannabinoids are imbalanced before frank psychosis and that changes can be seen in plasma of UHR individuals. These molecules proved to be potential biomarkers to identify individuals in the prodromal phase of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena P G Joaquim
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alana C Costa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cícero A C Pereira
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leda L Talib
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martinus M V Bilt
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Loch
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner F Gattaz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM-27), Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBioN), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Axonal CB1 Receptors Mediate Inhibitory Bouton Formation via cAMP Increase and PKA. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8279-8296. [PMID: 34413209 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0851-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experience-dependent formation and removal of inhibitory synapses are essential throughout life. For instance, GABAergic synapses are removed to facilitate learning, and strong excitatory activity is accompanied by the formation of inhibitory synapses to maintain coordination between excitation and inhibition. We recently discovered that active dendrites trigger the growth of inhibitory synapses via CB1 receptor-mediated endocannabinoid signaling, but the underlying mechanism remained unclear. Using two-photon microscopy to monitor the formation of individual inhibitory boutons in hippocampal organotypic slices from mice (both sexes), we found that CB1 receptor activation mediated the formation of inhibitory boutons and promoted their subsequent stabilization. Inhibitory bouton formation did not require neuronal activity and was independent of Gi/o-protein signaling, but was directly induced by elevating cAMP levels using forskolin and by activating Gs-proteins using DREADDs. Blocking PKA activity prevented CB1 receptor-mediated inhibitory bouton formation. Our findings reveal that axonal CB1 receptors signal via unconventional downstream pathways and that inhibitory bouton formation is triggered by an increase in axonal cAMP levels. Our results demonstrate an unexpected role for axonal CB1 receptors in axon-specific, and context-dependent, inhibitory synapse formation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Coordination between excitation and inhibition is required for proper brain function throughout life. It was previously shown that new inhibitory synapses can be formed in response to strong excitation to maintain this coordination, and this was mediated by endocannabinoid signaling via CB1 receptors. As activation of CB1 receptors generally results in the suppression of synaptic transmission, it remained unclear how CB1 receptors can mediate the formation of inhibitory synapses. Here we show that CB1 receptors on inhibitory axons signal via unconventional intracellular pathways and that inhibitory bouton formation is triggered by an increase in axonal cAMP levels and requires PKA activity. Our findings point to a central role for axonal cAMP signaling in activity-dependent inhibitory synapse formation.
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Prüser JL, Ramer R, Wittig F, Ivanov I, Merkord J, Hinz B. The Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor JZL184 Inhibits Lung Cancer Cell Invasion and Metastasis via the CB 1 Cannabinoid Receptor. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:787-802. [PMID: 33632876 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A targeted modulation of the endocannabinoid system is currently discussed as a promising strategy for cancer treatment. An important enzyme for the endocannabinoid metabolism is the monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), which catalyzes the degradation of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) to glycerol and free fatty acids. In this study, we investigated the influence of MAGL inhibition on lung cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Using LC-MS, significantly increased 2-AG levels were detected in A549 cells treated with the MAGL inhibitor JZL184. In athymic nude mice, JZL184 suppressed metastasis of A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner, whereby the antimetastatic effect was cancelled by the CB1 receptor antagonist AM-251. In vitro, JZL184 induced a time- and concentration-dependent reduction of A549 cell invasion through Matrigel-coated membranes, which was likewise reversed by AM-251. An MAGL inhibition-associated reduction of free fatty acids as a cause of the anti-invasive effect could be excluded by add-back experiments with palmitic acid. Both JZL184 and the MAGL substrate 2-AG led to an increased formation of the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), whereby a TIMP-1 knockdown using siRNA significantly attenuated the anti-invasive effects of both substances. Decreased invasion and TIMP-1 upregulation was also caused by the MAGL inhibitors JW651 and MJN110 or transfection with MAGL siRNA. A CB1- and TIMP-1-dependent anti-invasive effect was further confirmed for JZL184 in H358 lung cancer cells. In conclusion, MAGL inhibition led to a CB1-dependent decrease in human lung cancer cell invasion and metastasis via inhibition of 2-AG degradation, with TIMP-1 identified as a mediator of the anti-invasive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lukas Prüser
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Ramer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Felix Wittig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jutta Merkord
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Burkhard Hinz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany.
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18
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Wagner KM, Gomes A, McReynolds CB, Hammock BD. Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Regulation of Lipid Mediators Limits Pain. Neurotherapeutics 2020; 17:900-916. [PMID: 32875445 PMCID: PMC7609775 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-020-00916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of lipids in pain signaling is well established and built on decades of knowledge about the pain and inflammation produced by prostaglandin and leukotriene metabolites of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase metabolism, respectively. The analgesic properties of other lipid metabolites are more recently coming to light. Lipid metabolites have been observed to act directly at ion channels and G protein-coupled receptors on nociceptive neurons as well as act indirectly at cellular membranes. Cytochrome P450 metabolism of specifically long-chain fatty acids forms epoxide metabolites, the epoxy-fatty acids (EpFA). The biological role of these metabolites has been found to mediate analgesia in several types of pain pathology. EpFA act through a variety of direct and indirect mechanisms to limit pain and inflammation including nuclear receptor agonism, limiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and blocking mitochondrial dysfunction. Small molecule inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase can stabilize the EpFA in vivo, and this approach has demonstrated relief in preclinical modeled pain pathology. Moreover, the ability to block neuroinflammation extends the potential benefit of targeting soluble epoxide hydrolase to maintain EpFA for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen M Wagner
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Aldrin Gomes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cindy B McReynolds
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and University of California Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, USA.
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19
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Disease-Specific Derangement of Circulating Endocannabinoids and N-Acylethanolamines in Myeloproliferative Neoplasms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093399. [PMID: 32403407 PMCID: PMC7246996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence highlights the endocannabinoid (EC) system involvement in cancer progression. Lipid mediators of this system are secreted by hematopoietic cells, including the ECs 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2AG) and arachidonoyl-ethanolamide (AEA), the 2AG metabolite 1AG, and members of N-acylethanolamine (NAE) family—palmitoyl-ethanolamide (PEA) and oleoyl-ethanolamide (OEA). However, the relevance of the EC system in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) was never investigated. We explored the EC plasma profile in 55 MPN patients, including myelofibrosis (MF; n = 41), polycythemia vera (PV; n = 9), and essential thrombocythemia (ET; n = 5) subclasses and in 10 healthy controls (HC). AEA, PEA, OEA, 2AG, and 1AG plasma levels were measured by LC–MS/MS. Overall considered, MPN patients displayed similar EC and NAE levels compared to HC. Nonetheless, AEA levels in MPN were directly associated with the platelet count. MF patients showed higher levels of the sum of 2AG and 1AG compared to ET and PV patients, higher OEA/AEA ratios compared to HC and ET patients, and higher OEA/PEA ratios compared to HC. Furthermore, the sum of 2AG and 1AG positively correlated with JAK2V617F variant allele frequency and splenomegaly in MF and was elevated in high-risk PV patients compared to in low-risk PV patients. In conclusion, our work revealed specific alterations of ECs and NAE plasma profile in MPN subclasses and potentially relevant associations with disease severity.
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20
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Laguerre A, Hauke S, Qiu J, Kelly MJ, Schultz C. Photorelease of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol in Live Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16544-16547. [PMID: 31560527 PMCID: PMC7607907 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is acting as a full agonist of cannabinoid receptor 1 and 2. Direct manipulation of 2-AG levels is a challenging task. The amphiphilic properties and the instability of 2-AG in aqueous media complicate its use as a drug-like molecule. Additionally, inhibition of the protein machinery that regulates 2-AG levels may also affect other monoacylglycerols. Therefore, we developed a novel method to elevate 2-AG levels with a flash of light. The resulting tool is a photoactivatable "caged" 2-arachidonoylglycerol (cg2-AG) allowing for the rapid photorelease of the signaling lipid in live cells. We characterized the mechanism of uncaging and the effect of 2-AG on the regulation of the β-cell signaling network. After uncaging of 2-AG, we monitored calcium levels, CB1-GIRK channel coupling, and CB1-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase and protein kinase A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Laguerre
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Sebastian Hauke
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jian Qiu
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Martin J. Kelly
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Carsten Schultz
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry, OHSU, Portland, Oregon, United States,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany,Corresponding Author
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21
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Analysis of endocannabinoids in plasma samples by biocompatible solid-phase microextraction devices coupled to mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1091:135-145. [PMID: 31679567 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) represent two of the most important endocannabinoids (ECs) investigated in neurobiology as therapeutic targets for several mental disorders. However, the determination of these ECs in biological matrices remains a challenging task because of the low concentrations, low stability and high protein-bound (LogP ∼ 6). This work describes innovative analytical methods based on biocompatible SPME (Bio-SPME), SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS and Bio-SPME-Nano-ESI-MS/MS, to determine AEA and 2-AG in human plasma samples. The direct coupling of Bio-SPME with nano-ESI-MS/MS can be considered an alternative tool for faster analysis. Different Bio-SPME fibers based on silica and polymeric coating (i.e. C18, C30, and HLB) were evaluated. Different desorption solvents based on combinations of methanol, acetonitrile, and isopropanol were also evaluated for efficient elution with minimum carry-over. Given the high protein binding analytes and the fact that SPME extracts the free-concentration of the analytes, the plasma samples were modified with additives such as guanidine hydrochloride (Gu-HCl), trifluoroacetic acid, and acetonitrile. This study was carried out by experimental design to achieve complete protein denaturation and the release of target analytes. The maximum extraction efficiency was obtained under the following conditions: HLB coated fibers (10 mm length, 20 μm coating thickness), matrix modified (300 μL of plasma) with 50 μL of Gu-HCL 1 mol L-1, 75 μL of ACN and 75 μL of water, and desorption with methanol/isopropanol solution (50:50, v/v). Both methods were validated based on current international guidelines and can be applied for monitoring of concentrations of endocannabinoids in plasma samples. SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS method presented lower LOQ values than SPME-nanoESI-MS/MS. The additional separation (chromatographic column) favored the detectability of LC-MS/MS method. However, the SPME-nano-ESI-MS/MS decrease the total analysis time, due to significant reductions in desorption and detection times.
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22
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Watson JE, Kim JS, Das A. Emerging class of omega-3 fatty acid endocannabinoids & their derivatives. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 143:106337. [PMID: 31085370 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor activation is involved in homeostatic regulation of the body. These receptors are activated by cannabinoids, that include the active constituents of Cannabis sativa, as well as endocannabinoids (eCBs). The eCBs are endogenously synthesized from the omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The consumption of omega-3 fatty acids shifts the balance towards a higher proportion of omega-3 eCBs, whose physiological functions warrants further investigation. Herein, we review the discovery of omega-3 fatty acid derived eCBs that are generated from long chain omega-3 PUFAs - docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHA-EA or synaptamide), docosahexanoyl-glycerol (DHG), eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPA-EA) and eicosapentanoylglycerol (EPG). Furthermore, we outline the lesser known omega-3 eCB-like molecules that arise from the conjugation of omega-3 fatty acids with neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine - DHA-serotonin (DHA-5HT), DHA-dopamine (DHA-DA), EPA-serotonin (EPA-5HT) and EPA-dopamine (EPA-DA). Additionally, we describe the role of omega-3 eCBs and their derivatives in different disease states, such as pain, inflammation and cancer. Moreover, we detail the formation and potential physiological roles of the oxidative metabolites that arise from the metabolism of omega-3 eCBs by eicosanoid synthesizing enzymes - cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX) and cytochrome P450 epoxygenase (CYP450). In summary, we outline the novel findings regarding a growing class of signaling molecules that can control the physiological and pathophysiological processes in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin S Kim
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science, Neuroscience Program, Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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23
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Souza ID, Hantao LW, Queiroz MEC. Polymeric ionic liquid open tubular capillary column for on-line in-tube SPME coupled with UHPLC-MS/MS to determine endocannabinoids in plasma samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1045:108-116. [PMID: 30454565 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the development of wall-coated open tubular capillary column with polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) for on-line in-tube solid phase microextraction coupled with ultra high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (in-tube SPME/UHPLC-MS/MS) to determine anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2 A G) in plasma samples. Selective PILs were synthetized from the [VC6IM][Cl], [VC16IM][Br], and [(VIM)2C10]2 [Br] - ionic liquids - by in-situ thermal-initiated polymerization in a fused silica capillary column for in-tube SPME. The synthesis procedure was optimized, and the capillary columns were characterized using spectroscopic and chromatography techniques. The chemically bonded and cross-linked PIL-based sorbent phase (thickness coating: 1.7 μm) presented high chemical and mechanical stability. Among the sorbents evaluated, the PIL-based capillary, [VC16IM][Br]/[(VIM)2C10]2 [Br] presented the best performance with a sorption capacity of 37,311 ng cm-3 and 48,307 ng cm-3 for AEA and 2 A G, respectively. This capillary was reused more than ninety times without significant changes in extraction efficiency. The in-tube SPME-UHPLC-MS/MS method presented a linear range from 0.1 ng mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1 for AEA, and from 0.05 ng mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1 for 2 A G, with coefficients of determination higher than 0.99, p-value for Lack-of-fit test higher than 0.05 (α of 0.05), precision with coefficient of variation (CV) values ranging from 1.6 to 14.0% and accuracy with relative standard deviation (RSD) values from -19.6% to 13.2%. This method was successfully applied to determine AEA and 2 A G in plasma patients with Parkinson's disease. The concentrations in these plasma samples ranged from 0.14 to 0.46 ng mL-1 for AEA and from <0.05 ng mL-1 to 0.51 ng mL-1 for 2-AG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel D Souza
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Leandro W Hantao
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Eugênia C Queiroz
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
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24
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Hegyi Z, Oláh T, Kőszeghy Á, Piscitelli F, Holló K, Pál B, Csernoch L, Di Marzo V, Antal M. CB 1 receptor activation induces intracellular Ca 2+ mobilization and 2-arachidonoylglycerol release in rodent spinal cord astrocytes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10562. [PMID: 30002493 PMCID: PMC6043539 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28763-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the role of astrocytes in endocannabinoid mediated modulation of neural activity. It has been reported that some astrocytes express the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1-R), the activation of which is leading to Ca2+ mobilization from internal stores and a consecutive release of glutamate. It has also been documented that astrocytes have the potential to produce the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol, one of the best known CB1-R agonist. However, no relationship between CB1-R activation and 2-arachidonoylglycerol production has ever been demonstrated. Here we show that rat spinal astrocytes co-express CB1-Rs and the 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesizing enzyme, diacylglycerol lipase-alpha in close vicinity to each other. We also demonstrate that activation of CB1-Rs induces a substantial elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration in astrocytes. Finally, we provide evidence that the evoked Ca2+ transients lead to the production of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in cultured astrocytes. The results provide evidence for a novel cannabinoid induced endocannabinoid release mechanism in astrocytes which broadens the bidirectional signaling repertoire between astrocytes and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Hegyi
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Áron Kőszeghy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Cognitive Neurobiology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabiana Piscitelli
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Krisztina Holló
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pál
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078, Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Miklós Antal
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary. .,MTA-DE Neuroscience Research Group, University of Debrecen, 4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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25
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Fanelli F, Mezzullo M, Belluomo I, Di Lallo VD, Baccini M, Ibarra Gasparini D, Casadio E, Mastroroberto M, Vicennati V, Gambineri A, Morselli-Labate AM, Pasquali R, Pagotto U. Plasma 2-arachidonoylglycerol is a biomarker of age and menopause related insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in lean but not in obese men and women. Mol Metab 2017; 6:406-415. [PMID: 28462075 PMCID: PMC5404099 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The endocannabinoid system hypertonicity features obesity. Excess circulating 2-arachidonoylglycerol was variously associated with obesity-related metabolic impairment; however, unstandardized experimental and analytical settings have clouded its usefulness as a dysmetabolism biomarker. We aimed at assessing the influence of body mass index (BMI), menopause in women, and aging in men on 2-arachidonoylglycerol relationship with metabolic parameters. Methods Adult, unmedicated women (premenopausal (preMW): n = 103; menopausal (MW): n = 81) and men (n = 144) were stratified in normal weight (NW; BMI: 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (OW; BMI: 25.0–29.9 kg/m2), and obese (OB; BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2) classes. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were determined. Plasma 2-arachidonoylglycerol was measured by a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. Results 2-arachidonoylglycerol level was raised by menopause (P < 0.001) and by obesity in preMW (P < 0.001) and in men (P = 0.019). In the overall cohorts, 2-arachidonoylglycerol displayed BMI-independent relationships with dyslipidemia (preMW, MW and men), insulin resistance (MW and men), and hypertension (men), but not with waist circumference. Within preMW BMI classes, 2-arachidonoylglycerol correlations were found with triglycerides (P = 0.020) and total cholesterol (TC; P = 0.040) in OB women. In MW, 2-arachidonoylglycerol correlation with triglycerides was found in NW (P = 0.001) and OW (P = 0.034), but not in OB class. Moreover, we found 2-arachidonoylglycerol correlations with TC (P = 0.003), glucose (P < 0.001), and HOMA-IR (P = 0.035) specific for NW MW class. In men, 2-arachidonoylglycerol correlated with triglycerides in NW, OW (both P < 0.001), and OB (P = 0.029), with SBP (P = 0.023) and diastolic BP (DBP; P = 0.048) in OB, and with TC (P < 0.001) in OW class. In NW class 2-arachidonoylglycerol correlations were found with insulin (P = 0.003) and HOMA-IR (P = 0.001), both enhanced by aging (both P = 0.004), and with glucose (P = 0.015) and HDL (P = 0.004). Conclusions Plasma 2AG is a biomarker of clustering metabolic dysfunctions, especially in lean men and menopausal women, and could be of help in identifying subjects with elevated cardiometabolic risk despite a healthy anthropometric appearance. Plasma 2AG is a biomarker of dysmetabolism rather than obesity. Menopause is a major determinant of plasma 2AG levels in females. Increased plasma 2AG level features obese premenopausal females and obese males. 2AG is a biomarker of dyslipidemia and insulin resistance in lean menopausal women. 2AG is a biomarker of dyslipidemia and age-related insulin resistance in lean men.
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Key Words
- 1AG, 1-arachidonoylglycerol
- 2-Arachidonoylglycerol
- 2AG, 2-arachidonoylglycerol
- Aging
- BMI, body mass index
- DBP, diastolic blood pressure
- Dysmetabolism
- EC, endocannabinoid
- ECS, endocannabinoid system
- Endocannabinoid system
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance
- Int, interaction
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
- Menopause
- NW, normal weight
- OB, obese
- OW, overweight
- Obesity
- SBP, systolic blood pressure
- SD, standard deviation
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Fanelli
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marco Mezzullo
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Valentina Diana Di Lallo
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Margherita Baccini
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Daniela Ibarra Gasparini
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Elena Casadio
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Marianna Mastroroberto
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Valentina Vicennati
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Gambineri
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Antonio Maria Morselli-Labate
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Renato Pasquali
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Uberto Pagotto
- Endocrinology Unit and Center for Applied Biomedical Research, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater University of Bologna, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy.
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