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Zhao Y, Liu K, Wang Y, Ma Y, Guo W, Shi C. Human-mouse chimeric brain models constructed from iPSC-derived brain cells: Applications and challenges. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114848. [PMID: 38857749 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The establishment of reliable human brain models is pivotal for elucidating specific disease mechanisms and facilitating the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies for human brain disorders. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) exhibit remarkable self-renewal capabilities and can differentiate into specialized cell types. This makes them a valuable cell source for xenogeneic or allogeneic transplantation. Human-mouse chimeric brain models constructed from iPSC-derived brain cells have emerged as valuable tools for modeling human brain diseases and exploring potential therapeutic strategies for brain disorders. Moreover, the integration and functionality of grafted stem cells has been effectively assessed using these models. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of recent progress in differentiating human iPSC into various highly specialized types of brain cells. This review evaluates the characteristics and functions of the human-mouse chimeric brain model. We highlight its potential roles in brain function and its ability to reconstruct neural circuitry in vivo. Additionally, we elucidate factors that influence the integration and differentiation of human iPSC-derived brain cells in vivo. This review further sought to provide suitable research models for cell transplantation therapy. These research models provide new insights into neuropsychiatric disorders, infectious diseases, and brain injuries, thereby advancing related clinical and academic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Ke Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China; Gansu University of traditional Chinese medicine, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Yinghua Wang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, PR China
| | - Yifan Ma
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China; Gansu University of traditional Chinese medicine, Lanzhou 730030, PR China
| | - Wenwen Guo
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, PR China.
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2
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Cibulka M, Brodnanova M, Halasova E, Kurca E, Kolisek M, Grofik M. The Role of Magnesium in Parkinson's Disease: Status Quo and Implications for Future Research. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8425. [PMID: 39125993 PMCID: PMC11312984 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent an increasing economic, social, and, above all, medical burden worldwide. The second most prevalent disease in this category is Parkinson's disease, surpassed only by Alzheimer's. It is a treatable but still incurable systemic disease with a pathogenesis that has not yet been elucidated. Several theories are currently being developed to explain the causes and progression of Parkinson's disease. Magnesium is one of the essential macronutrients and is absolutely necessary for life as we know it. The magnesium cation performs several important functions in the cell in the context of energetic metabolism, substrate metabolism, cell signalling, and the regulation of the homeostasis of other ions. Several of these cellular processes have been simultaneously described as being disrupted in the development and progression of Parkinson's disease. The relationship between magnesium homeostasis and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease has received little scientific attention to date. The aim of this review is to summarise and critically evaluate the current state of knowledge on the possible role of magnesium in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease and to outline possible future directions for research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Cibulka
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Maria Brodnanova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Erika Halasova
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Egon Kurca
- Clinic of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Martin Kolisek
- Biomedical Centre Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia; (M.C.); (M.B.); (E.H.)
| | - Milan Grofik
- Clinic of Neurology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 036 01 Martin, Slovakia;
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Chiu WH, Wattad N, Goldberg JA. Ion channel dysregulation and cellular adaptations to alpha-synuclein in stressful pacemakers of the parkinsonian brainstem. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108683. [PMID: 38950869 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is diagnosed by its cardinal motor symptoms that are associated with the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). However, PD patients suffer from various non-motor symptoms years before diagnosis. These prodromal symptoms are thought to be associated with the appearance of Lewy body pathologies (LBP) in brainstem regions such as the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV), the locus coeruleus (LC) and others. The neurons in these regions that are vulnerable to LBP are all slow autonomous pacemaker neurons that exhibit elevated oxidative stress due to their perpetual influx of Ca2+ ions. Aggregation of toxic α-Synuclein (aSyn) - the main constituent of LBP - during the long prodromal period challenges these vulnerable neurons, presumably altering their biophysics and physiology. In contrast to pathophysiology of late stage parkinsonism which is well-documented, little is known about the pathophysiology of the brainstem during prodromal PD. In this review, we discuss ion channel dysregulation associated with aSyn aggregation in brainstem pacemaker neurons and their cellular responses to them. While toxic aSyn elevates oxidative stress in SNc and LC pacemaker neurons and exacerbates their phenotype, DMV neurons mount an adaptive response that mitigates the oxidative stress. Ion channel dysregulation and cellular adaptations may be the drivers of the prodromal symptoms of PD. For example, selective targeting of toxic aSyn to DMV pacemakers, elevates the surface density of K+ channels, which slows their firing rate, resulting in reduced parasympathetic tone to the gastrointestinal tract, which resembles the prodromal PD symptoms of dysphagia and constipation. The divergent responses of SNc & LC vs. DMV pacemaker neurons may explain why the latter outlive the former despite presenting LBPs earlier. Elucidation the brainstem pathophysiology of prodromal PD could pave the way for physiological biomarkers, earlier diagnosis and novel neuroprotective therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hua Chiu
- Department of Neurology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nadine Wattad
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joshua A Goldberg
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute of Medical Research Israel - Canada, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel; Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Kuznetsov IA, Kuznetsov AV. Mitochondrial transport in symmetric and asymmetric axons with multiple branching junctions: a computational study. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024; 27:1071-1090. [PMID: 37424316 PMCID: PMC10776827 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2226787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial aging has been proposed to be involved in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease. Here, we explore the impact of multiple branching junctions in axons on the mean age of mitochondria and their age density distributions in demand sites. The study examined mitochondrial concentration, mean age, and age density distribution in relation to the distance from the soma. We developed models for a symmetric axon containing 14 demand sites and an asymmetric axon containing 10 demand sites. We investigated how the concentration of mitochondria changes when an axon splits into two branches at the branching junction. Additionally, we studied whether mitochondrial concentrations in the branches are affected by what proportion of mitochondrial flux enters the upper branch versus the lower branch. Furthermore, we explored whether the distributions of mitochondrial mean age and age density in branching axons are affected by how the mitochondrial flux splits at the branching junction. When the mitochondrial flux is unevenly split at the branching junction of an asymmetric axon, with a greater proportion of the flux entering the longer branch, the average age of mitochondria (system age) in the axon increases. Our findings elucidate the effects of axonal branching on the mitochondrial age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Kuznetsov
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of PA, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrey V Kuznetsov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Hu X, Li Y, Qu H, He C, Chen Z, Zhan M, Du Y, Wang H, Chen W, Sun L, Ning X. No genetic link between Parkinson's disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1393888. [PMID: 39006236 PMCID: PMC11239547 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1393888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Existing literature has not clearly elucidated whether SARS-CoV-2 infection increases the incidence of Parkinson's disease or if Parkinson's disease patients are more susceptible to the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To clarify the issue, this study employs a genetic epidemiological approach to investigate the association. Methods This study utilizes a two-sample Mendelian randomization analysis. The primary analysis employs the inverse variance-weighted (IVW) method, supplemented by secondary analyses including MR-Egger regression, weighted median, IVW radial method, and weighted mode, to evaluate the bidirectional causal relationship between Parkinson's disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results IVW results showed no genetic causality between SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility, hospitalization rate and severity and Parkinson's disease. (IVW method: p = 0.408 OR = 1.10 95% CI: 0.87 ~ 1.39; p = 0.744 OR = 1.11 95% CI: 0.94 ~ 1.09; p = 0.436 OR = 1.05 95% CI: 0.93 ~ 1.17). Parkinson's disease was not genetically associated with susceptibility to new crown infections, hospitalization rates, and severity (IVW method: p = 0.173 OR = 1.01 95% CI: 0.99 ~ 1.03; p = 0.109 OR = 1.05 95% CI: 0.99 ~ 1.12; p = 0.209 OR = 1.03 95% CI: 0.99 ~ 1.07). MR-Egger regression, weighted median, IVW radial method, and weighted mode results are consistent with the results of the IVW method. Conclusion This study does not support a genetic link between Parkinson's disease and SARS-CoV-2 infection, and the association observed in previous cohort studies and observational studies may be due to other confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Hu
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yutong Li
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Qu
- National Research Center for Cardiovascular Diseases of Traditional Chinese, Beijing, China
- Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Chunying He
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyan Chen
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Zhan
- Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yida Du
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Ezhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Ezhou, China
| | - Linjuan Sun
- Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Ning
- Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Bucher ML, Dicent J, Duarte Hospital C, Miller GW. Neurotoxicology of dopamine: Victim or assailant? Neurotoxicology 2024; 103:175-188. [PMID: 38857676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Since the identification of dopamine as a neurotransmitter in the mid-20th century, investigators have examined the regulation of dopamine homeostasis at a basic biological level and in human disorders. Genetic animal models that manipulate the expression of proteins involved in dopamine homeostasis have provided key insight into the consequences of dysregulated dopamine. As a result, we have come to understand the potential of dopamine to act as an endogenous neurotoxin through the generation of reactive oxygen species and reactive metabolites that can damage cellular macromolecules. Endogenous factors, such as genetic variation and subcellular processes, and exogenous factors, such as environmental exposures, have been identified as contributors to the dysregulation of dopamine homeostasis. Given the variety of dysregulating factors that impact dopamine homeostasis and the potential for dopamine itself to contribute to further cellular dysfunction, dopamine can be viewed as both the victim and an assailant of neurotoxicity. Parkinson's disease has emerged as the exemplar case study of dopamine dysregulation due to the genetic and environmental factors known to contribute to disease risk, and due to the evidence of dysregulated dopamine as a pathologic and pathogenic feature of the disease. This review, inspired by the talk, "Dopamine in Durham: location, location, location" presented by Dr. Miller for the Jacob Hooisma Memorial Lecture at the International Neurotoxicology Association meeting in 2023, offers a primer on dopamine toxicity covering endogenous and exogenous factors that disrupt dopamine homeostasis and the actions of dopamine as an endogenous neurotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Bucher
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jocelyn Dicent
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carolina Duarte Hospital
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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7
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Hart G, Burton TJ, Balleine BW. What Role Does Striatal Dopamine Play in Goal-directed Action? Neuroscience 2024; 546:20-32. [PMID: 38521480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that dopamine activity provides a US-related prediction error for Pavlovian conditioning and the reinforcement signal supporting the acquisition of habits. However, its role in goal-directed action is less clear. There are currently few studies that have assessed dopamine release as animals acquire and perform self-paced instrumental actions. Here we briefly review the literature documenting the psychological, behavioral and neural bases of goal-directed actions in rats and mice, before turning to describe recent studies investigating the role of dopamine in instrumental learning and performance. Plasticity in dorsomedial striatum, a central node in the network supporting goal-directed action, clearly requires dopamine release, the timing of which, relative to cortical and thalamic inputs, determines the degree and form of that plasticity. Beyond this, bilateral release appears to reflect reward prediction errors as animals experience the consequences of an action. Such signals feedforward to update the value of the specific action associated with that outcome during subsequent performance, with dopamine release at the time of action reflecting the updated predicted action value. More recently, evidence has also emerged for a hemispherically lateralised signal associated with the action; dopamine release is greater in the hemisphere contralateral to the spatial target of the action. This effect emerges over the course of acquisition and appears to reflect the strength of the action-outcome association. Thus, during goal-directed action, dopamine release signals the action, the outcome and their association to shape the learning and performance processes necessary to support this form of behavioral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevra Hart
- Decision Neuroscience Lab, UNSW Sydney, Australia
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Bucher ML, Dunn AR, Bradner JM, Egerton KS, Burkett JP, Johnson MA, Miller GW. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2483-2501. [PMID: 38532289 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra exist in a persistent state of vulnerability resulting from high baseline oxidative stress, high-energy demand, and broad unmyelinated axonal arborisations. Impairments in the storage of dopamine compound this stress because of cytosolic reactions that transform the vital neurotransmitter into an endogenous neurotoxicant, and this toxicity is thought to contribute to the dopamine neuron degeneration that occurs Parkinson's disease. We have previously identified synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) as a modifier of vesicular dopamine function, demonstrating that genetic ablation of SV2C in mice results in decreased dopamine content and evoked dopamine release in the striatum. Here, we adapted a previously published in vitro assay utilising false fluorescent neurotransmitter 206 (FFN206) to visualise how SV2C regulates vesicular dopamine dynamics and determined that SV2C promotes the uptake and retention of FFN206 within vesicles. In addition, we present data indicating that SV2C enhances the retention of dopamine in the vesicular compartment with radiolabelled dopamine in vesicles isolated from immortalised cells and from mouse brain. Further, we demonstrate that SV2C enhances the ability of vesicles to store the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and that genetic ablation of SV2C results in enhanced 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced vulnerability in mice. Together, these findings suggest that SV2C functions to enhance vesicular storage of dopamine and neurotoxicants and helps maintain the integrity of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Bucher
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy R Dunn
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
| | - Joshua M Bradner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- AbbVie CRC, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kristen Stout Egerton
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- School of Education and Health Sciences, North Central College, Naperville, Illinois, USA
| | - James P Burkett
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Toledo College of Medicine, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Michelle A Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- College of Arts and Sciences, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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9
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Msackyi M, Chen Y, Tsering W, Wang N, Zhang H. Dopamine Release Neuroenergetics in Mouse Striatal Slices. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4580. [PMID: 38731799 PMCID: PMC11083938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which have axonal projections to the dorsal striatum (dSTR), degenerate in PD. In contrast, DA neurons in the ventral tegmental area, with axonal projections to the ventral striatum, including the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) shell, are largely spared. This study aims to uncover the relative contributions of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) to DA release in the striatum. We measured evoked DA release in mouse striatal brain slices using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry applied every two minutes. Blocking OxPhos resulted in a greater reduction in evoked DA release in the dSTR when compared to the NAcc shell, while blocking glycolysis caused a more significant decrease in evoked DA release in the NAcc shell than in the dSTR. Furthermore, when glycolysis was bypassed in favor of direct OxPhos, evoked DA release in the NAcc shell decreased by approximately 50% over 40 min, whereas evoked DA release in the dSTR was largely unaffected. These results demonstrate that the dSTR relies primarily on OxPhos for energy production to maintain evoked DA release, whereas the NAcc shell depends more on glycolysis. Consistently, two-photon imaging revealed higher oxidation levels of DA terminals in the dSTR than in the NAcc shell. Together, these findings partly explain the selective vulnerability of DA terminals in the dSTR to degeneration in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Msema Msackyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (M.M.); (Y.C.); (W.T.); (N.W.)
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (M.M.); (Y.C.); (W.T.); (N.W.)
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Center for Neurological Disease Research, The University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Wangchen Tsering
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (M.M.); (Y.C.); (W.T.); (N.W.)
| | - Ninghan Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (M.M.); (Y.C.); (W.T.); (N.W.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; (M.M.); (Y.C.); (W.T.); (N.W.)
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Center for Neurological Disease Research, The University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Ribarič S. The Contribution of Type 2 Diabetes to Parkinson's Disease Aetiology. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4358. [PMID: 38673943 PMCID: PMC11050090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are chronic disorders that have a significant health impact on a global scale. Epidemiological, preclinical, and clinical research underpins the assumption that insulin resistance and chronic inflammation contribute to the overlapping aetiologies of T2D and PD. This narrative review summarises the recent evidence on the contribution of T2D to the initiation and progression of PD brain pathology. It also briefly discusses the rationale and potential of alternative pharmacological interventions for PD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Ribarič
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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11
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Khamis H, Cohen O. Coupled action potential and calcium dynamics underlie robust spontaneous firing in dopaminergic neurons. Phys Biol 2024; 21:026005. [PMID: 38382117 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ad2bd4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons are specialized cells in the substantia nigra, tasked with dopamine secretion. This secretion relies on intracellular calcium signaling coupled to neuronal electrical activity. These neurons are known to display spontaneous calcium oscillationsin-vitroandin-vivo, even in synaptic isolation, controlling the basal dopamine levels. Here we outline a kinetic model for the ion exchange across the neuronal plasma membrane. Crucially, we relax the assumption of constant, cytoplasmic sodium and potassium concentration. We show that sodium-potassium dynamics are strongly coupled to calcium dynamics and are essential for the robustness of spontaneous firing frequency. The model predicts several regimes of electrical activity, including tonic and 'burst' oscillations, and predicts the switch between those in response to perturbations. 'Bursting' correlates with increased calcium amplitudes, while maintaining constant average, allowing for a vast change in the calcium signal responsible for dopamine secretion. All the above traits provide the flexibility to create rich action potential dynamics that are crucial for cellular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadeel Khamis
- Gateway Institute for Brain Research, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States of America
| | - Ohad Cohen
- Gateway Institute for Brain Research, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, United States of America
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12
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Watanabe H, Dijkstra JM, Nagatsu T. Parkinson's Disease: Cells Succumbing to Lifelong Dopamine-Related Oxidative Stress and Other Bioenergetic Challenges. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2009. [PMID: 38396687 PMCID: PMC10888576 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The core pathological event in Parkinson's disease (PD) is the specific dying of dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The reasons why SNc DA neurons are especially vulnerable and why idiopathic PD has only been found in humans are still puzzling. The two main underlying factors of SNc DA neuron vulnerability appear related to high DA production, namely (i) the toxic effects of cytoplasmic DA metabolism and (ii) continuous cytosolic Ca2+ oscillations in the absence of the Ca2+-buffer protein calbindin. Both factors cause oxidative stress by producing highly reactive quinones and increasing intra-mitochondrial Ca2+ concentrations, respectively. High DA expression in human SNc DA neuron cell bodies is suggested by the abundant presence of the DA-derived pigment neuromelanin, which is not found in such abundance in other species and has been associated with toxicity at higher levels. The oxidative stress created by their DA production system, despite the fact that the SN does not use unusually high amounts of energy, explains why SNc DA neurons are sensitive to various genetic and environmental factors that create mitochondrial damage and thereby promote PD. Aging increases multiple risk factors for PD, and, to a large extent, PD is accelerated aging. To prevent PD neurodegeneration, possible approaches that are discussed here are (1) reducing cytoplasmic DA accumulation, (2) blocking cytoplasmic Ca2+ oscillations, and (3) providing bioenergetic support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan
| | - Johannes M. Dijkstra
- Center for Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Nagatsu
- Center for Research Promotion and Support, Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan;
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Payne T, Burgess T, Bradley S, Roscoe S, Sassani M, Dunning MJ, Hernandez D, Scholz S, McNeill A, Taylor R, Su L, Wilkinson I, Jenkins T, Mortiboys H, Bandmann O. Multimodal assessment of mitochondrial function in Parkinson's disease. Brain 2024; 147:267-280. [PMID: 38059801 PMCID: PMC10766247 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The heterogenous aetiology of Parkinson's disease is increasingly recognized; both mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction have been implicated. Powerful, clinically applicable tools are required to enable mechanistic stratification for future precision medicine approaches. The aim of this study was to characterize bioenergetic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease by applying a multimodal approach, combining standardized clinical assessment with midbrain and putaminal 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31P-MRS) and deep phenotyping of mitochondrial and lysosomal function in peripheral tissue in patients with recent-onset Parkinson's disease and control subjects. Sixty participants (35 patients with Parkinson's disease and 25 healthy controls) underwent 31P-MRS for quantification of energy-rich metabolites [ATP, inorganic phosphate (Pi) and phosphocreatine] in putamen and midbrain. In parallel, skin biopsies were obtained from all research participants to establish fibroblast cell lines for subsequent quantification of total intracellular ATP and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) as well as mitochondrial and lysosomal morphology, using high content live cell imaging. Lower MMP correlated with higher intracellular ATP (r = -0.55, P = 0.0016), higher mitochondrial counts (r = -0.72, P < 0.0001) and higher lysosomal counts (r = -0.62, P = 0.0002) in Parkinson's disease patient-derived fibroblasts only, consistent with impaired mitophagy and mitochondrial uncoupling. 31P-MRS-derived posterior putaminal Pi/ATP ratio variance was considerably greater in Parkinson's disease than in healthy controls (F-tests, P = 0.0036). Furthermore, elevated 31P-MRS-derived putaminal, but not midbrain Pi/ATP ratios (indicative of impaired oxidative phosphorylation) correlated with both greater mitochondrial (r = 0.37, P = 0.0319) and lysosomal counts (r = 0.48, P = 0.0044) as well as lower MMP in both short (r = -0.52, P = 0.0016) and long (r = -0.47, P = 0.0052) mitochondria in Parkinson's disease. Higher 31P-MRS midbrain phosphocreatine correlated with greater risk of rapid disease progression (r = 0.47, P = 0.0384). Our data suggest that impaired oxidative phosphorylation in the striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals exceeds mitochondrial dysfunction in the midbrain of patients with early Parkinson's disease. Our data further support the hypothesis of a prominent link between impaired mitophagy and impaired striatal energy homeostasis as a key event in early Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Payne
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Toby Burgess
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Stephen Bradley
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Sarah Roscoe
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Matilde Sassani
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mark J Dunning
- The Bioinformatics Core, Sheffield Institute of Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Dena Hernandez
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIA, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Sonja Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Alisdair McNeill
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Rosie Taylor
- Statistical Services Unit, The University of Sheffield, Shefield S3 7RH, UK
| | - Li Su
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SP, UK
| | - Iain Wilkinson
- Academic Unit of Radiology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2JF, UK
| | - Thomas Jenkins
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Department of Neurology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth WA6000, Australia
| | - Heather Mortiboys
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Oliver Bandmann
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2HQ, UK
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14
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Dorsey ER, Bloem BR. Parkinson's Disease Is Predominantly an Environmental Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024; 14:451-465. [PMID: 38217613 PMCID: PMC11091623 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is the world's fastest growing brain disorder, and exposure to environmental toxicants is the principal reason. In this paper, we consider alternative, but unsatisfactory, explanations for its rise, including improved diagnostic skills, aging populations, and genetic causes. We then detail three environmental toxicants that are likely among the main causes of Parkinson's disease- certain pesticides, the solvent trichloroethylene, and air pollution. All three environmental toxicants are ubiquitous, many affect mitochondrial functioning, and all can access humans via various routes, including inhalation and ingestion. We reach the hopeful conclusion that most of Parkinson's disease is thus preventable and that we can help to create a world where Parkinson's disease is increasingly rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ray Dorsey
- Center for Health + Technology and Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Bastiaan R. Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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15
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Radwan N, Khan E, Ardah MT, Kitada T, Haque ME. Ellagic Acid Prevents α-Synuclein Spread and Mitigates Toxicity by Enhancing Autophagic Flux in an Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease. Nutrients 2023; 16:85. [PMID: 38201915 PMCID: PMC10780534 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurological disorder, pathologically characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) as well as the formation of Lewy bodies composed mainly of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregates. It has been documented that abnormal aggregation of α-syn is one of the major causes of developing PD. In the current study, administration of ellagic acid (EA), a polyphenolic compound (10 mg/kg bodyweight), significantly decreased α-syn spreading and preserved dopaminergic neurons in a male C57BL/6 mouse model of PD. Moreover, EA altered the autophagic flux, suggesting the involvement of a restorative mechanism meditated by EA treatment. Our data support that EA could play a major role in the clearing of toxic α-syn from spreading, in addition to the canonical antioxidative role, and thus preventing dopaminergic neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Radwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.R.); (E.K.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Engila Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.R.); (E.K.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Mustafa T. Ardah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.R.); (E.K.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Tohru Kitada
- Otawa-Kagaku, Parkinson Clinic and Research, Kamakura 247-0061, Japan;
| | - M. Emdadul Haque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates; (N.R.); (E.K.); (M.T.A.)
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16
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Rosety I, Zagare A, Saraiva C, Nickels S, Antony P, Almeida C, Glaab E, Halder R, Velychko S, Rauen T, Schöler HR, Bolognin S, Sauter T, Jarazo J, Krüger R, Schwamborn JC. Impaired neuron differentiation in GBA-associated Parkinson's disease is linked to cell cycle defects in organoids. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:166. [PMID: 38110400 PMCID: PMC10728202 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) etiology are only partially understood despite intensive research conducted in the field. Recent evidence suggests that early neurodevelopmental defects might play a role in cellular susceptibility to neurodegeneration. To study the early developmental contribution of GBA mutations in PD we used patient-derived iPSCs carrying a heterozygous N370S mutation in the GBA gene. Patient-specific midbrain organoids displayed GBA-PD relevant phenotypes such as reduction of GCase activity, autophagy impairment, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Genome-scale metabolic (GEM) modeling predicted changes in lipid metabolism which were validated with lipidomics analysis, showing significant differences in the lipidome of GBA-PD. In addition, patient-specific midbrain organoids exhibited a decrease in the number and complexity of dopaminergic neurons. This was accompanied by an increase in the neural progenitor population showing signs of oxidative stress-induced damage and premature cellular senescence. These results provide insights into how GBA mutations may lead to neurodevelopmental defects thereby predisposing to PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Rosety
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- OrganoTherapeutics SARL-S, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alise Zagare
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Claudia Saraiva
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sarah Nickels
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paul Antony
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Catarina Almeida
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Biomedical Data Science group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rashi Halder
- Systems Ecology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Sergiy Velychko
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, MPG White Paper Group - Animal Testing in the Max Planck Society, Muenster, Germany
| | - Thomas Rauen
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, MPG White Paper Group - Animal Testing in the Max Planck Society, Muenster, Germany
| | - Hans R Schöler
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, MPG White Paper Group - Animal Testing in the Max Planck Society, Muenster, Germany
| | - Silvia Bolognin
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Thomas Sauter
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, 4367, Luxembourg
| | - Javier Jarazo
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- OrganoTherapeutics SARL-S, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Rejko Krüger
- Translational Neuroscience, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Transversial Translational Medicine, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), 1 A-B rue Thomas Ediison, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Jens C Schwamborn
- Developmental and Cellular Biology, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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17
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Spataro S, Maco B, Escrig S, Jensen L, Polerecky L, Knott G, Meibom A, Schneider BL. Stable isotope labeling and ultra-high-resolution NanoSIMS imaging reveal alpha-synuclein-induced changes in neuronal metabolism in vivo. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:157. [PMID: 37770947 PMCID: PMC10540389 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, pathogenic factors such as the intraneuronal accumulation of the protein α-synuclein affect key metabolic processes. New approaches are required to understand how metabolic dysregulations cause degeneration of vulnerable subtypes of neurons in the brain. Here, we apply correlative electron microscopy and NanoSIMS isotopic imaging to map and quantify 13C enrichments in dopaminergic neurons at the subcellular level after pulse-chase administration of 13C-labeled glucose. To model a condition leading to neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease, human α-synuclein was unilaterally overexpressed in the substantia nigra of one brain hemisphere in rats. When comparing neurons overexpressing α-synuclein to those located in the control hemisphere, the carbon anabolism and turnover rates revealed metabolic anomalies in specific neuronal compartments and organelles. Overexpression of α-synuclein enhanced the overall carbon turnover in nigral neurons, despite a lower relative incorporation of carbon inside the nucleus. Furthermore, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus showed metabolic defects consistent with the effects of α-synuclein on inter-organellar communication. By revealing changes in the kinetics of carbon anabolism and turnover at the subcellular level, this approach can be used to explore how neurodegeneration unfolds in specific subpopulations of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Spataro
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bohumil Maco
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stéphane Escrig
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Louise Jensen
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lubos Polerecky
- Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geosciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Graham Knott
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Bioelectron Microscopy Core Facility, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anders Meibom
- Laboratory for Biological Geochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Advanced Surface Analysis, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- EPFL ENAC IIE LGB, Station 2, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Bertarelli Platform for Gene Therapy, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.
- EPFL SV PTECH PTBTG, Ch. Des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.
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18
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Boura I, Qamar MA, Daddoveri F, Leta V, Poplawska-Domaszewicz K, Falup-Pecurariu C, Ray Chaudhuri K. SARS-CoV-2 and Parkinson's Disease: A Review of Where We Are Now. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2524. [PMID: 37760965 PMCID: PMC10526287 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has been discussed in the context of Parkinson's disease (PD) over the last three years. Now that we are entering the long-term phase of this pandemic, we are intrigued to look back and see how and why the community of patients with PD was impacted and what knowledge we have collected so far. The relationship between COVID-19 and PD is likely multifactorial in nature. Similar to other systemic infections, a probable worsening of PD symptoms secondary to COVID-19, either transient or persistent (long COVID), has been demonstrated, while the COVID-19-related mortality of PD patients may be increased compared to the general population. These observations could be attributed to direct or indirect damage from SARS-CoV-2 in the central nervous system (CNS) or could result from general infection-related parameters (e.g., hospitalization or drugs) and the sequelae of the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., quarantine). A growing number of cases of new-onset parkinsonism or PD following SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported, either closely (post-infectious) or remotely (para-infectious) after a COVID-19 diagnosis, although such a link remains hypothetical. The pathophysiological substrate of these phenomena remains elusive; however, research studies, particularly pathology studies, have suggested various COVID-19-induced degenerative changes with potential associations with PD/parkinsonism. We review the literature to date for answers considering the relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and PD/parkinsonism, examining pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, vaccination, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iro Boura
- Parkinson’s Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; (I.B.)
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
- Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Iraklion, Greece
| | - Mubasher A. Qamar
- Parkinson’s Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; (I.B.)
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
| | - Francesco Daddoveri
- Department of Translational Research and of New Surgical and Medical Technologies, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Leta
- Parkinson’s Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; (I.B.)
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
- Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Fondazione, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Cristian Falup-Pecurariu
- Department of Neurology, County Clinic Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University Brasov, 500019 Brasov, Romania
| | - K. Ray Chaudhuri
- Parkinson’s Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK; (I.B.)
- Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, 5 Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RX, UK
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19
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Zhang D, Zhou L, Yao J, Shi Y, He H, Wei H, Tong Q, Liu J, Wu T. Increased Free Water in the Putamen in Idiopathic REM Sleep Behavior Disorder. Mov Disord 2023; 38:1645-1654. [PMID: 37342973 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that the loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic axon terminals occurs before the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) in Parkinson's disease (PD). This study aimed to use free-water imaging to evaluate microstructural changes in the dorsoposterior putamen (DPP) of idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) patients, which is considered a prodromal stage of synucleinopathies. METHODS Free water values in the DPP, dorsoanterior putamen (DAP), and posterior SN were compared between the healthy controls (n = 48), iRBD (n = 43) and PD (n = 47) patients. In iRBD patients, the relationships between baseline and longitudinal free water values and clinical manifestations or dopamine transporter (DAT) striatal binding ratio (SBR) were analyzed. RESULTS Free water values were significantly higher in the DPP and posterior substantia nigra (pSN), but not in the DAP, in the iRBD and PD groups than in controls. In iRBD patients, free water values in the DPP were progressively increased and correlated with the progression of clinical manifestations and the striatal DAT SBR. Baseline free water in the DPP was negatively correlated with striatal DAT SBR and hyposmia and positively correlated with motor deficits. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that free water values in the DPP are increased cross-sectionally and longitudinally and associated with clinical manifestations and the function of the dopaminergic system in the prodromal stage of synucleinopathies. Our findings indicate that free-water imaging of the DPP has the potential to be a valid marker of early diagnosis and progression of synucleinopathies. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling Zhang
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liche Zhou
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junye Yao
- Center for Brain Imaging Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- Institute for Medical Imaging Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjian He
- Center for Brain Imaging Science and Technology, College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongjiang Wei
- Institute for Medical Imaging Technology, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiqi Tong
- Research Center for Healthcare Data Science, Zhejiang Lab, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
- Parkinson's Disease Center, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Smith G, Sweeney ST, O’Kane CJ, Prokop A. How neurons maintain their axons long-term: an integrated view of axon biology and pathology. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1236815. [PMID: 37564364 PMCID: PMC10410161 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1236815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Axons are processes of neurons, up to a metre long, that form the essential biological cables wiring nervous systems. They must survive, often far away from their cell bodies and up to a century in humans. This requires self-sufficient cell biology including structural proteins, organelles, and membrane trafficking, metabolic, signalling, translational, chaperone, and degradation machinery-all maintaining the homeostasis of energy, lipids, proteins, and signalling networks including reactive oxygen species and calcium. Axon maintenance also involves specialised cytoskeleton including the cortical actin-spectrin corset, and bundles of microtubules that provide the highways for motor-driven transport of components and organelles for virtually all the above-mentioned processes. Here, we aim to provide a conceptual overview of key aspects of axon biology and physiology, and the homeostatic networks they form. This homeostasis can be derailed, causing axonopathies through processes of ageing, trauma, poisoning, inflammation or genetic mutations. To illustrate which malfunctions of organelles or cell biological processes can lead to axonopathies, we focus on axonopathy-linked subcellular defects caused by genetic mutations. Based on these descriptions and backed up by our comprehensive data mining of genes linked to neural disorders, we describe the 'dependency cycle of local axon homeostasis' as an integrative model to explain why very different causes can trigger very similar axonopathies, providing new ideas that can drive the quest for strategies able to battle these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaynor Smith
- Cardiff University, School of Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Sean T. Sweeney
- Department of Biology, University of York and York Biomedical Research Institute, York, United Kingdom
| | - Cahir J. O’Kane
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Prokop
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biology, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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21
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Beccano-Kelly DA, Cherubini M, Mousba Y, Cramb KM, Giussani S, Caiazza MC, Rai P, Vingill S, Bengoa-Vergniory N, Ng B, Corda G, Banerjee A, Vowles J, Cowley S, Wade-Martins R. Calcium dysregulation combined with mitochondrial failure and electrophysiological maturity converge in Parkinson's iPSC-dopamine neurons. iScience 2023; 26:107044. [PMID: 37426342 PMCID: PMC10329047 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by a progressive deterioration of motor and cognitive functions. Although death of dopamine neurons is the hallmark pathology of PD, this is a late-stage disease process preceded by neuronal dysfunction. Here we describe early physiological perturbations in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-dopamine neurons carrying the GBA-N370S mutation, a strong genetic risk factor for PD. GBA-N370S iPSC-dopamine neurons show an early and persistent calcium dysregulation notably at the mitochondria, followed by reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and oxygen consumption rate, indicating mitochondrial failure. With increased neuronal maturity, we observed decreased synaptic function in PD iPSC-dopamine neurons, consistent with the requirement for ATP and calcium to support the increase in electrophysiological activity over time. Our work demonstrates that calcium dyshomeostasis and mitochondrial failure impair the higher electrophysiological activity of mature neurons and may underlie the vulnerability of dopamine neurons in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayne A. Beccano-Kelly
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Marta Cherubini
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Yassine Mousba
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Kaitlyn M.L. Cramb
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Stefania Giussani
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Maria Claudia Caiazza
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Pavandeep Rai
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Siv Vingill
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Nora Bengoa-Vergniory
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Bryan Ng
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Gabriele Corda
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Abhirup Banerjee
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jane Vowles
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Sally Cowley
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- The James Martin Stem Cell Facility, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson’s Disease Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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22
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Bucher ML, Dunn AR, Bradner JM, Egerton KS, Burkett JP, Johnson MA, Miller GW. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C enhances vesicular storage of dopamine and counters dopaminergic toxicity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.26.546143. [PMID: 37425736 PMCID: PMC10326994 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.26.546143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra exist in a persistent state of vulnerability resulting from high baseline oxidative stress, high energy demand, and broad unmyelinated axonal arborizations. Impairments in the storage of dopamine compound this stress due to cytosolic reactions that transform the vital neurotransmitter into an endogenous neurotoxicant, and this toxicity is thought to contribute to the dopamine neuron degeneration that occurs Parkinson's disease. We have previously identified synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2C (SV2C) as a modifier of vesicular dopamine function, demonstrating that genetic ablation of SV2C in mice results in decreased dopamine content and evoked dopamine release in the striatum. Here, we adapted a previously published in vitro assay utilizing false fluorescent neurotransmitter 206 (FFN206) to visualize how SV2C regulates vesicular dopamine dynamics and determined that SV2C promotes the uptake and retention of FFN206 within vesicles. In addition, we present data indicating that SV2C enhances the retention of dopamine in the vesicular compartment with radiolabeled dopamine in vesicles isolated from immortalized cells and from mouse brain. Further, we demonstrate that SV2C enhances the ability of vesicles to store the neurotoxicant 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and that genetic ablation of SV2C results in enhanced 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced vulnerability in mice. Together, these findings suggest that SV2C functions to enhance vesicular storage of dopamine and neurotoxicants, and helps maintain the integrity of dopaminergic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Bucher
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Amy R Dunn
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Joshua M Bradner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kristen Stout Egerton
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - James P Burkett
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Michelle A Johnson
- Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Gary W Miller
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10031, USA
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23
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Brembati V, Faustini G, Longhena F, Bellucci A. Alpha synuclein post translational modifications: potential targets for Parkinson's disease therapy? Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1197853. [PMID: 37305556 PMCID: PMC10248004 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1197853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder with motor symptoms. The neuropathological alterations characterizing the brain of patients with PD include the loss of dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal system and the presence of Lewy bodies (LB), intraneuronal inclusions that are mainly composed of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) fibrils. The accumulation of α-Syn in insoluble aggregates is a main neuropathological feature in PD and in other neurodegenerative diseases, including LB dementia (LBD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA), which are therefore defined as synucleinopathies. Compelling evidence supports that α-Syn post translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, nitration, acetylation, O-GlcNAcylation, glycation, SUMOylation, ubiquitination and C-terminal cleavage, play important roles in the modulation α-Syn aggregation, solubility, turnover and membrane binding. In particular, PTMs can impact on α-Syn conformational state, thus supporting that their modulation can in turn affect α-Syn aggregation and its ability to seed further soluble α-Syn fibrillation. This review focuses on the importance of α-Syn PTMs in PD pathophysiology but also aims at highlighting their general relevance as possible biomarkers and, more importantly, as innovative therapeutic targets for synucleinopathies. In addition, we call attention to the multiple challenges that we still need to face to enable the development of novel therapeutic approaches modulating α-Syn PTMs.
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24
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Mazzotta GM, Ceccato N, Conte C. Synucleinopathies Take Their Toll: Are TLRs a Way to Go? Cells 2023; 12:cells12091231. [PMID: 37174631 PMCID: PMC10177040 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The misfolding and subsequent abnormal accumulation and aggregation of α-Synuclein (αSyn) as insoluble fibrils in Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites is the pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and several neurodegenerative disorders. A combination of environmental and genetic factors is linked to αSyn misfolding, among which neuroinflammation is recognized to play an important role. Indeed, a number of studies indicate that a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated neuroinflammation might lead to a dopaminergic neural loss, suggesting that TLRs could participate in the pathogenesis of PD as promoters of immune/neuroinflammatory responses. Here we will summarize our current understanding on the mechanisms of αSyn aggregation and misfolding, focusing on the contribution of TLRs to the progression of α-synucleinopathies and speculating on their link with the non-motor disturbances associated with aging and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadia Ceccato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Carmela Conte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, 06100 Perugia, Italy
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25
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Chow HM, Garnett EO, Koenraads SPC, Chang SE. Brain developmental trajectories associated with childhood stuttering persistence and recovery. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 60:101224. [PMID: 36863188 PMCID: PMC9986501 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stuttering is a neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 5-8 % of preschool-age children, continuing into adulthood in 1 % of the population. The neural mechanisms underlying persistence and recovery from stuttering remain unclear and little information exists on neurodevelopmental anomalies in children who stutter (CWS) during preschool age, when stuttering symptoms typically first emerge. Here we present findings from the largest longitudinal study of childhood stuttering to date, comparing children with persistent stuttering (pCWS) and those who later recovered from stuttering (rCWS) with age-matched fluent peers, to examine the developmental trajectories of both gray matter volume (GMV) and white matter volume (WMV) using voxel-based morphometry. A total of 470 MRI scans were analyzed from 95 CWS (72 pCWS and 23 rCWS) and 95 fluent peers between 3 and 12 years of age. We examined overall group and group by age interactions in GMV and WMV in preschool age (3-5 years old) and school age (6-12 years old) CWS and controls, controlling for sex, IQ, intracranial volume, and socioeconomic status. The results provide broad support for a possible basal ganglia-thalamocortical (BGTC) network deficit starting in the earliest phases of the disorder and point to normalization or compensation of earlier occurring structural changes associated with stuttering recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Ming Chow
- University of Delaware, Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Newark, DE 19713, USA
| | - Emily O Garnett
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Soo-Eun Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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26
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Dominguez-Lopez S, Ahn B, Sataranatarajan K, Ranjit R, Premkumar P, Van Remmen H, Beckstead MJ. Long-term methamphetamine self-administration increases mesolimbic mitochondrial oxygen consumption and decreases striatal glutathione. Neuropharmacology 2023; 227:109436. [PMID: 36693561 PMCID: PMC10080784 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Neurotoxic regimens of methamphetamine (METH) are known to increase reactive oxygen species (ROS), affect redox homeostasis, and lead to damage in dopamine neurons. Functional changes induced by long-term METH self-administration on mitochondrial respiratory metabolism and redox homeostasis are less known. To fill this gap, we implanted a jugular catheter into adult male mice and trained them to nose poke for METH infusions. After several weeks of METH exposure, we collected samples of the ventral striatum (vST) and the ventral midbrain (vMB). We used HPLC to determine the levels of the ROS scavenger glutathione in its reduced (GSH) and oxidized forms. Then, we used high-resolution respirometry to determine the oxygen consumption rate (OCR) of mitochondrial complexes. Finally, using in vivo electrophysiology, we assessed changes in dopamine neuron firing activity in the VTA. METH self-administration produced a decrease of the GSH pool in vST, correlating with lifetime METH intake. We observed increased mitochondrial respiration across the two mesolimbic regions. METH self-administration decreases firing rate and burst activity but increases the number of spontaneously active dopamine neurons per track. We conclude that METH self-administration progressively decreased the antioxidant pool in sites of higher dopamine release and produced an increase in mitochondrial metabolism in the mesolimbic areas, probably derived from the increased number of dopamine neurons actively firing. However, dopamine neuron firing activity is decreased by METH self-administration, reflecting a new basal level of dopamine neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Dominguez-Lopez
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA; Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Bumsoo Ahn
- Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | | | - Rojina Ranjit
- Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Pavithra Premkumar
- Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Michael J Beckstead
- Aging and Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA; Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
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Ibarra-Gutiérrez MT, Serrano-García N, Orozco-Ibarra M. Rotenone-Induced Model of Parkinson's Disease: Beyond Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1929-1948. [PMID: 36593435 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is usually diagnosed through motor symptoms that make the patient incapable of carrying out daily activities; however, numerous non-motor symptoms include olfactory disturbances, constipation, depression, excessive daytime sleepiness, and rapid eye movement at sleep; they begin years before motor symptoms. Therefore, several experimental models have been studied to reproduce several PD functional and neurochemical characteristics; however, no model mimics all the PD motor and non-motor symptoms to date, which becomes a limitation for PD study. It has become increasingly relevant to find ways to study the disease from its slowly progressive nature. The experimental models most frequently used to reproduce PD are based on administering toxic chemical compounds, which aim to imitate dopamine deficiency. The most used toxic compounds to model PD have been 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which inhibit the complex I of the electron transport chain but have some limitations. Another toxic compound that has drawn attention recently is rotenone, the classical inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I. Rotenone triggers the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons and α-synuclein inclusions formation in rats; also, rotenone induces microtubule destabilization. This review presents information about the experimental model of PD induced by rotenone, emphasizing its molecular characteristics beyond the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Ibarra-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Norma Serrano-García
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Marisol Orozco-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
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28
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Yahya V, Di Fonzo A, Monfrini E. Genetic Evidence for Endolysosomal Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: A Critical Overview. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076338. [PMID: 37047309 PMCID: PMC10094484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population, and no disease-modifying therapy has been approved to date. The pathogenesis of PD has been related to many dysfunctional cellular mechanisms, however, most of its monogenic forms are caused by pathogenic variants in genes involved in endolysosomal function (LRRK2, VPS35, VPS13C, and ATP13A2) and synaptic vesicle trafficking (SNCA, RAB39B, SYNJ1, and DNAJC6). Moreover, an extensive search for PD risk variants revealed strong risk variants in several lysosomal genes (e.g., GBA1, SMPD1, TMEM175, and SCARB2) highlighting the key role of lysosomal dysfunction in PD pathogenesis. Furthermore, large genetic studies revealed that PD status is associated with the overall “lysosomal genetic burden”, namely the cumulative effect of strong and weak risk variants affecting lysosomal genes. In this context, understanding the complex mechanisms of impaired vesicular trafficking and dysfunctional endolysosomes in dopaminergic neurons of PD patients is a fundamental step to identifying precise therapeutic targets and developing effective drugs to modify the neurodegenerative process in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidal Yahya
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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29
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Development of Small Molecules Targeting α-Synuclein Aggregation: A Promising Strategy to Treat Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030839. [PMID: 36986700 PMCID: PMC10059018 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, is characterized by the accumulation of protein deposits in the dopaminergic neurons. These deposits are primarily composed of aggregated forms of α-Synuclein (α-Syn). Despite the extensive research on this disease, only symptomatic treatments are currently available. However, in recent years, several compounds, mainly of an aromatic character, targeting α-Syn self-assembly and amyloid formation have been identified. These compounds, discovered by different approaches, are chemically diverse and exhibit a plethora of mechanisms of action. This work aims to provide a historical overview of the physiopathology and molecular aspects associated with Parkinson’s disease and the current trends in small compound development to target α-Syn aggregation. Although these molecules are still under development, they constitute an important step toward discovering effective anti-aggregational therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
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30
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez P, Zampese E, Surmeier DJ. Disease mechanisms as Subtypes: Mitochondrial and bioenergetic dysfunction. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:53-66. [PMID: 36803823 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. Despite its enormous human and societal cost, there is no disease-modifying therapy for PD. This unmet medical need reflects our limited understanding of PD pathogenesis. One of the most important clues comes from the recognition that PD motor symptoms arises from the dysfunction and degeneration of a very select group of neurons in the brain. These neurons have a distinctive set of anatomic and physiologic traits that reflect their role in brain function. These traits elevate mitochondrial stress, potentially making them particularly vulnerable to age, as well as to genetic mutations and environmental toxins linked to PD incidence. In this chapter, the literature supporting this model is outlined, along with gaps in our knowledge base. The translational implications of this hypothesis are then discussed, with a focus on why disease-modification trials have failed to date and what this means for the development of new strategies for altering disease course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla and CIBERNED, Seville, Spain
| | - Enrico Zampese
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
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31
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Cullinane PW, de Pablo Fernandez E, König A, Outeiro TF, Jaunmuktane Z, Warner TT. Type 2 Diabetes and Parkinson's Disease: A Focused Review of Current Concepts. Mov Disord 2023; 38:162-177. [PMID: 36567671 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly reproducible epidemiological evidence shows that type 2 diabetes (T2D) increases the risk and rate of progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), and crucially, the repurposing of certain antidiabetic medications for the treatment of PD has shown early promise in clinical trials, suggesting that the effects of T2D on PD pathogenesis may be modifiable. The high prevalence of T2D means that a significant proportion of patients with PD may benefit from personalized antidiabetic treatment approaches that also confer neuroprotective benefits. Therefore, there is an immediate need to better understand the mechanistic relation between these conditions and the specific molecular pathways affected by T2D in the brain. Although there is considerable evidence that processes such as insulin signaling, mitochondrial function, autophagy, and inflammation are involved in the pathogenesis of both PD and T2D, the primary aim of this review is to highlight the evidence showing that T2D-associated dysregulation of these pathways occurs not only in the periphery but also in the brain and how this may facilitate neurodegeneration in PD. We also discuss the challenges involved in disentangling the complex relationship between T2D, insulin resistance, and PD, as well as important questions for further research. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Cullinane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo de Pablo Fernandez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Annekatrin König
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago Fleming Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany.,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Scientific Employee with an Honorary Contract at Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zane Jaunmuktane
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Division of Neuropathology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom.,Queen Square Movement Disorders Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Queen Square Movement Disorders Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
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32
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Vitamin B12 Ameliorates the Pathological Phenotypes of Multiple Parkinson's Disease Models by Alleviating Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12010153. [PMID: 36671015 PMCID: PMC9854476 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. The etiology of PD has yet to be elucidated, and the disease remains incurable. Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is the key causative factor of PD. Due to their capacity to alleviate oxidative stress, antioxidants hold great potential for the treatment of PD. Vitamins are essential organic substances for maintaining the life of organisms. Vitamin deficiency is implicated in the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as PD. In the present study, we investigated whether administration of vitamin B12 (VB12) could ameliorate PD phenotypes in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that VB12 significantly reduced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rotenone-induced SH-SY5Y cellular PD model. In a Parkin gene knockout C. elegans PD model, VB12 mitigated motor dysfunction. Moreover, in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced mouse PD model, VB12 also displayed protective effects, including the rescue of mitochondrial function, dopaminergic neuron loss, and movement disorder. In summary, our results suggest that vitamin supplementation may be a novel method for the intervention of PD, which is safer and more feasible than chemical drug treatment.
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33
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The complex role of inflammation and gliotransmitters in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 176:105940. [PMID: 36470499 PMCID: PMC10372760 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the role of innate and adaptive immune cell function in brain health and how it goes awry during aging and neurodegenerative diseases is still in its infancy. Inflammation and immunological dysfunction are common components of Parkinson's disease (PD), both in terms of motor and non-motor components of PD. In recent decades, the antiquated notion that the central nervous system (CNS) in disease states is an immune-privileged organ, has been debunked. The immune landscape in the CNS influences peripheral systems, and peripheral immunological changes can alter the CNS in health and disease. Identifying immune and inflammatory pathways that compromise neuronal health and survival is critical in designing innovative and effective strategies to limit their untoward effects on neuronal health.
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Li H, Jiang H, Li H, Li L, Yan Z, Feng J. Generation of human A9 dopaminergic pacemakers from induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:4407-4418. [PMID: 35610351 PMCID: PMC9684358 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The degeneration of nigral (A9) dopaminergic (DA) neurons causes motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). We use small-molecule compounds to direct the differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to A9 DA neurons that share many important properties with their in vivo counterparts. The method generates a large percentage of TH+ neurons that express appropriate A9 markers, such as GIRK2 and ALDH1A1, but mostly not the A10 marker CALBINDIN. Functionally, they exhibit autonomous pacemaking based on L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and show autoreceptor-dependent regulation of dopamine release. When transplanted in the striatum of 6-OHDA-lesioned athymic rats, the human A9 DA neurons manifest robust survival and axon outgrowth, and ameliorate motor deficits in the rat PD model. The ability to generate patient-specific A9 DA autonomous pacemakers will significantly improve PD research and facilitate the development of disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Houbo Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
| | - Hanqin Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Zhen Yan
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA.
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Cuevas-Diaz Duran R, González-Orozco JC, Velasco I, Wu JQ. Single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing as powerful tools to decipher cellular heterogeneity and dysregulation in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:884748. [PMID: 36353512 PMCID: PMC9637968 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.884748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide and there are currently no cures. Two types of common neurodegenerative diseases are Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Single-cell and single-nuclei RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq) have become powerful tools to elucidate the inherent complexity and dynamics of the central nervous system at cellular resolution. This technology has allowed the identification of cell types and states, providing new insights into cellular susceptibilities and molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative conditions. Exciting research using high throughput scRNA-seq and snRNA-seq technologies to study AD and PD is emerging. Herein we review the recent progress in understanding these neurodegenerative diseases using these state-of-the-art technologies. We discuss the fundamental principles and implications of single-cell sequencing of the human brain. Moreover, we review some examples of the computational and analytical tools required to interpret the extensive amount of data generated from these assays. We conclude by highlighting challenges and limitations in the application of these technologies in the study of AD and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Iván Velasco
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular—Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía “Manuel Velasco Suárez”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jia Qian Wu
- The Vivian L. Smith Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, UT Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
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Axonal Domain Structure as a Putative Identifier of Neuron-Specific Vulnerability to Oxidative Stress in Cultured Neurons. eNeuro 2022; 9:ENEURO.0139-22.2022. [PMID: 36192156 PMCID: PMC9595591 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0139-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several populations of neurons are purported to degenerate in Parkinson's disease (PD). One current hypothesis suggests that vulnerable neurons in PD share common characteristics including projecting to voluminous territories and having extremely long and branched axonal domains with large numbers of neurotransmitter release sites. In this study, we used a mouse in vitro culture system to compare the axonal domain of neuronal populations suspected to be vulnerable in PD to that of neuronal populations considered at a lesser risk. In the first category, we included dopamine (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra, noradrenergic neurons of the locus coeruleus (LC), serotonin neurons of the raphe nuclei (R), and cholinergic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMV). In the second category, we included DA neurons of the ventral tegmental area, cholinergic neurons of the hypoglossal nucleus, and cholinergic interneurons of the dorsal striatum. Validating their differential vulnerability, we find that, when compared with neurons presumed to be resilient in PD, a larger proportion of neurons presumed to be vulnerable in PD degenerate in response to cell stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. We also find that they are endowed with larger axonal domains, that are more complex, have more axonal varicosities with a higher proportion of varicosities that are positive for synaptotagmin 1 (Syt-1). Notwithstanding the obvious limitations related to the dissection of small brain nuclei and to the growth of these neurons in vitro, these findings support the hypothesis that axonal domain structure is a key characteristic of neuronal vulnerability to oxidative stress.
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Bongioanni P, Del Carratore R, Dolciotti C, Diana A, Buizza R. Effects of Global Warming on Patients with Dementia, Motor Neuron or Parkinson's Diseases: A Comparison among Cortical and Subcortical Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013429. [PMID: 36294010 PMCID: PMC9602967 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to global warming can be dangerous for health and can lead to an increase in the prevalence of neurological diseases worldwide. Such an effect is more evident in populations that are less prepared to cope with enhanced environmental temperatures. In this work, we extend our previous research on the link between climate change and Parkinson's disease (PD) to also include Alzheimer's Disease and other Dementias (AD/D) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Motor Neuron Diseases (ALS/MND). One hundred and eighty-four world countries were clustered into four groups according to their climate indices (warming and annual average temperature). Variations between 1990 and 2016 in the diseases' indices (prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years) and climate indices for the four clusters were analyzed. Unlike our previous work on PD, we did not find any significant correlation between warming and epidemiological indices for AD/D and ALS/MND patients. A significantly lower increment in prevalence in countries with higher temperatures was found for ALS/MND patients. It can be argued that the discordant findings between AD/D or ALS/MND and PD might be related to the different features of the neuronal types involved and the pathophysiology of thermoregulation. The neurons of AD/D and ALS/MND patients are less vulnerable to heat-related degeneration effects than PD patients. PD patients' substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which are constitutively frailer due to their morphology and function, fall down under an overwhelming oxidative stress caused by climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bongioanni
- Medical Specialties Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- NeuroCare onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Dolciotti
- Medical Specialties Department, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, 56100 Pisa, Italy
- NeuroCare onlus, 56100 Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Diana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09100 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Buizza
- Life Science Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56100 Pisa, Italy
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Zampese E, Wokosin DL, Gonzalez-Rodriguez P, Guzman JN, Tkatch T, Kondapalli J, Surmeier WC, D’Alessandro KB, De Stefani D, Rizzuto R, Iino M, Molkentin JD, Chandel NS, Schumacker PT, Surmeier DJ. Ca 2+ channels couple spiking to mitochondrial metabolism in substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp8701. [PMID: 36179023 PMCID: PMC9524841 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp8701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
How do neurons match generation of adenosine triphosphate by mitochondria to the bioenergetic demands of regenerative activity? Although the subject of speculation, this coupling is still poorly understood, particularly in neurons that are tonically active. To help fill this gap, pacemaking substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons were studied using a combination of optical, electrophysiological, and molecular approaches. In these neurons, spike-activated calcium (Ca2+) entry through Cav1 channels triggered Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, which stimulated mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation through two complementary Ca2+-dependent mechanisms: one mediated by the mitochondrial uniporter and another by the malate-aspartate shuttle. Disrupting either mechanism impaired the ability of dopaminergic neurons to sustain spike activity. While this feedforward control helps dopaminergic neurons meet the bioenergetic demands associated with sustained spiking, it is also responsible for their elevated oxidant stress and possibly to their decline with aging and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Zampese
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - David L. Wokosin
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Patricia Gonzalez-Rodriguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Jaime N. Guzman
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Tatiana Tkatch
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Jyothisri Kondapalli
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - William C. Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
| | - Karis B. D’Alessandro
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Diego De Stefani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Rosario Rizzuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Masamitsu Iino
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1, Oyaguchi Kami-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Jeffery D. Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Navdeep S. Chandel
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Paul T. Schumacker
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - D. James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson’s (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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Ahuja M, Kaidery NA, Dutta D, Attucks OC, Kazakov EH, Gazaryan I, Matsumoto M, Igarashi K, Sharma SM, Thomas B. Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of the Nrf2/Bach1 Signaling Pathway in Parkinson's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091780. [PMID: 36139853 PMCID: PMC9495572 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Although a complex interplay of multiple environmental and genetic factors has been implicated, the etiology of neuronal death in PD remains unresolved. Various mechanisms of neuronal degeneration in PD have been proposed, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, α-synuclein proteostasis, disruption of calcium homeostasis, and other cell death pathways. While many drugs individually targeting these pathways have shown promise in preclinical PD models, this promise has not yet translated into neuroprotective therapies in human PD. This has consequently spurred efforts to identify alternative targets with multipronged therapeutic approaches. A promising therapeutic target that could modulate multiple etiological pathways involves drug-induced activation of a coordinated genetic program regulated by the transcription factor, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Nrf2 regulates the transcription of over 250 genes, creating a multifaceted network that integrates cellular activities by expressing cytoprotective genes, promoting the resolution of inflammation, restoring redox and protein homeostasis, stimulating energy metabolism, and facilitating repair. However, FDA-approved electrophilic Nrf2 activators cause irreversible alkylation of cysteine residues in various cellular proteins resulting in side effects. We propose that the transcriptional repressor of BTB and CNC homology 1 (Bach1), which antagonizes Nrf2, could serve as a promising complementary target for the activation of both Nrf2-dependent and Nrf2-independent neuroprotective pathways. This review presents the current knowledge on the Nrf2/Bach1 signaling pathway, its role in various cellular processes, and the benefits of simultaneously inhibiting Bach1 and stabilizing Nrf2 using non-electrophilic small molecules as a novel therapeutic approach for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuj Ahuja
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
| | - Navneet Ammal Kaidery
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
| | - Debashis Dutta
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
| | | | | | - Irina Gazaryan
- Pace University, White Plains, NY 10601, USA
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, School of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 111401 Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Biology and Biotechnologies, Higher School of Economics, 111401 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mitsuyo Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Sudarshana M. Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
| | - Bobby Thomas
- Darby Children’s Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Department of Drug Discovery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29406, USA
- Correspondence:
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Huang ML, Yen PL, Chang CH, Liao VHC. Chronic di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate exposure leads to dopaminergic neuron degeneration through mitochondrial dysfunction in C. elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119574. [PMID: 35671892 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is frequently detected in the environment due to the abundance of its use. These levels might be hazardous to human health and ecosystems. Phthalates have been associated with neurological disorders, yet whether chronic DEHP exposure plays a role in Parkinson's disease (PD) or its underlying mechanisms is unknown. We investigated the effects of chronic DEHP exposure less than an environmentally-relevant dose on PD hallmarks, using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model. We show that developmental stage and exposure timing influence DEHP-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration. In addition, in response to chronic DEHP exposure at 5 mg/L, mitochondrial fragmentation became significantly elevated, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels increased, and ATP levels decreased, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs. Furthermore, the data show that mitochondrial complex I (nuo-1 and gas-1) and complex II (mev-1) are involved in DEHP-induced dopaminergic neuron toxicity. These results suggest that chronic exposure to DEHP at levels less than an environmentally-relevant dose causes dopaminergic neuron degeneration through mitochondrial dysfunction involving mitochondrial complex I and II. Considering the high level of genetic conservation between C. elegans and mammals, chronic DEHP exposure might elevate the risk of developing PD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Lun Huang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ling Yen
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Han Chang
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Vivian Hsiu-Chuan Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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Bellucci A, Longhena F, Spillantini MG. The Role of Rab Proteins in Parkinson's Disease Synaptopathy. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081941. [PMID: 36009486 PMCID: PMC9406004 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients affected by Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, the brain is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal system, leading to dyshomeostasis of the basal ganglia network activity that is linked to motility dysfunction. PD mostly arises as an age-associated sporadic disease, but several genetic forms also exist. Compelling evidence supports that synaptic damage and dysfunction characterize the very early phases of either sporadic or genetic forms of PD and that this early PD synaptopathy drives retrograde terminal-to-cell body degeneration, culminating in neuronal loss. The Ras-associated binding protein (Rab) family of small GTPases, which is involved in the maintenance of neuronal vesicular trafficking, synaptic architecture and function in the central nervous system, has recently emerged among the major players in PD synaptopathy. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the main findings supporting the involvement of Rabs in either sporadic or genetic PD pathophysiology, and we highlight how Rab alterations participate in the onset of early synaptic damage and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0303-717-380
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Clifford Albutt Building, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Clifford Albutt Building, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
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Kulkarni AS, Burns MR, Brundin P, Wesson DW. Linking α-synuclein-induced synaptopathy and neural network dysfunction in early Parkinson’s disease. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac165. [PMID: 35822101 PMCID: PMC9272065 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The prodromal phase of Parkinson’s disease is characterized by aggregation of the misfolded pathogenic protein α-synuclein in select neural centres, co-occurring with non-motor symptoms including sensory and cognitive loss, and emotional disturbances. It is unclear whether neuronal loss is significant during the prodrome. Underlying these symptoms are synaptic impairments and aberrant neural network activity. However, the relationships between synaptic defects and network-level perturbations are not established. In experimental models, pathological α-synuclein not only impacts neurotransmission at the synaptic level, but also leads to changes in brain network-level oscillatory dynamics—both of which likely contribute to non-motor deficits observed in Parkinson’s disease. Here we draw upon research from both human subjects and experimental models to propose a ‘synapse to network prodrome cascade’ wherein before overt cell death, pathological α-synuclein induces synaptic loss and contributes to aberrant network activity, which then gives rise to prodromal symptomology. As the disease progresses, abnormal patterns of neural activity ultimately lead to neuronal loss and clinical progression of disease. Finally, we outline goals and research needed to unravel the basis of functional impairments in Parkinson’s disease and other α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya S Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
| | - Matthew R Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Disorders, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), F. Hoffman-La Roche , Little Falls, NJ , USA
| | - Daniel W Wesson
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Disorders, University of Florida , 1200 Newell Dr, Gainesville, FL 32610 , USA
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Li D, Huang LT, Zhang CP, Li Q, Wang JH. Insights Into the Role of Platelet-Derived Growth Factors: Implications for Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis and Treatment. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:890509. [PMID: 35847662 PMCID: PMC9283766 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.890509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease, commonly occurs in the elderly population, causing a significant medical and economic burden to the aging society worldwide. At present, there are few effective methods that achieve satisfactory clinical results in the treatment of PD. Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and platelet-derived growth factor receptors (PDGFRs) are important neurotrophic factors that are expressed in various cell types. Their unique structures allow for specific binding that can effectively regulate vital functions in the nervous system. In this review, we summarized the possible mechanisms by which PDGFs/PDGFRs regulate the occurrence and development of PD by affecting oxidative stress, mitochondrial function, protein folding and aggregation, Ca2+ homeostasis, and cell neuroinflammation. These modes of action mainly depend on the type and distribution of PDGFs in different nerve cells. We also summarized the possible clinical applications and prospects for PDGF in the treatment of PD, especially in genetic treatment. Recent advances have shown that PDGFs have contradictory roles within the central nervous system (CNS). Although they exert neuroprotective effects through multiple pathways, they are also associated with the disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Our recommendations based on our findings include further investigation of the contradictory neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of the PDGFs acting on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Le-Tian Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Cheng-pu Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Li,
| | - Jia-He Wang
- Department of Family Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Jia-He Wang,
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Xu X, Zhang Y. Regulation of Oxidative Stress by Long Non-coding RNAs in Central Nervous System Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:931704. [PMID: 35782387 PMCID: PMC9241987 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.931704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as ischemic stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injury, glioma, and epilepsy, involve oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis, often leading to long-term disability or death. Emerging studies suggest that oxidative stress may induce epigenetic modifications that contribute to CNS disorders. Non-coding RNAs are epigenetic regulators involved in CNS disorders and have attracted extensive attention. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNAs more than 200 nucleotides long and have no protein-coding function. However, these molecules exert regulatory functions at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic levels. However, the major role of lncRNAs in the pathophysiology of CNS disorders, especially related to oxidative stress, remains unclear. Here, we review the molecular functions of lncRNAs in oxidative stress and highlight lncRNAs that exert positive or negative roles in oxidation/antioxidant systems. This review provides novel insights into the therapeutic potential of lncRNAs that mediate oxidative stress in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoman Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Zhang,
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Thomas C, Wurzer L, Malle E, Ristow M, Madreiter-Sokolowski CT. Modulation of Reactive Oxygen Species Homeostasis as a Pleiotropic Effect of Commonly Used Drugs. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2022; 3:905261. [PMID: 35821802 PMCID: PMC9261327 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2022.905261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Age-associated diseases represent a growing burden for global health systems in our aging society. Consequently, we urgently need innovative strategies to counteract these pathological disturbances. Overwhelming generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with age-related damage, leading to cellular dysfunction and, ultimately, diseases. However, low-dose ROS act as crucial signaling molecules and inducers of a vaccination-like response to boost antioxidant defense mechanisms, known as mitohormesis. Consequently, modulation of ROS homeostasis by nutrition, exercise, or pharmacological interventions is critical in aging. Numerous nutrients and approved drugs exhibit pleiotropic effects on ROS homeostasis. In the current review, we provide an overview of drugs affecting ROS generation and ROS detoxification and evaluate the potential of these effects to counteract the development and progression of age-related diseases. In case of inflammation-related dysfunctions, cardiovascular- and neurodegenerative diseases, it might be essential to strengthen antioxidant defense mechanisms in advance by low ROS level rises to boost the individual ROS defense mechanisms. In contrast, induction of overwhelming ROS production might be helpful to fight pathogens and kill cancer cells. While we outline the potential of ROS manipulation to counteract age-related dysfunction and diseases, we also raise the question about the proper intervention time and dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Thomas
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism Institute of Translational Medicine Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Lia Wurzer
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ernst Malle
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Michael Ristow
- Laboratory of Energy Metabolism Institute of Translational Medicine Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Corina T. Madreiter-Sokolowski
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- *Correspondence: Corina T. Madreiter-Sokolowski,
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Chen J, Xu J, Huang P, Luo Y, Shi Y, Ma P. The potential applications of traditional Chinese medicine in Parkinson's disease: A new opportunity. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112866. [PMID: 35367767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) presents a common challenge for people all over the world and has become a major research hotspot due to the large population affected by the illness and the difficulty of clinical treatment. The prevalence of PD is increasing every year, the pathogenesis is complex, and the current treatment is ineffective. Therefore, it has become imperative to find effective drugs for PD. With the advantages of low cost, high safety and high biological activity, Chinese medicine has great advantages in the prevention and treatment of PD. This review systematically summarizes the potential of Chinese medicine for the treatment of PD, showing that Chinese medicine can exert anti-PD effects through various pathways, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant pathways, reducing mitochondrial dysfunction, inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and iron death, and regulating intestinal flora. These mainly involve HMGB1/TLR4, PI3K/Akt, NLRP3/ caspase-1/IL-1β, Nrf2/HO-1, SIRT1/Akt1, PINK1/parkin, Bcl-2/Bax, BDNF-TrkB and other signaling pathways. In sum, based on modern phytochemistry, pharmacology and genomic proteomics, Chinese medicine is likely to be a potential candidate for PD treatment, which requires more clinical trials to further elucidate its importance in the treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxue Chen
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Jingke Xu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ping Huang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yining Luo
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Yuanshu Shi
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Ping Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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Muddapu VRJ, Vijayakumar K, Ramakrishnan K, Chakravarthy VS. A Multi-Scale Computational Model of Levodopa-Induced Toxicity in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:797127. [PMID: 35516806 PMCID: PMC9063169 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.797127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The root cause of this cell loss in PD is still not decisively elucidated. A recent line of thinking has traced the cause of PD neurodegeneration to metabolic deficiency. Levodopa (L-DOPA), a precursor of dopamine, used as a symptom-relieving treatment for PD, leads to positive and negative outcomes. Several researchers inferred that L-DOPA might be harmful to SNc cells due to oxidative stress. The role of L-DOPA in the course of the PD pathogenesis is still debatable. We hypothesize that energy deficiency can lead to L-DOPA-induced toxicity in two ways: by promoting dopamine-induced oxidative stress and by exacerbating excitotoxicity in SNc. We present a systems-level computational model of SNc-striatum, which will help us understand the mechanism behind neurodegeneration postulated above and provide insights into developing disease-modifying therapeutics. It was observed that SNc terminals are more vulnerable to energy deficiency than SNc somas. During L-DOPA therapy, it was observed that higher L-DOPA dosage results in increased loss of terminals in SNc. It was also observed that co-administration of L-DOPA and glutathione (antioxidant) evades L-DOPA-induced toxicity in SNc neurons. Our proposed model of the SNc-striatum system is the first of its kind, where SNc neurons were modeled at a biophysical level, and striatal neurons were modeled at a spiking level. We show that our proposed model was able to capture L-DOPA-induced toxicity in SNc, caused by energy deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karthik Vijayakumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Chennai, India
| | | | - V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyothi Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: V. Srinivasa Chakravarthy
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Boura I, Ray Chaudhuri K. Coronavirus Disease 2019 and related Parkinsonism: the clinical evidence thus far. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2022; 9:584-593. [PMID: 35601258 PMCID: PMC9111006 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) pandemic has fueled both research and speculation, as to whether it could be a “perfect storm” for a post‐Covid emergence of parkinsonism in some susceptible individuals, analogous to the post‐encephalitic parkinsonism reported after the 1918 influenza epidemic. This theory is further augmented by reports of a pathogenic effect of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) on the central nervous system with specific impact on the dopaminergic pathway, as well as the possibility of the virus to selectively bind to Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme‐2 (ACE‐2); these molecules are expressed abundantly in the midbrain dopamine neurons and, are likely involved in several cellular mechanisms cited in Parkinson's Disease (PD) pathophysiology. Objectives—Methods Therefore, we performed a review of the literature up to February 2022 to explore the current landscape considering published cases of new‐onset parkinsonism after a SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in otherwise healthy individuals. We summarized their clinical features, diagnostic and treatment approaches, discussing potential underlying mechanisms in light of PD pathogenesis theories. Results Twenty cases that developed parkinsonian features simultaneously or shortly after a reported SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were reviewed. In 11 of them, parkinsonism appeared in the context of encephalopathy, while four patients developed post‐infectious parkinsonism without encephalopathy, and four bore similarities to idiopathic PD. Nine patients exhibited a good response to dopaminergic therapy, while four responded to immunomodulatory treatment. Conclusions Available data does not yet justify a clear association between the Covid‐19 pandemic and a parkinsonism wave. However, vigilance is necessary, as long‐term effects might have not been revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iro Boura
- University of Crete, Medical School Heraklion Greece
- King's College London, Department of Neurosciences Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Denmark Hill London United Kingdom
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill London United Kingdom
| | - K. Ray Chaudhuri
- King's College London, Department of Neurosciences Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, Denmark Hill London United Kingdom
- Parkinson's Foundation Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill London United Kingdom
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Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Microtubules Are Master Regulators of Central and Peripheral Nervous System Axon Degeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11081358. [PMID: 35456037 PMCID: PMC9033047 DOI: 10.3390/cells11081358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is an active process that differs from neuronal death, and it is the hallmark of many disorders affecting the central and peripheral nervous system. Starting from the analyses of Wallerian degeneration, the simplest experimental model, here we describe how the long projecting neuronal populations affected in Parkinson’s disease and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathies share commonalities in the mechanisms and molecular players driving the earliest phase of axon degeneration. Indeed, both dopaminergic and sensory neurons are particularly susceptible to alterations of microtubules and axonal transport as well as to dysfunctions of the ubiquitin proteasome system and protein quality control. Finally, we report an updated review on current knowledge of key molecules able to modulate these targets, blocking the on-going axonal degeneration and inducing neuronal regeneration. These molecules might represent good candidates for disease-modifying treatment, which might expand the window of intervention improving patients’ quality of life.
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Ni A, Ernst C. Evidence That Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta Dopaminergic Neurons Are Selectively Vulnerable to Oxidative Stress Because They Are Highly Metabolically Active. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:826193. [PMID: 35308118 PMCID: PMC8931026 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.826193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There are 400–500 thousand dopaminergic cells within each side of the human substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) making them a minuscule portion of total brain mass. These tiny clusters of cells have an outsized impact on motor output and behavior as seen in disorders such as Parkinson’s disease (PD). SNpc dopaminergic neurons are more vulnerable to oxidative stress compared to other brain cell types, but the reasons for this are not precisely known. Here we provide evidence to support the hypothesis that this selective vulnerability is because SNpc neurons sustain high metabolic rates compared to other neurons. A higher baseline requirement for ATP production may lead to a selective vulnerability to impairments in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) or genetic insults that impair Complex I of the electron transport chain. We suggest that the energy demands of the unique morphological and electrophysiological properties of SNpc neurons may be one reason these cells produce more ATP than other cells. We further provide evidence to support the hypothesis that transcription factors (TFs) required to drive induction, differentiation, and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic neural progenitor cells which give rise to terminally differentiated SNpc neurons are uniquely involved in both developmental patterning and metabolism, a dual function unlike other TFs that program neurons in other brain regions. The use of these TFs during induction and differentiation may program ventral midbrain progenitor cells metabolically to higher ATP levels, allowing for the development of those specialized cell processes seen in terminally differentiated cells. This paper provides a cellular and developmental framework for understanding the selective vulnerability of SNpc dopaminergic cells to oxidative stress.
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