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Tomljenovic L, McHenry LB. A reactogenic "placebo" and the ethics of informed consent in Gardasil HPV vaccine clinical trials: A case study from Denmark. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RISK & SAFETY IN MEDICINE 2024; 35:159-180. [PMID: 38788092 PMCID: PMC11191454 DOI: 10.3233/jrs-230032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical ethics guidelines require of clinical trial investigators and sponsors to inform prospective trial participants of all known and potential risks associated with investigational medical products, and to obtain their free informed consent. These guidelines also require that clinical research be so designed as to minimize harms and maximize benefits. OBJECTIVE To examine Merck's scientific rationale for using a reactogenic aluminum-containing "placebo" in Gardasil HPV vaccine pre-licensure clinical trials. METHODS We examined the informed consent form and the recruitment brochure for the FUTURE II Gardasil vaccine trial conducted in Denmark; and we interviewed several FUTURE II trial participants and their treating physicians. We also reviewed regulatory documentation related to Gardasil vaccine approval process and the guidelines on evaluation of adjuvants used in human vaccines. RESULTS It was found that the vaccine manufacturer Merck made several inaccurate statements to trial participants that compromised their right to informed consent. First, even though the study protocol listed safety testing as one of the study's primary objectives, the recruitment brochure emphasized that FUTURE II was not a safety study, and that the vaccine had already been proven safe. Second, the advertising material for the trial and the informed consent forms stated that the placebo was saline or an inactive substance, when, in fact, it contained Merck's proprietary highly reactogenic aluminum adjuvant which does not appear to have been properly evaluated for safety. Several trial participants experienced chronic disabling symptoms, including some randomized to the adjuvant "placebo" group. CONCLUSION In our view, the administration of a reactive placebo in Gardasil clinical trials was without any possible benefit, needlessly exposed study subjects to risks, and was therefore a violation of medical ethics. The routine use of aluminum adjuvants as "placebos" in vaccine clinical trials is inappropriate as it hinders the discovery of vaccine-related safety signals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leemon B. McHenry
- Department of Philosophy, California State University, Northridge, CA, USA
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P K, Unniram Parambil AR, Silswal A, Pramanik A, Koner AL. Trivalent metal ion sensor enabled bioimaging and quantification of vaccine-deposited Al 3+ in lysosomes. Analyst 2023; 148:2425-2437. [PMID: 37194365 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00562c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular metallic debris is deposited into the well-known 'recycle bins' of the cells named lysosomes. The accumulation of unwanted metal ions can cause dysfunction of hydrolyzing enzymes and membrane rupturing. Thus, herein, we synthesized rhodamine-acetophenone/benzaldehyde derivatives for the detection of trivalent metal ions in aqueous media. In solution, the synthesized probes exhibited a 'turn-on' colorimetric and fluorometric response upon complexation with trivalent metal ions (M3+). Mechanistically, M3+ chelation enables the appearance of a new emission band at approximately 550 nm, which verifies the disruption of the closed ring and the restoration of conjugation on the xanthene core in rhodamine 6G derivatives. Exclusive localization of the biocompatible probes at the lysosomal compartment favored the quantification of deposited Al3+. Moreover, the novelty of the work lies in the detection of Al3+ deposited in the lysosome that originated from hepatitis B vaccines, which shows their efficiency for near future in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavyashree P
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Ajmal Roshan Unniram Parambil
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Akshay Silswal
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Anup Pramanik
- Department of Chemistry, Sidho-Kanho-Birsha University, Purulia, 723104, West Bengal, India
| | - Apurba Lal Koner
- Bionanotechnology Lab, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhauri, Bhopal-462066, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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Wang L, Mei L, Zang Z, Cai Y, Jiang P, Zhou L, Du Z, Yang L, Gu Z, Liu T, Fan X. Aluminum hydroxide exposure induces neurodevelopmental impairment in hESC-derived cerebral organoids. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 256:114863. [PMID: 37011512 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) has been classified as a cumulative environmental pollutant that endangers human health. There is increasing evidence to suggest the toxic effects of Al, but the specific action on human brain development remains unclear. Al hydroxide (Al(OH)3), the most common vaccine adjuvant, is the major source of Al and poses risks to the environment and early childhood neurodevelopment. In this study, we explored the neurotoxic effect of 5 μg/ml or 25 μg/ml Al(OH)3 for six days on neurogenesis by utilizing human cerebral organoids from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We found that early Al(OH)3 exposure in organoids caused a reduction in the size, deficits in basal neural progenitor cell (NPC) proliferation, and premature neuron differentiation in a time and dose-dependent manner. Transcriptomes analysis revealed a markedly altered Hippo-YAP1 signaling pathway in Al(OH)3 exposed cerebral organoid, uncovering a novel mechanism for Al(OH)3-induced detrimental to neurogenesis during human cortical development. We further identified that Al(OH)3 exposure at day 90 mainly decreased the production of outer radial glia-like cells(oRGs) but promoted NPC toward astrocyte differentiation. Taken together, we established a tractable experimental model to facilitate a better understanding of the impact and mechanism of Al(OH)3 exposure on human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyongwei Wang
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Linqiang Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenle Zang
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Peiyan Jiang
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lianyu Zhou
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhulin Du
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhanjun Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of High Energy Physics and National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; College of Materials Science and Optoelectronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianyao Liu
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Xiaotang Fan
- Department of Military Cognitive Psychology, School of Psychology, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.
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Angrand L, Masson JD, Rubio-Casillas A, Nosten-Bertrand M, Crépeaux G. Inflammation and Autophagy: A Convergent Point between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)-Related Genetic and Environmental Factors: Focus on Aluminum Adjuvants. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10090518. [PMID: 36136483 PMCID: PMC9502677 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10090518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder are genetically complex and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) resulting from genetic factors and gene-environment (GxE) interactions for which onset occurs in early brain development. Recent progress highlights the link between ASD and (i) immunogenetics, neurodevelopment, and inflammation, and (ii) impairments of autophagy, a crucial neurodevelopmental process involved in synaptic pruning. Among various environmental factors causing risk for ASD, aluminum (Al)-containing vaccines injected during critical periods have received special attention and triggered relevant scientific questions. The aim of this review is to discuss the current knowledge on the role of early inflammation, immune and autophagy dysfunction in ASD as well as preclinical studies which question Al adjuvant impacts on brain and immune maturation. We highlight the most recent breakthroughs and the lack of epidemiological, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data constituting a "scientific gap". We propose additional research, such as genetic studies that could contribute to identify populations at genetic risk, improving diagnosis, and potentially the development of new therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc Angrand
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (L.A.); (J.-D.M.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Daniel Masson
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (L.A.); (J.-D.M.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Biology Laboratory, Autlán Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlán 48900, Jalisco, Mexico;
- Autlán Regional Hospital, Health Secretariat, Autlán 48900, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marika Nosten-Bertrand
- INSERM UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France;
- Sorbonne Université, Campus Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
- Institut du Fer à Moulin, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Guillemette Crépeaux
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM, IMRB, F-94010 Créteil, France; (L.A.); (J.-D.M.)
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort IMRB, F-94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence:
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Devcic J, Dussol M, Collin-Faure V, Pérard J, Fenel D, Schoehn G, Carrière M, Rabilloud T, Dalzon B. Immediate and Sustained Effects of Cobalt and Zinc-Containing Pigments on Macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:865239. [PMID: 35928812 PMCID: PMC9343594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.865239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigments are among the oldest nanoparticulate products known to mankind, and their use in tattoos is also very old. Nowadays, 25% of American people aged 18 to 50 are tattooed, which poses the question of the delayed effects of tattoos. In this article, we investigated three cobalt [Pigment Violet 14 (purple color)] or cobalt alloy pigments [Pigment Blue 28 (blue color), Pigment Green 14 (green color)], and one zinc pigment [Pigment White 4 (white color)] which constitute a wide range of colors found in tattoos. These pigments contain microparticles and a significant proportion of submicroparticles or nanoparticles (in either aggregate or free form). Because of the key role of macrophages in the scavenging of particulate materials, we tested the effects of cobalt- and zinc-based pigments on the J774A.1 macrophage cell line. In order to detect delayed effects, we compared two exposure schemes: acute exposure for 24 hours and an exposure for 24 hours followed by a 3-day post-exposure recovery period. The conjunction of these two schemes allowed for the investigation of the delayed or sustained effects of pigments. All pigments induced functional effects on macrophages, most of which were pigment-dependent. For example, Pigment Green 19, Pigment Blue 28, and Pigment White 4 showed a delayed alteration of the phagocytic capacity of cells. Moreover, all the pigments tested induced a slight but significant increase in tumor necrosis factor secretion. This effect, however, was transitory. Conversely, only Pigment Blue 28 induced both a short and sustained increase in interleukin 6 secretion. Results showed that in response to bacterial stimuli (LPS), the secretion of tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 6 declined after exposure to pigments followed by a recovery period. For chemoattractant cytokines (MCP-1 or MIP-1α), delayed effects were observed with a secretion decreased in presence of Pigment Blue 28 and Pigment violet 14, both with or without LPS stimuli. The pigments also induced persisting changes in some important macrophage membrane markers such as CD11b, an integrin contributing to cell adhesion and immunological tolerance. In conclusion, the pigments induced functional disorders in macrophages, which, in some cases, persist long after exposure, even at non-toxic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Devcic
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
| | - Manon Dussol
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE), Systèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SyMMES), Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), Grenoble, France
| | - Véronique Collin-Faure
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Pérard
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
| | - Daphna Fenel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Guy Schoehn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Biologie Structurale (IBS), Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Carrière
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE), Systèmes Moléculaires et nanoMatériaux pour l’Energie et la Santé (SyMMES), Chemistry Interface Biology for the Environment, Health and Toxicology (CIBEST), Grenoble, France
| | - Thierry Rabilloud
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Thierry Rabilloud, ; Bastien Dalzon,
| | - Bastien Dalzon
- Chemistry and Biology of Metals, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR5249, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble, (IRIG)-Département des Interfaces pour l’Energie, la Santé et l’Environnement (DIESE)-Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux (LCBM)- Équipe Protéomique pour la Microbiologie, l'Immunologie et la Toxicologie (ProMIT), Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Thierry Rabilloud, ; Bastien Dalzon,
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Richardson-May J, Purcaru E, Campbell C, Hillier C, Parkin B. Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Unilateral Optic Neuritis Following Vaccination for COVID-19: A Case Report and Literature Review. Neuroophthalmology 2022; 46:413-419. [PMID: 36544589 PMCID: PMC9762767 DOI: 10.1080/01658107.2022.2048861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A 71-year-old woman presented 2 weeks after vaccination with the first dose of Vaxzevria (AstraZeneca, Oxford) for COVID-19 with a left lower motor neuron facial nerve palsy, which progressed to bilateral involvement. This was accompanied by bilateral proximal leg weakness. She was diagnosed with the 'facial diplegia with paraesthesia' variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Seven weeks post vaccination she developed painless loss of vision in the right eye. The visual acuity in that eye was light perception only with a right relative afferent pupillary defect and right optic disc swelling. A diagnosis of optic neuritis was made and she received pulsed intravenous methylprednisolone for 3 days, followed by oral prednisolone. The optic neuritis recurred following initial cessation of steroids requiring an extended course of steroids. Despite this, she made a good visual recovery to 6/6 in the affected eye. We present this case and a review of the literature surrounding vaccination and the development of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richardson-May
- Ophthalmology, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom,CONTACT J Richardson-May Ophthalmology, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, SouthamptonSO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - E Purcaru
- Neurology, University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - C Campbell
- Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - C Hillier
- Consultant Neurologist, University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - B Parkin
- Consultant Ophthalmologist, University Hospitals Dorset, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
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Wang S, Shen H, Mao Q, Tao Q, Yuan G, Zeng L, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Cheng L, Zhang J, Dai H, Hu C, Pan Y, Li Y. Macrophage-Mediated Porous Magnetic Nanoparticles for Multimodal Imaging and Postoperative Photothermal Therapy of Gliomas. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:56825-56837. [PMID: 34825820 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of the blood-brain barrier and the high infiltration of glioma cells, the diagnostic accuracy and treatment efficiency of gliomas are still facing challenges. There is an urgent need to explore the integration of diagnostic and therapeutic methods to achieve an accurate diagnosis, guide surgery, and inhibit postoperative recurrence. In this work, we developed a macrophage loaded with a photothermal nanoprobe (MFe3O4-Cy5.5), which is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate into deep gliomas to achieve multimodal imaging and guided glioma surgery purposes. With desirable probing depth and high signal-to-noise ratio, Fe3O4-Cy5.5 can perform fluorescence, photoacoustic, and magnetic resonance imaging, which can distinguish brain tumors from the surrounding normal tissues and accurately guide glioma resection. Meanwhile, Fe3O4-Cy5.5 can effectively induce local photothermal therapy and inhibit the recurrence of glioma after surgery. These results demonstrate that the macrophage-mediated Fe3O4-Cy5.5, which can achieve a multimodal diagnosis, accurate imaging-guided surgery, and effective photothermal therapy, is a promising nanoplatform for gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hailin Shen
- Department of Radiology, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Suzhou 215028, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qiulian Mao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qing Tao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guotao Yuan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Lingli Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Ziying Chen
- Nanobio Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yunjiao Zhang
- Nanobio Laboratory, Institute of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jingzhong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Hui Dai
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunhong Hu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yonggang Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, China
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8
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Bairwa SC, Shaw CA, Kuo M, Yoo J, Tomljenovic L, Eidi H. Cytokines profile in neonatal and adult wild-type mice post-injection of U. S. pediatric vaccination schedule. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 15:100267. [PMID: 34589773 PMCID: PMC8474652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction A recent study from our laboratory demonstrated a number of neurobehavioral abnormalities in mice colony injected with a mouse-weight equivalent dose of all vaccines that are administered to infants in their first 18 months of life according to the U. S. pediatric vaccination schedule. Cytokines have been studied extensively as blood immune and inflammatory biomarkers, and their association with neurodevelopmental disorders. Given the importance of cytokines in early neurodevelopment, we aimed to investigate the potential post-administration effects of the U. S. pediatric vaccines on circulatory cytokines in a mouse model. In the current study, cytokines have been assayed at early and late time points in mice vaccinated early in postnatal life and compared with placebo controls. Materials and methods Newborn mouse pups were divided into three groups: i) vaccine (V1), ii) vaccine × 3 (V3) and iii) placebo control. V1 group was injected with mouse weight-equivalent of the current U. S. pediatric vaccine schedule. V3 group was injected with same vaccines but at triple the dose and the placebo control was injected with saline. Pups were also divided according to the sampling age into two main groups: acute- and chronic-phase group. Blood samples were collected at postnatal day (PND) 23, two days following vaccine schedule for the acute-phase group or at 67 weeks post-vaccination for the chronic-phase groups. Fifteen cytokines were analyzed: GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17A, MCP-1, TNF-α, and VEGF-A. Wilcoxon Rank Sum test or unpaired Student's t-test was performed where applicable. Results IL-5 levels in plasma were significantly elevated in the V1 and V3 group compared with the control only in the acute-phase group. The elevation of IL-5 levels in the two vaccine groups were significant irrespective of whether the sexes were combined or analyzed separately. Other cytokines (VEGF-A, TNF-α, IL-10, MCP-1, GM-CSF, IL-6, and IL-13) were also impacted, although to a lesser extent and in a sex-dependent manner. In the acute-phase group, females showed a significant increase in IL-10 and MCP-1 levels and a decrease in VEGF-A levels in both V1 and V3 group compared to controls. In the acute-phase, a significant increase in MCP-1 levels in V3 group and CM-CSF levels in V1 and V3 group and decrease in TNF-α levels in V1 group were observed in treated males as compared with controls. In chronic-phase females, levels of VEGF-A in V1 and V3 group, TNF-α in V3 group, and IL-13 in V1 group were significantly decreased in contrast with controls. In chronic-phase males, TNF-α levels were significantly increased in V1 group and IL-6 levels decreased in V3 group in comparison to controls. The changes in levels of most tested cytokines were altered between the early and the late postnatal assays. Conclusions IL-5 levels significantly increased in the acute-phase of the treatment in the plasma of both sexes that were subjected to V1 and V3 injections. These increases had diminished by the second test assayed at week 67. These results suggest that a profound, albeit transient, effect on cytokine levels may be induced by the whole vaccine administration supporting our recently published observations regarding the behavioral abnormalities in the same mice. These observations support the view that the administration of whole pediatric vaccines in a neonatal period may impact at least short-term CNS functions in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Bairwa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C A Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Program in Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Yoo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L Tomljenovic
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - H Eidi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,French Agency for Veterinary Medicinal Products (ANMV) - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (ANSES), Fougères, France
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9
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Elevated IgG Antibody to Aluminum Bound to Human Serum Albumin in Patients with Crohn's, Celiac and Alzheimer's Disease. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9090212. [PMID: 34564363 PMCID: PMC8473134 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9090212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum is in our water and food, and is used as an adjuvant in vaccines. About 40% of the ingested dose accumulates within the intestinal mucosa, making the gut the main target of inflammation and autoimmunity; about 1% accumulates in the skeletal system and brain, inducing the cross-linking of amyloid-β-42 peptide and the formation of amyloid aggregates associated with Alzheimer's disease. To examine whether the accumulation of aluminum in the gut and brain tissues results in neoantigen formation, we bound aluminum compounds to human serum albumin. We used ELISA to measure IgG antibody in 94 different sera from healthy controls and 47 sera from each group of patients: anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibody-positive (Crohn's), and positive for deamidated α-gliadin and transglutaminase-2 IgA antibodies (celiac disease), autoimmune disorders associated with intestinal tissue antigens. Because earlier studies have shown that aluminum exposure is linked to Alzheimer's disease etiology, and high aluminum content is detected in Alzheimer's patients' brain tissue, we also measured aluminum antibody in the blood of these patients. Additionally, we measured aluminum antibody in the sera of mixed connective tissue disease patients who were positive for antinuclear antibodies, and used them as disease controls. We found significant IgG antibody elevation against all three aluminum compounds in the sera of patients with Crohn's, celiac and Alzheimer's disease, but not in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. We concluded that aluminum ingestion and absorption from the GI tract and brain may contribute to Crohn's, celiac and Alzheimer's disease, but not to mixed connective tissue disease.
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10
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Goullé JP, Couvreur P, Grangeot-Keros L. About the alleged toxicity of aluminium-based adjuvants in vaccines: All published studies should be taken into account. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120656. [PMID: 33932540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Goullé
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, UNIROUEN, UR ABTE EA 4651, UFR de Médecine et de Pharmacie, 22 boulevard Gambetta, 76183 Rouen CEDEX 1, France; Académie Nationale de Pharmacie, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France.
| | - Patrick Couvreur
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS UMR 8612, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; Académie Nationale de Pharmacie, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
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11
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Yang Y, Tang J, Song H, Yang Y, Gu Z, Fu J, Liu Y, Zhang M, Qiao ZA, Yu C. Dendritic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Adjuvants Modified with Binuclear Aluminum Complex: Coordination Chemistry Dictates Adjuvanticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 59:19610-19617. [PMID: 32876984 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum-containing adjuvants used in vaccine formulations suffer from low cellular immunity, severe aggregation, and accumulation in the brain. Conventional aluminosilicates widely used in the chemical industry focus mainly on acidic sites for catalytic applications, but they are rarely used as adjuvants. Reported here is an innovative "ligand-assisted steric hindrance" strategy to create a high density of six-coordinate VI Al-OH groups with basicity on dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles as new nanoadjuvants. Compared to four-coordinate IV Al-modified counterparts, VI Al-OH-rich aluminosilicate nanoadjuvants enhance cellular delivery of antigens and provoke stronger cellular immunity. Moreover, the aluminum accumulation in the brain is more reduced than that with a commercial adjuvant. These results show that coordination chemistry can be used to control the adjuvanticity, providing new understanding in the development of next-generation vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Jie Tang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hao Song
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yannan Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Zhengying Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Jianye Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Yang Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-An Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
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12
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Novel circRNA discovery in sheep shows evidence of high backsplice junction conservation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:427. [PMID: 33432020 PMCID: PMC7801505 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79781-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are covalently closed circular non-coding RNAs. Due to their structure, circRNAs are more stable and have longer half-lives than linear RNAs making them good candidates for disease biomarkers. Despite the scientific relevance of these molecules, the study of circRNAs in non-model organisms is still in its infancy. Here, we analyse total RNA-seq data to identify circRNAs in sheep from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and parietal lobe cortex. Out of 2510 and 3403 circRNAs detected in parietal lobe cortex and in PBMCs, a total of 1379 novel circRNAs were discovered. Remarkably, around 63% of all detected circRNAs were found to be completely homologous to a circRNA annotated in human. Functional enrichment analysis was conducted for both tissues based on GO terms and KEGG pathways. The enriched terms suggest an important role of circRNAs from encephalon in synaptic functions and the involvement of circRNAs from PBMCs in basic immune system functions. In addition to this, we investigated the role of circRNAs in repetitive vaccination experiments via differential expression analysis and did not detect any significant relationship. At last, our results support both the miRNA sponge and the miRNA shuttle functions of CDR1-AS in sheep brain. To our knowledge, this is the first study on circRNA annotation in sheep PBMCs or parietal lobe cortex samples.
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13
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Danielsson R, Eriksson H. Aluminium adjuvants in vaccines - A way to modulate the immune response. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 115:3-9. [PMID: 33423930 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aluminium salts have been used as adjuvants in vaccines for almost a century, but still no clear understanding of the mechanisms behind the immune stimulating properties of aluminium based adjuvants is recognized. Aluminium adjuvants consist of aggregates and upon administration of a vaccine, the aggregates will be recognized and phagocytosed by sentinel cells such as macrophages or dendritic cells. The adjuvant aggregates will persist intracellularly, maintaining a saturated intracellular concentration of aluminium ions over an extended time. Macrophages and dendritic cells are pivotal cells of the innate immune system, linking the innate and adaptive immune systems, and become inflammatory and antigen-presenting upon activation, thus mediating the initiation of the adaptive immune system. Both types of cell are highly adaptable, and this review will discuss and highlight how the occurrence of intracellular aluminium ions over an extended time may induce the polarization of macrophages into inflammatory and antigen presenting M1 macrophages by affecting the: endosomal pH; formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); stability of the phagosomal membrane; release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs); and metabolism (metabolic re-programming). This review emphasizes that a persistent intracellular presence of aluminium ions over an extended time has the potential to affect the functionality of sentinel cells of the innate immune system, inducing polarization and activation. The immune stimulating properties of aluminium adjuvants is presumably mediated by several discrete events, however, a persistent intracellular presence of aluminium ions appears to be a key factor regarding the immune stimulating properties of aluminium based adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Danielsson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Håkan Eriksson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health and Society, Malmö University, SE-205 06, Malmö, Sweden.
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14
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Khatami M. Deceptology in cancer and vaccine sciences: Seeds of immune destruction-mini electric shocks in mitochondria: Neuroplasticity-electrobiology of response profiles and increased induced diseases in four generations - A hypothesis. Clin Transl Med 2020; 10:e215. [PMID: 33377661 PMCID: PMC7749544 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
From Rockefeller's support of patent medicine to Gates' patent vaccines, medical establishment invested a great deal in intellectual ignorance. Through the control over medical education and research it has created a public illusion to prop up corporate profit and encouraged the lust for money and power. An overview of data on cancer and vaccine sciences, the status of Americans' health, a survey of repeated failed projects, economic toxicity, and heavy drug consumption or addiction among young and old provide compelling evidence that in the twentieth century nearly all classic disease categories (congenital, inheritance, neonatal, or induced) shifted to increase induced diseases. Examples of this deceptology in ignoring or minimizing, and mocking fundamental discoveries and theories in cancer and vaccine sciences are attacks on research showing that (a), effective immunity is responsible for defending and killing pathogens and defective cancerous cells, correcting and repairing genetic mutations; (b) viruses cause cancer; and (c), abnormal gene mutations are often the consequences of (and secondary to) disturbances in effective immunity. The outcomes of cancer reductionist approaches to therapies reveal failure rates of 90% (+/-5) for solid tumors; loss of over 50 million lives and waste of $30-50 trillions on too many worthless, out-of-focus, and irresponsible projects. Current emphasis on vaccination of public with pathogen-specific vaccines and ingredients seems new terms for drugging young and old. Cumulative exposures to low level carcinogens and environmental hazards or high energy electronic devices (EMF; 5G) are additional triggers to vaccine toxicities (antigen-mitochondrial overload) or "seeds of immune destruction" that create mini electrical shocks (molecular sinks holes) in highly synchronized and regulated immune network that retard time-energy-dependent biorhythms in organs resulting in causes, exacerbations or consequences of mild, moderate or severe immune disorders. Four generations of drug-dependent Americans strongly suggest that medical establishment has practiced decades of intellectual deception through its claims on "war on cancer"; that cancer is 100, 200, or 1000 diseases; identification of "individual" genetic mutations to cure diseases; "vaccines are safe". Such immoral and unethical practices, along with intellectual harassment and bullying, censoring or silencing of independent and competent professionals ("Intellectual Me Too") present grave concerns, far greater compared with the sexual harassment of 'Me Too' movement that was recently spearheaded by NIH. The principal driving forces behind conducting deceptive and illogical medical/cancer and vaccine projects seem to be; (a) huge return of investment and corporate profit for selling drugs and vaccines; (b) maintenance of abusive power over public health; (c) global control of population growth via increased induction of diseases, infertility, decline in life-span, and death. An overview of accidental discoveries that we established and extended since 1980s, on models of acute and chronic ocular inflammatory diseases, provides series of the first evidence for a direct link between inflammation and multistep immune dysfunction in tumorigenesis and angiogenesis. Results are relevant to demonstrate that current emphasis on vaccinating the unborn, newborn, or infant would induce immediate or long-term immune disorders (eg, low birth weight, preterm birth, fatigue, autism, epilepsy/seizures, BBB leakage, autoimmune, neurodegenerative or digestive diseases, obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular problems, or cancers). Vaccination of the unborn is likely to disturb trophoblast-embryo-fetus-placenta biology and orderly growth of embryo-fetus, alter epithelial-mesenchymal transition or constituent-inducible receptors, damage mitochondria, and diverse function of histamine-histidine pathways. Significant increased in childhood illnesses are likely due to toxicities of vaccine and incipient (eg, metals [Al, Hg], detergents, fetal tissue, DNA/RNA) that retard bioenergetics of mitochondria, alter polarization-depolarization balance of tumoricidal (Yin) and tumorigenic (Yang) properties of immunity. Captivated by complex electobiology of immunity, this multidisciplinary perspective is an attempt to initiate identifying bases for increased induction of immune disorders in three to four generations in America. We hypothesize that (a) gene-environment-immune biorhythms parallel neuronal function (brain neuroplasticity) with super-packages of inducible (adaptive or horizontal) electronic signals and (b) autonomic sympathetic and parasympathetic circuitry that shape immunity (Yin-Yang) cannot be explained by limited genomics (innate, perpendicular) that conventionally explain certain inherited diseases (eg, sickle cell anemia, progeria). Future studies should focus on deep learning of complex electrobiology of immunity that requires differential bioenergetics from mitochondria and cytoplasm. Approaches to limit or control excessive activation of gene-environment-immunity are keys to assess accurate disease risk formulations, prevent inducible diseases, and develop universal safe vaccines that promote health, the most basic human right.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Khatami
- Inflammation, Aging and Cancer, National Cancer Institute (NCI)the National Institutes of Health (NIH) (Retired)BethesdaMarylandUSA
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15
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Yang Y, Tang J, Song H, Yang Y, Gu Z, Fu J, Liu Y, Zhang M, Qiao Z, Yu C. Dendritic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticle Adjuvants Modified with Binuclear Aluminum Complex: Coordination Chemistry Dictates Adjuvanticity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials The University of Queensland St Lucia Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Jie Tang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials The University of Queensland St Lucia Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Hao Song
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials The University of Queensland St Lucia Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Yannan Yang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials The University of Queensland St Lucia Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Zhengying Gu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials The University of Queensland St Lucia Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Jianye Fu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials The University of Queensland St Lucia Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Yang Liu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials The University of Queensland St Lucia Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials The University of Queensland St Lucia Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
| | - Zhen‐An Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry College of Chemistry Jilin University Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology UQ-JLU Joint Research Centre for Future Materials The University of Queensland St Lucia Brisbane QLD 4072 Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering East China Normal University Shanghai 200241 P. R. China
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16
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Eidi H, Yoo J, Bairwa SC, Kuo M, Sayre EC, Tomljenovic L, Shaw CA. Early postnatal injections of whole vaccines compared to placebo controls: Differential behavioural outcomes in mice. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 212:111200. [PMID: 33039918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to evaluate the possible effects of the paediatric vaccination schedule in the United States on the central nervous system in a murine model. We compared the impact of treatment with the whole vaccines versus true placebo control. Seventy-six pups were divided into three groups: two vaccinated groups and unvaccinated control. The two vaccinated groups were treated between 7 and 21 post-natal days either with one or three times of the vaccine doses per body weight as used in children between newborn and eighteen months of age. The post-vaccination development, neuromotor behaviours and neurobehavioural abnormalities (NBAs) were evaluated in all mouse groups during the 67 post-natal weeks of mouse age. Mouse body weight was affected only in the vaccinated females compared to males and control. Some NBAs such as decreased sociability, increased anxiety-like behaviours, and alteration of visual-spatial learning and memory were observed in vaccinated male and female mice compared to controls. The present study also shows a slower acquisition of some neonatal reflexes in vaccinated female mice compared to vaccinated males and controls. The observed neurodevelopmental alterations did not show a linear relationship with vaccine dose, suggesting that the single dose gave a saturated response. The outcomes seemed to be sex-dependent and transient with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Housam Eidi
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; French agency for veterinary medicinal products (ANMV) - French agency for food, environmental and occupational health safety (ANSES), Fougères, France.
| | - Janice Yoo
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Suresh C Bairwa
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Kuo
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Lucija Tomljenovic
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher A Shaw
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Program in Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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17
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Macrophagic myofasciitis and subcutaneous pseudolymphoma caused by aluminium adjuvants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11834. [PMID: 32678281 PMCID: PMC7366910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aluminium hydroxide is a well-known adjuvant used in vaccines. Although it can enhance an adaptive immune response to a co-administered antigen, it causes adverse effects, including macrophagic myofasciitis (MMF), subcutaneous pseudolymphoma, and drug hypersensitivity. The object of this study is to demonstrate pediatric cases of aluminium hydroxide-induced diseases focusing on its rarity, under-recognition, and distinctive pathology. Seven child patients with biopsy-proven MMF were retrieved from the Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) pathology archives from 2015 to 2019. The medical records and immunisation history were reviewed, and a full pathological muscle examination was carried out. The mean age was 1.7 years (8.9–40 months), who had records of vaccination against hepatitis B, hepatitis A, and tetanus toxoid on the quadriceps muscle. The chief complaints were muscle weakness (n = 6), delayed motor milestones (n = 6), instability, dysarthria, and involuntary movement (n = 1), swallowing difficulty (n = 1), high myopia (n = 1), and palpable subcutaneous nodules with skin papules (n = 1). Muscle biopsy showed MMF (n = 6) and pseudolymphoma (n = 1) with pathognomic basophilic large macrophage infiltration, which had distinctive spiculated inclusions on electron microscopy. The intracytoplasmic aluminium was positive for PAS and Morin stains. Distinctive pathology and ultrastructure suggested an association with aluminium hydroxide-containing vaccines. To avoid misdiagnosis and mistreatment, we must further investigate this uncommon condition, and pharmaceutical companies should attempt to formulate better adjuvants that do not cause such adverse effects.
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18
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Susihono W, Gede Adiatmika IP. Assessment of inhaled dust by workers and suspended dust for pollution control change and ergonomic intervention in metal casting industry: A cross-sectional study. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04067. [PMID: 32509992 PMCID: PMC7264714 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal casting industry including is an industry which produce high dust pollution (fly ash). Improvements in the form of ergonomic interventions have been carried out by many companies, but do not guarantee all parameters run well. The total indoor suspended dust (TSP) measurement results are not enough to guarantee healthy working conditions. Additional assessment of workers' inhaled dust is needed to change pollution control and work improvement to ergonomics. The design of this study is Cross Sectional Study. Research subjects numbered 84 people. All samples met the inclusion criteria. Measurement results of Characteristic of research subject, Working Environment Conditions, Exposition of dust inhaled by workers, Total Indoor Suspended Dust of the Company (p > 0.05). Found critical hours of workers exposed to dust (fly ash), starting from 4 h after working (Department of Process Cement, Department of Black Sand) and 2 h after working for the Department of Loam. Critical hours exposed to dust (fly ash) used as the basis for company management and regulators to take new policies in controlling fly ash pollution and ergonomic interventions. Ergonomic interventions can be carried out by activating the dust collector at critical hours, applying active resting hours at critical hours and conditioning workers to breathe fresh air. The impact of this ergonomic intervention is a decrease in musculoskeletal complaints by 25.27%, reduction in boredom 25.01%, and an increase in job satisfaction 38.46%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wahyu Susihono
- Industrial Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa, Banten, Indonesia
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19
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Kuznetsova TA, Smolina TP, Makarenkova ID, Ivanushko LA, Persiyanova EV, Ermakova SP, Silchenko AS, Zaporozhets TS, Besednova NN, Fedyanina LN, Kryzhanovsky SP. Immunoadjuvant Activity of Fucoidans from the Brown Alga Fucus evanescens. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E155. [PMID: 32168741 PMCID: PMC7143619 DOI: 10.3390/md18030155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thе study presents the results of a comparative evaluation of the effect of structural modifications of fucoidans from the brown alga Fucus evanescens (native, highly purified рroduct of fucoidan enzymatic hydrolysis, a new regular 1→3;1→4-α-L-fucan, sulphated mainly at C2 and acetylated at C4 of the fucose residue) on the effector functions of innate and adaptive immunity cells in vitro and in vivo. Using flow cytometry, we found that all examined fucoidans induce the maturation of dendritic cells, enhance the ability of neutrophils to migrate and adhere, activate monocytes and enhance their antigen-presenting functions, and increase the cytotoxic potential of natural killers. Fucoidans increase the production of hepatitis B virus (HBs) specific IgG and cytokine Th1 (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-4) profiles in vivo. The data obtained suggest that in vitro and in vivo adjuvant effects of the products of fucoidan enzymatic hydrolysis with regular structural characteristics are comparable to those of the native fucoidan. Based on these data, the products of fucoidan enzymatic hydrolysis can be considered as an effective and safe candidate adjuvant to improve the efficacy of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A. Kuznetsova
- Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok 690087, Russia; (T.P.S.); (I.D.M.); (L.A.I.); (E.V.P.); (T.S.Z.); (N.N.B.)
| | - Tatyana P. Smolina
- Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok 690087, Russia; (T.P.S.); (I.D.M.); (L.A.I.); (E.V.P.); (T.S.Z.); (N.N.B.)
| | - Ilona D. Makarenkova
- Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok 690087, Russia; (T.P.S.); (I.D.M.); (L.A.I.); (E.V.P.); (T.S.Z.); (N.N.B.)
| | - Lydmila A. Ivanushko
- Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok 690087, Russia; (T.P.S.); (I.D.M.); (L.A.I.); (E.V.P.); (T.S.Z.); (N.N.B.)
| | - Elena V. Persiyanova
- Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok 690087, Russia; (T.P.S.); (I.D.M.); (L.A.I.); (E.V.P.); (T.S.Z.); (N.N.B.)
| | - Svetlana P. Ermakova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (S.P.E.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Artem S. Silchenko
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Vladivostok 690022, Russia; (S.P.E.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Tatyana S. Zaporozhets
- Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok 690087, Russia; (T.P.S.); (I.D.M.); (L.A.I.); (E.V.P.); (T.S.Z.); (N.N.B.)
| | - Natalya N. Besednova
- Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok 690087, Russia; (T.P.S.); (I.D.M.); (L.A.I.); (E.V.P.); (T.S.Z.); (N.N.B.)
| | - Lydmila N. Fedyanina
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia; (L.N.F.); (S.P.K.)
| | - Sergey P. Kryzhanovsky
- Far Eastern Federal University, School of Biomedicine, Vladivostok, 690922, Russia; (L.N.F.); (S.P.K.)
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Weisser K, Göen T, Oduro JD, Wangorsch G, Hanschmann KO, Keller‐Stanislawski B. Aluminium from adjuvanted subcutaneous allergen immunotherapeutics in rats is mainly detected in bone. Allergy 2020; 75:215-217. [PMID: 31306489 DOI: 10.1111/all.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Weisser
- Paul‐Ehrlich‐Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines) Langen Germany
| | - Thomas Göen
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine Friedrich‐Alexander‐Universität Erlangen‐Nürnberg Erlangen Germany
| | | | - Gaby Wangorsch
- Paul‐Ehrlich‐Institut (Federal Institute for Vaccines and Biomedicines) Langen Germany
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Sharif K, Watad A, Bridgewood C, Kanduc D, Amital H, Shoenfeld Y. Insights into the autoimmune aspect of premature ovarian insufficiency. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 33:101323. [PMID: 31606343 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2019.101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) refers to a continuum of decreasing ovarian function in women before the age of 40. To date, the cause of POI in the majority of cases remain unresolved. Many cases has been linked to genetic, toxic, infections, enzymatic and iatrogenic causes. A key function of the immune system is to identify and differentiate "self" and "non self" i.e. tolerance. Loss of self-tolerance results in an immune response against self-tissues and thus autoimmunity. Various investigations have highlighted the role of autoimmunity and its pertinence to POI. Several potential immune antigenic targets in the ovary have been reported to be involved in autoantibody induced autoimmune attack. The presence of lymphocytic oöphorits in ovarian samples of patients with POI provides histopathological evidence of autoimmune ovarian involvement. Finally, POI is strongly associated with other autoimmune conditions including for instance Addison disease, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome (APS) -1, APS-4, hypothyroidism, and diabetes mellitus among other autoimmune diseases. Taken together, these lines of evidence provide strong basis that support the role of autoimmunity as a potential cause of disease etiopathogenesis. Continuing research is increasingly providing more insight into the complex disease process. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature related to the autoimmune nature of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassem Sharif
- Department of Medicine 'B', Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Abdulla Watad
- Department of Medicine 'B', Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Charlie Bridgewood
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Howard Amital
- Department of Medicine 'B', Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), Russia.
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22
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Zarnke A, Rasmussen PE, David MO, Eidi H, Kennedy K, Hedges K, Irick T, Thome C, Pirkkanen J, Boreham D. Physical and chemical characterization of McIntyre Powder: An aluminum dust inhaled by miners to combat silicosis. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:745-756. [PMID: 31532354 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1657581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
McIntyre Powder (MP) is a finely ground aluminum powder that was used between 1943 and 1979 as a prophylaxis for silicosis. Silicosis is a chronic lung disease caused by the inhalation of crystalline silica dust and was prevalent in the Canadian mining industry during this time period. The McIntyre Research Foundation developed, patented, and produced the MP and distributed it to licensees in Canada, the United States, Mexico, Chile, Belgian Congo, and Western Australia. In the province of Ontario, Canada it is estimated that at least 27,500 miners between 1943 and 1979 were exposed to MP. The present study was undertaken to examine the chemical and physical characteristics of two variations of MP (light grey and black). Chemical analyses (using X-ray Fluorescence and Inductively Coupled Plasma approaches) indicate that the black MP contains significantly higher concentrations of aluminum and metal impurities than the light grey MP (p < 0.001). X-ray diffractometry shows that while aluminum hydroxide dominates the aluminum speciation in both variations, the higher total aluminum content in the black MP is attributable to a greater proportion of elemental aluminum. Physical characterization (using electron microscopy, light microscopy, and dynamic light scattering) indicates that the light grey MP consists of particles ranging from 5 nm to 5 µm in diameter. Atomic Force Microscopy shows that the light grey MP particles in the nanoparticle range (<100 nm) have a mode between 5 and 10 nm. Consequently, it is possible that inhaled smaller MP nanoparticles may be transported via blood and lymph fluid circulation to many different organs including the brain. It is also possible for inhaled larger MP particles to deposit onto lung tissue and for potential health effects to arise from inflammatory responses through immune activation. This MP characterization will provide crucial data to help inform future toxicological, epidemiological, and biological studies of any long-term effects related to the inhalation of aluminum dust and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Housam Eidi
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Kevin Hedges
- Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Todd Irick
- Occupational Health Clinics for Ontario Workers Inc., Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Thome
- Northern Ontario School of Medicine at Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Douglas Boreham
- Laurentian University, Ontario, Canada
- Bruce Power, Tiverton, Ontario, Canada
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Weisser K, Göen T, Oduro JD, Wangorsch G, Hanschmann KMO, Keller-Stanislawski B. Aluminium in plasma and tissues after intramuscular injection of adjuvanted human vaccines in rats. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2787-2796. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02561-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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24
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From the bluetongue vaccination campaigns in sheep to overimmunization and ovine ASIA syndrome. Immunol Res 2019; 66:777-782. [PMID: 30632098 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-018-9059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of vaccines has proven to be very effective in controlling and eradicating infectious diseases, both in veterinary and human medicine; however, vaccines can be also the source of an array of problems caused by procedures such as overimmunization. Bluetongue, an orbiviral disease that affects ruminants, is best controlled by the use of inactivated vaccines. During the last years of the past decade, these vaccines were applied all over Europe to control the spreading of the disease, a goal that was accomplished; however, at the same time, several adverse effects related to the vaccination were reported. Especially in sheep, this vaccination campaign brought out a new cachectic and neurologic disease with harmful consequences for the ovine industry. This disease is now recognized as the ovine version of the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants (ASIA syndrome) and poses an immense challenge in veterinary medicine, immunology, and vaccinology.
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25
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Huang CH, Mendez N, Echeagaray OH, Weeks J, Wang J, Vallez CN, Gude N, Trogler WC, Carson DA, Hayashi T, Kummel AC. Conjugation of a Small-Molecule TLR7 Agonist to Silica Nanoshells Enhances Adjuvant Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26637-26647. [PMID: 31276378 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b08295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stimulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and/or NOD-like receptors on immune cells initiates and directs immune responses that are essential for vaccine adjuvants. The small-molecule TLR7 agonist, imiquimod, has been approved by the FDA as an immune response modifier but is limited to topical application due to its poor pharmacokinetics that causes undesired adverse effects. Nanoparticles are increasingly used with innate immune stimulators to mitigate side effects and enhance adjuvant efficacy. In this study, a potent small-molecule TLR7 agonist, 2-methoxyethoxy-8-oxo-9-(4-carboxybenzyl)adenine (1V209), was conjugated to hollow silica nanoshells (NS). Proinflammatory cytokine (IL-6, IL-12) release by mouse bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells revealed that the potency of silica nanoshells-TLR7 conjugates (NS-TLR) depends on nanoshell size and ligand coating density. Silica nanoshells of 100 nm diameter coated with a minimum of ∼6000 1V209 ligands/particle displayed 3-fold higher potency with no observed cytotoxicity when compared to an unconjugated TLR7 agonist. NS-TLR activated the TLR7-signaling pathway, triggered caspase activity, and stimulated IL-1β release, while neither unconjugated TLR7 ligands nor silica shells alone produced IL-1β. An in vivo murine immunization study, using the model antigen ovalbumin, demonstrated that NS-TLR increased antigen-specific IgG antibody induction by 1000× with a Th1-biased immune response, compared to unconjugated TLR7 agonists. The results show that the TLR7 ligand conjugated to silica nanoshells is capable of activating an inflammasome pathway to enhance both innate immune-stimulatory and adjuvant potencies of the TLR7 agonist, thereby broadening applications of innate immune stimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hsin Huang
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Natalie Mendez
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Oscar Hernandez Echeagaray
- Molecular Biology Institute , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - Joi Weeks
- Molecular Biology Institute , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - James Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Charles N Vallez
- Molecular Biology Institute , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - Natalie Gude
- Molecular Biology Institute , San Diego State University , 5500 Campanile Drive , San Diego , California 92182 , United States
| | - William C Trogler
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
| | - Dennis A Carson
- Moores Cancer Center , University of California , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0695 , United States
| | - Tomoko Hayashi
- Moores Cancer Center , University of California , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0695 , United States
| | - Andrew C Kummel
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Medicine , University of California, San Diego , 9500 Gilman Drive , La Jolla , California 92093-0358 , United States
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26
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Dalzon B, Guidetti M, Testemale D, Reymond S, Proux O, Vollaire J, Collin-Faure V, Testard I, Fenel D, Schoehn G, Arnaud J, Carrière M, Josserand V, Rabilloud T, Aude-Garcia C. Utility of macrophages in an antitumor strategy based on the vectorization of iron oxide nanoparticles. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:9341-9352. [PMID: 30950461 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03364a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many solid tumors and their metastases are still resistant to current cancer treatments such as chemo- and radiotherapy. The presence of a small population of Cancer Stem Cells in tumors is held responsible for relapses. Moreover, the various physical barriers of the organism (e.g. blood-brain barrier) prevent many drugs from reaching the target cells. In order to alleviate this constraint, we suggest a Trojan horse strategy consisting of intravascular injection of macrophages loaded with therapeutic nanoparticles (an iron nanoparticle-based solution marketed under the name of FERINJECT®) to bring a high quantity of the latter to the tumor. The aim of this article is to assess the response of primary macrophages to FERINJECT® via functional assays in order to ensure that the macrophages loaded with these nanoparticles are still relevant for our strategy. Following this first step, we demonstrate that the loaded macrophages injected into the bloodstream are able to migrate to the tumor site using small-animal imaging. Finally, using synchrotron radiation, we validate an improvement of the radiotherapeutic effect when FERINJECT®-laden macrophages are deposited at the vicinity of cancer cells and irradiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Dalzon
- Univ.Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, Laboratory of Chemistry and Biology of Metals, BIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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27
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Almandil NB, Alkuroud DN, AbdulAzeez S, AlSulaiman A, Elaissari A, Borgio JF. Environmental and Genetic Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Special Emphasis on Data from Arabian Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040658. [PMID: 30813406 PMCID: PMC6406800 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders worldwide is autism spectrum disorder (ASD), which is characterized by language delay, impaired communication interactions, and repetitive patterns of behavior caused by environmental and genetic factors. This review aims to provide a comprehensive survey of recently published literature on ASD and especially novel insights into excitatory synaptic transmission. Even though numerous genes have been discovered that play roles in ASD, a good understanding of the pathophysiologic process of ASD is still lacking. The protein⁻protein interactions between the products of NLGN, SHANK, and NRXN synaptic genes indicate that the dysfunction in synaptic plasticity could be one reason for the development of ASD. Designing more accurate diagnostic tests for the early diagnosis of ASD would improve treatment strategies and could enhance the appropriate monitoring of prognosis. This comprehensive review describes the psychotropic and antiepileptic drugs that are currently available as effective pharmacological treatments and provides in-depth knowledge on the concepts related to clinical, diagnostic, therapeutic, and genetic perspectives of ASD. An increase in the prevalence of ASD in Gulf Cooperation Council countries is also addressed in the review. Further, the review emphasizes the need for international networking and multidimensional studies to design novel and effective treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor B Almandil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Deem N Alkuroud
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sayed AbdulAzeez
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulla AlSulaiman
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdelhamid Elaissari
- Univ Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon-1, CNRS, LAGEP-UMR 5007, F-69622 Lyon, France.
| | - J Francis Borgio
- Department of Genetic Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultation (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
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28
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Cabral-Miranda G, M Salman A, O Mohsen M, L Storni F, S Roesti E, A Skinner M, D Heath M, F Kramer M, M Khan S, J Janse C, V S Hill A, F Bachmann M. DOPS Adjuvant Confers Enhanced Protection against Malaria for VLP-TRAP Based Vaccines. Diseases 2018; 6:diseases6040107. [PMID: 30469323 PMCID: PMC6313579 DOI: 10.3390/diseases6040107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination remains the most effective and essential prophylactic tool against infectious diseases. Enormous efforts have been made to develop effective vaccines against malaria but successes remain so far limited. Novel adjuvants may offer a significant advantage in the development of malaria vaccines, in particular if combined with inherently immunogenic platforms, such as virus-like particles (VLP). Dioleoyl phosphatidylserine (DOPS), which is expressed on the outer surface of apoptotic cells, represents a novel adjuvant candidate that may confer significant advantage over existing adjuvants, such as alum. In the current study we assessed the potential of DOPS to serve as an adjuvant in the development of a vaccine against malaria either alone or combined with VLP using Plasmodium falciparum thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP) as a target antigen. TRAP was chemically coupled to VLPs derived from the cucumber mosaic virus fused to a universal T cell epitope of tetanus toxin (CuMVtt). Mice were immunized with TRAP alone or formulated in alum or DOPS and compared to TRAP coupled to CuMVtt formulated in PBS or DOPS. Induced immune responses, in particular T cell responses, were assessed as the major protective effector cell population induced by TRAP. The protective capacity of the various formulations was assessed using a transgenic Plasmodium berghei expressing PfTRAP. All vaccine formulations using adjuvants and/or VLP increased humoral and T cell immunogenicity for PfTRAP compared to the antigen alone. Display on VLPs, in particular if formulated with DOPS, induced the strongest and most protective immune response. Thus, the combination of VLP with DOPS may harness properties of both immunogenic components and optimally enhance induction of protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Cabral-Miranda
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
- Department of Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Sahlihaus 1/2, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ahmed M Salman
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Mona O Mohsen
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Federico L Storni
- Department of Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Sahlihaus 1/2, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Elisa S Roesti
- Department of Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Sahlihaus 1/2, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
| | | | - Matthew D Heath
- Bencard Adjuvant Systems, Dominion Way, Worthing BN14 8SA, UK.
| | | | - Shahid M Khan
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Chris J Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Adrian V S Hill
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
- Department of Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, Sahlihaus 1/2, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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29
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Aoun Sebaiti M, Abrivard M, Blanc-Durand P, Van Der Gucht A, Souvannanorath S, Kauv P, Gherardi RK, Itti E, Authier FJ. Macrophagic myofasciitis-associated dysfunctioning: An update of neuropsychological and neuroimaging features. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2018; 32:640-650. [DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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30
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Aluminum in vaccines: Does it create a safety problem? Vaccine 2018; 36:5825-5831. [PMID: 30139653 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For almost a century, aluminum (Al) in the form of Al oxyhydroxide (a crystalline compound), Al hydroxyphosphate (an amorphous Al phosphate hydroxide), Al phosphate, and Al potassium sulfate has been used to improve the immunogenicity of vaccines. Al is currently included in vaccines against tetanus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, human papillomavirus, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and infections due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis. Official health authorities consider the inclusion of Al in most of the presently recommended vaccines to be extremely effective and sufficiently safe. However, the inclusion of Al salts in vaccines has been debated for several years because of studies that seem to indicate that chronic Al exposure through vaccine administration can interfere with cellular and metabolic processes leading to severe neurologic diseases. Children, who in their first years of life receive several vaccine doses over a reduced period of time, would be most susceptible to any risk that might be associated with vaccines or vaccine components. The main aim of this paper was to discuss the data presently available regarding Al neurotoxicity and the risk for children receiving vaccines or other pharmaceutical preparations containing Al. Analysis of the literature showed that no apparent reason exists to support the elimination of Al from vaccines for fear of neurotoxicity. The only problem that deserves attention is the suggested relationship between Al oxyhydroxide-containing vaccines and macrophagic myofaciitis or myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome. Currently, definitive conclusions cannot be drawn on these risks and further studies must be conducted. Until then, Al remains the best solution to improve vaccine efficacy.
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31
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[Indirect and mixed mechanisms of action in toxic myopathies]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2018; 76:273-285. [PMID: 29803327 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Toxic myopathies are a group of pathologies characterized by a structural and/or functional disturbance of muscles induced by an exogenous agent. The most frequent are those induced by drugs used in clinical practice. Illegal drugs, pesticides, solvents, metals and even physical and gaseous agents can cause this kind of disease and exert toxicity on muscle tissues. Some toxins from animals, plants or micro-organisms are potent myotoxic agents, which can lead to fatal complications. Respiratory arrest and rhabdomyolysis are often referred to as the ultimate complications of these pathologies. Several mechanisms of action can be triggered. Muscles may represent a direct target for exogenous agents by acting on the myocyte components or indirect target by inducing functional disorders. These disorders are triggered by neuromuscular interferences (organophosphates, antipsychotics, curares, etc.) and endocrine (glucocorticoids and ethyl alcohol), immune (d-penicillamine and statins) and hydroelectrolytic system dysfunctions (diuretics, laxatives and toluene). Direct and indirect effects can be induced by the same toxic agent, such as carbon monoxide, glucocorticoids, ethyl alcohol and some toxins from snake venoms.
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32
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Masson JD, Crépeaux G, Authier FJ, Exley C, Gherardi RK. Critical analysis of reference studies on the toxicokinetics of aluminum-based adjuvants. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 181:87-95. [PMID: 29307441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We reviewed the three toxicokinetic reference studies commonly used to suggest that aluminum (Al)-based adjuvants are innocuous. A single experimental study was carried out using isotopic 26Al (Flarend et al., Vaccine, 1997). This study used aluminum salts resembling those used in vaccines but ignored adjuvant uptake by cells that was not fully documented at the time. It was conducted over a short period of time (28days) and used only two rabbits per adjuvant. At the endpoint, Al elimination in the urine accounted for 6% for Al hydroxide and 22% for Al phosphate, both results being incompatible with rapid elimination of vaccine-derived Al in urine. Two theoretical studies have evaluated the potential risk of vaccine Al in infants, by reference to an oral "minimal risk level" (MRL) extrapolated from animal studies. Keith et al. (Vaccine, 2002) used a high MRL (2mg/kg/d), an erroneous model of 100% immediate absorption of vaccine Al, and did not consider renal and blood-brain barrier immaturity. Mitkus et al. (Vaccine, 2011) only considered solubilized Al, with erroneous calculations of absorption duration. Systemic Al particle diffusion and neuro-inflammatory potential were omitted. The MRL they used was both inappropriate (oral Al vs. injected adjuvant) and still too high (1mg/kg/d) regarding recent animal studies. Both paucity and serious weaknesses of reference studies strongly suggest that novel experimental studies of Al adjuvants toxicokinetics should be performed on the long-term, including both neonatal and adult exposures, to ensure their safety and restore population confidence in Al-containing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Daniel Masson
- INSERM U955 E10, Biologie du système neuromusculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Guillemette Crépeaux
- INSERM U955 E10, Biologie du système neuromusculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil 94010, France; Génétique médicale comparée des affections neuromusculaires, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, 7 Avenue du général de Gaulle, 9400 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - François-Jérôme Authier
- INSERM U955 E10, Biologie du système neuromusculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil 94010, France
| | - Christopher Exley
- The Birchall Centre, Lennard-Jones Laboratories, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Romain K Gherardi
- INSERM U955 E10, Biologie du système neuromusculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil 94010, France.
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33
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Martins YA, Tsuchida CJ, Antoniassi P, Demarchi IG. Efficacy and Safety of the Immunization with DNA for Alzheimer's Disease in Animal Models: A Systematic Review from Literature. J Alzheimers Dis Rep 2017; 1:195-217. [PMID: 30480238 PMCID: PMC6159633 DOI: 10.3233/adr-170025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that does not have a proven cure; however, one of the most promising strategies for its treatment has been DNA vaccines. OBJECTIVE The present review is aimed to report the new developments of the efficacy and safety of DNA vaccines for AD in animal models. METHOD The method PRISMA was used for this review. The article search was made in the electronic databases PubMed, LILACS, and Scopus using the descriptors ''Alzheimer disease" and ''Vaccine, DNA". Articles published between January 2001 and September 2017 in English, Portuguese, and Spanish were included. RESULTS Upon the consensus, the researchers identified 28 original articles. The studies showed satisfying results as for the decrease of amyloid plaques in mouse, rabbits, and monkeys brains using mostly the DNA Aβ42 vaccine, AV-1955, and AdPEDI-(Aβ1-6)11, mainly with a gene gun. In addition to a reduction in tau by the first DNA vaccine (AV-1980D) targeting this protein. The use of adjuvants and boosters also had positive results as they increased the destruction of the amyloid plaques and induced an anti-inflammatory response profile without side effects. CONCLUSION The results of DNA vaccines targeting the amyloid-β and the tau protein with or without adjuvants and boosters were promising in reducing amyloid plaques and tau protein without side effects in animals. Although there are many vaccines being tested in animals, few reach clinical trials. Thus, as a future perspective, we suggest that clinical studies should be conducted with vaccines that have been promising in animal models (e.g., DNA Aβ42 vaccine, AV-1955, and AdPEDI-(Aβ1-6)11).
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Cabral-Miranda G, Heath MD, Gomes AC, Mohsen MO, Montoya-Diaz E, Salman AM, Atcheson E, Skinner MA, Kramer MF, Reyes-Sandoval A, Bachmann MF. Microcrystalline Tyrosine (MCT ®): A Depot Adjuvant in Licensed Allergy Immunotherapy Offers New Opportunities in Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5040032. [PMID: 28953265 PMCID: PMC5748599 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcrystalline Tyrosine (MCT®) is a widely used proprietary depot excipient in specific immunotherapy for allergy. In the current study we assessed the potential of MCT to serve as an adjuvant in the development of a vaccine against malaria. To this end, we formulated the circumsporozoite protein (CSP) of P. vivax in MCT and compared the induced immune responses to CSP formulated in PBS or Alum. Both MCT and Alum strongly increased immunogenicity of CSP compared to PBS in both C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice. Challenge studies in mice using a chimeric P. bergei expressing CSP of P. vivax demonstrated clinically improved symptoms of malaria with CSP formulated in both MCT and Alum; protection was, however, more pronounced if CSP was formulated in MCT. Hence, MCT may be an attractive biodegradable adjuvant useful for the development of novel prophylactic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Cabral-Miranda
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Matthew D Heath
- Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd. Dominion Way, Worthing BN14 8SA, UK.
| | - Ariane C Gomes
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Mona O Mohsen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Eduardo Montoya-Diaz
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Ahmed M Salman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Erwan Atcheson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Murray A Skinner
- Allergy Therapeutics (UK) Ltd. Dominion Way, Worthing BN14 8SA, UK.
| | | | - Arturo Reyes-Sandoval
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Cellular and Molecular Physiology (CCMP), The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK.
- Immunology, RIA, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern ,Switzerland.
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Li D, Tomljenovic L, Li Y, Shaw CA. RETRACTED: Subcutaneous injections of aluminum at vaccine adjuvant levels activate innate immune genes in mouse brain that are homologous with biomarkers of autism. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 177:39-54. [PMID: 28923356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lucija Tomljenovic
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yongling Li
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher A Shaw
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Program in Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Virus-Like Particle (VLP) Plus Microcrystalline Tyrosine (MCT) Adjuvants Enhance Vaccine Efficacy Improving T and B Cell Immunogenicity and Protection against Plasmodium berghei/vivax. Vaccines (Basel) 2017; 5:vaccines5020010. [PMID: 28468322 PMCID: PMC5492007 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines5020010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective prophylactic tool against infectious diseases. Despite continued efforts to control malaria, the disease still generally represents a significant unmet medical need. Microcrystalline tyrosine (MCT) is a well described depot used in licensed allergy immunotherapy products and in clinical development. However, its proof of concept in prophylactic vaccines has only recently been explored. MCT has never been used in combination with virus-like particles (VLPs), which are considered to be one of the most potent inducers of cellular and humoral immune responses in mice and humans. In the current study we assessed the potential of MCT to serve as an adjuvant in the development of a vaccine against malaria either alone or combined with VLP using Plasmodium vivax thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (TRAP) as a target antigen. We chemically coupled PvTRAP to VLPs derived from the cucumber mosaic virus fused to a universal T-cell epitope of the tetanus toxin (CMVtt), formulated with MCT and compared the induced immune responses to PvTRAP formulated in PBS or Alum. The protective capacity of the various formulations was assessed using Plasmodium berghei expressing PvTRAP. All vaccine formulations using adjuvants and/or VLP increased humoral immunogenicity for PvTRAP compared to the antigen alone. The most proficient responder was the group of mice immunized with the vaccine formulated with PvTRAP-VLP + MCT. The VLP-based vaccine formulated in MCT also induced the strongest T cell response and conferred best protection against challenge with recombinant Plasmodium berghei. Thus, the combination of VLP with MCT may take advantage of the properties of each component and appears to be an alternative biodegradable depot adjuvant for development of novel prophylactic vaccines.
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Immune Responses of Mice Immunized with HBsAg Formulated in Naloxone/Alum Mixture: Comparison to Fendrix Vaccine. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.44536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Crépeaux G, Eidi H, David MO, Baba-Amer Y, Tzavara E, Giros B, Authier FJ, Exley C, Shaw CA, Cadusseau J, Gherardi RK. Non-linear dose-response of aluminium hydroxide adjuvant particles: Selective low dose neurotoxicity. Toxicology 2016; 375:48-57. [PMID: 27908630 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aluminium (Al) oxyhydroxide (Alhydrogel®), the main adjuvant licensed for human and animal vaccines, consists of primary nanoparticles that spontaneously agglomerate. Concerns about its safety emerged following recognition of its unexpectedly long-lasting biopersistence within immune cells in some individuals, and reports of chronic fatigue syndrome, cognitive dysfunction, myalgia, dysautonomia and autoimmune/inflammatory features temporally linked to multiple Al-containing vaccine administrations. Mouse experiments have documented its capture and slow transportation by monocyte-lineage cells from the injected muscle to lymphoid organs and eventually the brain. The present study aimed at evaluating mouse brain function and Al concentration 180days after injection of various doses of Alhydrogel® (200, 400 and 800μg Al/kg of body weight) in the tibialis anterior muscle in adult female CD1 mice. Cognitive and motor performances were assessed by 8 validated tests, microglial activation by Iba-1 immunohistochemistry, and Al level by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. An unusual neuro-toxicological pattern limited to a low dose of Alhydrogel® was observed. Neurobehavioural changes, including decreased activity levels and altered anxiety-like behaviour, were observed compared to controls in animals exposed to 200μg Al/kg but not at 400 and 800μg Al/kg. Consistently, microglial number appeared increased in the ventral forebrain of the 200μg Al/kg group. Cerebral Al levels were selectively increased in animals exposed to the lowest dose, while muscle granulomas had almost completely disappeared at 6 months in these animals. We conclude that Alhydrogel® injected at low dose in mouse muscle may selectively induce long-term Al cerebral accumulation and neurotoxic effects. To explain this unexpected result, an avenue that could be explored in the future relates to the adjuvant size since the injected suspensions corresponding to the lowest dose, but not to the highest doses, exclusively contained small agglomerates in the bacteria-size range known to favour capture and, presumably, transportation by monocyte-lineage cells. In any event, the view that Alhydrogel® neurotoxicity obeys "the dose makes the poison" rule of classical chemical toxicity appears overly simplistic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillemette Crépeaux
- Inserm U955 E10, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Housam Eidi
- Inserm U955 E10, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Inserm U1204, Université Evry Val d'Essonne (UEVE), Evry, France
| | | | - Yasmine Baba-Amer
- Inserm U955 E10, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Eleni Tzavara
- Inserm U1130, CNRS UMR 8246, UPMC UM CR18, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Giros
- Inserm U1130, CNRS UMR 8246, UPMC UM CR18, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Christopher A Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Josette Cadusseau
- Inserm U955 E10, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Faculté des Sciences &Technologies UPEC, Créteil, France
| | - Romain K Gherardi
- Inserm U955 E10, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
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Marciani DJ. Rejecting the Alzheimer's disease vaccine development for the wrong reasons. Drug Discov Today 2016; 22:609-614. [PMID: 27989721 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of amyloid β (Aβ) vaccines for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has consistently failed clinically, an outcome that is assumed to result from flaws in the proposed role of Aβ as the crucial causative agent of this disease. This opinion resulted in this research approach being disregarded, yet, review of the development of these vaccines indicates that they are more suited to transgenic mice, which is unsurprising given that these animal models were used to determine the efficacy of these vaccines, and that the approach overlooked research findings relevant to AD vaccines. Hence, new strategies using new immunogens and anti-inflammatory adjuvants mimicking the natural protective immunity against AD should be implemented to develop effective preventive vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante J Marciani
- Qantu Therapeutics, Inc., 612 E. Main Street, Lewisville, TX 75057, USA.
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Masson JD, Thibaudon M, Bélec L, Crépeaux G. Calcium phosphate: a substitute for aluminum adjuvants? Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 16:289-299. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1244484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Daniel Masson
- Association E3M (Entraide aux Malades de Myofasciite à Macrophages), Monprimblanc, France
| | - Michel Thibaudon
- Pharmacien « Service des Allergènes », de l’Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bélec
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie, hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, & Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Guillemette Crépeaux
- École nationale vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Inserm U955 E10, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil, France
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Strunecka A, Blaylock RL, Strunecky O. Fluoride, aluminum, and aluminofluoride complexes in pathogenesis of the autism spectrum disorders: A possible role of immunoexcitotoxicity. J Appl Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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42
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Inbar R, Weiss R, Tomljenovic L, Arango MT, Deri Y, Shaw CA, Chapman J, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. Behavioral abnormalities in female mice following administration of aluminum adjuvants and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine Gardasil. Immunol Res 2016; 65:136-149. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-016-8826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Marciani DJ. A retrospective analysis of the Alzheimer's disease vaccine progress - The critical need for new development strategies. J Neurochem 2016; 137:687-700. [PMID: 26990863 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The promising results obtained with aducanumab and solanezumab against Alzheimer's disease (AD) strengthen the vaccine approach to prevent AD, despite of the many clinical setbacks. It has been problematic to use conjugated peptides with Th1/Th2 adjuvants to induce immune responses against conformational epitopes formed by Aβ oligomers, which is critical to induce protective antibodies. Hence, vaccination should mimic natural immunity by using whole or if possible conjugated antigens, but biasing the response to Th2 with anti-inflammatory adjuvants. Also, selection of the carrier and cross-linking agents is important to prevent suppression of the immune response against the antigen. That certain compounds having phosphorylcholine or fucose induce a sole Th2 immunity would allow antigens with T-cell epitopes without inflammatory autoimmune reactions to be used. Another immunization method is DNA vaccines combined with antigenic ones, which favors the clonal selection and expansion of high affinity antibodies needed for immune protection, but this also requires Th2 immunity. Since AD transgenic mouse models have limited value for immunogen selection as shown by the clinical studies, screening may require the use of validated antibodies and biophysical methods to identify the antigens that would be most likely recognized by the human immune system and thus capable to stimulate a protective antibody response. To induce an anti-Alzheimer's disease protective immunity and prevent possible damage triggered by antigens having B-cell epitopes-only, whole antigens might be used; while inducing Th2 immunity with sole anti-inflammatory fucose-based adjuvants. This approach would avert a damaging systemic inflammatory immunity and the suppression of immunoresponse against the antigen because of carrier and cross-linkers; immune requirements that extend to DNA vaccines.
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Gherardi RK, Aouizerate J, Cadusseau J, Yara S, Authier FJ. Aluminum adjuvants of vaccines injected into the muscle: Normal fate, pathology and associated disease. Morphologie 2016; 100:85-94. [PMID: 26948677 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum oxyhydroxide (Alhydrogel(®)) is a nano-crystalline compound forming aggregates that has been introduced in vaccine for its immunologic adjuvant effect in 1926. It is the most commonly used adjuvant in human and veterinary vaccines but mechanisms by which it stimulates immune responses remain ill-defined. Although generally well tolerated on the short term, it has been suspected to occasionally cause delayed neurologic problems in susceptible individuals. In particular, the long-term persistence of aluminic granuloma also termed macrophagic myofasciitis is associated with chronic arthromyalgias and fatigue and cognitive dysfunction. Safety concerns largely depend on the long biopersistence time inherent to this adjuvant, which may be related to its quick withdrawal from the interstitial fluid by avid cellular uptake; and the capacity of adjuvant particles to migrate and slowly accumulate in lymphoid organs and the brain, a phenomenon documented in animal models and resulting from MCP1/CCL2-dependant translocation of adjuvant-loaded monocyte-lineage cells (Trojan horse phenomenon). These novel insights strongly suggest that serious re-evaluation of long-term aluminum adjuvant phamacokinetics and safety should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Gherardi
- Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, 94000 Créteil, France; Expert Centre for Neuromuscular Pathology, Henri-Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France; Inserm U955-Team 10 "Biology of Neuromuscular System" Paris Est-Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - J Aouizerate
- Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, 94000 Créteil, France; Expert Centre for Neuromuscular Pathology, Henri-Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France; Inserm U955-Team 10 "Biology of Neuromuscular System" Paris Est-Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - J Cadusseau
- Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, 94000 Créteil, France; Inserm U955-Team 10 "Biology of Neuromuscular System" Paris Est-Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - S Yara
- Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, 94000 Créteil, France; Inserm U955-Team 10 "Biology of Neuromuscular System" Paris Est-Créteil University, Créteil, France
| | - F J Authier
- Garches-Necker-Mondor-Hendaye Reference Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, 94000 Créteil, France; Expert Centre for Neuromuscular Pathology, Henri-Mondor Hospital, AP-HP, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94000 Créteil, France; Inserm U955-Team 10 "Biology of Neuromuscular System" Paris Est-Créteil University, Créteil, France.
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Inbar R, Weiss R, Tomljenovic L, Arango MT, Deri Y, Shaw CA, Chapman J, Blank M, Shoenfeld Y. WITHDRAWN: Behavioral abnormalities in young female mice following administration of aluminum adjuvants and the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine Gardasil. Vaccine 2016:S0264-410X(16)00016-5. [PMID: 26778424 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the Editor-in-Chief due to serious concerns regarding the scientific soundness of the article. Review by the Editor-in-Chief and evaluation by outside experts, confirmed that the methodology is seriously flawed, and the claims that the article makes are unjustified. As an international peer-reviewed journal we believe it is our duty to withdraw the article from further circulation, and to notify the community of this issue. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Inbar
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ronen Weiss
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Lucija Tomljenovic
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel; Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, 828 W. 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L8
| | - Maria-Teresa Arango
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel; Doctoral Program in Biomedical Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota 111221, Colombia
| | - Yael Deri
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Christopher A Shaw
- Neural Dynamics Research Group, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, 828 W. 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, Canada V5Z 1L8
| | - Joab Chapman
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel; Department of Neurology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Miri Blank
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel; Incumbent of the Laura Schwarz-Kip Chair for Research of Autoimmune Diseases, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978 Tel-Aviv, Israel.
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Bondy SC. Low levels of aluminum can lead to behavioral and morphological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease and age-related neurodegeneration. Neurotoxicology 2015; 52:222-9. [PMID: 26687397 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is a very common component of the earth's mineral composition. It is not essential element for life and is a constituent of rather inert minerals. Therefore, it has often been regarded as not presenting a significant health hazard. As a result, aluminum-containing agents been used in the preparation of many foodstuffs processing steps and also in elimination of particulate organic matter from water. More recently, the reduced pH of bodies of water resulting from acid rain has led to mobilization of aluminum-containing minerals into a more soluble form, and these have thus entered residential drinking water resources. By this means, the body burden of aluminum in humans has increased. Epidemiological and experimental findings indicate that aluminum is not as harmless as was previously thought, and that aluminum may contribute to the inception and advancement of Alzheimer's disease. Epidemiological data is reinforced by indications that aluminum exposure can result in excess inflammatory activity within the brain. Activation of the immune system not initiated by an infectious agent, typifies the aging brain and is even more augmented in several neurodegenerative diseases. The origin of most age-related neurological disorders is generally not known but as they are largely not of genetic derivation, their development is likely triggered by unknown environmental factors. There is a growing and consistent body of evidence that points to aluminum as being one such significant influence. Evidence is presented that reinforces the likelihood that aluminum is a factor speeding the rate of brain aging. Such acceleration would inevitably enlarge the incidence of age-related neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Bondy
- Environmental Toxicology Program, Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-1830, USA.
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47
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Highly delayed systemic translocation of aluminum-based adjuvant in CD1 mice following intramuscular injections. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 152:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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