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Gao M, Wang X, Su S, Feng W, Lai Y, Huang K, Cao D, Wang Q. Meningeal lymphatic vessel crosstalk with central nervous system immune cells in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:763-778. [PMID: 38886941 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Meningeal lymphatic vessels form a relationship between the nervous system and periphery, which is relevant in both health and disease. Meningeal lymphatic vessels not only play a key role in the drainage of brain metabolites but also contribute to antigen delivery and immune cell activation. The advent of novel genomic technologies has enabled rapid progress in the characterization of myeloid and lymphoid cells and their interactions with meningeal lymphatic vessels within the central nervous system. In this review, we provide an overview of the multifaceted roles of meningeal lymphatic vessels within the context of the central nervous system immune network, highlighting recent discoveries on the immunological niche provided by meningeal lymphatic vessels. Furthermore, we delve into the mechanisms of crosstalk between meningeal lymphatic vessels and immune cells in the central nervous system under both homeostatic conditions and neurodegenerative diseases, discussing how these interactions shape the pathological outcomes. Regulation of meningeal lymphatic vessel function and structure can influence lymphatic drainage, cerebrospinal fluid-borne immune modulators, and immune cell populations in aging and neurodegenerative disorders, thereby playing a key role in shaping meningeal and brain parenchyma immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghuang Gao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shijie Su
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weicheng Feng
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaona Lai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kongli Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Dandan Cao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
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Shen T, Cui G, Chen H, Huang L, Song W, Zu J, Zhang W, Xu C, Dong L, Zhang Y. TREM-1 mediates interaction between substantia nigra microglia and peripheral neutrophils. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1375-1384. [PMID: 37905888 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202406000-00043/inline-graphic1/v/2023-10-30T152229Z/r/image-tiff
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is considered a pathological feature of Parkinson’s disease. Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 (TREM-1) can amplify the inherent immune response, and crucially, regulate inflammation. In this study, we found marked elevation of serum soluble TREM-1 in patients with Parkinson’s disease that positively correlated with Parkinson’s disease severity and dyskinesia. In a mouse model of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced Parkinson’s disease, we found that microglial TREM-1 expression also increased in the substantia nigra. Further, TREM-1 knockout alleviated dyskinesia in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease and reduced dopaminergic neuronal injury. Meanwhile, TREM-1 knockout attenuated the neuroinflammatory response, dopaminergic neuronal injury, and neutrophil migration. Next, we established an in vitro 1-methyl-4-phenyl-pyridine-induced BV2 microglia model of Parkinson’s disease and treated the cells with the TREM-1 inhibitory peptide LP17. We found that LP17 treatment reduced apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons and neutrophil migration. Moreover, inhibition of neutrophil TREM-1 activation diminished dopaminergic neuronal apoptosis induced by lipopolysaccharide. TREM-1 can activate the downstream CARD9/NF-κB proinflammatory pathway via interaction with SYK. These findings suggest that TREM-1 may play a key role in mediating the damage to dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease by regulating the interaction between microglia and peripheral neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Shen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guiyun Cui
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Long Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Song
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Zu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chuanying Xu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liguo Dong
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yongmei Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Analgesia Application Technology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Narcotic and Psychotropic Drugs, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zeng Y, Guo R, Cao S, Liu C, Yang H. CSF N-acylethanolamine acid amidase level and Parkinson's disease risk: A mendelian randomization study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 123:106953. [PMID: 38579440 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is involved in the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD), and N-acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) is involved in regulating inflammation by hydrolyzing bioactive lipid mediators called N-acylethanolamines (NAEs). However, the causal relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) NAAA protein levels and the risk of PD remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the causal effect of CSF NAAA levels on PD risk through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. METHOD Genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for CSF NAAA protein quantitative trait loci (pQTL) and GWAS summary statistics for PD were obtained from publicly available databases. Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) was the main causal estimation method for MR analysis. In addition, the maximum likelihood, MR Egger regression, and weighted median were used to supplement the IVW results. Finally, various sensitivity tests were performed to verify the reliability of the MR findings. RESULTS In the initial MR analysis, the IVW showed that CSF NAAA protein levels significantly increased PD risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.35, P = 0.031). This finding was further validated in a replicate MR analysis (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.02-1.41, P = 0.027). Sensitivity analysis showed that MR results were stable and not affected by heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy. CONCLUSION The present MR study supports a causal relationship between elevated CSF NAAA protein levels and increased PD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjie Zeng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Ren Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Si Cao
- Clinical Research Center for Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-XIANGYA, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Chunxia Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410013, China.
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Chen H, Wang X, Chang Z, Zhang J, Xie D. Genetic causal relationship between multiple immune cell phenotypes and Parkinson's disease: a two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:1115-1125. [PMID: 38690999 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00481.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The exact etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), a degenerative disease of the central nervous system, is unclear. It is currently believed that its main pathological basis is a decrease in dopamine concentration in the striatum of the brain. Although many researchers have previously focused on the critical role of the immune response in PD, there has been a lack of valid genetic evidence for a causal association between specific immune cell traits and phenotypes and PD. We employed Mendelian randomization (MR) as an analytical method to effectively assess genetic associations between exposure and outcome. Based on the largest Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) dataset to date, causal associations between multiple immune cell phenotypes and PD were validly assessed, controlling for confounding factors by using single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are genetic instrumental variables that are randomly assigned and not subject to any causality. By testing 731 immune cell phenotypes and their association with PD, the results of inverse variance weighting (IVW) analysis suggested that after Bonferroni correction multiple immune cell phenotypes had no statistically significant effect on PD. It is worth mentioning that some phenotypes with unadjusted P values (P < 0.05), including 40 immune phenotypes, that were located on the cDC panel, the Treg panel, the Maturation stages of T cell panel, the TBNK panel, the B cell panel, the Myeloid cell panel, and the Monocyte panel were considered to have nominal associations with PD. In addition, PD could have an effect on certain immunophenotypes located on the Myeloid cell panel and the Monocyte panel; the specific immunophenotypic results and statistical analysis values are shown in the text. The results of sensitivity analyses suggested that none of these observed the presence of horizontal pleiotropy. Our study identified a close link between immune cells and PD, and the results of this study provide ideas for the study of the immune mechanism of PD and the exploration of effective therapeutic means.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, based on the GWAS Immunophenotyping Database, a Mendelian randomization approach was used to assess the genetic causal associations between 731 immunophenotypes and traits and Parkinson's disease (PD), which not only provides a reference for the immune response mechanism of PD but also provides ideas for exploring the effective diagnosis and treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xie Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ze Chang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daojun Xie
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Gonçalves M, Rodrigues-Santos P, Januário C, Cosentino M, Pereira FC. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) - Can dendritic cells and monocytes expressing this moonlight enzyme change the phase of Parkinson's Disease? Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 133:112062. [PMID: 38652967 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease where central and peripheral immune dysfunctions have been pointed out as a critical component of susceptibility and progression of this disease. Dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes are key players in promoting immune response regulation and can induce the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) under pro-inflammatory environments. This enzyme with catalytic and signaling activity supports the axis IDO1-KYN-aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), promoting disease-specific immunomodulatory effects. IDO1 is a rate-limiting enzyme of the kynurenine pathway (KP) that begins tryptophan (Trp) catabolism across this pathway. The immune functions of the pathway, which are extensively described in cancer, have been forgotten so far in neurodegenerative diseases, where a chronic inflammatory environment underlines the progression of the disease. Despite dysfunctions of KP have been described in PD, these are mainly associated with neurotoxic functions. With this review, we aim to focus on the immune properties of IDO1+DCs and IDO1+monocytes as a possible strategy to balance the pro-inflammatory profile described in PD. We also highlight the importance of exploring the role of dopaminergic therapeutics in IDO1 modulation to possibly optimize current PD therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene Gonçalves
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Portugal
| | - Paulo Rodrigues-Santos
- Univ Coimbra, Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cristina Januário
- Univ Coimbra, CIBIT - Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Univ Insubria, Center for Research in Medical Pharmacology, Varese, Italy
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, CIBB - Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.
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Manganaro JE, Emanuel K, Lamberty BG, George JW, Stauch KL. Pink1/Parkin deficiency alters circulating lymphocyte populations and increases platelet-T cell aggregates in rats. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4431604. [PMID: 38854001 PMCID: PMC11160909 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4431604/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common progressive neurodegenerative movement disorder and results from the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Pink1 and Parkin are proteins that function together in mitochondrial quality control, and when they carry loss-of-function mutations lead to familial forms of PD. While much research has focused on central nervous system alterations in PD, peripheral contributions to PD pathogenesis are increasingly appreciated. We report Pink1/Parkin regulate glycolytic and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from rats. Pink1/Parkin deficiency induces changes in the circulating lymphocyte populations, namely increased CD4 + T cells and decreased CD8 + T cells and B cells. Loss of Pink1/Parkin leads to elevated platelet counts in the blood and increased platelet-T cell aggregation. Platelet-lymphocyte aggregates are associated with increased thrombosis risk, and venous thrombosis is a cause of sudden death in PD, suggesting targeting the Pink1/Parkin pathway in the periphery has therapeutic potential.
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Wang Y, Shi X, Yin Y, Yang F, Zhang Y, He X, Wen D, Li BX, Ma K. Association Between Neuroinflammation and Parkinson's Disease: A Comprehensive Mendelian Randomization Study. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04197-2. [PMID: 38709392 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to determine the causal relationship and potential mechanisms between Parkinson's disease (PD) and neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic mediators. We conducted two-sample Mendelian randomization (2SMR) study and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analysis to investigate the causality between PD and neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic mediators. The mediation analysis with MR was also conducted to determine the potential mediating effect of neuroinflammatory and neurotoxic mediators between asthma and PD. Genetically predicted levels of nine neuroinflammation were associated with changes in PD risk. The associations of PD with CCL24, galectin-3 levels, haptoglobin, and Holo-Transcobalamin-2 remained significant in multivariable analyses. The mediation analysis with MR revealed that asthma affects PD through CCL24 and galectin-3. The results showed neuroinflammation could affect the pathogenesis of PD. In the combined analysis of these nine variables, CCL24, galectin-3 levels, HP, and Holo-Transcobalamin-2 alone were found to be significant. Asthma plays an intermediary role through CCL24 and galectin-3 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- YiNi Wang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - XinYu Shi
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - YaPing Yin
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - YiNan Zhang
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Wen
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai-Xiang Li
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kun Ma
- Department of Hygienic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, 157 Baojian Road, NanGang District, Harbin, 150081, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China.
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Stampanoni Bassi M, Gilio L, Galifi G, Buttari F, Dolcetti E, Bruno A, Belli L, Modugno N, Furlan R, Finardi A, Mandolesi G, Musella A, Centonze D, Olivola E. Mood disturbances in newly diagnosed Parkinson's Disease patients reflect intrathecal inflammation. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2024; 122:106071. [PMID: 38432021 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease (PD), neuroinflammation may be involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders, contributing to the clinical heterogeneity of the disease. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-12, IL-17, interferon (IFN)γ, macrophage inflammatory protein 1-alpha (MIP-1a), MIP-1b, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (GCSF), eotaxin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), were assessed in 45 newly diagnosed and untreated PD patients and in 44 control patients. Spearman's correlations were used to explore possible associations between CSF cytokines and clinical variables including mood. Benjamini-Hochberg (B-H) correction for multiple comparisons was applied. Linear regression was used to test significant associations correcting for other clinical variables. In PD patients, higher CSF concentrations of the inflammatory molecules IL-6, IL-9, IFNγ, and GCSF were found (all B-H corrected p < 0.02). Significant associations were found between BDI-II and the levels of IL-6 (Beta = 0.438; 95%CI 1.313-5.889; p = 0.003) and IL-8 (Beta = 0.471; 95%CI 0.185-0.743; p = 0.002). Positive associations were also observed between STAI-Y state and both IL-6 (Beta = 0.452; 95%CI 1.649-7.366; p = 0.003), and IL-12 (Beta = 0.417; 95%CI 2.238-13.379; p = 0.007), and between STAI-Y trait and IL-2 (Beta = 0.354; 95%CI 1.923-14.796; p = 0.012), IL-6 (Beta = 0.362; 95%CI 0.990-6.734; p = 0.01), IL-8 (Beta = 0.341; 95%CI 0.076-0.796; p = 0.019), IL-12 (Beta = 0.328; 95%CI 0.975-12.135; p = 0.023), and IL-17 (Beta = 0.334; 95CI 0.315-4.455; p = 0.025). An inflammatory CSF milieu may be associated with depression and anxiety in the early phases of PD, supporting a role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of mood disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luana Gilio
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, Uninettuno Telematic International University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Buttari
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Bruno
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Lorena Belli
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Furlan
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Clinical Neuroimmunology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Georgia Mandolesi
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, Italy
| | - Alessandra Musella
- Synaptic Immunopathology Lab, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Italy; Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, University of Rome San Raffaele, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Unit of Neurology, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, IS, Italy; Laboratory of Synaptic Immunopathology, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.
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Hull A, Atilano ML, Gergi L, Kinghorn KJ. Lysosomal storage, impaired autophagy and innate immunity in Gaucher and Parkinson's diseases: insights for drug discovery. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220381. [PMID: 38368939 PMCID: PMC10874704 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Impairment of autophagic-lysosomal pathways is increasingly being implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). GBA1 mutations cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease (GD) and are the commonest known genetic risk factor for PD. GBA1 mutations have been shown to cause autophagic-lysosomal impairment. Defective autophagic degradation of unwanted cellular constituents is associated with several pathologies, including loss of normal protein homeostasis, particularly of α-synuclein, and innate immune dysfunction. The latter is observed both peripherally and centrally in PD and GD. Here, we will discuss the mechanistic links between autophagy and immune dysregulation, and the possible role of these pathologies in communication between the gut and brain in these disorders. Recent work in a fly model of neuronopathic GD (nGD) revealed intestinal autophagic defects leading to gastrointestinal dysfunction and immune activation. Rapamycin treatment partially reversed the autophagic block and reduced immune activity, in association with increased survival and improved locomotor performance. Alterations in the gut microbiome are a critical driver of neuroinflammation, and studies have revealed that eradication of the microbiome in nGD fly and mouse models of PD ameliorate brain inflammation. Following these observations, lysosomal-autophagic pathways, innate immune signalling and microbiome dysbiosis are discussed as potential therapeutic targets in PD and GD. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Understanding the endo-lysosomal network in neurodegeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hull
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Magda L Atilano
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laith Gergi
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kerri J Kinghorn
- Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, Institute of Healthy Ageing, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Faizan M, Sachan N, Verma O, Sarkar A, Rawat N, Pratap Singh M. Cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers in Parkinson's disease. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 556:117848. [PMID: 38417781 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Proteomic profiling is an effective way to identify biomarkers for Parkinson's disease (PD). Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has direct connectivity with the brain and could be a source of finding biomarkers and their clinical implications. Comparative proteomic profiling has shown that a group of differentially displayed proteins exist. The studies performed using conventional and classical tools also supported the occurrence of these proteins. Many studies have highlighted the potential of CSF proteomic profiling for biomarker identification and their clinical applications. Some of these proteins are useful for disease diagnosis and prediction. Proteomic profiling of CSF also has immense potential to distinguish PD from similar neurodegenerative disorders. A few protein biomarkers help in fundamental knowledge generation and clinical interpretation. However, the specific biomarker of PD is not yet known. The use of proteomic approaches in clinical settings is also rare. A large-scale, multi-centric, multi-population and multi-continental study using multiple proteomic tools is warranted. Such a study can provide valuable, comprehensive and reliable information for a better understanding of PD and the development of specific biomarkers. The current article sheds light on the role of CSF proteomic profiling in identifying biomarkers of PD and their clinical implications. The article also explains the achievements, obstacles and hopes for future directions of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faizan
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Nidhi Sachan
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Oyashvi Verma
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Alika Sarkar
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Rawat
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mahendra Pratap Singh
- Systems Toxicology Group, FEST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India; Capacity Building and Knowledge Services, ASSIST Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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Hargarten JC, Ssebambulidde K, Anjum SH, Vaughan MJ, Xu J, Song B, Ganguly A, Park YD, Scott T, Hammoud DA, Olszewski MA, Williamson PR. JAK/STAT Signaling Predominates in Human and Murine Fungal Post-infectious Inflammatory Response Syndrome. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.18.24301483. [PMID: 38293201 PMCID: PMC10827263 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.18.24301483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Post-infection inflammatory syndromes have been increasingly recognized as a cause of host damage in a variety of infectious diseases including tuberculosis, bacterial meningitis, and COVID-19. Recently, a post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome (PIIRS) was described in non-HIV-infected cryptococcal fungal meningoencephalitis (CM) as a major cause of mortality. Inflammatory syndromes are particularly severe in neurological infections due to the skull's rigid structure which limits unchecked tissue expansion from inflammatory-induced edema. In the present studies, neurologic transcriptional pathway analysis utilizing a murine PIIRS model demonstrated a predominance of Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) activation. JAK/STAT inhibitor treatment resulted in improvements in CNS damage markers, reductions in intrathecal CD44hiCD62lo CD4+ effector CD4+ T-cells and MHC II+ inflammatory myeloid cells, and weight gains in mice, the latter after treatment with antifungals. Based on these data, pathway-driven steroid-sparing human treatment for steroid-refractory PIIRS was initiated using short courses of the JAK/STAT inhibitor ruxolitinib. These were well tolerated and reduced activated HLA-DR+ CD4+ and CD8+ cells and inflammatory monocytes as well as improved brain imaging. Together, these findings support the role of JAK/STAT in PIIRS as well as further study of JAK/STAT inhibitors as potential adjunctive therapy for PIRS and other neural inflammatory syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C. Hargarten
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth Ssebambulidde
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
- Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Seher H. Anjum
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Malcolm J. Vaughan
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jintao Xu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Research Service, Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Brian Song
- Research Service, Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Anutosh Ganguly
- Research Service, Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yoon-dong Park
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terri Scott
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dima A. Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging (CIDI), Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Michal A. Olszewski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Research Service, Ann Arbor VA Healthcare System, Department of Veterans Affairs Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Peter R. Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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Garmendia JV, De Sanctis CV, Das V, Annadurai N, Hajduch M, De Sanctis JB. Inflammation, Autoimmunity and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Therapeutics and Beyond. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:1080-1109. [PMID: 37898823 PMCID: PMC10964103 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231017141636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease (ND) incidence has recently increased due to improved life expectancy. Alzheimer's (AD) or Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most prevalent NDs. Both diseases are poly genetic, multifactorial and heterogenous. Preventive medicine, a healthy diet, exercise, and controlling comorbidities may delay the onset. After the diseases are diagnosed, therapy is needed to slow progression. Recent studies show that local, peripheral and age-related inflammation accelerates NDs' onset and progression. Patients with autoimmune disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) could be at higher risk of developing AD or PD. However, no increase in ND incidence has been reported if the patients are adequately diagnosed and treated. Autoantibodies against abnormal tau, β amyloid and α- synuclein have been encountered in AD and PD and may be protective. This discovery led to the proposal of immune-based therapies for AD and PD involving monoclonal antibodies, immunization/ vaccines, pro-inflammatory cytokine inhibition and anti-inflammatory cytokine addition. All the different approaches have been analysed here. Future perspectives on new therapeutic strategies for both disorders are concisely examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Valentina Garmendia
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Claudia Valentina De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Viswanath Das
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Narendran Annadurai
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Marián Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
| | - Juan Bautista De Sanctis
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
- The Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (Catrin), Palacky University, Olomouc, The Czech Republic
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Vijiaratnam N, Foltynie T. How should we be using biomarkers in trials of disease modification in Parkinson's disease? Brain 2023; 146:4845-4869. [PMID: 37536279 PMCID: PMC10690028 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent validation of the α-synuclein seed amplification assay as a biomarker with high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease has formed the backbone for a proposed staging system for incorporation in Parkinson's disease clinical studies and trials. The routine use of this biomarker should greatly aid in the accuracy of diagnosis during recruitment of Parkinson's disease patients into trials (as distinct from patients with non-Parkinson's disease parkinsonism or non-Parkinson's disease tremors). There remain, however, further challenges in the pursuit of biomarkers for clinical trials of disease modifying agents in Parkinson's disease, namely: optimizing the distinction between different α-synucleinopathies; the selection of subgroups most likely to benefit from a candidate disease modifying agent; a sensitive means of confirming target engagement; and the early prediction of longer-term clinical benefit. For example, levels of CSF proteins such as the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase may assist in prognostication or allow enrichment of appropriate patients into disease modifying trials of agents with this enzyme as the target; the presence of coexisting Alzheimer's disease-like pathology (detectable through CSF levels of amyloid-β42 and tau) can predict subsequent cognitive decline; imaging techniques such as free-water or neuromelanin MRI may objectively track decline in Parkinson's disease even in its later stages. The exploitation of additional biomarkers to the α-synuclein seed amplification assay will, therefore, greatly add to our ability to plan trials and assess the disease modifying properties of interventions. The choice of which biomarker(s) to use in the context of disease modifying clinical trials will depend on the intervention, the stage (at risk, premotor, motor, complex) of the population recruited and the aims of the trial. The progress already made lends hope that panels of fluid biomarkers in tandem with structural or functional imaging may provide sensitive and objective methods of confirming that an intervention is modifying a key pathophysiological process of Parkinson's disease. However, correlation with clinical progression does not necessarily equate to causation, and the ongoing validation of quantitative biomarkers will depend on insightful clinical-genetic-pathophysiological comparisons incorporating longitudinal biomarker changes from those at genetic risk with evidence of onset of the pathophysiology and those at each stage of manifest clinical Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosen Vijiaratnam
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Srivastava P, Nishiyama S, Zhou F, Lin SH, Srivastava A, Su C, Xu Y, Peng W, Levy M, Schwarzschild M, Chen X. Peripheral MC1R Activation Modulates Immune Responses and is Neuroprotective in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2023; 18:704-717. [PMID: 38110615 PMCID: PMC10769915 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-023-10094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a key pigmentation gene, and loss-of-function of MC1R variants that produce red hair may be associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). We previously reported compromised dopaminergic neuron survival in Mc1r mutant mice and dopaminergic neuroprotective effects of local injection of a MC1R agonist to the brain or a systemically administered MC1R agonist with appreciable central nervous system (CNS) permeability. Beyond melanocytes and dopaminergic neurons, MC1R is expressed in other peripheral tissues and cell types, including immune cells. The present study investigates the impact of NDP-MSH, a synthetic melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist that does not cross BBB, on the immune system and the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in mouse model of PD. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were treated systemically with MPTP.HCl (20 mg/kg) and LPS (1 mg/kg) from day 1 to day 4 and NDP-MSH (400 µg/kg) or vehicle from day 1 to day 12 following which the mice were sacrificed. Peripheral and CNS immune cells were phenotyped and inflammatory markers were measured. The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system was assessed behaviorally, chemically, immunologically, and pathologically. To understand the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in this model, CD25 monoclonal antibody was used to deplete CD25 + Tregs. RESULTS Systemic NDP-MSH administration significantly attenuated striatal dopamine depletion and nigral dopaminergic neuron loss induced by MPTP + LPS. It improved the behavioral outcomes in the pole test. Mc1r mutant mice injected with NDP-MSH in the MPTP and LPS paradigm showed no changes in striatal dopamine levels suggesting that the NDP-MSH acts through the MC1R pathway. Although no NDP-MSH was detected in the brain, peripheral, NDP-MSH attenuated neuroinflammation as observed by diminished microglial activation in the nigral region, along with reduced TNF-α and IL1β levels in the ventral midbrain. Depletion of Tregs was associated with diminished neuroprotective effects of NDP-MSH. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that peripherally acting NDP-MSH confers protection on dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons and reduces hyperactivated microglia. NDP-MSH modulates peripheral immune responses, and Tregs may be involved in the neuroprotective effect of NDP-MSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Srivastava
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Shuhei Nishiyama
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Fang Zhou
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Sonia H Lin
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Akriti Srivastava
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Chienwen Su
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Yuehang Xu
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Weiyi Peng
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Levy
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Michael Schwarzschild
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Xiqun Chen
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
- Aligning Science Across Parkinson's (ASAP) Collaborative Research Network, Chevy Chase, MD, USA.
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15
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Hargarten JC, Anjum SH, Ssebambulidde K, Park YD, Vaughan MJ, Scott TL, Hammoud DA, Billioux BJ, Williamson PR. Tocilizumab as a Potential Adjunctive Therapy to Corticosteroids in Cryptococcal Post-infectious Inflammatory Response Syndrome (PIIRS): a Report of Two Cases. J Clin Immunol 2023; 43:2146-2155. [PMID: 37814084 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-023-01592-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-HIV cryptococcal meningoencephalitis (CM) in previously healthy individuals is often complicated by a post-infectious inflammatory response syndrome (c-PIIRS) characterized by neurologic deterioration after appropriate antifungal therapy with sterilization of CSF fungal cultures. c-PIIRS results from an excessive inflammatory response to fungal antigens released during fungal lysis, mediated by IFN-γ, IL-6, and activated T-helper cells, leading to immune-mediated host damage that responds to pulse-corticosteroid taper therapy (PCT). Typically, oral steroids may take up to a year to taper, and occasionally, patients will be refractory to steroid therapy or may demonstrate high-risk lesions such as those involving intracranial arteries. Also, patients can have problematic side effects from prolonged corticosteroids. Hence, appropriate adjunctive agents are needed to reduce corticosteroid doses in the treatment of c-PIIRS. Due to a possible role of IL-6 in pathogenesis, IL-6 receptor blockade by tocilizumab may be useful in the treatment of c-PIIRS. METHODS Two previously healthy patients with non-HIV cPIIRS were seen at the NIH. Due to concerns for intracranial vascular rupture in an area of inflammation (Patient 1) and intractable symptoms on high-dose oral corticosteroids (Patient 2) with evidence of persistent CSF inflammation, patients were treated with 4-8 mg/kg tocilizumab every 2 weeks while maintained on a constant dose of prednisone. RESULTS Two patients exhibited rapid immunological improvement following treatment with tocilizumab. Patient 1 remained vascularly stable, and Patient 2 had near resolution of headaches with improvement in mental status as evidenced by improved MOCA score. The two had improved CSF inflammatory parameters and no significant side effects. Both CSF cultures remained negative throughout treatment. CONCLUSIONS Tocilizumab may be a safe adjunctive treatment for CM-related PIIRS suggesting further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C Hargarten
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg 10, Rm 11C208, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Seher H Anjum
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg 10, Rm 11C208, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kenneth Ssebambulidde
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg 10, Rm 11C208, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yoon-Dong Park
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg 10, Rm 11C208, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Malcolm J Vaughan
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg 10, Rm 11C208, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Terri L Scott
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg 10, Rm 11C208, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Dima A Hammoud
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging (CIDI), Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bridgette Jeanne Billioux
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter R Williamson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM), Division of Intramural Research (DIR), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg 10, Rm 11C208, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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16
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Lauritsen J, Romero-Ramos M. The systemic immune response in Parkinson's disease: focus on the peripheral immune component. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:863-878. [PMID: 37598092 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
During Parkinson's disease (PD), both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) are affected. In parallel, innate immune cells respond early to neuronal changes and alpha-synuclein (α-syn) pathology. Moreover, some of the affected neuronal groups innervate organs with a relevant role in immunity. Consequently, not only microglia, but also peripheral immune cells are altered, resulting in a systemic immune response. Innate and adaptive immune cells may participate in the neurodegenerative process by acting peripherally, infiltrating the brain, or releasing mediators that can protect or harm neurons. However, the sequence of the changes and the significance of each immune compartment in the disease remain to be clarified. In this review, we describe current understanding of the peripheral immune response in PD and discuss the road ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Lauritsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty & Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marina Romero-Ramos
- Department of Biomedicine, Health Faculty & Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience - DANDRITE, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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17
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Furgiuele A, Pereira FC, Martini S, Marino F, Cosentino M. Dopaminergic regulation of inflammation and immunity in Parkinson's disease: friend or foe? Clin Transl Immunology 2023; 12:e1469. [PMID: 37781343 PMCID: PMC10540835 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting 7-10 million people worldwide. Currently, there is no treatment available to prevent or delay PD progression, partially due to the limited understanding of the pathological events which lead to the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra in the brain, which is known to be the cause of PD symptoms. The current available treatments aim at compensating dopamine (DA) deficiency in the brain using its precursor levodopa, dopaminergic agonists and some indirect dopaminergic agents. The immune system is emerging as a critical player in PD. Therefore, immune-based approaches have recently been proposed to be used as potential antiparkinsonian agents. It has been well-known that dopaminergic pathways play a significant role in regulating immune responses in the brain. Although dopaminergic agents are the primary antiparkinsonian treatments, their immune regulatory effect has yet to be fully understood. The present review summarises the current available evidence of the immune regulatory effects of DA and its mimics and discusses dopaminergic agents as antiparkinsonian drugs. Based on the current understanding of their involvement in the regulation of neuroinflammation in PD, we propose that targeting immune pathways involved in PD pathology could offer a better treatment outcome for PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Furgiuele
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Frederico C Pereira
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR)University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB)University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC)CoimbraPortugal
| | - Stefano Martini
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Franca Marino
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
| | - Marco Cosentino
- Center for Research in Medical PharmacologyUniversity of InsubriaVareseItaly
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18
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Gao C, Jiang J, Tan Y, Chen S. Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:359. [PMID: 37735487 PMCID: PMC10514343 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01588-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in single-cell technologies have revealed that these reactive microglia were with high spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Some identified microglia in specific states correlate with pathological hallmarks and are associated with specific functions. Microglia both exert protective function by phagocytosing and clearing pathological protein aggregates and play detrimental roles due to excessive uptake of protein aggregates, which would lead to microglial phagocytic ability impairment, neuroinflammation, and eventually neurodegeneration. In addition, peripheral immune cells infiltration shapes microglia into a pro-inflammatory phenotype and accelerates disease progression. Microglia also act as a mobile vehicle to propagate protein aggregates. Extracellular vesicles released from microglia and autophagy impairment in microglia all contribute to pathological progression and neurodegeneration. Thus, enhancing microglial phagocytosis, reducing microglial-mediated neuroinflammation, inhibiting microglial exosome synthesis and secretion, and promoting microglial conversion into a protective phenotype are considered to be promising strategies for the therapy of neurodegenerative diseases. Here we comprehensively review the biology of microglia and the roles of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, dementia with Lewy bodies and Huntington's disease. We also summarize the possible microglia-targeted interventions and treatments against neurodegenerative diseases with preclinical and clinical evidence in cell experiments, animal studies, and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gao
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuyan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200025, Shanghai, China.
- Lab for Translational Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies (SIAIS), Shanghai Tech University, 201210, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Amin J, Gee C, Stowell K, Coulthard D, Boche D. T Lymphocytes and Their Potential Role in Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Cells 2023; 12:2283. [PMID: 37759503 PMCID: PMC10528562 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common neurodegenerative cause of dementia. People with DLB have an inferior prognosis compared to Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the diseases overlap in their neuropathology and clinical syndrome. It is imperative that we enhance our understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of DLB. The impact of peripheral inflammation on the brain in dementia has been increasingly explored in recent years, with T lymphocyte recruitment into brain parenchyma identified in AD and Parkinson's disease. There is now a growing range of literature emerging on the potential role of innate and adaptive immune cells in DLB, including T lymphocytes. In this review, we examine the profile of T lymphocytes in DLB, focusing on studies of post-mortem brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and the blood compartment. We present an integrated viewpoint on the results of these studies by proposing how changes to the T lymphocyte profile in the brain and periphery may relate to each other. Improving our understanding of T lymphocytes in DLB has the potential to guide the development of disease-modifying treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Amin
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Tom Rudd Unit, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO30 3JB, UK
| | - Claire Gee
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Memory Assessment and Research Centre, Tom Rudd Unit, Moorgreen Hospital, Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton SO30 3JB, UK
| | - Kiran Stowell
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Daisy Coulthard
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Delphine Boche
- Clinical Neurosciences, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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20
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Thomas R, Connolly KJ, Brekk OR, Hinrich AJ, Hastings ML, Isacson O, Hallett PJ. Viral-like TLR3 induction of cytokine networks and α-synuclein are reduced by complement C3 blockade in mouse brain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15164. [PMID: 37704739 PMCID: PMC10499893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41240-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes and mechanisms are of central importance in neurodegenerative diseases. In the brain, α-synucleinopathies such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD) show immune cytokine network activation and increased toll like receptor 3 (TLR3) levels for viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Brain inflammatory reactions caused by TLR3 activation are also relevant to understand pathogenic cascades by viral SARS-CoV-2 infection causing post- COVID-19 brain-related syndromes. In the current study, following regional brain TLR3 activation induced by dsRNA in mice, an acute complement C3 response was seen at 2 days. A C3 splice-switching antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) that promotes the splicing of a non-productive C3 mRNA, prevented downstream cytokines, such as IL-6, and α-synuclein changes. This report is the first demonstration that α-synuclein increases occur downstream of complement C3 activation. Relevant to brain dysfunction, post-COVID-19 syndromes and pathological changes leading to PD and LBD, viral dsRNA TLR3 activation in the presence of C3 complement blockade further revealed significant interactions between complement systems, inflammatory cytokine networks and α-synuclein changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Kyle J Connolly
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Oeystein R Brekk
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Anthony J Hinrich
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Michelle L Hastings
- Center for Genetic Diseases, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL, 60064, USA
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Institute, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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21
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Wang Q, Xue Q. Bioinformatics analysis of potential common pathogenic mechanism for carotid atherosclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1202952. [PMID: 37649719 PMCID: PMC10464527 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1202952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebrovascular disease (CVD) related to atherosclerosis and Parkinson's disease (PD) are two prevalent neurological disorders. They share common risk factors and frequently occur together. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between atherosclerosis and PD using genetic databases to gain a comprehensive understanding of underlying biological mechanisms. Methods The gene expression profiles of atherosclerosis (GSE28829 and GSE100927) and PD (GSE7621 and GSE49036) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After identifying the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for these two disorders, we constructed protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and functional modules, and further identified hub genes using Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regression. The diagnostic effectiveness of these hub genes was evaluated using Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve (ROC) analysis. Furthermore, we used single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) to analyze immune cell infiltration and explored the association of the identified hub genes with infiltrating immune cells through Spearman's rank correlation analysis in R software. Results A total of 50 shared DEGs, with 36 up-regulated and 14 down-regulated genes, were identified through the intersection of DEGs of atherosclerosis and PD. Using LASSO regression, we identified six hub genes, namely C1QB, CD53, LY96, P2RX7, C3, and TNFSF13B, in the lambda.min model, and CD14, C1QB, CD53, P2RX7, C3, and TNFSF13B in the lambda.1se model. ROC analysis confirmed that both models had good diagnostic efficiency for atherosclerosis datasets GSE28829 (lambda.min AUC = 0.99, lambda.1se AUC = 0.986) and GSE100927 (lambda.min AUC = 0.922, lambda.1se AUC = 0.933), as well as for PD datasets GSE7621 (lambda.min AUC = 0.924, lambda.1se AUC = 0.944) and GSE49036 (lambda.min AUC = 0.894, lambda.1se AUC = 0.881). Furthermore, we found that activated B cells, effector memory CD8 + T cells, and macrophages were the shared correlated types of immune cells in both atherosclerosis and PD. Conclusion This study provided new sights into shared molecular mechanisms between these two disorders. These common hub genes and infiltrating immune cells offer promising clues for further experimental studies to explore the common pathogenesis of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qun Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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22
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Sirkis DW, Warly Solsberg C, Johnson TP, Bonham LW, Sturm VE, Lee SE, Rankin KP, Rosen HJ, Boxer AL, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Geier EG, Yokoyama JS. Single-cell RNA-seq reveals alterations in peripheral CX3CR1 and nonclassical monocytes in familial tauopathy. Genome Med 2023; 15:53. [PMID: 37464408 PMCID: PMC10354988 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-023-01205-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence from mouse models is beginning to elucidate the brain's immune response to tau pathology, but little is known about the nature of this response in humans. In addition, it remains unclear to what extent tau pathology and the local inflammatory response within the brain influence the broader immune system. METHODS To address these questions, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from carriers of pathogenic variants in MAPT, the gene encoding tau (n = 8), and healthy non-carrier controls (n = 8). Primary findings from our scRNA-seq analyses were confirmed and extended via flow cytometry, droplet digital (dd)PCR, and secondary analyses of publicly available transcriptomics datasets. RESULTS Analysis of ~ 181,000 individual PBMC transcriptomes demonstrated striking differential expression in monocytes and natural killer (NK) cells in MAPT pathogenic variant carriers. In particular, we observed a marked reduction in the expression of CX3CR1-the gene encoding the fractalkine receptor that is known to modulate tau pathology in mouse models-in monocytes and NK cells. We also observed a significant reduction in the abundance of nonclassical monocytes and dysregulated expression of nonclassical monocyte marker genes, including FCGR3A. Finally, we identified reductions in TMEM176A and TMEM176B, genes thought to be involved in the inflammatory response in human microglia but with unclear function in peripheral monocytes. We confirmed the reduction in nonclassical monocytes by flow cytometry and the differential expression of select biologically relevant genes dysregulated in our scRNA-seq data using ddPCR. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that human peripheral immune cell expression and abundance are modulated by tau-associated pathophysiologic changes. CX3CR1 and nonclassical monocytes in particular will be a focus of future work exploring the role of these peripheral signals in additional tau-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sirkis
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Caroline Warly Solsberg
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Taylor P Johnson
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Virginia E Sturm
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Suzee E Lee
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Katherine P Rankin
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Howard J Rosen
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adam L Boxer
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ethan G Geier
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
- Transposon Therapeutics, Inc, San Diego, CA, 92122, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 1651 4th Street, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Global Brain Health Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Srivastava P, Nishiyama S, Lin SH, Srivastava A, Su C, Peng W, Levy M, Schwarzschild M, Xu Y, Chen X. Peripheral MC1R activation modulates immune responses and is neuroprotective in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3042571. [PMID: 37398302 PMCID: PMC10312952 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3042571/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) is a key pigmentation gene, and loss-of-function of MC1R variants that produce red hair may be associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). We previously reported compromised dopaminergic neuron survival in Mc1r mutant mice and dopaminergic neuroprotective effects of local injection of a MC1R agonist to the brain or a systemically administered MC1R agonist with appreciable CNS permeability. Beyond melanocytes and dopaminergic neurons, MC1R is expressed in other peripheral tissues and cell types, including immune cells. The present study investigates the impact of NDP-MSH, a synthetic melanocortin receptor (MCR) agonist that does not cross BBB, on the immune system and the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in mouse model of PD. Methods C57BL/6 mice were treated systemically with MPTP.HCl (20 mg/kg) and LPS (1 mg/kg) from day 1 to day 4 and NDP-MSH (400 μg/kg) or vehicle from day 1 to day 12 following which the mice were sacrificed. Peripheral and CNS immune cells were phenotyped and inflammatory markers were measured. The nigrostriatal dopaminergic system was assessed behaviorally, chemically, immunologically, and pathologically. To understand the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in this model, CD25 monoclonal antibody was used to deplete CD25+ Tregs. Results Systemic NDP-MSH administration significantly attenuated striatal dopamine depletion and nigral dopaminergic neuron loss induced by MPTP+LPS. It improved the behavioral outcomes in the pole test. Mc1r mutant mice injected with NDP-MSH in the MPTP and LPS paradigm showed no changes in striatal dopamine levels suggesting that the NDP-MSH acts through the MC1R pathway. Although no NDP-MSH was detected in the brain, peripheral, NDP-MSH attenuated neuroinflammation as observed by diminished microglial activation in the nigral region, along with reduced TNF-α and IL1β levels in the ventral midbrain. Depletion of Tregs limited the neuroprotective effects of NDP-MSH. Conclusions Our study demonstrates that peripherally acting NDP-MSH confers protection on dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons and reduces hyperactivated microglia. NDP-MSH modulates peripheral immune responses, and Tregs may be involved in the neuroprotective effect of NDP-MSH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Srivastava
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Shuhei Nishiyama
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Sonia H Lin
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Akriti Srivastava
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Chienwen Su
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Weiyi Peng
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston
| | - Michael Levy
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Michael Schwarzschild
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Yuehang Xu
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Xiqun Chen
- MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
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24
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Bourque M, Morissette M, Soulet D, Di Paolo T. Impact of Sex on Neuroimmune contributions to Parkinson's disease. Brain Res Bull 2023:110668. [PMID: 37196734 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2023.110668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. Inflammation has been observed in both the idiopathic and familial forms of PD. Importantly, PD is reported more often in men than in women, men having at least 1.5- fold higher risk to develop PD than women. This review summarizes the impact of biological sex and sex hormones on the neuroimmune contributions to PD and its investigation in animal models of PD. Innate and peripheral immune systems participate in the brain neuroinflammation of PD patients and is reproduced in neurotoxin, genetic and alpha-synuclein based models of PD. Microglia and astrocytes are the main cells of the innate immune system in the central nervous system and are the first to react to restore homeostasis in the brain. Analysis of serum immunoprofiles in female and male control and PD patients show that a great proportion of these markers differ between male and female. The relationship between CSF inflammatory markers and PD clinical characteristics or PD biomarkers shows sex differences. Conversely, in animal models of PD, sex differences in inflammation are well documented and the beneficial effects of endogenous and exogenous estrogenic modulation in inflammation have been reported. Targeting neuroinflammation in PD is an emerging therapeutic option but gonadal drugs have not yet been investigated in this respect, thus offering new opportunities for sex specific treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Bourque
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada.
| | - Marc Morissette
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada.
| | - Denis Soulet
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec (Québec) G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Thérèse Di Paolo
- Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Axe Neurosciences, 2705, Boulevard Laurier, Québec, (Québec), G1V4G2, Canada; Faculté de Pharmacie, Pavillon Ferdinand-Vandry, 1050, avenue de la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec (Québec) G1V 0A6, Canada.
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25
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Guedes BFS, Cardoso SM, Esteves AR. The Impact of microRNAs on Mitochondrial Function and Immunity: Relevance to Parkinson's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051349. [PMID: 37239020 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's Disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is characterised by the severe loss of dopaminergic neurons in the Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and by the presence of Lewy bodies. PD is diagnosed upon the onset of motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity, and postural instability. It is currently accepted that motor symptoms are preceded by non-motor features, such as gastrointestinal dysfunction. In fact, it has been proposed that PD might start in the gut and spread to the central nervous system. Growing evidence reports that the gut microbiota, which has been found to be altered in PD patients, influences the function of the central and enteric nervous systems. Altered expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in PD patients has also been reported, many of which regulate key pathological mechanisms involved in PD pathogenesis, such as mitochondrial dysfunction and immunity. It remains unknown how gut microbiota regulates brain function; however, miRNAs have been highlighted as important players. Remarkably, numerous studies have depicted the ability of miRNAs to modulate and be regulated by the host's gut microbiota. In this review, we summarize the experimental and clinical studies implicating mitochondrial dysfunction and immunity in PD. Moreover, we gather recent data on miRNA involvement in these two processes. Ultimately, we discuss the reciprocal crosstalk between gut microbiota and miRNAs. Studying the bidirectional interaction of gut microbiome-miRNA might elucidate the aetiology and pathogenesis of gut-first PD, which could lead to the application of miRNAs as potential biomarkers or therapeutical targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz F S Guedes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Morais Cardoso
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Raquel Esteves
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and CIBB-Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- IIIUC-Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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26
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Ibarra-Gutiérrez MT, Serrano-García N, Orozco-Ibarra M. Rotenone-Induced Model of Parkinson's Disease: Beyond Mitochondrial Complex I Inhibition. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1929-1948. [PMID: 36593435 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03193-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is usually diagnosed through motor symptoms that make the patient incapable of carrying out daily activities; however, numerous non-motor symptoms include olfactory disturbances, constipation, depression, excessive daytime sleepiness, and rapid eye movement at sleep; they begin years before motor symptoms. Therefore, several experimental models have been studied to reproduce several PD functional and neurochemical characteristics; however, no model mimics all the PD motor and non-motor symptoms to date, which becomes a limitation for PD study. It has become increasingly relevant to find ways to study the disease from its slowly progressive nature. The experimental models most frequently used to reproduce PD are based on administering toxic chemical compounds, which aim to imitate dopamine deficiency. The most used toxic compounds to model PD have been 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which inhibit the complex I of the electron transport chain but have some limitations. Another toxic compound that has drawn attention recently is rotenone, the classical inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I. Rotenone triggers the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons and α-synuclein inclusions formation in rats; also, rotenone induces microtubule destabilization. This review presents information about the experimental model of PD induced by rotenone, emphasizing its molecular characteristics beyond the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Ibarra-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Norma Serrano-García
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Marisol Orozco-Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología Molecular y Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 3877 Col. La Fama, Tlalpan, C.P. 14269, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico.
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27
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Contaldi E, Magistrelli L, Comi C. Disease mechanisms as subtypes: Immune dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 193:67-93. [PMID: 36803824 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-85555-6.00008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the contraposition between inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes has been increasingly challenged. Inflammation has been emphasized as a key player in the onset and progression of Parkinson disease (PD) and other neurodegenerative disorders. The strongest indicators of the involvement of the immune system derived from evidence of microglial activation, profound imbalance in phenotype and composition of peripheral immune cells, and impaired humoral immune responses. Moreover, peripheral inflammatory mechanisms (e.g., involving the gut-brain axis) and immunogenetic factors are likely to be implicated. Even though several lines of preclinical and clinical studies are supporting and defining the complex relationship between the immune system and PD, the exact mechanisms are currently unknown. Similarly, the temporal and causal connections between innate and adaptive immune responses and neurodegeneration are unsettled, challenging our ambition to define an integrated and holistic model of the disease. Despite these difficulties, current evidence is providing the unique opportunity to develop immune-targeted approaches for PD, thus enriching our therapeutic armamentarium. This chapter aims to provide an extensive overview of past and present studies that explored the implication of the immune system in neurodegeneration, thus paving the road for the concept of disease modification in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Contaldi
- Movement Disorders Centre, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Magistrelli
- Movement Disorders Centre, "Maggiore della Carità" University Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Neurology Unit, S.Andrea Hospital, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy.
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28
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Blood Biomarkers in Patients with Parkinson's Disease: A Review in Context of Anesthetic Care. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040693. [PMID: 36832181 PMCID: PMC9955162 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder after dementia. Preclinical and epidemiological data strongly suggest that chronic neuroinflammation slowly induces neuronal dysfunction. Activated microglia secrete several neurotoxic substances, such as chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines, which may promote blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeabilization. CD4+ T cells comprise proinflammatory cells such as T helper (Th) 1 and Th17 cells, as well as anti-inflammatory cells such as Th2 and T regulatory cells (Tregs). Th1 and Th17 cells can be detrimental to dopamine neurons, whereas Th2 and Tregs are neuroprotective. The results of studies on the serum levels of cytokines such as IFN-γ and TNF-α secreted by Th1 T cells, IL-8 and IL-10 secreted by Th2 T cells, and IL-17 secreted by Th17 cells in PD patients are not uniform. In addition, the relationships between serum cytokine levels and motor and non-motor symptoms of PD are controversial. Surgical stress and anesthesia induce inflammatory responses by disturbing the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, which may exacerbate the neuroinflammatory response in PD patients. Here we review studies on blood inflammatory biomarkers in PD patients and discuss the roles of surgery and anesthesia in PD progression.
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Zhang P, Zhao L, Li H, Shen J, Li H, Xing Y. Novel diagnostic biomarkers related to immune infiltration in Parkinson's disease by bioinformatics analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1083928. [PMID: 36777638 PMCID: PMC9909419 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1083928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is Pengfei Zhang Liwen Zhao Pengfei Zhang Liwen Zhao a common neurological disorder involving a complex relationship with immune infiltration. Therefore, we aimed to explore PD immune infiltration patterns and identify novel immune-related diagnostic biomarkers. Materials and methods Three substantia nigra expression microarray datasets were integrated with elimination of batch effects. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened using the "limma" package, and functional enrichment was analyzed. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to explore the key module most significantly associated with PD; the intersection of DEGs and the key module in WGCNA were considered common genes (CGs). The CG protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed to identify candidate hub genes by cytoscape. Candidate hub genes were verified by another two datasets. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to evaluate the hub gene diagnostic ability, with further gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The immune infiltration level was evaluated by ssGSEA and CIBERSORT methods. Spearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the hub genes association with immune cells. Finally, a nomogram model and microRNA-TF-mRNA network were constructed based on immune-related biomarkers. Results A total of 263 CGs were identified by the intersection of 319 DEGs and 1539 genes in the key turquoise module. Eleven candidate hub genes were screened by the R package "UpSet." We verified the candidate hub genes based on two validation sets and identified six (SYT1, NEFM, NEFL, SNAP25, GAP43, and GRIA1) that distinguish the PD group from healthy controls. Both CIBERSORT and ssGSEA revealed a significantly increased proportion of neutrophils in the PD group. Correlation between immune cells and hub genes showed SYT1, NEFM, GAP43, and GRIA1 to be significantly related to immune cells. Moreover, the microRNA-TFs-mRNA network revealed that the microRNA-92a family targets all four immune-related genes in PD pathogenesis. Finally, a nomogram exhibited a reliable capability of predicting PD based on the four immune-related genes (AUC = 0.905). Conclusion By affecting immune infiltration, SYT1, NEFM, GAP43, and GRIA1, which are regulated by the microRNA-92a family, were identified as diagnostic biomarkers of PD. The correlation of these four genes with neutrophils and the microRNA-92a family in PD needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beichen Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Liwen Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Site, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongbin Li
- Department of Neurology, Beichen Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Neurology, Beichen Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beichen Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital Tianjin, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongguo Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beichen Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital Tianjin, Tianjin, China,*Correspondence: Yongguo Xing,
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Mahjoub Y, Martino D. Immunology and microbiome: Implications for motor systems. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 195:135-157. [PMID: 37562867 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98818-6.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Immune-inflammatory mechanisms seem to play a relevant role in neurodegenerative disorders affecting motor systems, particularly Parkinson's disease, where activity changes in inflammatory cells and evidence of neuroinflammation in experimental models and patients is available. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is also characterized by neuroinflammatory changes that involve primarily glial cells, both microglia and astrocytes, as well as systemic immune dysregulation associated with more rapid progression. Similarly, the exploration of gut dysbiosis in these two prototypical neurodegenerative motor disorders is advancing rapidly. Altered composition of gut microbial constituents and related metabolic and putative functional pathways is supporting a pathophysiological link that is currently explored in preclinical, germ-free animal models. Less compelling, but still intriguing, evidence suggests that motor neurodevelopmental disorders, e.g., Tourette syndrome, are associated with abnormal trajectories of maturation that include also immune system development. Microglia has a key role also in these disorders, and new therapeutic avenues aiming at its modulation are exciting prospects. Preclinical and clinical research on the role of gut dysbiosis in Tourette syndrome and related behavioral disorders is still in its infancy, but early findings support the rationale to delve deeper into its contribution to neural and immune maturation abnormalities in its spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasamin Mahjoub
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Davide Martino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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Tsai ST, Nithiyanantham S, Satyanarayanan SK, Su KP. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on the Concept of Mind-Body Interface. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:435-458. [PMID: 36949321 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we conducted a systemic literature review for the anti-inflammatory effects of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) applying molecular mechanisms focusing on the neuroinflammation and gut-brain axis in three neuropsychiatric disorders: major depressive disorder, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. We demonstrated the anti-inflammation or immunomodulation effects of TCM, including acupuncture, from basic and clinical research, including cellular and molecular approaches. In conclusion, inflammation plays a critical role in the neuropsychopathological process. At the same time, anti-inflammation seems to be the common biological pathway for the effects of TCM and acupuncture in depression, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Ta Tsai
- Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Srinivasan Nithiyanantham
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Senthil Kumaran Satyanarayanan
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
- An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Xiromerisiou G, Marogianni C, Lampropoulos IC, Dardiotis E, Speletas M, Ntavaroukas P, Androutsopoulou A, Kalala F, Grigoriadis N, Papoutsopoulou S. Peripheral Inflammatory Markers TNF-α and CCL2 Revisited: Association with Parkinson's Disease Severity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010264. [PMID: 36613708 PMCID: PMC9820450 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major mediators of neuroinflammation in PD is tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which, similar to other cytokines, is produced by activated microglia and astrocytes. Although TNF-α can be neuroprotective in the brain, long-term neuroinflammation and TNF release can be harmful, having a neurotoxic role that leads to death of oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons and, therefore, is associated with neurodegeneration. Apart from cytokines, a wide family of molecules with homologous structures, namely chemokines, play a key role in neuro-inflammation by drawing cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and activating microglia. The objective of the current study was to examine the levels of the serum TNF-α and CCL2 (Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2), also known as MCP-1 (Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1), in PD patients compared with healthy controls. We also investigated the associations between the serum levels of these two inflammatory mediators and a number of clinical symptoms, in particular, disease severity and cognition. Such an assessment may point to their prognostic value and provide some treatment hints. PD patients with advanced stage on the Hoehn-Yahr scale showed an increase in TNF-α levels compared with PD patients with stages 1 and 2 (p = 0.01). Additionally, the UPDRS score was significantly associated with TNF-α levels. CCL2 levels, however, showed no significant associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Xiromerisiou
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
- Correspondence:
| | - Chrysoula Marogianni
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Ioannis C. Lampropoulos
- Respiratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Matthaios Speletas
- Department of Immunology & Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Ntavaroukas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Anastasia Androutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
| | - Fani Kalala
- Department of Immunology & Histocompatibility, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology and Neuroimmunology, Second Department of Neurology, American Hellenic Educational Progressive Association (AHEPA) University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stamatia Papoutsopoulou
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41500 Larisa, Greece
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Öksüz N, Öztürk Ş, Doğu O. Future Prospects in Parkinson's Disease Diagnosis and Treatment. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2022; 59:S36-S41. [PMID: 36578989 PMCID: PMC9767134 DOI: 10.29399/npa.28169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a rapidly increasing incidence and prevalence. Although it affects more than 6 million people worldwide, it is predicted to be doubled by 2040. Current criteria used in the diagnosis of PD include the presence of bradykinesia as well as the presence of rest tremor and/or rigidity, but the clinic is multifaceted and includes many non-motor symptoms. Non-motor symptoms may occur in the prodromal period, years before clinically evident Parkinson's disease. During this period, diagnosing the disease will likely be even more important when disease-modifying treatments are available. Currently, there is no single biomarker that can be used in the diagnosis of PD and no disease-modifying treatment is available. Identification of biomarkers in early diagnosis will enable the most effective use of disease-modifying therapies and will shed light on possible underlying pathologies, studies in this area have gained momentum in recent years. Molecular imaging methods, genetic studies, salivary gland and skin biopsies, metabolomics, lysosomal pathway are some of them. In this article, besides the current diagnosis and treatment methods of the disease, biomarkers and treatments that are expected to be better understood in the near future will be mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nevra Öksüz
- Mersin University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Mersin, Turkey,Correspondence Address: Nevra Öksüz, Mersin Üniversite Hastanesi, Çiftlik Köy Kampüsü, Kat:1 Yetişkin Nöroloji Polikliniği, Yenişehir, Mersin, Turkey • E-mail:
| | - Şeyda Öztürk
- Mersin City Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Okan Doğu
- Mersin University School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Mersin, Turkey
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Stevenson TJ, Johnson RH, Savistchenko J, Rustenhoven J, Woolf Z, Smyth LCD, Murray HC, Faull RLM, Correia J, Schweder P, Heppner P, Turner C, Melki R, Dieriks BV, Curtis MA, Dragunow M. Pericytes take up and degrade α-synuclein but succumb to apoptosis under cellular stress. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17314. [PMID: 36243723 PMCID: PMC9569325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by the progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and the presence of aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn). Pericytes and microglia, two non-neuronal cells contain α-syn in the human brain, however, their role in disease processes is poorly understood. Pericytes, found surrounding the capillaries in the brain are important for maintaining the blood-brain barrier, controlling blood flow and mediating inflammation. In this study, primary human brain pericytes and microglia were exposed to two different α-synuclein aggregates. Inflammatory responses were assessed using immunocytochemistry, cytometric bead arrays and proteome profiler cytokine array kits. Fixed flow cytometry was used to investigate the uptake and subsequent degradation of α-syn in pericytes. We found that the two α-syn aggregates are devoid of inflammatory and cytotoxic actions on human brain derived pericytes and microglia. Although α-syn did not induce an inflammatory response, pericytes efficiently take up and degrade α-syn through the lysosomal pathway but not the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Furthermore, when pericytes were exposed the ubiquitin proteasome inhibitor-MG132 and α-syn aggregates, there was profound cytotoxicity through the production of reactive oxygen species resulting in apoptosis. These results suggest that the observed accumulation of α-syn in pericytes in human PD brains likely plays a role in PD pathogenesis, perhaps by causing cerebrovascular instability, under conditions of cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor J. Stevenson
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Rebecca H. Johnson
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jimmy Savistchenko
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Francois Jacob Institute, National Center for Scientific Research, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Justin Rustenhoven
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Zoe Woolf
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Leon C. D. Smyth
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Helen C. Murray
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Richard L. M. Faull
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Jason Correia
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.414055.10000 0000 9027 2851Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
| | - Patrick Schweder
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.414055.10000 0000 9027 2851Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
| | - Peter Heppner
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.414054.00000 0000 9567 6206Starship Children’s Hospital, 2 Park Road, Auckland, 1010 New Zealand
| | - Clinton Turner
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.414055.10000 0000 9027 2851Department of Anatomical Pathology, Lab Plus, Auckland City Hospital, 2 Park Road, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ronald Melki
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission and Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Molecular Imaging Research Center, Francois Jacob Institute, National Center for Scientific Research, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Birger V. Dieriks
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Maurice A. Curtis
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
| | - Michael Dragunow
- grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Department of Pharmacology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand ,grid.9654.e0000 0004 0372 3343Centre for Brain Research, University of Auckland, Private Bag 920139, Auckland, 1142 New Zealand
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Menees KB, Lee JK. New Insights and Implications of Natural Killer Cells in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S83-S92. [PMID: 35570499 PMCID: PMC9535577 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and the abnormal aggregation and accumulation of the alpha-synuclein (α-syn) protein into Lewy bodies. It is established that there is an association between inflammation and PD; however, the time course of the inflammatory process as well as the immune cells involved are still debated. Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with numerous functions including targeting and killing infected or malignant cells, antimicrobial defense, and resolving inflammation. NK cell subsets differ in their effector function capacities which are modulated by activating and inhibitory receptors expressed at the cell surface. Alterations in NK cell numbers and receptor expression have been reported in PD patients. Recently, NK cell numbers and frequency were shown to be altered in the periphery and in the central nervous system in a preclinical mouse model of PD. Moreover, NK cells have recently been shown to internalize and degrade α-syn aggregates and systemic NK cell depletion exacerbated synuclein pathology in a preclinical mouse model of PD, indicating a potential protective role of NK cells. Here, we review the inflammatory process in PD with a particular focus on alterations in NK cell numbers, phenotypes, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly B Menees
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jae-Kyung Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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Kouli A, Williams-Gray CH. Age-Related Adaptive Immune Changes in Parkinson’s Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S93-S104. [PMID: 35661020 PMCID: PMC9535571 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a major risk factor for most neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease (PD). Progressive age-related dysregulation of the immune system is termed immunosenescence and is responsible for the weakened response to novel antigens, increased susceptibility to infections and reduced effectiveness of vaccines seen in the elderly. Immune activation, both within the brain and periphery, is heavily implicated in PD but the role of immunosenescence has not been fully explored. Studies to date provide some evidence for an attenuation in immunosenescence in PD, particularly a reduction in senescent CD8 T lymphocytes in PD cases compared to similarly aged controls. Here, we discuss recent evidence of age-related immune abnormalities in PD with a focus on T cell senescence and explore their potential role in disease pathogenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonina Kouli
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK
| | - Caroline H. Williams-Gray
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Cambridge, UK
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Araújo B, Caridade-Silva R, Soares-Guedes C, Martins-Macedo J, Gomes ED, Monteiro S, Teixeira FG. Neuroinflammation and Parkinson's Disease-From Neurodegeneration to Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182908. [PMID: 36139483 PMCID: PMC9497016 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Clinically, it is characterized by a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons (DAn), resulting in severe motor complications. Preclinical and clinical studies have indicated that neuroinflammation can play a role in PD pathophysiology, being associated with its onset and progression. Nevertheless, several key points concerning the neuroinflammatory process in PD remain to be answered. Bearing this in mind, in the present review, we cover the impact of neuroinflammation on PD by exploring the role of inflammatory cells (i.e., microglia and astrocytes) and the interconnections between the brain and the peripheral system. Furthermore, we discuss both the innate and adaptive immune responses regarding PD pathology and explore the gut–brain axis communication and its influence on the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Araújo
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rita Caridade-Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Soares-Guedes
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Martins-Macedo
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo D. Gomes
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Monteiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fábio G. Teixeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s-PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4710-057/4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- Medical and Industrial Biotechnology Laboratory (LABMI), Porto Research, Technology, and Innovation Center (PORTIC), Porto Polytechnic Institute, 4200-375 Porto, Portugal
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Tönges L, Buhmann C, Klebe S, Klucken J, Kwon EH, Müller T, Pedrosa DJ, Schröter N, Riederer P, Lingor P. Blood-based biomarker in Parkinson's disease: potential for future applications in clinical research and practice. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:1201-1217. [PMID: 35428925 PMCID: PMC9463345 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02498-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The clinical presentation of Parkinson's disease (PD) is both complex and heterogeneous, and its precise classification often requires an intensive work-up. The differential diagnosis, assessment of disease progression, evaluation of therapeutic responses, or identification of PD subtypes frequently remains uncertain from a clinical point of view. Various tissue- and fluid-based biomarkers are currently being investigated to improve the description of PD. From a clinician's perspective, signatures from blood that are relatively easy to obtain would have great potential for use in clinical practice if they fulfill the necessary requirements as PD biomarker. In this review article, we summarize the knowledge on blood-based PD biomarkers and present both a researcher's and a clinician's perspective on recent developments and potential future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Tönges
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany.
- Center for Protein Diagnostics (ProDi), Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany.
| | - Carsten Buhmann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Klebe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Klucken
- Department of Digital Medicine, University Luxembourg, LCSB, L-4367, Belval, Luxembourg
- Digital Medicine Research Group, Luxembourg Institute of Health, L-1445, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Digital Medicine Research Clinic, L-1210, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Eun Hae Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Ruhr-University Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Department of Neurology, St. Joseph Hospital Berlin-Weissensee, 13088, Berlin, Germany
| | - David J Pedrosa
- Department of Neurology, Universitätsklinikum Gießen and Marburg, Marburg Site, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Center of Mind, Brain and Behaviour (CMBB), Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nils Schröter
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Riederer
- Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Clinic and Policlinic for Psychiatry, 97080, Wuerzburg, Germany
- University of Southern Denmark Odense, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Paul Lingor
- School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, 81675, München, Germany
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Hansen N, Widman G, Önder D, Schwing K, Leelaarporn P, Prusseit I, von Wrede R, Surges R, Becker AJ, Witt JA, Elger CE, Helmstaedter C. Increased T- and B-cells associated with the phenotype of autoimmune limbic encephalitis with mainly memory dysfunction. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 5:100167. [PMID: 36247087 PMCID: PMC9563330 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2022.100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our goal is to investigate the autoantibodies’ presence and immune cells in the bioprobes of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) patients with distinct phenotypes as a promising target in AE. Methods We retrospectively analyzed immune cells via flow cytometry, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) autoantibodies, electroencephalography, magnetic resonance imaging in 94 AE patients with suspected temporal lobe epilepsy and classified neuropsychological phenotypes according to their occurrence. Results We detected different phenotypes in 94 AE patients [10.6% with isolated memory dysfunction (MEM), 11.7% with mood-dysfunction, 12.7% with mood and memory dysfunction, 13.8% with memory and attention dysfunction, 18.1% with memory, mood and attention disturbances and 20.2% with no mood, memory or attention dysfunction]. We did discern a relevant association of phenotypes and CSF antibody-positivity on CSF CD4+ T-cells, CD8+T-cells and HLADR + CD8+T-cells in our patients with MEM presenting elevated CD8+T-cells and HLADR + CD8+T-cells. Furthermore, CSF CD19+B-cells differed significantly between phenotypes in patients with MEM. Discussion Taken together, the phenotypes in combination with CSF antibody-positivity are biomarkers for stratifying patients. Furthermore, our results confirm the role of CD4+ T-cells, CD8+T-cells and CD19+B-cells in AE patients with a memory dysfunction, providing insights into AE pathogenesis. Our preliminary results should be confirmed by larger-scale investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hansen
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Von-Siebold- Str. 5, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Corresponding author.Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Guido Widman
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Demet Önder
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwing
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Pitshaporn Leelaarporn
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Indra Prusseit
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Randi von Wrede
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Surges
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Rare Diseases Bonn (ZSEB), University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert J. Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Juri-Alexander Witt
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian E. Elger
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Helmstaedter
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg - Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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Xie L, Hu L. Research progress in the early diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:6225-6231. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-06316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Su Y, Shi C, Wang T, Liu C, Yang J, Zhang S, Fan L, Zheng H, Li X, Luo H, Zhang S, Hu Z, Fan Y, Hao X, Zhang C, Song B, Mao C, Xu Y. Dysregulation of peripheral monocytes and pro-inflammation of alpha-synuclein in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2022; 269:6386-6394. [PMID: 35895134 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Mounting evidence indicates the involvement of the innate immune system in Parkinson's disease (PD). Nevertheless, the implications of peripheral monocytes have not been fully elucidated. Although alpha-synuclein (α-synuclein) has been described as a pathological hallmark of PD, the proinflammatory effect of α-synuclein on monocytes is understudied. This study aimed to comprehensively characterize peripheral monocytes in PD patients and to investigate the proinflammatory magnitude of fibrillar α-synuclein. METHODS Using flow cytometry, we explored the distribution of monocytic subpopulations. We also investigated the actions of peripheral monocytes in response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and to fibrillar α-synuclein stimuli by measuring inflammatory molecule levels in post-culture supernatants. RESULTS Classical monocytes were enriched, in parallel with lower proportions of intermediate and nonclassical monocytes in patients with PD than in controls. Lower levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were spontaneously produced by unstimulated monocytes in patients with PD. LPS and fibrillar α-synuclein stimuli induced high levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and sCD163 in the PD and control groups. Strikingly, the fold induction of TNF-α and IL-6 was lower in patients with PD than that in normal controls under the same stimulation. CONCLUSION Our results revealed a strong dysregulation of peripheral monocytes in PD patients, including subpopulation shifts and impaired response to specific stimuli, and the proinflammatory effect of α-synuclein on monocytes. Further studies are needed to clarify the specific mechanisms by which these immunological abnormalities are present in PD to open the possibility of immunoregulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Su
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Changhe Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Tai Wang
- Department of Neurology, Nanyang Central Hospital, Nanyang, Henan, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuyu Zhang
- Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Liyuan Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Huimin Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xinwei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Haiyang Luo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhengwei Hu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Hao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chenglin Zhang
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Chengyuan Mao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- The Academy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Sino-British Research Centre for Molecular Oncology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, National Centre for International Research in Cell and Gene Therapy, Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Yuming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, No. 1 Eastern Jian-she Road, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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Chen L, Wang Y, Huang J, Hu B, Huang W. Identification of Immune-Related Hub Genes in Parkinson’s Disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:914645. [PMID: 35938039 PMCID: PMC9353688 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.914645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common, age-related, and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Growing evidence indicates that immune dysfunction plays an essential role in the pathogenic process of PD. The objective of this study was to explore potential immune-related hub genes and immune infiltration patterns of PD. Method: The microarray expression data of human postmortem substantia nigra samples were downloaded from GSE7621, GSE20141, and GSE49036. Key module genes were screened via weighted gene coexpression network analysis, and immune-related genes were intersected to obtain immune-key genes. Functional enrichment analysis was performed on immune-key genes of PD. In addition to, immune infiltration analysis was applied by a single-sample gene set enrichment analysis algorithm to detect differential immune cell types in the substantia nigra between PD samples and control samples. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator analysis was performed to further identify immune-related hub genes for PD. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of the immune-related hub genes was used to differentiate PD patients from healthy controls. Correlations between immune-related hub genes and differential immune cell types were assessed. Result: Our findings identified four hub genes (SLC18A2, L1CAM, S100A12, and CXCR4) and seven immune cell types (neutrophils, T follicular helper cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, type 1 helper cells, immature B cells, immature dendritic cells, and CD56 bright natural killer cells). The area under the curve (AUC) value of the four-gene-combined model was 0.92. The AUC values of each immune-related hub gene (SLC18A2, L1CAM, S100A12, and CXCR4) were 0.81, 0.78, 0.78, and 0.76, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, SLC18A2, L1CAM, S100A12, and CXCR4 were identified as being associated with the pathogenesis of PD and should be further researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Binbin Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Huang,
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder which affects 6.1 million people worldwide. The neuropathological hallmarks include the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites caused by α-synuclein aggregation, and neuroinflammation in the brain. The prodromal phase happens years before the onset of PD during which time many patients show gastro-intestinal symptoms. These symptoms are in support of Braak’s theory and model where pathological α‐synuclein propagates from the gut to the brain. Importantly, immune responses play a determinant role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. The innate immune responses triggered by microglia can cause neuronal death and disease progression. In addition, T cells infiltrate into the brains of PD patients and become involved in the adaptive immune responses. Interestingly, α‐synuclein is associated with both innate and adaptive immune responses by directly interacting with microglia and T cells. Here, we give a detailed review of the immunobiology of Parkinson’s disease, focusing on the role α-synuclein in the gut-brain axis hypothesis, the innate and adaptive immune responses involved in the disease, and current treatments.
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Bottigliengo D, Foco L, Seibler P, Klein C, König IR, Del Greco M F. A Mendelian randomization study investigating the causal role of inflammation on Parkinson’s disease. Brain 2022; 145:3444-3453. [PMID: 35656776 PMCID: PMC9586538 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for inflammation as a determinant in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, but its role in parkinsonian neurodegeneration remains elusive. It is not clear whether inflammatory cascades are causes or consequences of dopamine neuron death. In the present study, we aim to perform an in-depth statistical investigation of the causal relationship between inflammation and Parkinson’s disease using a two-sample Mendelian randomization design. Genetic instruments were selected using summary-level data from the largest genome-wide association studies to date (sample size ranging from 13 955 to 204 402 individuals) conducted on a European population for the following inflammation biomarkers: C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and tumour necrosis factor α. Genetic association data on Parkinson’s disease (56 306 cases and 1 417 791 controls) and age at onset of Parkinson’s disease (28 568 cases) were obtained from the International Parkinson’s Disease Genomics Consortium. On primary analysis, causal associations were estimated on sets of strong (P-value < 5 × 10−8; F-statistic > 10) and independent (linkage disequilibrium r2 < 0.001) genetic instruments using the inverse-variance weighted method. In sensitivity analysis, we estimated causal effects using robust Mendelian randomization methods and after removing pleiotropic genetic variants. Reverse causation was also explored. We repeated the analysis on different data sources for inflammatory biomarkers to check the consistency of the findings. In all the three data sources selected for interleukin-6, we found statistical evidence for an earlier age at onset of Parkinson’s disease associated with increased interleukin-6 concentration [years difference per 1 log-unit increase = −2.364, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −4.789–0.060; years difference per 1 log-unit increase = −2.011, 95% CI = −3.706 to −0.317; years difference per 1 log-unit increase = −1.569, 95% CI = −2.891 to −0.247]. We did not observe any statistical evidence for causal effects of C-reactive protein, interleukin 1 receptor antagonist and tumour necrosis factor α on both Parkinson’s disease and its age at onset. Results after excluding possible pleiotropic genetic variants were consistent with findings from primary analyses. When investigating reverse causation, we did not find evidence for a causal effect of Parkinson’s disease or age at onset on any biomarkers of inflammation. We found evidence for a causal association between the onset of Parkinson’s disease and interleukin-6. The findings of this study suggest that the pro-inflammatory activity of the interleukin-6 cytokine could be a determinant of prodromal Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luisa Foco
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research , Bolzano (39100), Italy
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck and University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein , Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck and University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein , Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Lübeck , Germany
| | - Inke R. König
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University of Lübeck and University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein , Lübeck, Germany
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Reducing neuroinflammation via therapeutic compounds and lifestyle to prevent or delay progression of Parkinson's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 78:101618. [PMID: 35395416 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common age-associated neurodegenerative disorder and is characterised by progressive loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Peripheral immune cell infiltration and activation of microglia and astrocytes are observed in PD, a process called neuroinflammation. Neuroinflammation is a fundamental response to protect the brain but, when chronic, it triggers neuronal damage. In the last decade, central and peripheral inflammation were suggested to occur at the prodromal stage of PD, sustained throughout disease progression, and may play a significant role in the pathology. Understanding the pathological mechanisms of PD has been a high priority in research, primarily to find effective treatments once symptoms are present. Evidence indicates that early life exposure to neuroinflammation as a consequence of life events, environmental or behaviour factors such as exposure to infections, pollution or a high fat diet increase the risk of developing PD. Many studies show healthy habits and products that decrease neuroinflammation also reduce the risk of PD. Here, we aim to stimulate discussion about the role of neuroinflammation in PD onset and progression. We highlight that reducing neuroinflammation throughout the lifespan is critical for preventing idiopathic PD, and present epidemiological studies that detail risk and protective factors. It is possible that introducing lifestyle changes that reduce neuroinflammation at the time of PD diagnosis may slow symptom progression. Finally, we discuss compounds and therapeutics to treat the neuroinflammation associated with PD.
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Abdi IY, Ghanem SS, El-Agnaf OM. Immune-related biomarkers for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105771. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Hörner M, Groh J, Klein D, Ilg W, Schöls L, Santos SD, Bergmann A, Klebe S, Cauhape M, Branchu J, El Hachimi KH, Stevanin G, Darios F, Martini R. CNS-associated T-lymphocytes in a mouse model of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia type 11 (SPG11) are therapeutic targets for established immunomodulators. Exp Neurol 2022; 355:114119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2022.114119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Wang P, Luo M, Zhou W, Jin X, Xu Z, Yan S, Li Y, Xu C, Cheng R, Huang Y, Lin X, Yao L, Nie H, Jiang Q. Global Characterization of Peripheral B Cells in Parkinson's Disease by Single-Cell RNA and BCR Sequencing. Front Immunol 2022; 13:814239. [PMID: 35250991 PMCID: PMC8888848 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.814239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune system plays important roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the role of B cells in this complex disease are still not fully understood. B cells produce antibodies but can also regulate immune responses. In order to decode the relative contribution of peripheral B cell subtypes to the etiology of PD, we performed single cell RNA and BCR sequencing for 10,466 B cells from 8 PD patients and 6 age-matched healthy controls. We observed significant increased memory B cells and significant decreased naïve B cells in PD patients compared to healthy controls. Notably, we also discovered increased IgG and IgA isotypes and more frequent class switch recombination events in PD patients. Moreover, we identified preferential V and J gene segments of B cell receptors in PD patients as the evidence of convergent selection in PD. Finally, we found a marked clonal expanded memory B cell population in PD patients, up-regulating both MHC II genes (HLA-DRB5, HLA-DQA2 and HLA-DPB1) and transcription factor activator protein 1 (AP-1), suggesting that the antigen presentation capacity of B cells was enhanced and B cells were activated in PD patients. Overall, this study conducted a comprehensive analysis of peripheral B cell characteristics of PD patients, which provided novel insights into the humoral immune response in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Meng Luo
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Wenyang Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiyun Jin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Zhaochun Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shi Yan
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Xu
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lifen Yao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Huan Nie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Qinghua Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Big Data (Harbin Institute of Technology), Ministry of Education, Harbin, China
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49
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Contaldi E, Magistrelli L, Comi C. T Lymphocytes in Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:S65-S74. [PMID: 35253782 PMCID: PMC9535550 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
T cells are key mediators of both humoral and cellular adaptive immune responses, and their role in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is being increasingly recognized. Several lines of evidence have highlighted how T cells are involved in both the central nervous system and the periphery, leading to a profound imbalance in the immune network in PD patients. This review discusses the involvement of T cells in both preclinical and clinical studies, their importance as feasible biomarkers of motor and non-motor progression of the disease, and recent therapeutic strategies addressing the modulation of T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Contaldi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Movement Disorders Centre, "Maggiore della Caritá" University Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Program in Medical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
| | - Luca Magistrelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Movement Disorders Centre, "Maggiore della Caritá" University Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.,Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Medical Humanities, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Cristoforo Comi
- Department of Translational Medicine, Neurology Unit, S. Andrea Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, Vercelli, Italy
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50
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Munro DAD, Movahedi K, Priller J. Macrophage compartmentalization in the brain and cerebrospinal fluid system. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabk0391. [PMID: 35245085 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abk0391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages reside within the diverse anatomical compartments of the central nervous system (CNS). Within each compartment, these phagocytes are exposed to unique combinations of niche signals and mechanical stimuli that instruct their tissue-specific identities. Whereas most CNS macrophages are tissue-embedded, the macrophages of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system are bathed in an oscillating liquid. Studies using multiomics technologies have recently uncovered the transcriptomic and proteomic profiles of CSF macrophages, enhancing our understanding of their cellular characteristics in both rodents and humans. Here, we review the relationships between CNS macrophage populations, with a focus on the origins, phenotypes, and functions of CSF macrophages in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A D Munro
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Kiavash Movahedi
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Josef Priller
- UK Dementia Research Institute at University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK.,Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin and DZNE, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
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