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Schwefel MK, Kaufmann C, Gutmann G, Henze R, Fydrich T, Rapp MA, Ströhle A, Heissel A, Heinzel S. Physical fitness is associated with neural activity during working memory performance in major depressive disorder. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 38:103401. [PMID: 37060626 PMCID: PMC10133876 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deficits in cognition like working memory (WM) are highly prevalent symptoms related to major depressive disorder (MDD). Neuroimaging studies have described frontoparietal abnormalities in patients with MDD as a basis for these deficits. Based on research in healthy adults, it is hypothesized that increased physical fitness might be a protective factor for these deficits in MDD. However, the relationship between physical fitness and WM-related neural activity and performance has not been tested in MDD, to date. Understanding these associations could inform the development of physical exercise interventions in MDD. METHODS Within a larger project, 111 (53female) MDD outpatients and 56 (34female) healthy controls performed an n-back task (0-, 1-, 2-, 3-back) during functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Physical fitness from a graded exercise test on a cycle ergometer was performed by 106 MDD patients. RESULTS Patients showed reduced performance particularly at high loads of the n-back WM task and prolonged reaction times at all n-back loads. A whole-brain interaction analysis of group by WM load revealed reduced neural activity in six frontoparietal clusters at medium and high WM loads in MDD patients compared to healthy controls. Analysis of covariance within the MDD sample showed that physical fitness was associated with neural activity in right and left superior parietal lobules. Externally defined Regions of Interest confirmed this analysis. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate frontoparietal hypoactivity in MDD at high demands, arguing for decreased WM capacity. We demonstrate a parietal fitness correlate which could be used to guide future research on effects of exercise on cognitive functioning in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Schwefel
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - C Kaufmann
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - G Gutmann
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Henze
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - T Fydrich
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M A Rapp
- Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - A Ströhle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Heissel
- Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - S Heinzel
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Education and Psychology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Mack M, Stojan R, Bock O, Voelcker-Rehage C. The association of executive functions and physical fitness with cognitive-motor multitasking in a street crossing scenario. Sci Rep 2023; 13:697. [PMID: 36639402 PMCID: PMC9839686 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related decline in cognitive-motor multitasking performance has been attributed to declines in executive functions and physical fitness (motor coordinative fitness and cardiovascular fitness). It has been suggested that those cognitive and physical resources strongly depend on lifestyle factors such as long-term regular physical activity and cognitive engagement. Although research suggests that there is covariation between components of executive functions and physical fitness, the interdependence between these components for cognitive-motor multitasking performance is not yet clear. The aim of the study was to examine the contribution and interrelationship between executive functions, motor coordinative fitness, and cardiovascular fitness on street crossing while multitasking. We used the more ecologically valid scenario to obtain results that might be directly transferable to daily life situation. Data from 50 healthy older adults (65-75 years, 17 females, recruited in two different cities in Germany) were analyzed. Participants' executive functions (composite score including six tests), motor coordinative fitness (composite score including five tests), and cardiovascular fitness (spiroergometry), as well as their street crossing performance while multitasking were assessed. Street crossing was tested under single-task (crossing a two-line road), and multitask conditions (crossing a two-line road while typing numbers on a keypad as simulation of mobile phone use). Street crossing performance was assessed by use of cognitive outcomes (typing, crossing failures) and motor outcomes (stay time, crossing speed). Linear mixed-effects models showed beneficial main effects of executive functions for typing (p = 0.004) and crossing failures (p = 0.023), and a beneficial main effect of motor coordinative fitness for stay time (p = 0.043). Commonality analysis revealed that the proportion of variance commonly explained by executive functions, motor coordinative fitness, and cardiovascular fitness was small for all street crossing outcomes. For typing and crossing failures (cognitive outcomes), the results further showed a higher relative contribution of executive functions compared to motor coordinative fitness and cardiovascular fitness. For stay time (motor outcome), the results correspondingly revealed a higher relative contribution of motor coordinative fitness compared to executive functions and cardiovascular fitness. The findings suggest that during cognitive-motor multitasking in everyday life, task performance is determined by the components of executive functions and physical fitness related to the specific task demands. Since multitasking in everyday life includes cognitive and motor tasks, it seems to be important to maintain both executive functions and physical fitness for independent living up to old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Mack
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Robert Stojan
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149, Muenster, Germany.,Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thueringer Weg 11, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Otmar Bock
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thueringer Weg 11, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.,Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Am Sportpark Muengersdorf 6, 50927, Cologne, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Department of Neuromotor Behavior and Exercise, Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Schickard-Straße 8, 48149, Muenster, Germany. .,Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Thueringer Weg 11, 09126, Chemnitz, Germany.
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3
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Silva-Fernandes A, Cruz S, Moreira CS, Pereira DR, Sousa SS, Sampaio A, Carvalho J. Processing speed mediates the association between physical activity and executive functioning in elderly adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:958535. [PMID: 36092122 PMCID: PMC9462456 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.958535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced aging is associated with cognitive decline. To decrease the healthcare system and socio-economic burdens as well as to promote better quality of life, is important to uncover the factors that may be related to the delay of cognitive impairments in older adults. This study investigated the relationship between physical activity levels, sedentary behavior and cardiorespiratory fitness with cognitive functioning in healthy older adults. Furthermore, it examined the mediating role of processing speed on the association between physical activity and executive functions and long-term memory. Thirty-two individuals aged between 63 and 77 years (M = 68.16, SD = 3.73) underwent measurements of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2peak), 1-week of PA accelerometer measurement and a comprehensive cognitive assessment. Significant associations were observed between MVPA and cognitive processing speed. Equally, a significant positive indirect effect of MVPA on executive functioning and long-term memory was mediated by processing speed. Also, MVPA levels differentiated cognitive functioning in older adults – the physical active group outperformed the physical inactive group in processing speed, executive functions, and language abilities. Our results contribute to the literature on the MVPA levels as an important tool to promote healthier cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabela Silva-Fernandes
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Anabela Silva-Fernandes
| | - Sara Cruz
- The Psychology for Positive Development Research Center (CIPD), Lusíada University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia Sofia Moreira
- Department of Mathematics and Centre of Mathematics, University of Porto (FCUP & CMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana R. Pereira
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sónia S. Sousa
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Psychology, Psychology Research Center (CIPsi), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Faculty of Sport, Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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4
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Vesperman CJ, Wang R, Schultz SA, Law LL, Dougherty RJ, Ma Y, Oh JM, Edwards DF, Gallagher CL, Chin NA, Asthana S, Hermann BP, Sager MA, Johnson SC, Cook DB, Okonkwo OC. Cardiorespiratory fitness and cognition in persons at risk for Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12330. [PMID: 35845261 PMCID: PMC9270660 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and longitudinal cognitive functioning in a cohort enriched with risk factors for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods A total of 155 enrollees in the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention completed repeat comprehensive neuropsychological evaluations that assessed six cognitive domains. Peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) was the primary measure of CRF. Random effects regression was used to investigate the effect of CRF on cognitive trajectories. Results Higher CRF was associated with slower decline in the cognitive domains of verbal learning and memory (P < .01) and visual learning and memory (P < .042). Secondary analyses indicated that these effects were stronger among men than women, and for noncarriers of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele. Discussion Higher CRF was associated with a slower rate of the decline in episodic memory that occurs as a natural consequence of aging in a cohort enriched with risk factors for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton J. Vesperman
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Rui Wang
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health SciencesGIHStockholmSweden
- Department of NeurobiologyCare Sciences and SocietyKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Stephanie A. Schultz
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of RadiologyWashington University in St. Louis School of MedicineSt. LouisMissouriUSA
| | - Lena L. Law
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Ryan J. Dougherty
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of EducationMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Yue Ma
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Jennifer M. Oh
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Dorothy F. Edwards
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of EducationMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Catherine L. Gallagher
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Nathaniel A. Chin
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterWilliam S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Bruce P. Hermann
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Mark A. Sager
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterWilliam S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Dane B. Cook
- Department of KinesiologyUniversity of Wisconsin School of EducationMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Research ServiceWilliam S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Ozioma C. Okonkwo
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research CenterUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical CenterWilliam S. Middleton Memorial Veterans HospitalMadisonWisconsinUSA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer's InstituteUniversity of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public HealthMadisonWisconsinUSA
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Shaw SB, Levy Y, Mizzi A, Herman G, McKinnon MC, Heisz JJ, Becker S. Combined Aerobic Exercise and Neurofeedback Lead to Improved Task-Relevant Intrinsic Network Synchrony. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:838614. [PMID: 35774480 PMCID: PMC9237564 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.838614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lifestyle interventions such as exercise and mindfulness training have the potential to ameliorate mental health symptoms and restore dysregulated intrinsic connectivity network (ICN) dynamics, seen in many psychopathologies. Multiple lifestyle interventions, in combination, may interact synergistically for enhanced benefits. While the impacts of lifestyle interventions on subjective measures of mood are well-documented, their impacts on ICN dynamics are not well-established. In this study, we assessed the validity of EEG-derived measures of ICN dynamics as potential markers of mood disorders, by tracking ICN dynamics and mood symptoms through the course of a longitudinal exercise intervention. Specifically, we investigated the separate and combined effects of aerobic exercise and mindfulness-like neurofeedback training on task-linked ICN dynamics of the default mode network (DMN), central executive network (CEN), and salience network (SN). Participants were assigned pseudo-randomly into four experimental conditions—Control, Running, Neurofeedback, and Combined, performing the corresponding intervention for 16 sessions across 8 weeks. Intervention-linked changes in ICN dynamics were studied using EEG-based neuroimaging scans before and after the 8-week intervention, during which participants performed multiple blocks of autobiographical memory recall (AM) and working memory (WM) trials, designed to activate the DMN and CEN, respectively, and to activate the SN in conjunction with the task-appropriate network. The EEG-based features for classification of the three core networks had been identified in our prior research from simultaneously recorded EEG and fMRI during the same AM and WM tasks. We categorized participants as “responders” or “non-responders” based on whether the exercise intervention increased their aerobic capacity (VO2-max) (Running/Combined group), and/or neurofeedback increased the percentage time spent in the calm mindfulness state (Neurofeedback/Combined group). In responders, compared to each intervention alone, the combined exercise-neurofeedback intervention resulted in a more healthy CEN-SN synchrony pattern. Interestingly, non-responders to neurofeedback exhibited a maladaptive pattern of persistent, task-inappropriate DMN-SN synchrony which we speculate could be linked to depressive rumination. Furthermore, the CEN-SN synchrony at baseline predicted NFB response with up to 80% accuracy, demonstrating the potential utility of such network-based biomarkers in personalizing intervention plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Bhaskar Shaw
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Yarden Levy
- Department of Psychology Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Research in Experimental and Applied Linguistics (ARiEAL), Department of Linguistics and Languages, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Allison Mizzi
- Department of Psychology Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Research in Experimental and Applied Linguistics (ARiEAL), Department of Linguistics and Languages, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Herman
- Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret C. McKinnon
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neuroscience, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Mood Disorders Program, St. Joseph's Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Heisz
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Suzanna Becker
- Vector Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Research in Experimental and Applied Linguistics (ARiEAL), Department of Linguistics and Languages, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Suzanna Becker
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6
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Sanocki T, Lee JH. Attention-Setting and Human Mental Function. J Imaging 2022; 8:159. [PMID: 35735958 PMCID: PMC9224755 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging8060159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides an introduction to experimental research on top-down human attention in complex scenes, written for cognitive scientists in general. We emphasize the major effects of goals and intention on mental function, measured with behavioral experiments. We describe top-down attention as an open category of mental actions that initiates particular task sets, which are assembled from a wide range of mental processes. We call this attention-setting. Experiments on visual search, task switching, and temporal attention are described and extended to the important human time scale of seconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Sanocki
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
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7
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Wu CH, Nien JT, Lin CY, Li RH, Chu CH, Kao SC, Chang YK. Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with sustained neurocognitive function during a prolonged inhibitory control task in young adults: An ERP study. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14086. [PMID: 35506488 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although beneficial associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function have been established, whether cardiorespiratory fitness is related to behavioral and neuroelectric indices of performance during a prolonged inhibitory control task remains unknown. Young adults, categorized into High and Low Fitness groups, completed a 60-min Stroop task, while the N1 and P3 components of event-related potentials were measured. The results showed that the High Fitness group demonstrated shorter response times, regardless of the Stroop task congruency or time-on-task, than Low Fitness group. The High Fitness group also exhibited larger P3 amplitudes than the Low Fitness group, but no differences in N1 amplitudes were observed. These findings suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness during young adulthood has beneficial effects on task performance and attention allocation during an inhibitory control task, and these benefits can be sustained for 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Han Wu
- Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jui-Ti Nien
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Yen Lin
- Office of Physical Education, National Taiwan Oceans University, Keelung City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ruei-Hong Li
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Heng Chu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Chu Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
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8
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Optimal dose and type of exercise to improve cognitive function in older adults: A systematic review and bayesian model-based network meta-analysis of RCTs. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 76:101591. [PMID: 35182742 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the dose-response relationship between overall and specific types of exercise with cognitive function in older adults. DESIGN Systematic Review and Bayesian Model-Based Network Meta-Analysis. DATA SOURCES Systematic search of MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA FOR SELECTING STUDIES Randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions in participants aged 50 years or over, and that reported on at least one global cognition outcome. RESULTS The search returned 1998 records, of which 44 studies (4793 participants; 102 different effect sizes) were included in this review with meta-analysis. There was a non-linear, dose-response association between overall exercise and cognition. We found no minimal threshold for the beneficial effect of exercise on cognition. The estimated minimal exercise dose associated with clinically relevant changes in cognition was 724 METs-min per week, and doses beyond 1200 METs-min per week provided less clear benefits. We also found that the dose-response association was exercise type dependent, and our results show that clinically important effects may occur at lower doses for many types of exercise. Our findings also highlighted the superior effects of resistance exercises over other modalities. CONCLUSIONS If provided with the most potent modalities, older adults can get clinical meaningful benefits with lower doses than the WHO guidelines. Findings support the WHO recommendations to emphasise resistance training as a critical component of interventions for older adults.
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9
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Windham BG, Parker SB, Zhu X, Gabriel KP, Palta P, Sullivan KJ, Parker KG, Knopman DS, Gottesman RF, Griswold ME, Mosley TH. Endurance and gait speed relationships with mild cognitive impairment and dementia. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 14:e12281. [PMID: 35155735 PMCID: PMC8828991 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Slower mobility is associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. We examined the interaction of endurance with gait speed on prevalent MCI and dementia. METHODS Cross-sectional multinomial regression in the ARIC cohort (n = 2844 participants; 71 to 94 years; 44% men; 18% Black persons) with cognitive status (normal/MCI/dementia), 4 m gait speed, and endurance (2 minute walk [2MW]). RESULTS Faster gait speed (up to but not above 1 m/s) and better 2MW were separately associated with lower dementia risk. Good performance in both (2MW = 200 m, gait speed = 1.2 m/s) was associated with 99% lower dementia (Relative Prevalence Ratio [RPR] = 0.01 [95% CI: 0.0 to 0.06]) and 73% lower MCI, RPR = 0.27 (0.15 to 0.48) compared to poor performance in both (2MW = 100 m, gait speed = 0.8 m/s). Models incorporating a gait speed-by-2MW interaction term outperformed gait speed-only models (P < .001). DISCUSSION Gait speed relationships with dementia diminish at faster gait speeds. Combining endurance with gait speed may yield more sensitive markers of MCI and dementia than gait speed alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara B. Parker
- The MIND CenterUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Xiaoqian Zhu
- The MIND CenterUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Kelley Pettee Gabriel
- Department of EpidemiologyThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Priya Palta
- Department of General MedicineColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Kevin J. Sullivan
- The MIND CenterUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Kirby G. Parker
- The MIND CenterUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | | | - Rebecca F. Gottesman
- Stroke BranchNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Intramural Research ProgramBethesdaMarylandUSA
| | - Michael E. Griswold
- The MIND CenterUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
| | - Thomas H. Mosley
- The MIND CenterUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippiUSA
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10
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Chang YT, Liu CT, Hsu SW, Lee CC, Huang PC. Functional Connectivity, Physical Activity, and Neurocognitive Performances in Patients with Vascular Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:56-67. [PMID: 35086448 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220127103852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular Cognitive Impairment, No Dementia (VCIND) is a key stage at which early intervention will delay or prevent dementia. The pathophysiology of VCIND posits that a lesion in a single location in the brain has the ability to disrupt brain networks, and the subsequent abnormal Functional Connectivity (FC) of brain networks leads to deficits in corresponding neurobehavioral domains. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that disrupted anterior cingulate cortex and striatal networks mediated the effects of Physical Activity (PA) on neurobehavioral function. METHODS In 27 patients with VCIND, FC within the brain networks and neurobehavioral dysfunction were assessed. The relationship between the cognitive scores, FC, and PA was studied. The Fitbit Charge 2 was used to measure step counts, distance, and calories burned. In patients with VCIND, a cross-sectional Spearman's correlation to analyze the relationship among patient-level measures of PA, cognitive function scores, and FC strength within the brain networks. RESULTS Average step counts and average distance were associated with Trail Making Test B (TM-B) time to completion (seconds) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) score (P <0.05). The average calories burned were associated with IADL score (P = 0.009). The FC within the brain networks anchored by left caudal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) seeds (x= -5, y= 0, z= 36) and (x= -5, y= -10, z= 47) were positively correlated with average step counts and average distance, were negatively correlated with TMB time to completion (seconds), and were positively correlated with IADL score (P < 0.05). The FC within the brain networks anchored by left subgenual ACC seed (x= -5, y= 25, z= -10) were negatively correlated with average step counts and average distance were positively correlated with TMB time to completion (seconds), and were negatively correlated with IADL score (P < 0.05). The FC within the striatal networks was positively correlated with average calories burned and IADL score (P < 0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chun-Ting Liu
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chang Lee
- Department of Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ching Huang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
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11
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Jarrahi B, McEwen SC, Holschneider DP, Schiehser DM, Petkus AJ, Gomez ME, Van Horn JD, Filoteo V, Jakowec MW, Petzinger GM. The Effects of Cardiorespiratory and Motor Skill Fitness on Intrinsic Functional Connectivity of Neural Networks in Individuals with Parkinson's Disease. Brain Plast 2021; 7:77-95. [PMID: 34868875 PMCID: PMC8609487 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies in aging older adults have shown the positive association between cognition and exercise related fitness, particularly cardiorespiratory fitness. These reports have also demonstrated the association of high cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as other types of fitness, on the reversal of age-related decline in neural network connectivity, highlighting the potential role of fitness on age- and disease-related brain changes. While the clinical benefits of exercise are well-documented in Parkinson’s disease (PD), the extent to which cardiorespiratory fitness (assessed by estimated VO2max testing) or motor skill fitness (assessed by the Physical Performance Test (PPT)) affects neural network connectivity in PD remains to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to explore the hypothesis that higher fitness level is associated with an increase in the intrinsic network connectivity of cognitive networks commonly affected in PD. Methods: In this cross-sectional resting state fMRI, we used a multivariate statistical approach based on high-dimensional independent component analysis (ICA) to investigate the association between two independent fitness metrics (estimated VO2max and PPT) and resting state network connectivity. Results: We found that increased estimated VO2max was associated with increased within network connectivity in cognitive networks known to be impaired in PD, including those sub-serving memory and executive function. There was a similar trend for high levels of PPT to be associated with increased within network connectivity in distinct resting state networks. The between functional network connectivity analysis revealed that cardiorespiratory fitness was associated with increased functional connectivity between somatosensory motor network and several cognitive networks sub-serving memory, attention, and executive function. Conclusion: This study provides important empirical data supporting the potential association between two forms of fitness and multiple resting state networks impacting PD cognition. Linking fitness to circuit specific modulation of resting state network connectivity will help establish a neural basis for the positive effects of fitness and specific exercise modalities and provide a foundation to identify underlying mechanisms to promote repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Jarrahi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California, USA
| | - Sarah C McEwen
- Pacific Brain Health Center, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA.,Department of Translational Neurosciences and Neurotherapeutics, Providence Saint John's Cancer Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Daniel P Holschneider
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and the Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, San Pablo St., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dawn M Schiehser
- Research & Psychology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Andrew J Petkus
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Megan E Gomez
- Department of Psychology, Tibor Rubin Veterans Administration Medical Center, Long Beach, CA, USA
| | - Jack D Van Horn
- Department of Psychology and School of Data Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Vincent Filoteo
- Research & Psychology Services, VA San Diego Healthcare System (VASDHS), San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael W Jakowec
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Giselle M Petzinger
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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12
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Predovan D, Berryman N, Lussier M, Comte F, Vu TTM, Villalpando JM, Bherer L. Assessment of the Relationship Between Executive Function and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Healthy Older Adults. Front Psychol 2021; 12:742184. [PMID: 34803824 PMCID: PMC8595132 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.742184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and brain health in healthy older adults have been reported using a variety of cardiorespiratory fitness estimates (CRFe). Using commonly used methods to determine CRF, we assessed the relationship between CRFe and executive function performance. Healthy older adults (n = 60, mean age 68 years, 77% women), underwent three CRF tests: a Maximal Graded Exercise Test performed on a cycle ergometer, the Rockport Fitness Walking Test, and a Non-Exercise Prediction Equation. Executive function was assessed by a computerized cognitive assessment using an N-Back task (updating cost) and a Stroop task (interference cost, global and local switch cost). Multiple hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to assess the relationship between different CRFe and executive function performance. Regardless of age and education, cardiorespiratory fitness estimated from the Maximal Graded Exercise Test and the Rockport Fitness Walking Test was significantly associated with the global switch cost. All CRFe were associated with the interference cost. No association was observed between CRFe and local switching costs or the updating costs. In the present study, not all subcomponents of executive function were related to CRFe. Interestingly, the executive functions that were associated with CRFe are those that are known to be the most affected by aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Predovan
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département des Sciences de l'Activité Physique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Maxime Lussier
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Comte
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thien Tuong Minh Vu
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Service de Gériatrie, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Louis Bherer
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre de Recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.,PERFORM Centre, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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13
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Goelz C, Mora K, Stroehlein JK, Haase FK, Dellnitz M, Reinsberger C, Vieluf S. Electrophysiological signatures of dedifferentiation differ between fit and less fit older adults. Cogn Neurodyn 2021; 15:847-859. [PMID: 34603546 PMCID: PMC8448815 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-020-09656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness was found to influence age-related changes of resting state brain network organization. However, the influence on dedifferentiated involvement of wider and more unspecialized brain regions during task completion is barely understood. We analyzed EEG data recorded during rest and different tasks (sensory, motor, cognitive) with dynamic mode decomposition, which accounts for topological characteristics as well as temporal dynamics of brain networks. As a main feature the dominant spatio-temporal EEG pattern was extracted in multiple frequency bands per participant. To deduce a pattern’s stability, we calculated its proportion of total variance among all activation patterns over time for each task. By comparing fit (N = 15) and less fit older adults (N = 16) characterized by their performance on a 6-min walking test, we found signs of a lower task specificity of the obtained network features for the less fit compared to the fit group. This was indicated by fewer significant differences between tasks in the theta and high beta frequency band in the less fit group. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that a significantly lower proportion of total variance can be explained by the main pattern in high beta frequency range for the less fit compared to the fit group [F(1,29) = 12.572, p = .001, partial η2 = .300]. Our results indicate that the dedifferentiation in task-related brain activation is lower in fit compared to less fit older adults. Thus, our study supports the idea that cardiorespiratory fitness influences task-related brain network organization in different task domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Goelz
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Karin Mora
- Department of Mathematics, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Julia Kristin Stroehlein
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | | | - Michael Dellnitz
- Department of Mathematics, Paderborn University, Paderborn, Germany
| | - Claus Reinsberger
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Solveig Vieluf
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Paderborn University, Warburger Str. 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
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14
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The Beneficial Effects of Cognitive Walking Program on Improving Cognitive Function and Physical Fitness in Older Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9040419. [PMID: 33916351 PMCID: PMC8066196 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9040419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and cognitive training can improve the brain-related health of the elderly. We investigated the effects of a cognitive walking program (CWP) involving simultaneous performance of indoor walking and cognitive training on cognitive function and physical fitness compared to normal walking (NW) outdoors. Participants were grouped according to whether they performed regular exercise for at least 3 months prior to the participation in this study. Active participants were assigned to the CWP-active group (CWPAG). Sedentary participants were randomly assigned to the CWP (CWPSG) or NW group (NWSG). CWP and NW were performed for 60 min, 3 times a week, for 6 months. Cognitive function (attention, visuospatial function, memory, and frontal/executive function) and physical fitness (cardiorespiratory fitness, lower extremity muscular strength, and active balance ability) were measured at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months after the program onset. Cognitive function showed improvements over time in all three groups, especially in CWPAG. No clear difference was observed between CWPSG and NWSG. Improvements in all fitness measures were also observed in all three groups. These findings collectively indicate the beneficial effects of CWP, as well as NW, on improving cognitive function and physical fitness in older adults, especially those who are physically active.
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15
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Hernández D, Heinilä E, Muotka J, Ruotsalainen I, Lapinkero HM, Syväoja H, Tammelin TH, Parviainen T. Physical activity and aerobic fitness show different associations with brain processes underlying anticipatory selective visuospatial attention in adolescents. Brain Res 2021; 1761:147392. [PMID: 33639201 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge about the underlying brain processes of exercise-related benefits on executive functions and the specific contributions of physical activity and aerobic fitness during adolescence is inconclusive. We explored whether and how physical activity and aerobic fitness are associated with the oscillatory dynamics underlying anticipatory spatial attention. We studied whether the link between physical exercise level and cognitive control in adolescents is mediated by task-related oscillatory activity. Magnetoencephalographic alpha oscillations during a modified Posner's cueing paradigm were measured in 59 adolescents (37 females and 22 males, 12-17 years). Accelerometer-measured physical activity and aerobic fitness (20-m shuttle run test) were used to divide the sample into higher- and lower-performing groups. The interhemispheric alpha asymmetry during selective attention was larger in the high than in the low physical activity group, but there was no difference between the high and low aerobic fitness groups. Exploratory mediation analysis suggested that anticipatory interhemispheric asymmetry mediates the association between physical activity status and drift rate in the selective attention task. Higher physical activity was related to increased cue-induced asymmetry, which in turn was associated with less efficient processing of information. Behaviorally, more physically active males showed stronger dependence on the cue, while more fit females showed more efficient processing of information. Our findings suggest that physical activity may be associated with a neural marker of anticipatory attention in adolescents. These findings might help to explain the varying results regarding the association of physical activity and aerobic fitness with attention and inhibition in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Hernández
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Erkka Heinilä
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Joona Muotka
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilona Ruotsalainen
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Hanna-Maija Lapinkero
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Heidi Syväoja
- LIKES Research Center for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, FIN-40700 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tuija H Tammelin
- LIKES Research Center for Physical Activity and Health, Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, FIN-40700 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tiina Parviainen
- Department of Psychology, Center for Interdisciplinary Brain Research, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 6, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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16
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Nicolini C, Fahnestock M, Gibala MJ, Nelson AJ. Understanding the Neurophysiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity in Cortical and Descending Motor Pathways: Where Do We Stand? Neuroscience 2020; 457:259-282. [PMID: 33359477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is a promising, cost-effective intervention to augment successful aging and neurorehabilitation. Decline of gray and white matter accompanies physiological aging and contributes to motor deficits in older adults. Exercise is believed to reduce atrophy within the motor system and induce neuroplasticity which, in turn, helps preserve motor function during aging and promote re-learning of motor skills, for example after stroke. To fully exploit the benefits of exercise, it is crucial to gain a greater understanding of the neurophysiological and molecular mechanisms underlying exercise-induced brain changes that prime neuroplasticity and thus contribute to postponing, slowing, and ameliorating age- and disease-related impairments in motor function. This knowledge will allow us to develop more effective, personalized exercise protocols that meet individual needs, thereby increasing the utility of exercise strategies in clinical and non-clinical settings. Here, we review findings from studies that investigated neurophysiological and molecular changes associated with acute or long-term exercise in healthy, young adults and in healthy, postmenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Nicolini
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Margaret Fahnestock
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Martin J Gibala
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Aimee J Nelson
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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17
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Chaparro GN, Sosnoff JJ, Hernandez ME. Effects of aerobic fitness on cognitive motor interference during self-paced treadmill walking in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2020; 32:2539-2547. [PMID: 32008225 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults experience greater cognitive motor interference (CMI) due to declines in cognitive and physical function. Although aerobic fitness has beneficial effects on cognition, its association with CMI is not clear. AIMS This study aims to investigate the effects of aerobic fitness on CMI during self-paced treadmill walking in older adults. METHODS Thirty participants (67.6 ± 10.34 years, 21 females) were included in a 2-day cross-sectional design study. Aerobic fitness was assessed with the Rockport 1-mile test. The dual-task paradigm consisted of walking only, and dual-task standing and dual-task walking (i.e., standing/walking while performing the Modified Stroop color word test) on a treadmill. To assess CMI, gait speed and accuracy rate were measured to later calculate the dual-task cost for each parameter. RESULTS Individuals with low aerobic fitness exhibited significantly greater gait speed dual-task cost than individuals with high aerobic fitness (p < 0.05). There were no significant findings for accuracy rate dual-task cost. DISCUSSION These study findings are the first to demonstrate increases in CMI in relation to low aerobic fitness. Results can be attributed to the relationship between aerobic fitness and cognition as well as theories related to attentional capacity. CONCLUSION Older adults with low aerobic fitness possess greater CMI when compared to older adults with high aerobic fitness. This provides a foundation of knowledge on how aerobic fitness in older adults may affect CMI which can lead researchers to examine the causal relationships between an aerobic exercise intervention program and CMI in older adults.
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18
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Ishihara T, Miyazaki A, Tanaka H, Matsuda T. Identification of the brain networks that contribute to the interaction between physical function and working memory: An fMRI investigation with over 1,000 healthy adults. Neuroimage 2020; 221:117152. [PMID: 32668299 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing consensus regarding the positive relationship between physical function and working memory; however, explanations of task-evoked functional activity regarding this relationship and its differences in physical function domains remain controversial. This study illustrates the cross-sectional relationships between cardiorespiratory fitness, gait speed, hand dexterity, and muscular strength with working memory task (N-back task) performance and the mediating effects of task-evoked functional activity in 1033 adults aged between 22 and 37 years. The results showed that cardiorespiratory fitness and hand dexterity were independently associated with N-back task performance to a greater extent and in contrast to gait speed and muscular strength. These relationships were mediated by task-evoked functional activity in a part of the frontoparietal network (FPN) and default mode network (DMN). Superior cardiorespiratory fitness could contribute to working memory performance by enhancing the compensational role of FPN-related broader region activation. Hand dexterity was associated with moderation of the interaction in terms of task-evoked activation between the FPN and DMN, which in turn, improved N-back task performance. Based on these findings, we conclude that cardiorespiratory fitness and hand dexterity have common and unique mechanisms enhancing working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Ishihara
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Tanaka
- Tamagawa University Brain Science Institute, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Siline L, Stasiulis A, Stasiule L. Better Executive Function Is Associated With Faster On-Transition Aerobic Metabolism Among Older Adults. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 127:823-840. [PMID: 32635798 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520941384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine relationships between executive function (EF) and variables of aerobic fitness. Participants were 32 healthy older adults (M age = 65.1, SD = 6.6 years). We measured the first ventilatory threshold (VeT1) and the kinetics of oxygen uptake (V˙O2), heart rate (HR), and muscle deoxygenation [HHb] during treadmill walking of either constant, moderate intensity, or increasing intensity. We assessed EF with a computerized Stroop test and Stroop measures of correct answers, reaction time, and percent interference. We found the Stroop interference score to be negatively associated with the VeT1 (r = -0.387, p = 0.031) and positively associated with the on-transition aerobic metabolism time constant (τ) of HR (r = 0.519, p = 0.003), V˙O2 (r = 0.454; p = 0.010), and [HHb] (r = 0.644, p = 0.001). Correct responses were negatively related with τHR (r = -0.372, p = 0.039) and τV˙O2 (r = -0.500, p = 0.004). The Stroop average reaction time, congruent reaction time and incongruent reaction time were positively related to τ[HHb] (r = 0.507, p = 0.010; r = 0.437, p = 0.029; r = 0.558, p = 0.004, respectively). Better EF was associated with faster on-transition aerobic metabolism and higher aerobic fitness among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligita Siline
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University
| | - Arvydas Stasiulis
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University
| | - Loreta Stasiule
- Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University
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20
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Ludyga S, Schilling R, Colledge F, Brand S, Pühse U, Gerber M. Association between cardiorespiratory fitness and social cognition in healthy adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 30:1722-1728. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ludyga
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - René Schilling
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Flora Colledge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Serge Brand
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Uwe Pühse
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health University of Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health University of Basel Basel Switzerland
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21
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Moratal C, Lupiáñez J, Ballester R, Huertas F. Deliberate Soccer Practice Modulates Attentional Functioning in Children. Front Psychol 2020; 11:761. [PMID: 32477207 PMCID: PMC7235161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to explore the association between the regular practice of open-skill sports (i.e., soccer) and executive control, along with other attentional functions (i.e., alerting and orienting) during preadolescence. The study was conducted on 131 participants (70 non-athletes and 61 soccer players). To measure cognitive performance, participants performed the Attentional Network Test—Interactions (ANT-I) task. Compared to non-athletes, soccer players showed overall faster responses and better executive control (e.g., reduced interference from distractors). Overall, our results provide new empirical evidence supporting the positive association between regular sports practice and cognitive performance, and more specifically executive functions. However, is important to note that the relationship between regular sport practice and cognition is complex and multifactorial. Our findings can be partly explained by the “cardiovascular fitness hypothesis” and the “cognitive component skills approach,” suggesting that an externally paced sport environment with high physical fitness and perceptual–cognitive demands may be an appropriate setting to optimize the development of cognitive functioning during early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Moratal
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic Universiy of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Lupiáñez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Mind, Brain and Behavior Research Center (CIMCYC), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Ballester
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic Universiy of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Florentino Huertas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Catholic Universiy of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
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22
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Xu Z, Wang ZR, Li J, Hu M, Xiang MQ. Effect of Acute Moderate-Intensity Exercise on the Mirror Neuron System: Role of Cardiovascular Fitness Level. Front Psychol 2020; 11:312. [PMID: 32153482 PMCID: PMC7047835 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The aims of this study were to use functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to determine whether cardiovascular fitness levels modulate the activation of the mirror neuron system (MNS) under table-setting tasks in non-exercise situation, to replicate the study that positive effect of acute moderate-intensity exercise on the MNS and investigate whether cardiovascular fitness levels modulates the effect of exercise on the activation of the MNS. Methods Thirty-six healthy college-aged participants completed a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) and were categorized as high, moderate, or low cardiovascular fitness. Participants then performed table-setting tasks including an action execution task (EXEC) and action observation task (OBS) prior to (PRE) and after (POST) either a rest condition (CTRL) or a cycling exercise condition (EXP). The EXP condition consisted of a 5-min warm-up, 15-min moderate-intensity exercise (65% VO2max), and 5-min cool-down. Results No significant differences were observed for Oxy-Hb and Deoxy-Hb between different cardiovascular fitness levels in the EXEC or OBS tasks in the non-exercise session. But there were significant improvements of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and pre-motor area (PMC) regions under the OBS task following the acute moderate exercise. Particularly, the improvements (Post-Pre) of Δ Oxy-Hb were mainly observed in high and low fitness individuals. There was also a significant improvement of deoxygenated hemoglobin (Deoxy-Hb) in the IPL region under the OBS task. The following analysis indicated that exercise improved Δ Deoxy-Hb in high fitness individuals. Conclusion This study indicated that the activation of MNS was not modulated by the cardiovascular fitness levels in the non-exercise situation. We replicated the previous study that moderate exercise improved activation of MNS; we also provided the first empirical evidence that moderate-intensity exercise positively affects the MNS activation in college students of high and low cardiovascular fitness levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebo Xu
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Linguistics and Modern Languages, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zi-Rong Wang
- Department of Graduation, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Graduation, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Hu
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Xiang
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Chen FT, Erickson KI, Huang H, Chang YK. The association between physical fitness parameters and white matter microstructure in older adults: A diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13539. [PMID: 32030777 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine whether different measures of physical fitness are differentially associated with white matter (WM) microstructure in older adults. Fifty-six healthy adults (mean age: 59.14 years) completed a standardized evaluation of physical fitness measurements (e.g., VO2peak , push-ups, abdominal sit-ups, sit-and-reach, t test, and vertical jump). Fractional anisotropy (FA), an index of WM microstructure, was assessed using diffusion tensor imaging. The findings indicated that the cardiorespiratory fitness was positively associated with FA in the right cingulum hippocampus and the left cerebral peduncle. However, other physical fitness metrics were not significantly associated with FA in any region. These results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness, but not other metrics of fitness, might be sensitive to WM microstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Tzu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Sport, Leisure and Hospitality Management, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan)
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Discipline of Exercise Science, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
| | - Haiqing Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan).,Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Republic of China (Taiwan)
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24
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Stroop task performance across the lifespan: High cognitive reserve in older age is associated with enhanced proactive and reactive interference control. Neuroimage 2020; 207:116430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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25
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Peven JC, Litz GA, Brown B, Xie X, Grove GA, Watt JC, Erickson KI. Higher Cardiorespiratory Fitness is Associated with Reduced Functional Brain Connectivity During Performance of the Stroop Task. Brain Plast 2019; 5:57-67. [PMID: 31970060 PMCID: PMC6971823 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-190085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Although higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been linked to better executive function, the mechanisms by which this occurs remain a matter of speculation. One hypothesis is that higher CRF is associated with elevated top-down control in which brain regions processing task-relevant information are up-regulated and brain regions processing task-irrelevant information are down-regulated. Methods: We tested this top-down hypothesis in 50 young adults (μ age = 25.22 ± 5.17 years) by measuring CRF via a graded maximal exercise test and performing functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) during a color-word Stroop task. We used task-evoked functional connectivity, quantified from a psychophysiological interaction analysis (PPI), to test our hypotheses that (a) higher CRF would be associated with greater connectivity between control centers (i.e., prefrontal and parietal areas) and visual feature centers (i.e., occipital areas) that are involved with processing task-relevant stimulus dimensions (i.e., color), and (b) higher CRF would be associated with lower connectivity between control centers and visual feature centers that are involved with processing task-irrelevant dimensions of the stimuli (i.e., word processing areas). Results: Controlling for sex and BMI, we found, consistent with our second hypothesis, that higher CRF was associated with reduced functional connectivity between parietal and occipital areas involved in the task-irrelevant dimension of the task (i.e., word form areas). There were no associations between CRF and functional connectivity with the prefrontal cortex or evidence of heightened connectivity between attentional control and visual feature centers. Conclusions: These results suggest that CRF associations with executive functioning might be explained by CRF-mediated differences between brain regions involved with attentional control (parietal regions) and the down-regulation of regions involved with processing task-irrelevant stimulus features (occipital regions).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie C Peven
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Geneva A Litz
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Belinda Brown
- School of Psychology and Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Department of Neurology, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - George A Grove
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Watt
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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26
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Ludyga S, Mücke M, Colledge FMA, Pühse U, Gerber M. A Combined EEG-fNIRS Study Investigating Mechanisms Underlying the Association between Aerobic Fitness and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults. Neuroscience 2019; 419:23-33. [PMID: 31487542 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The current evidence suggests that aerobic fitness is associated with inhibitory control of executive functioning in children and older adults. However, the relative contributions of different neurophysiological mechanisms to this relation remain unclear and have not yet been examined in young adults. The present study aimed to compare inhibitory control between high and low-fit young adult men, and to investigate a possible mediation of fitness effects by conflict monitoring (N450 component of event-related potentials) and lateralized oxygenation difference (LOD) in the DLPFC. For the present cross-sectional study, participants with different physical activity levels were recruited and divided into low-fit and high-fit participants based on relative power on the PWC170. A Stroop Color-Word task was administered and combined EEG-fNIRS was simultaneously utilized to assess the N450 and LOD, because these parameters are linked with behavioral performance. The results of the statistical analysis showed that high-fitcompared to low-fit participants showed less Stroop interference and lower negativity of the N450, whereas no difference was found for LOD. Path-analyses further revealed that the relation between aerobic fitness levels and Stroop interference was indirect and mediated by N450. In contrast, LOD was inversely correlated with Stroop interference, but did not explain the relation of aerobic fitness with behavioral performance. The present findings indicate that greater inhibitory control in high- compared to low-fit young men can be explained by more effective conflict monitoring. Moreover, young adults with left-lateralizedDLPFC oxygenation also show higher inhibitory control, but this oxygenation pattern is not influenced by aerobic fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ludyga
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - M Mücke
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - F M A Colledge
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - U Pühse
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Gerber
- University of Basel, Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Mehren A, Diaz Luque C, Brandes M, Lam AP, Thiel CM, Philipsen A, Özyurt J. Intensity-Dependent Effects of Acute Exercise on Executive Function. Neural Plast 2019; 2019:8608317. [PMID: 31281346 PMCID: PMC6589258 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8608317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest beneficial effects of aerobic exercise at moderate intensity on cognition, while the effects of high-intensity exercise are less clear. This study investigated the acute effects of exercise at moderate and high intensities on executive functions in healthy adults, including functional MRI to examine the underlying neural mechanisms. Furthermore, the association between exercise effects and cardiorespiratory fitness was examined. 64 participants performed in two executive function tasks (flanker and Go/No-go tasks), while functional MR images were collected, following two conditions: in the exercise condition, they cycled on an ergometer at either moderate or high intensity (each n = 32); in the control condition, they watched a movie. Differences in behavioral performance and brain activation between the two conditions were compared between groups. Further, correlations between cardiorespiratory fitness and exercise effects on neural and behavioral correlates of executive performance were calculated. Moderate exercise compared to high-intensity exercise was associated with a tendency towards improved behavioral performance (sensitivity index d') in the Go/No-go task and increased brain activation during hit trials in areas related to executive function, attention, and motor processes (insula, superior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, and supplementary motor area). Exercise at high intensity was associated with decreased brain activation in those areas and no changes in behavioral performance. Exercise had no effect on brain activation in the flanker task, but an explorative analysis revealed that reaction times improved after high-intensity exercise. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness was correlated with increased brain activation after moderate exercise and decreased brain activation after high-intensity exercise. These data show that exercise at moderate vs. high intensity has different effects on executive task performance and related brain activation changes as measured by fMRI and that cardiorespiratory fitness might be a moderating factor of acute exercise effects. Thus, our results may contribute to further clarify the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of exercise on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Mehren
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Hospital Karl-Jaspers-Klinik, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Cecilia Diaz Luque
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Brandes
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS GmbH, Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Unit Applied Health Intervention Research, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexandra P. Lam
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christiane M. Thiel
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Research Center Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence “Hearing4all”, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Philipsen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jale Özyurt
- Biological Psychology Lab, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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28
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Hegberg NJ, Hayes JP, Hayes SM. Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:133. [PMID: 30949075 PMCID: PMC6437073 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a prominent mental health problem in veteran and community populations. There is accumulating evidence to suggest that aerobic exercise may serve as an effective treatment option for individuals with PTSD. The purpose of this review is to summarize the existing literature exploring aerobic exercise and PTSD and briefly discuss potential mechanisms of PTSD symptom reduction. A search of electronic databases and reference sections of relevant articles published through October 1, 2018 revealed 19 relevant studies that examined aerobic exercise and PTSD symptomatology. A narrative review of extant studies provides encouraging evidence that aerobic exercise interventions alone or as an adjunct to standard treatment may positively impact PTSD symptoms. Potential mechanisms by which aerobic exercise could exert a positive impact in PTSD include exposure and desensitization to internal arousal cues, enhanced cognitive function, exercise-induced neuroplasticity, normalization of hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) function, and reductions in inflammatory markers. Randomized clinical trials and translational neuroscience approaches are required to clarify the efficacy of exercise intervention for PTSD and elucidate potential mechanisms of exercise-induced PTSD symptom reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole J. Hegberg
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Memory Disorders Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jasmeet P. Hayes
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Chronic Brain Injury Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Scott M. Hayes
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Memory Disorders Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Chronic Brain Injury Initiative, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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29
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Agbangla NF, Audiffren M, Pylouster J, Albinet CT. Working Memory, Cognitive Load andCardiorespiratory Fitness: Testing the CRUNCHModel with Near-Infrared Spectroscopy. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9020038. [PMID: 30744137 PMCID: PMC6406418 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the effects of chronological age and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) on cognitive performance and prefrontal cortex activity, and to test the compensation-related utilization of neural circuits hypothesis (CRUNCH). A total of 19 young adults (18–22 years) and 37 older ones (60–77 years) with a high or low CRF level were recruited to perform a working memory updating task under three different cognitive load conditions. Prefrontal cortex hemodynamic responses were continuously recorded using functional near-infrared spectroscopy, and behavioral performances and perceived difficulty were measured. Results showed that chronological age had deleterious effects on both cognitive performance and prefrontal cortex activation under a higher cognitive load. In older adults, however, higher levels of CRF were related to increased bilateral prefrontal cortex activation patterns that allowed them to sustain better cognitive performances, especially under the highest cognitive load. These results are discussed in the light of the neurocognitive CRUNCH model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nounagnon Frutueux Agbangla
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR 7295), Université de Poitiers and Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
- Atelier SHERPAS - Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport Santé Société (EA 7369), Université d'Artois, 62800 Liévin, France.
| | - Michel Audiffren
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR 7295), Université de Poitiers and Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Jean Pylouster
- Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition et l'Apprentissage (UMR 7295), Université de Poitiers and Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Cédric T Albinet
- Laboratoire Sciences de la Cognition, Technologie, Ergonomie (SCoTE ⁻ EA 7420), Université de Toulouse, INU Champollion, 81012 Albi, France.
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30
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Effects of aerobic fitness on cognitive performance as a function of dual-task demands in older adults. Exp Gerontol 2019; 118:99-105. [PMID: 30659955 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effects of aerobic fitness on cognitive performance under varying dual-task demands in older adults. Thirty-four participants (mean ± SD age: 68.6 ± 10.1 years, 24 females) were included in this study. VO2 max was assessed with the Rockport 1-mile walk test (range = 6.68-45.57). Participants engaged in a cognitive task, the Modified Stroop Color Word Test (MSCWT) on a self-paced treadmill while simultaneously standing or walking. Performance on the Stroop Test was measured as interference of the accuracy score. Participants demonstrated over a 4-fold increase in SI when going from Incongruent to Switching MSCWT blocks across both standing and walking tasks. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between the MSCWT block and VO2 max in Stroop interference, such that Switching Stroop interference demonstrated greater changes due to VO2 max, in comparison to Incongruent SI, even after controlling for age, gender, body mass index, and years of education as covariates in analyses. These results provide evidence of a relationship between aerobic fitness and cognition, suggesting that dual-task interference may provide a sensitive indicator of effects of an aerobic intervention program on the cognitive performance among older adults.
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31
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Sanders LMJ, Hortobágyi T, la Bastide-van Gemert S, van der Zee EA, van Heuvelen MJG. Dose-response relationship between exercise and cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210036. [PMID: 30629631 PMCID: PMC6328108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the dose-response relationship between exercise and cognitive function in older adults with and without cognitive impairments. We included single-modality randomized controlled aerobic, anaerobic, multicomponent or psychomotor exercise trials that quantified training frequency, session and program duration and specified intensity quantitatively or qualitatively. We defined total exercise duration in minutes as the product of program duration, session duration, and frequency. For each study, we grouped test-specific Hedges' d (n = 163) and Cohen's d (n = 23) effect sizes in the domains Global cognition, Executive function and Memory. We used multilevel mixed-effects models to investigate dose-related predictors of exercise effects. In healthy older adults (n = 23 studies), there was a small positive effect of exercise on executive function (d = 0.27) and memory (d = 0.24), but dose-parameters did not predict the magnitude of effect sizes. In older adults with cognitive impairments (n = 13 studies), exercise had a moderate positive effect on global cognition (d = 0.37). For older adults with cognitive impairments, we found evidence for exercise programs with a short session duration and high frequency to predict higher effect sizes (d = 0.43-0.50). In healthy older adults, dose-parameters did not predict the magnitude of exercise effects on cognition. For older adults with cognitive impairments, exercise programs with shorter session duration and higher frequency may generate the best cognitive results. Studies are needed in which different exercise doses are directly compared among randomized subjects or conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne M. J. Sanders
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha la Bastide-van Gemert
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Eddy A. van der Zee
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke J. G. van Heuvelen
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Li D, Huang CJ, Liu SC, Chang KH, Hung TM. Exercise type relates to inhibitory and error processing functions in older adults. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2018; 26:865-881. [PMID: 30372660 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2018.1540688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between exercise type and inhibition of prepotent responses and error detection. Totally, 75 adults (M = 68.88 years) were classified into one of three exercise groups: those who were regular participants in open- or closed-skill forms of exercise, and those who exercised only irregularly. The participants completed a Stroop and task-switching tasks with event-related brain potentials (ERPs) recorded. The results revealed that regular exercisers displayed faster reaction times (RTs) in the Stroop task compared with irregular exercisers. The open-skill exercisers exhibited smaller N200 and larger P300a amplitudes in the Stroop task compared with irregular exercisers. Furthermore, the open-skill exercisers showed a tendency of shorter error-related negativity latencies at the task-witching test. The findings suggest that older adults may gain extra cognitive benefits in areas such as inhibition functioning and error processing from participating in open-skill forms of physical exercises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- School for Sports Humanities and Social Science, Jilin Sport University , Jilin , China
| | - Chung-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Pedagogy, University of Taipei , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Sin-Chi Liu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan
| | - Kung-Hung Chang
- Office of Physical Education, Tamkang University , New Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University , Taipei , Taiwan
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33
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Vesperman CJ, Pozorski V, Dougherty RJ, Law LL, Boots E, Oh JM, Gallagher CL, Carlsson CM, Rowley HA, Ma Y, Bendlin BB, Asthana S, Sager MA, Hermann BP, Johnson SC, Cook DB, Okonkwo OC. Cardiorespiratory fitness attenuates age-associated aggregation of white matter hyperintensities in an at-risk cohort. Alzheimers Res Ther 2018; 10:97. [PMID: 30249285 PMCID: PMC6154903 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-018-0429-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age is the cardinal risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), and white matter hyperintensities (WMH), which are more prevalent with increasing age, may contribute to AD. Higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) has been shown to be associated with cognitive health and decreased burden of AD-related brain alterations in older adults. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine whether CRF attenuates age-related accumulation of WMH in middle-aged adults at risk for AD. METHODS One hundred and seven cognitively unimpaired, late-middle-aged adults from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention underwent 3 T magnetic resonance imaging and performed graded maximal treadmill exercise testing from which we calculated the oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES) as our measure of CRF. Total WMH were quantified using the Lesion Segmentation Tool and scaled to intracranial volume. Linear regression adjusted for APOE4 carriage, family history, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and sex was used to examine relationships between age, WMH, and CRF. RESULTS As expected, there was a significant association between age and WMH (p < .001). Importantly, there was a significant interaction between age and OUES on WMH (p = .015). Simple main effects analyses revealed that the effect of age on WMH remained significant in the Low OUES group (p < .001) but not in the High OUES group (p = .540), indicating that higher CRF attenuates the deleterious age association with WMH. CONCLUSIONS Higher CRF tempers the adverse effect of age on WMH. This suggests a potential pathway through which increased aerobic fitness facilitates healthy brain aging, especially among individuals at risk for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton J. Vesperman
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Vincent Pozorski
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Ryan J. Dougherty
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Education, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Lena L. Law
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Elizabeth Boots
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois-Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607 USA
- Rush Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Jennifer M. Oh
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Catherine L. Gallagher
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Cynthia M. Carlsson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Howard A. Rowley
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Yue Ma
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Barbara B. Bendlin
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
| | - Mark A. Sager
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Bruce P. Hermann
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Dane B. Cook
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin School of Education, Madison, WI 53792 USA
- Research Service, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Ozioma C. Okonkwo
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Department of Medicine and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792 USA
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34
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Westfall DR, Gejl AK, Tarp J, Wedderkopp N, Kramer AF, Hillman CH, Bugge A. Associations Between Aerobic Fitness and Cognitive Control in Adolescents. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1298. [PMID: 30158882 PMCID: PMC6104451 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has found positive associations between cognitive control and aerobic fitness in preadolescents and adults; however, fewer studies have investigated these associations in adolescents. Adolescence is of particular interest due to continued maturation of the prefrontal cortex; an area that subserves cognitive control. This study investigated the associations of aerobic fitness and cognitive control in adolescents. An assessment of aerobic fitness (Andersen intermittent running test) and two tests of cognitive control were collected to investigate these associations. Participants completed a test of inhibitory control (flanker task) and a test of cognitive flexibility (switch task). Along with traditional measures of reaction time (RT) and accuracy, diffusion modeling was utilized to combine these measures to calculate latent variables (i.e., drift rate, boundary separation, and nondecision time). Associations between cognitive measures and fitness were assessed with linear regressions while controlling for potential confounding factors. Higher fitness was associated with shorter reaction time and higher accuracy in the flanker task, indicating better inhibitory control performance. In addition, greater aerobic fitness was associated with greater quality of information uptake in the flanker task, as indicated by drift rate. In the switch task, higher aerobic fitness was associated with greater accuracy and longer switch RT indicating a speed-accuracy tradeoff. Results from the switch task diffusion modeling supported this conclusion as indicated by greater fitness associated with greater boundary separation, or response conservativeness. Further, greater drift rate in the switch task was associated with greater fitness. These findings corroborate growing evidence indicating the importance of aerobic fitness for inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. This study extends the literature by demonstrating these effects in a large sample of adolescents with a computational model of the mechanisms that underlie cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Westfall
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anne K Gejl
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Tarp
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Wedderkopp
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Sports Medicine Clinic Orthopedic Department, Institute of Regional Health Research, Middelfart Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Middlefart, Denmark
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna Bugge
- Centre of Research in Childhood Health, Institute for Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Ji L, Pearlson GD, Zhang X, Steffens DC, Ji X, Guo H, Wang L. Physical exercise increases involvement of motor networks as a compensatory mechanism during a cognitively challenging task. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 33:1153-1159. [PMID: 29851152 DOI: 10.1002/gps.4909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuroimaging studies suggest that older adults may compensate for declines in cognitive function through neural compensation and reorganization of neural resources. While neural compensation as a key component of cognitive reserve is an important factor that mediates cognitive decline, the field lacks a quantitative measure of neural compensatory ability, and little is known about factors that may modify compensation, such as physical exercise. METHODS Twenty-five healthy older adults participated in a 6-week dance training exercise program. Gait speed, cognitive function, and functional magnetic resonance imaging during a challenging memory task were measured before and after the exercise program. In this study, we used a newly proposed data-driven independent component analysis approach to measure neural compensatory ability and tested the effect of physical exercise on neural compensation through a longitudinal study. RESULTS After the exercise program, participants showed significantly improved memory performance in Logical Memory Test (WMS(LM)) (P < .001) and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (P = .001) and increased gait speed measured by the 6-minute walking test (P = .01). Among all identified neural networks, only the motor cortices and cerebellum showed greater involvement during the memory task after exercise. Importantly, subjects who activated the motor network only after exercise (but not before exercise) showed WMS(LM) increases. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that physical exercise improved gait speed, cognitive function, and compensatory ability through increased involvement of motor-related networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanxin Ji
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford Hospital/Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Hartford Hospital/Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA.,Departments of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.,Departments of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xue Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - David C Steffens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Ji
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Center for Biomedical Imaging Research, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
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Dupuy O, Bosquet L, Fraser SA, Labelle V, Bherer L. Higher cardiovascular fitness level is associated to better cognitive dual-task performance in Master Athletes: Mediation by cardiac autonomic control. Brain Cogn 2018; 125:127-134. [PMID: 29990702 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/PURPOSE This study compared cognitive performances and cardiac autonomic measures of higher fit and lower fit middle-aged and older highly active adults. The working hypotheses were that higher fit (master athletes) would show cognitive benefits in executive control conditions due to a high level of fitness compared to lower fit people and that this effect would be mediated by better cardiac autonomic adaptations in athletes. METHODS We recruited 39 highly active middle aged and older adults from Master Athletes' organizations. All participants performed a Rockport walking test and a computerized dual-task. Cardiac autonomic control was assessed with a measure of heart rate variability. Based on the V̇O2max estimated by the Rockport test, a median split was performed to assess the influence of fitness level on cognitive performance and the link with heart rate variability. Those with the highest fitness level were considered Master Athletes. RESULTS Master Athletes showed better dual-task performances than lower fit individuals. A positive relationship between the V̇O2max and dual-task performances was also observed. Master Athletes demonstrated a lower resting HR and higher RR interval than lower fit individuals, and this index was specifically related to the executive conditions of the dual task. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the role of fitness level on executive function in highly active middle aged and older adults and suggest that the better performances observed in highly fit individuals is mediated by cardiac autonomic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Laboratory LESCA, Research Center of Geriatric Institute of University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Laboratory LESCA, Research Center of Geriatric Institute of University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada.
| | - Sarah Anne Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Véronique Labelle
- Laboratory LESCA, Research Center of Geriatric Institute of University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Laboratory LESCA, Research Center of Geriatric Institute of University of Montreal, Montreal, Qc, Canada; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
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El-Sayes J, Harasym D, Turco CV, Locke MB, Nelson AJ. Exercise-Induced Neuroplasticity: A Mechanistic Model and Prospects for Promoting Plasticity. Neuroscientist 2018; 25:65-85. [PMID: 29683026 DOI: 10.1177/1073858418771538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise improves cognitive and motor function by inducing neural changes detected using molecular, cellular, and systems level neuroscience techniques. This review unifies the knowledge gained across various neuroscience techniques to provide a comprehensive profile of the neural mechanisms that mediate exercise-induced neuroplasticity. Using a model of exercise-induced neuroplasticity, this review emphasizes the sequence of neural events that accompany exercise, and ultimately promote changes in human performance. This is achieved by differentiating between neuroplasticity induced by acute versus chronic aerobic exercise. Furthermore, this review emphasizes experimental considerations that influence the opportunity to observe exercise-induced neuroplasticity in humans. These include modifiable factors associated with the exercise intervention and nonmodifiable factors such as biological sex, ovarian hormones, genetic variations, and fitness level. To maximize the beneficial effects of exercise in health, disease, and following injury, future research should continue to explore the mechanisms that mediate exercise-induced neuroplasticity. This review identifies some fundamental gaps in knowledge that may serve to guide future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenin El-Sayes
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Harasym
- 2 School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claudia V Turco
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mitchell B Locke
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aimee J Nelson
- 1 Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Executive control processes are associated with individual fitness outcomes following regular exercise training: blood lactate profile curves and neuroimaging findings. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4893. [PMID: 29559674 PMCID: PMC5861091 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular training has been associated with neuroimaging correlates of executive control functions (ECF) in seniors and children/adolescents, while complementary studies in middle-aged populations are lacking. Ascribing a prominent role to cardiorespiratory fitness improvements, most studies concentrated on training-induced gains in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), although other fitness indices may provide complementary information. Here, we investigated the impact of long-term sub-maximal exercise training on interference control, considering individual training-induced shifts in blood lactate profile curves (BLC) and VO2max. Twenty-three middle-aged sedentary males (M = 49 years) underwent a six-month exercise program (intervention group, IG). Additionally, 14 individuals without exercise training were recruited (control group, CG, M = 52 years). Interference control was assessed before and after the intervention, using a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) flanker paradigm. Task performance and brain activations showed no significant group-by-time interactions. However, regression analyses in the IG revealed significant associations between individual fitness gains and brain activation changes in frontal regions, which were not evident for VO2max, but for BLC. In conclusion, training-induced plasticity of ECF-related brain activity can be observed in late middle adulthood, but depends on individual fitness gains. For moderate training intensities, BLC shifts may provide sensitive markers for training-induced adaptations linked to ECF-related brain function.
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Gujral S, McAuley E, Oberlin LE, Kramer AF, Erickson KI. Role of Brain Structure in Predicting Adherence to a Physical Activity Regimen. Psychosom Med 2018; 80:69-77. [PMID: 28914724 PMCID: PMC6411299 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Physical activity (PA) is important for maintaining health throughout the lifespan. However, adherence to PA regimens is poor with approximately 50% of older adults terminating activity intervention programs within 6 months. In this study, we tested whether gray matter volume and white matter microstructural integrity before the initiation of a PA intervention predicts PA adherence. METHODS One hundred fifty-nine adults aged 60 to 80 years were randomly assigned to a moderate-intensity aerobic walking condition or a nonaerobic stretching and toning condition. Participants engaged in supervised exercise 3 times per week for 12 months. Data were collected for a period of 1 year. Voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics protocols were used to process neuroimaging data, and ordinary least squares regression models with bootstrapping were used to analyze voxelwise neural predictors of PA adherence. RESULTS Greater volume in several regions predicted greater PA adherence, including prefrontal, motor, somatosensory, temporal, and parietal regions (p < .01). We also found that higher fractional anisotropy in several white matter tracts predicted greater PA adherence (pFDR-corrected < .05), including the superior longitudinal fasciculus, anterior thalamic radiation, forceps minor, and body of the corpus callosum. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preliminary support for macro- and microstructural neural predictors of PA adherence and may translate to other health behaviors and behavioral goal pursuit more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi Gujral
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh
| | - Edward McAuley
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Kinesiology and Community Health
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Psychology and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Lauren E. Oberlin
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh
| | - Arthur F. Kramer
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Psychology and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology
- Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University and University of Pittsburgh
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Ciria LF, Perakakis P, Luque-Casado A, Morato C, Sanabria D. The relationship between sustained attention and aerobic fitness in a group of young adults. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3831. [PMID: 28975054 PMCID: PMC5624291 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A growing set of studies has shown a positive relationship between aerobic fitness and a broad array of cognitive functions. However, few studies have focused on sustained attention, which has been considered a fundamental cognitive process that underlies most everyday activities. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of aerobic fitness as a key factor in sustained attention capacities in young adults. METHODS Forty-four young adults (18-23 years) were divided into two groups as a function of the level of aerobic fitness (high-fit and low-fit). Participants completed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) and an oddball task where they had to detect infrequent targets presented among frequent non-targets. RESULTS The analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed faster responses for the high-fit group than for the low-fit group in the PVT, replicating previous accounts. In the oddball task, the high-fit group maintained their accuracy (ACC) rate of target detection over time, while the low-fit group suffered a significant decline of response ACC throughout the task. DISCUSSION Importantly, the results show that the greater sustained attention capacity of high-fit young adults is not specific to a reaction time (RT) sustained attention task like the PVT, but it is also evident in an ACC oddball task. In sum, the present findings point to the important role of aerobic fitness on sustained attention capacities in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. Ciria
- Mind, Brain & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Pandelis Perakakis
- Mind, Brain & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Antonio Luque-Casado
- Mind, Brain & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Cristina Morato
- Mind, Brain & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Daniel Sanabria
- Mind, Brain & Behavior Research Center, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Psicología Experimental, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Gayda M, Gremeaux V, Bherer L, Juneau M, Drigny J, Dupuy O, Lapierre G, Labelle V, Fortier A, Nigam A. Cognitive function in patients with stable coronary heart disease: Related cerebrovascular and cardiovascular responses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183791. [PMID: 28937981 PMCID: PMC5609740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic exercise has been shown to prevent or slow age-related decline in cognitive functions in otherwise healthy, asymptomatic individuals. We sought to assess cognitive function in a stable coronary heart disease (CHD) sample and its relationship to cerebral oxygenation-perfusion, cardiac hemodynamic responses, and V˙O2 peak compared to age-matched and young healthy control subjects. Twenty-two young healthy controls (YHC), 20 age-matched old healthy controls (OHC) and 25 patients with stable CHD were recruited. Cognitive function assessment included short term—working memory, perceptual abilities, processing speed, cognitive inhibition and flexibility and long-term verbal memory. Maximal cardiopulmonary function (gas exchange analysis), cardiac hemodynamic (impedance cardiography) and left frontal cerebral oxygenation-perfusion (near-infra red spectroscopy) were measured during and after a maximal incremental ergocycle test. Compared to OHC and CHD, YHC had higher V˙O2 peak, maximal cardiac index (CI max), cerebral oxygenation-perfusion (ΔO2 Hb, ΔtHb: exercise and recovery) and cognitive function (for all items) (P<0.05). Compared to OHC, CHD patients had lower V˙O2 peak, CI max, cerebral oxygenation-perfusion (during recovery) and short term—working memory, processing speed, cognitive inhibition and flexibility and long-term verbal memory (P<0.05). V˙O2 peak and CI max were related to exercise cerebral oxygenation-perfusion and cognitive function (P<0.005). Cerebral oxygenation-perfusion (exercise) was related to cognitive function (P<0.005). Stable CHD patients have a worse cognitive function, a similar cerebral oxygenation/perfusion during exercise but reduced one during recovery vs. their aged-matched healthy counterparts. In the all sample, cognitive functions correlated with V˙O2 peak, CI max and cerebral oxygenation-perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Gayda
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Vincent Gremeaux
- INSERM - U1093 “Cognition, Action, et Plasticité Sensorimotrice”, Dijon, France
| | - Louis Bherer
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Martin Juneau
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Joffrey Drigny
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- PERFORM Centre, Department of Psychology, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratory, MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Gabriel Lapierre
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Véronique Labelle
- Research Centre, Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annik Fortier
- Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Center, A Division of the Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anil Nigam
- Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation Centre (ÉPIC), Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Research Center, Montreal Heart Institute and University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Heinzel S, Rapp MA, Fydrich T, Ströhle A, Terán C, Kallies G, Schwefel M, Heissel A. Neurobiological mechanisms of exercise and psychotherapy in depression: The SPeED study-Rationale, design, and methodological issues. Clin Trials 2017; 15:53-64. [PMID: 28905640 DOI: 10.1177/1740774517729161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Even though cognitive behavioral therapy has become a relatively effective treatment for major depressive disorder and cognitive behavioral therapy-related changes of dysfunctional neural activations were shown in recent studies, remission rates still remain at an insufficient level. Therefore, the implementation of effective augmentation strategies is needed. In recent meta-analyses, exercise therapy (especially endurance exercise) was reported to be an effective intervention in major depressive disorder. Despite these findings, underlying mechanisms of the antidepressant effect of exercise especially in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy have rarely been studied to date and an investigation of its neural underpinnings is lacking. A better understanding of the psychological and neural mechanisms of exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy would be important for developing optimal treatment strategies in depression. The SPeED study (Sport/Exercise Therapy and Psychotherapy-evaluating treatment Effects in Depressive patients) is a randomized controlled trial to investigate underlying physiological, neurobiological, and psychological mechanisms of the augmentation of cognitive behavioral therapy with endurance exercise. It is investigated if a preceding endurance exercise program will enhance the effect of a subsequent cognitive behavioral therapy. METHODS This study will include 105 patients diagnosed with a mild or moderate depressive episode according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.). The participants are randomized into one of three groups: a high-intensive or a low-intensive endurance exercise group or a waiting list control group. After the exercise program/waiting period, all patients receive an outpatient cognitive behavioral therapy treatment according to a standardized therapy manual. At four measurement points, major depressive disorder symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression), (neuro)biological measures (neural activations during working memory, monetary incentive delay task, and emotion regulation, as well as cortisol levels and brain-derived neurotrophic factor), neuropsychological test performance, and questionnaires (psychological needs, self-efficacy, and quality of life) are assessed. RESULTS In this article, we report the design of the SPeED study and refer to important methodological issues such as including both high- and low-intensity endurance exercise groups to allow the investigation of dose-response effects and physiological components of the therapy effects. CONCLUSION The main aims of this research project are to study effects of endurance exercise and cognitive behavioral therapy on depressive symptoms and to investigate underlying physiological and neurobiological mechanisms of these effects. Results may provide important implications for the development of effective treatment strategies in major depressive disorder, specifically concerning the augmentation of cognitive behavioral therapy by endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Heinzel
- 1 Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,2 Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,3 Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael A Rapp
- 2 Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Fydrich
- 3 Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Ströhle
- 4 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Terán
- 2 Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,4 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kallies
- 4 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Schwefel
- 1 Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,2 Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany.,3 Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Heissel
- 2 Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
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Suwabe K, Hyodo K, Byun K, Ochi G, Fukuie T, Shimizu T, Kato M, Yassa MA, Soya H. Aerobic fitness associates with mnemonic discrimination as a mediator of physical activity effects: evidence for memory flexibility in young adults. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5140. [PMID: 28698596 PMCID: PMC5506056 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04850-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A physically active lifestyle has beneficial effects on hippocampal memory function. A potential mechanism for this effect is exercise-enhanced hippocampal plasticity, particularly in the dentate gyrus (DG). Within hippocampal memory formation, the DG plays a crucial role in pattern separation, which is the ability to discriminate among similar experiences. Computational models propose a theoretical hypothesis that enhanced DG-mediated pattern separation leads to “memory flexibility”–a selective improvement in the ability to overcome moderate levels of mnemonic interference. Thus, in the current cross-sectional study of healthy young adults, we tested the working hypothesis that aerobic fitness, as a physiological indicator of endurance capacity associated with physical activity, is strongly associated with mnemonic discrimination at moderate interference levels. When divided the sample (n = 75) based on a median split of aerobic fitness, the higher fitness group had better discrimination performance for moderate interference levels compared to the lower fitness group, namely, exhibited memory flexibility. Moreover, aerobic fitness levels were positively associated with discrimination performance for moderate interference levels, as a mediator of physical activity effects. This evidence suggests that aerobic fitness levels are associated with hippocampal DG-related memory, which is consistent with literature showing positive effect of physical exercise on hippocampal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Suwabe
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.,Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuki Hyodo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.,Physical Fitness Research Institute, Meiji Yasuda Life Foundation of Health and Welfare, Tokyo, 192-0001, Japan
| | - Kyeongho Byun
- Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, 92697-3800, CA, USA
| | - Genta Ochi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.,Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Takemune Fukuie
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.,Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Sports Research & Development Core, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan
| | - Morimasa Kato
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Yonezawa Nutrition University of Yamagata Prefecture, Yonezawa, 992-0025, Japan
| | - Michael A Yassa
- Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.,Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Center for the Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, University of California, Irvine, 92697-3800, CA, USA
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan. .,Department of Sports Neuroscience, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan.
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44
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Snyder JS, Cahill SP, Frankland PW. Running promotes spatial bias independently of adult neurogenesis. Hippocampus 2017; 27:871-882. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason S. Snyder
- Department of Psychology & Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Shaina P. Cahill
- Department of Psychology & Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Paul W. Frankland
- Hospital for Sick Children; Program in Neurosciences & Mental Health, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Department of Physiology; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Institute of Medical Sciences; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Child & Brain Development Program; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research; Toronto Ontario Canada
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45
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Chieffi S, Messina G, Villano I, Messina A, Valenzano A, Moscatelli F, Salerno M, Sullo A, Avola R, Monda V, Cibelli G, Monda M. Neuroprotective Effects of Physical Activity: Evidence from Human and Animal Studies. Front Neurol 2017; 8:188. [PMID: 28588546 PMCID: PMC5439530 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present article, we provide a review of current knowledge regarding the role played by physical activity (PA) in preventing age-related cognitive decline and reducing risk of dementia. The cognitive benefits of PA are highlighted by epidemiological, neuroimaging and behavioral studies. Epidemiological studies identified PA as an influential lifestyle factor in predicting rates of cognitive decline. Individuals physically active from midlife show a reduced later risk of cognitive impairment. Neuroimaging studies documented attenuation of age-related brain atrophy, and also increase of gray matter and white matter of brain areas, including frontal and temporal lobes. These structural changes are often associated with improved cognitive performance. Importantly, the brain regions that benefit from PA are also those regions that are often reported to be severely affected in dementia. Animal model studies provided significant information about biomechanisms that support exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity, such as angiogenesis and upregulation of growth factors. Among the growth factors, the brain-derived neurotrophic factor seems to play a significant role. Another putative factor that might contribute to beneficial effects of exercise is the neuropeptide orexin-A. The beneficial effects of PA may represent an important resource to hinder the cognitive decline associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Chieffi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ines Villano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Messina
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Valenzano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Moscatelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Alessio Sullo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cibelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marcellino Monda
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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46
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Changes in Cortical Activation Patterns in Language Areas following an Aerobic Exercise Intervention in Older Adults. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:6340302. [PMID: 28367334 PMCID: PMC5358467 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6340302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that older adults who evidence increased right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) activity during language tasks show decreased sematic verbal fluency performance. The current study sought to evaluate if an aerobic exercise intervention can alter patterns of brain activity during a semantic verbal fluency task assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Thirty-two community-dwelling, sedentary older adults were enrolled to a 12-week aerobic "Spin" exercise group or a 12-week nonaerobic exercise control condition (Balance). Thirty participants completed their assigned intervention (16 Spin; 14 Balance) with pre- and postintervention assessments of a semantic verbal fluency task during fMRI and estimated VO2max testing. There was a significant increase in the change scores for estimated VO2max of the Spin group when compared to the Balance group. Semantic verbal fluency output within the scanner was also improved in the Spin group as compared to controls at postassessment. Group fMRI comparisons of IFG activity showed lower activity in the right IFG following the intervention in the aerobic Spin group when compared to the Balance group. Regression analysis of imaging data with change in both estimated VO2max and semantic verbal fluency was negatively correlated with activity in right IFG. The current work is registered as clinical trial with NCT01787292 and NCT02787655.
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47
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Wood KN, Luchyshyn TA, Shoemaker JK. High cardiorespiratory fitness in early to late middle age preserves the cortical circuitry associated with brain-heart integration during volitional exercise. J Neurophysiol 2017; 117:1831-1840. [PMID: 28228584 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00592.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that high cardiorespiratory fitness (peak oxygen uptake) preserves the cortical circuitry associated with cardiac arousal during exercise in middle- to older-aged individuals. Observations of changes in heart rate (HR) and in cortical blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) images were made in 52 healthy, active individuals (45-73 yr; 16 women, 36 men) across a range of fitness (26-66 ml·kg-1·min-1). Seven repeated bouts of isometric handgrip (IHG) at 40% maximal voluntary contraction force were performed with functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T, with each contraction lasting 20 s and separated by 40 s of rest. HR responses to IHG showed high variability across individuals. Linear regression revealed that cardiorespiratory fitness was not a strong predictor of the HR response (r2 = 0.09). In a region-of-interest analysis both the IHG task and the HR time course correlated with increased cortical activation in the bilateral insula and decreased activation relative to baseline in the anterior and posterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC). t-Test results revealed greater deactivation at the MPFC with higher fitness levels beyond that of guideline-based activity. Therefore, whereas high cardiorespiratory fitness failed to affect absolute HR responses to IHG in this age range, a select effect was observed in cortical regions known to be associated with cardiovascular arousal.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our first observation suggests that fitness does not strongly predict the heart rate (HR) response to a volitional handgrip task in middle- to older-aged adults. Second, the BOLD response associated with the handgrip task, and with the HR time course, was associated with response patterns in the cortical autonomic network. Finally, whereas high cardiorespiratory fitness failed to affect absolute HR responses to isometric handgrip in this age range, a select effect was observed in cortical regions known to be associated with cardiovascular arousal, beyond that achieved through healthy active living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn N Wood
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Torri A Luchyshyn
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - J Kevin Shoemaker
- Neurovascular Research Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
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48
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Hayes SM, Hayes JP, Williams VJ, Liu H, Verfaellie M. FMRI activity during associative encoding is correlated with cardiorespiratory fitness and source memory performance in older adults. Cortex 2017; 91:208-220. [PMID: 28161031 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Older adults (OA), relative to young adults (YA), exhibit age-related alterations in functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) activity during associative encoding, which contributes to deficits in source memory. Yet, there are remarkable individual differences in brain health and memory performance among OA. Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is one individual difference factor that may attenuate brain aging, and thereby contribute to enhanced source memory in OA. To examine this possibility, 26 OA and 31 YA completed a treadmill-based exercise test to evaluate CRF (peak VO2) and fMRI to examine brain activation during a face-name associative encoding task. Our results indicated that in OA, peak VO2 was positively associated with fMRI activity during associative encoding in multiple regions including bilateral prefrontal cortex, medial frontal cortex, bilateral thalamus and left hippocampus. Next, a conjunction analysis was conducted to assess whether CRF influenced age-related differences in fMRI activation. We classified OA as high or low CRF and compared their activation to YA. High fit OA (HFOA) showed fMRI activation more similar to YA than low fit OA (LFOA) (i.e., reduced age-related differences) in multiple regions including thalamus, posterior and prefrontal cortex. Conversely, in other regions, primarily in prefrontal cortex, HFOA, but not LFOA, demonstrated greater activation than YA (i.e., increased age-related differences). Further, fMRI activity in these brain regions was positively associated with source memory among OA, with a mediation model demonstrating that associative encoding activation in medial frontal cortex indirectly influenced the relationship between peak VO2 and subsequent source memory performance. These results indicate that CRF may contribute to neuroplasticity among OA, reducing age-related differences in some brain regions, consistent with the brain maintenance hypothesis, but accentuating age-differences in other regions, consistent with the brain compensation hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Hayes
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jasmeet P Hayes
- National Center for PTSD, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria J Williams
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Neuroimaging Research for Veterans Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Huiting Liu
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychology, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mieke Verfaellie
- Memory Disorders Research Center, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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49
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Veldsman M, Churilov L, Werden E, Li Q, Cumming T, Brodtmann A. Physical Activity After Stroke Is Associated With Increased Interhemispheric Connectivity of the Dorsal Attention Network. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2016; 31:157-167. [PMID: 27605568 DOI: 10.1177/1545968316666958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention is frequently impaired after stroke, and its impairment is associated with poor quality of life. Physical activity benefits attention in healthy populations and has also been associated with recovery after brain injury. OBJECTIVE We investigated the relationship between objectively measured daily physical activity, attention network connectivity, and attention task performance after stroke. We hypothesized that increased daily physical activity would be associated with improved attention network function. METHODS Stroke patients (n = 62; mean age = 67 years, SD = 12.6 years) and healthy controls (n = 27; mean age = 68 years, SD = 6 years) underwent cognitive testing and 7 minutes of functional magnetic resonance imaging in the resting-state. Patients were tested 3 months after ischemic stroke. Physical activity was monitored with an electronic armband worn for 7 days. Dorsal and ventral attention network function was examined using seed-based connectivity analyses. RESULTS Greater daily physical activity was associated with increased interhemispheric connectivity of the superior parietal lobule in the dorsal attention network (DAN; P < .05, false discovery rate corrected). This relationship was not explained by stroke lesion volume. Importantly, stronger connectivity in this region was related to faster reaction time in 3 attention tasks, as revealed by robust linear regression. The relationship remained after adjusting for age, gray matter volume, and white matter hyperintensity load. CONCLUSIONS Daily physical activity was associated with increased resting interhemispheric connectivity of the DAN. Increased connectivity was associated with faster attention performance, suggesting a cognitive correlate to increased network connectivity. Attentional modulation by physical activity represents a key focus for intervention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Veldsman
- 1 Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK.,2 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Emilio Werden
- 2 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Qi Li
- 2 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Toby Cumming
- 2 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amy Brodtmann
- 2 University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,3 University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,4 Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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50
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Chu CH, Yang KT, Song TF, Liu JH, Hung TM, Chang YK. Cardiorespiratory Fitness Is Associated with Executive Control in Late-Middle-Aged Adults: An Event-Related (De) Synchronization (ERD/ERS) Study. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1135. [PMID: 27536259 PMCID: PMC4971443 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to determine whether cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with cognitive function in late-middle-aged adults from event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event-related synchronization (ERS) perspectives. Late-middle-aged adults were categorized into either the high-fitness group or the low-fitness group based on their estimated cardiorespiratory fitness values. The participants completed the Stroop Test, which is comprised of incongruent and neutral conditions, while the brain activities were recoded. The alpha ERD and ERS values based on the equation proposed by Pfurtscheller (1977) were further calculated. The results revealed that the adults with higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness demonstrated superior Stroop performance, regardless of Stroop congruency. While these high-fitness adults had less positive upper alpha ERD values in the later epoch window compared to their lower-fitness counterparts, they had greater lower alpha ERD values in the early epoch window. Additionally, in the late epoch window, the high-fitness adults showed less positive lower alpha ERD values on neutral, but not incongruent condition, relative to their low-fitness counterparts. These findings suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness of the late-middle-aged adults is positively associated with cognitive functioning, especially the cognitive processes related to the inhibition of task-irrelevant information and those processes required the devotion of greater amounts of attentional resources to a given task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Heng Chu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Teng Yang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Fen Song
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hao Liu
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
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