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Feng J, Song H, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Zhou C, Jin J. Exploring the relationship between physical activity and cognitive function: an fMRI pilot study in young and older adults. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1413492. [PMID: 39091524 PMCID: PMC11291347 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1413492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There are limited studies exploring the relationship between physical activity (PA), cognitive function, and the brain processing characteristics in healthy older adults. Methods A total of 41 participants (42.7 ± 20.5 years, 56.1% males) were included in the data analysis. The International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form was used to assess PA levels, and the Chinese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic and the Flanker task were employed to evaluate cognitive function. Furthermore, fMRI technology was utilized to examine brain activation patterns. Results The cognitive function of the older adults was found to be significantly lower compared to the young adults. Within the older adults, those with high levels of PA exhibited significantly higher cognitive function than those with low and medium PA levels. The fMRI data showed significant differences in brain activation patterns among young adults across the different PA levels. However, such difference was not observed among older adults. Conclusion A decline in cognitive function was observed among older adults. There was a significant correlation between the levels of PA and cognitive function in healthy older adults. The study demonstrated significant effects of PA levels on brain activation patterns in inhibitory control-related regions among young adults, while not significant among older adults. The findings suggest that neurological mechanisms driving the relationship between PA and cognitive function may differ between older and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huiqi Song
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Qichen Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Jin
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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Schaub AC, Meyer M, Tschopp A, Wagner A, Lang UE, Walter M, Colledge F, Schmidt A. Brain alterations in individuals with exercise dependence: A multimodal neuroimaging investigation. J Behav Addict 2024; 13:565-575. [PMID: 38842943 PMCID: PMC11220813 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2024.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise dependence (ED) is characterised by behavioural and psychological symptoms that resemble those of substance use disorders. However, it remains inconclusive whether ED is accompanied by similar brain alterations as seen in substance use disorders. Therefore, we investigated brain alterations in individuals with ED and inactive control participants. Methods In this cross-sectional neuroimaging investigation, 29 individuals with ED as assessed with the Exercise Dependence Scale (EDS) and 28 inactive control participants (max one hour exercising per week) underwent structural and functional resting-state magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Group differences were explored using voxel-based morphometry and functional connectivity analyses. Analyses were restricted to the striatum, amygdala, and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Exploratory analyses tested whether relationships between brain structure and function were differently related to EDS subscales among groups. Results No structural differences were found between the two groups. However, right IFG and bilateral putamen volumes were differently related to the EDS subscales "time" and "tolerance", respectively, between the two groups. Resting-state functional connectivity was increased from right IFG to right superior parietal lobule in individuals with ED compared to inactive control participants. Furthermore, functional connectivity of the angular gyrus to the left IFG and bilateral caudate showed divergent relationships to the EDS subscale "tolerance" among groups. Discussion The findings suggest that ED may be accompanied by alterations in cognition-related brain structures, but also functional changes that may drive compulsive habitual behaviour. Further prospective studies are needed to disentangle beneficial and detrimental brain effects of ED.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maximilian Meyer
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amos Tschopp
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aline Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Undine E. Lang
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Walter
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Psychiatric Services Aargau, Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Flora Colledge
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Switzerland
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Rodrigues A, Antunes H, Sabino B, Sousa D, Correia AL, Alves R, Lopes H. The Effect of Physical Activity Levels on Cognitive Performance: Research in Portuguese Adolescents. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:146. [PMID: 38921840 PMCID: PMC11209043 DOI: 10.3390/sports12060146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The literature unequivocally acknowledges the numerous health benefits that physical activity (PA) provides. However, in other variables, such as cognitive performance (CP), the PA characteristics required to elicit favorable benefits remain controversial, particularly among adolescents. The aim was to investigate the evolution of CP in adolescents over the school year, as well as the role of regular PA levels. The study included 366 adolescents (boys n = 154), between 12 and 20 years old (15.46 ± 1.63), from middle school (n = 123) and high school (n = 243). CP was assessed through a face-to-face interview employing the Cognitive Telephone Screening Instrument. The variation in CP (∆CP) was determined by the difference between the value of the final assessment (end of the school year) and the initial assessment (start of the school year). PA was assessed using accelerometry (ActiGraph GT3X+). The CP score improved from the initial to the final assessment (37.80 ± 9.26 vs. 40.45 ± 10.05) (t = -6.135; p < 0.001; Glass's Delta = 0.37. Multiple linear regression revealed that age (ß = -0.332; t = -4.255; p < 0.001) and high-intensity PA (ß = 0.283; t = 3.627; p < 0.001) accounted for 17.2% of the variation in ∆CP. CP improved significantly over the school year, emphasizing the significance of age and vigorous PA in ∆CP in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodrigues
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (A.R.); (H.A.); (D.S.); (A.L.C.); (R.A.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hélio Antunes
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (A.R.); (H.A.); (D.S.); (A.L.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Bebiana Sabino
- Higher School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal;
- SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, 4900-367 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Duarte Sousa
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (A.R.); (H.A.); (D.S.); (A.L.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Ana Luísa Correia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (A.R.); (H.A.); (D.S.); (A.L.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Ricardo Alves
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (A.R.); (H.A.); (D.S.); (A.L.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Hélder Lopes
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal; (A.R.); (H.A.); (D.S.); (A.L.C.); (R.A.)
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Noh K, Baumgartner NW, Onbasi SI, Kao SC. The relationship of aerobic fitness with verbal and spatial working memory: An ERP study. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2024; 286:211-234. [PMID: 38876576 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) plays an important role in daily life and is known to correlated with aerobic fitness. However, whether the relationship between aerobic fitness and WM is dependent on the stimulus modality or is associated with one or multiple subprocesses involved in WM remains unknown. Accordingly, this study utilized event-related potentials (ERPs) to comprehensively examine the encoding, preparation, and retrieval processes during verbal and spatial WM performance. Eighty-eight young adults aged 18-30years were recruited to participate in two laboratory visits on separate days. On day 1, aerobic fitness was assessed by maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) during a treadmill-based graded exercise test. On day 2, participants completed verbal and spatial WM tasks while P2, contingent negative voltage (CNV), and P3 components of ERP were recorded during the encoding, preparatory, and retrieval stages of WM, respectively. Results of hierarchical regression analysis showed that V˙O2max was positively correlated with response accuracy during the high-demanding condition of spatial WM after controlling for age, sex, and self-reported physical activity. Additionally, a higher level of V˙O2max was associated with larger terminal CNV amplitude at the Cz electrode during the high-demanding condition of spatial WM. These findings suggest that aerobic fitness may have selective beneficial associations with the motor preparatory process and subsequent task performance requiring a greater amount of spatial information but not the encoding and retrieval stages nor the verbal modality of WM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmin Noh
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Nicholas W Baumgartner
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Salim Ibrahim Onbasi
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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O'Brien MW, Bray NW, Quirion I, Ahmadi S, Faivre P, Gallant F, Gagnon C, Sénéchal M, Dupuy O, Bélanger M, Mekari S. Association between changes in habitual stepping activity and cognition in older adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8003. [PMID: 38580840 PMCID: PMC10997579 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58833-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Advancing age is associated with declines in cognitive function. Although physical activity is thought to protect against this decline, it is unclear how a short-term uptake in daily steps or a decline in day-to-day step variability may contribute to cognition among older adults. We tested associations between changes in step counts, day-to-day step variability and executive cognitive functions among older adults taking part in a physical activity intervention. Thirty-seven older adults (33 females; 71.4 ± 6.3 years) completed a 10-week personalized physical activity intervention. Participants wore a Fitbit to measure daily step counts throughout the study. They also completed a computerized Stroop task before and after the intervention. Average step counts and step count variability via average-real-variability (ARV) were determined. Compared to pre-intervention, step counts increased (p < 0.001) and step variability decreased post-intervention (p = 0.04). Models describing the changes in step counts and ARV over the 10-weeks were cubic (both, p < 0.04). Reaction times during the simple (p = 0.002) and switching (p = 0.04) conditions were faster post-intervention. Change in step variability was positively associated with the change in reaction time for the switching condition (β = 0.029, p = 0.002). On average, a reduction in day-to-day step variability was associated with improvements in cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles W O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Formation Médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, Canada
| | - Nick W Bray
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Isadora Quirion
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Formation Médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, Canada
| | - Shirko Ahmadi
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
- Centre de Formation Médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, Canada.
| | - Pierre Faivre
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Francois Gallant
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Formation Médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Vitalité Health Network, Moncton, Canada
| | - Caroline Gagnon
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Formation Médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, Canada
| | - Martin Sénéchal
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, Canada
- Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyle Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Mathieu Bélanger
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Formation Médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, Canada
| | - Said Mekari
- Department of Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de Formation Médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, Canada
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Turnquist BE, MacIver PH, Katzel LI, Waldstein SR. Interactive Relations of Body Mass Index, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Sex to Cognitive Function in Older Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2024:acae018. [PMID: 38486431 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The course of cognitive aging is influenced by multiple health factors. This cross-sectional study investigated the interactive relations between body mass index (BMI), maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), and sex on neuropsychological outcomes in community-dwelling predominantly older adults. METHODS Participants were 164 healthy adults [M (SD) = 64.6 (12.5) years, 56% men, 87% white] who participated in an investigation of cardiovascular risk factors and brain health. Multivariable regression analysis, adjusted for age, education, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and depression, examined the interactive relations of BMI, VO2max, and sex to multiple neuropsychological outcomes. RESULTS Significant BMI*VO2max*sex interactions for Grooved Pegboard dominant (p = .019) and nondominant (p = .005) hands revealed that men with lower VO2max (l/min) displayed worse performance with each hand as BMI increased (p's < .02). A significant BMI*sex interaction for Logical Memory-Delayed Recall (p = .036) (after adjustment for blood glucose) showed that men, but not women, with higher BMI demonstrated worse performance (p = .036). Lastly, significant main effects indicated that lower VO2max was related to poorer logical memory, and higher BMI was associated with poorer Trail Making B and Stroop interference scores (p's < .05). CONCLUSIONS Among men, higher cardiorespiratory fitness may protect against the negative impact of greater BMI on manual dexterity and motor speed, making VO2max a target for intervention. Higher BMI is further associated with poorer executive function and verbal memory (in men), and lower VO2max is associated with poorer verbal memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Eric Turnquist
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter H MacIver
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Leslie I Katzel
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shari R Waldstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Wang H, Pei Z, Liu Y. Effects of square dance exercise on cognitive function in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment: the mediating role of balance ability and executive function. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:156. [PMID: 38360628 PMCID: PMC10870555 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04714-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Square dancing is a kind of aerobic fitness exercise without environmental restrictions that yields many benefits for physical and mental health; this exercise is popular among middle-aged and elderly people in China and in these populations in other countries. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of square dance exercise on the overall cognitive function of elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and to research its mechanisms. METHODS A total of 60 elderly people with MCI (60-69 years old) without square dance experience were selected and randomly divided into an experimental group (n = 30) and a control group (n = 30). The experimental group participated in square dance exercise for 12 weeks, while the control group maintained their original lifestyle habits. One week before and after the intervention period, the overall cognitive function, physical fitness, and executive function of both groups were measured. RESULTS According to the results, square dance exercise directly improved the overall cognitive function of elderly individuals with MCI and indirectly affected overall cognitive function through the mediating effects of balance ability and executive function. CONCLUSIONS Square dance exercise represents a nonpharmacological intervention for the prevention and treatment of MCI. Importantly, it is best to combine this exercise with other forms of physical exercise and comprehensive treatment programs such as cognitive training, social interaction, and psychological intervention to realize its maximum effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- College of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, 453007, Xinxiang, China.
| | - Zhengguo Pei
- College of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, 453007, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- College of Physical Education, Henan Normal University, 453007, Xinxiang, China
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O'Brien MW, Bray NW, Quirion I, Ahmadi S, Faivre P, Sénéchal M, Dupuy O, Bélanger M, Mekari S. Frailty is associated with worse executive function and higher cerebral blood velocity in cognitively healthy older adults: a cross-sectional study. GeroScience 2024; 46:597-607. [PMID: 37880489 PMCID: PMC10828331 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00991-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Frailty is characterized by an increased vulnerability to adverse health events. Executive function impairment is an early sign of progression towards cognitive impairments. Whether frailty is associated with executive function and the associated mechanisms are unclear. We test the hypothesis that higher frailty is associated with worse executive function (Trail Making Test) and if aerobic fitness, prefrontal cortex oxygenation (ΔO2Hb), or middle-cerebral artery velocity (MCAv) impact this association. Forty-one (38 females) cognitively health older adults (70.1 ± 6.3 years) completed a Trail task and 6-min walk test. Prefrontal cortex oxygenation was measured during the Trail task (via functional near-infrared spectroscopy) and MCAv in a sub-sample (n=26, via transcranial Doppler). A 35-item frailty index was used. Frailty was independently, non-linearly related to trail B performance (Frailty2: β=1927 [95% CI: 321-3533], p = 0.02), with the model explaining 22% of the variance of trail B time (p = 0.02). Aerobic fitness was an independent predictor of trail B (β=-0.05 [95% CI: -0.10-0.004], p = 0.04), but age and ΔO2Hb were not (both, p > 0.78). Frailty was positively associated with the difference between trails B and A (β=105 [95% CI: 24-186], p = 0.01). Frailty was also associated with a higher peak MCAv (ρ = 0.40, p = 0.04), but lower ΔO2Hb-peakMCAv ratio (ρ = -0.44, p = 0.02). Higher frailty levels are associated to worse Trail times after controlling for age, aerobic fitness, and prefrontal oxygenation. High frailty level may disproportionately predispose older adults to challenges performing executive function tasks that may manifest early as a compensatory higher MCAv despite worse executive function, and indicate a greater risk of progressing to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles W O'Brien
- School of Physiotherapy (Faculty of Health) and Department of Medicine (Faculty of Medicine), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Geriatric Medicine Research, Dalhousie University & Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Nick W Bray
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Isadora Quirion
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, Canada
| | - Shirko Ahmadi
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, Canada
| | - Pierre Faivre
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, Canada
- Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Martin Sénéchal
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
- Cardiometabolic Exercise & Lifestyle Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Mathieu Bélanger
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, Canada
| | - Said Mekari
- Department of Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
- Centre de formation médicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Université de Sherbrooke, Moncton, Canada.
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9
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Liu XX, Huang PH, Wang YJ, Gao Y. Effects of Aerobic Exercise Combined With Attentional Bias Modification in the Care of Male Patients With a Methamphetamine Use Disorder. J Addict Nurs 2024; 35:E2-E14. [PMID: 38574107 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It remains unclear which individual or combined strategies are most beneficial for methamphetamine use disorders (MUDs). We compared the effects of aerobic exercise, attentional bias modification, and combined intervention on male patients with MUD. METHOD One hundred male patients with MUD were randomly assigned to combined intervention, aerobic exercise, attentional bias modification, or control groups (25 patients per group). The 8-week intervention protocol included three 60-minute sessions of aerobic exercises per week. Primary outcomes included high- and low-frequency heart rate variability, executive function, and cardiorespiratory fitness measured by customized software, computerized tests, and the Harvard step test, respectively. Secondary outcomes included psychiatric symptoms, drug craving, training acceptability, and persistence. RESULTS Participant characteristics were matched between groups at baseline. Executive function, heart rate variability, cardiorespiratory fitness, drug craving, and most psychiatric symptoms had significant time-group interactions at posttest (p < .05, η2 = .08-.28). Compared with the attentional bias modification and control groups, the combined intervention and aerobic exercise groups improved significantly in executive function, heart rate variability, cardiorespiratory fitness, and most secondary outcomes. In addition, high-frequency heart rate variability and cardiorespiratory fitness in the aerobic exercise group were significantly higher than those in the combined intervention group. CONCLUSIONS Combination strategies showed comparable efficacy to aerobic exercise alone in improving executive function, psychiatric symptoms, and drug craving and significantly exceeded other conditions. For heart rate variability and cardiorespiratory fitness, aerobic exercise alone was the most effective. For acceptability and persistence, combination strategies were preferred over single-domain training and health education intervention.
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Won J, Zaborszky L, Purcell JJ, Ranadive SM, Gentili RJ, Smith JC. Basal forebrain functional connectivity as a mediator of associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognition in healthy older women. Brain Imaging Behav 2023; 17:571-583. [PMID: 37273101 PMCID: PMC11005819 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-023-00784-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related cholinergic dysfunction within the basal forebrain (BF) is one of the key hallmarks for age-related cognitive decline. Given that higher cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) induces neuroprotective effects that may differ by sex, we investigated the moderating effects of sex on the associations between CRF, BF cholinergic function, and cognitive function in older adults. 176 older adults (68.5 years) were included from the Nathan Kline Institute Rockland Sample. Functional connectivity (rsFC) of the BF subregions including the medial septal nucleus/diagonal band of Broca (MS/DB) and nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) were computed from resting-sate functional MRI. Modified Astrand-Ryhming submaximal cycle ergometer protocol was used to estimate CRF. Trail making task and inhibition performance during the color word interference test from the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test were used to examine cognitive function. Linear regression models were used to assess the associations between CRF, BF rsFC, and cognitive performance after controlling for age, sex, and years of education. Subsequently, we measured the associations between the variables in men and women separately to investigate the sex differences. There was an association between higher CRF and greater rsFC between the NBM and right middle frontal gyrus in older men and women. There were significant associations between CRF, NBM rsFC, and trail making task number-letter switching performance only in women. In women, greater NBM rsFC mediated the association between higher CRF and better trail making task number-letter switching performance. These findings provide evidence that greater NBM rsFC, particularly in older women, may be an underlying neural mechanism for the relationship between higher CRF and better executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyeon Won
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Laszlo Zaborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jeremy J Purcell
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 2351 SPH Bldg #255, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Rodolphe J Gentili
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 2351 SPH Bldg #255, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - J Carson Smith
- Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 2351 SPH Bldg #255, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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11
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Cristini J, Kraft VS, De Las Heras B, Rodrigues L, Parwanta Z, Hermsdörfer J, Steib S, Roig M. Differential effects of acute cardiovascular exercise on explicit and implicit motor memory: The moderating effects of fitness level. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2023; 205:107846. [PMID: 37865261 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
A single bout of cardiovascular exercise (CE) performed after practice can facilitate the consolidation of motor memory. However, the effect is variable and may be modulated by different factors such as the motor task's or participant's characteristics and level of awareness during encoding (implicit vs explicit learning). This study examines the effects of acute CE on the consolidation of motor sequences learned explicitly and implicitly, exploring the potential moderating effect of fitness level and awareness. Fifty-six healthy adults (24.1 ± 3.3 years, 32 female) were recruited. After practicing with either the implicit or explicit variant of the Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT), participants either performed a bout of 16 min of vigorous CE or rested for the same amount of time. Consolidation was quantified as the change in SRTT performance from the end of practice to a 24 h retention test. Fitness level (V̇O2peak) was determined through a graded exercise test. Awareness (implicit vs explicit learning) was operationalized using a free recall test conducted immediately after retention. Our primary analysis indicated that CE had no statistically significant effects on consolidation, regardless of the SRTT's variant utilized during practice. However, an exploratory analysis, classifying participants based on the level of awareness gained during motor practice, showed that CE negatively influenced consolidation in unfit participants who explicitly acquired the motor sequence. Our findings indicate that fitness level and awareness in sequence acquisition can modulate the interaction between CE and motor memory consolidation. These factors should be taken into account when assessing the effects of CE on motor memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cristini
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - V S Kraft
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - B De Las Heras
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - L Rodrigues
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Z Parwanta
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Hermsdörfer
- Chair of Human Movement Science, Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S Steib
- Department of Exercise, Training and Active Aging, Institute of Sport and Sport Science, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Roig
- Memory and Motor Rehabilitation Laboratory (MEMORY-LAB), Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Montreal Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation (CRIR), Laval, Quebec, Canada; School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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12
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Feng ZT, Mao ZX, Liu FB, Ou XW. Time course efficiency of MICE and HIIE on inhibitory control and HRV in adolescents with obesity and different cardiorespiratory fitness. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1242190. [PMID: 37663339 PMCID: PMC10470641 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1242190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescent obesity is associated with impaired inhibitory control. Acute exercise can improve executive function. However, due to the influence of exercise intensity, cognitive test timing, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) level, the most effective exercise program remains controversial. Methods The current study investigated the time-course effects of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on inhibitory control (Stroop) and task-related heart rate variability (HRV) in adolescents with different CF. A mixed experimental design of 2 CF levels (high CF, HCF; low CF, LCF) × 3 exercise methods (MICE, HIIE, CON) × 3 test timing (pre, post-0, post-20) was adopted. Heart rate variability (HRV) and Stroop task tests were conducted before exercise (pre), immediately after exercise (post-0), and 20 min after exercise (post-20). Results Individuals with HCF exhibited a positive decrease in Stroop response time immediately and 20 min after MICE and HIIE, compared to pretest response times (RT). Conversely, individuals with LCF showed a slight increase in Stroop task (RT) only immediately after HIIE. All individuals had a slight increase in ACC after MICE and HIIE compared to before exercise. In addition, compared with the control group, the time-domain index (the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals, RMSSD) of HRV was significantly decreased, the frequency-domain index (the absolute power of the Low-Frequency band/the absolute power of the High-Frequency band ratio, LF/HF) was significantly increased after MICE and HIIE, and the effect of HIIE on RMSSD and LF/HF was significantly greater than that of MICE. Conclusion The current study found that the acute effects of MICE and HIIE on inhibitory control in obese adolescents were influenced by the interaction of cognitive test timing and cardiorespiratory fitness. Individuals with high cardiorespiratory fitness performed better on the Stroop task than individuals with low cardiorespiratory fitness. The inhibitory control of HIIE in high-cardiorespiratory obese adolescents produced positive effects similar to those in MICE but more lasting, suggesting that HIIE is more beneficial for high-cardiorespiratory obese adolescents. MICE promoted inhibitory control in obese adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness, but HIIE impaired inhibitory control in obese adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness immediately after exercise, suggesting that low cardiopulmonary fitness obese adolescents may be suitable for MICE rather than HIIE exercise intervention. The shift from balanced HRV to sympathetic dominance after acute exercise reflects increased arousal levels and may be one of the underlying mechanisms by which acute exercise brings benefits to executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Tao Feng
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Rizhao, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Mao
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Bo Liu
- School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ou
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Rizhao, China
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13
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Liu B, Yu J, Wu J, Qin Y, Xiao W, Ren Z. Runners with better cardiorespiratory fitness had higher prefrontal cortex activity during both single and exercise-executive function dual tasks: an fNIRS study. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1246741. [PMID: 37645567 PMCID: PMC10461451 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1246741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study investigated the relationship between executive function and prefrontal cortex oxygenation during exercise in young adults with different Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) levels. Methods: A total of 28 amateur runners (n = 14) and sedentary college students (n = 14) were recruited. The maximum oxygen uptake estimated for the sub-maximal intensity run (4.97 miles/h) was used to indicate the different CRF levels. After 1 week, participants must complete the Stroop and 2-Back tasks in silence while performing moderate-intensity exercise. Using 19-channel functional near-infrared spectroscopic (fNIRS) to examine changes in prefrontal cortex oxyhemoglobin. Results: There was no significant difference in the correctness of the Stroop and 2-Back tasks between the two groups during exercise, but the amateur runner group showed an acceleration in reaction time. fNIRS results showed that during the exercise 2-Back task, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex oxyhemoglobin was higher in the amateur runner group than in the sedentary group. Conclusion: Executive function during exercise was similarly improved in participants with better fitness, suggesting that CRF provides an excellent metabolic reserve and directed allocation for cognitive tasks during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Liu
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingxuan Yu
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jinlong Wu
- College of Physical Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yifan Qin
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wen Xiao
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhanbing Ren
- College of Physical Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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Kim K, Choi J, Lee O, Lim J, Kim J. The Effects of Body Composition, Physical Fitness on Time of Useful Consciousness in Hypobaric Hypoxia. Mil Med 2023; 188:e2082-e2088. [PMID: 36583703 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several previous studies have reported that hypoxia accidents of fighter pilots are rarer than gravity-induced loss of consciousness and spatial disorientation; however, the risk is greater. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and body composition on time of useful consciousness (TUC) in hypobaric hypoxia. MATERIALS AND METHODS Body composition and physical fitness testing on human participants were performed; subsequently, they were exposed to hypobaric hypoxia at a simulated altitude of 25,000 ft. Cognitive testing of the participants was accomplished by having them perform arithmetic task tables until they stopped writing for a period exceeding 5 seconds, at which point, they were placed on 100% oxygen. TUC was measured from the time the participants removed their oxygen masks to the time when the oxygen masks were placed back on them. Pearson's correlation was used to determine the relationship between TUC and other variables, and multiple regression was performed to determine the independent variables that best explain the TUC. RESULTS TUC was positively correlated with the maximum oxygen uptake, stroke volume, arteriovenous oxygen difference, and endurance (sit-up and push-up). The maximum heart rate on the ground, high altitude, body fat mass, and percent body fat were negatively correlated with TUC. A regression analysis showed that 84.5% of the TUC can be explained by body composition and physical fitness. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed that increased cardiorespiratory fitness and decreased body fat mass could significantly impact the TUC. Therefore, for Air Force pilots who are frequently at high altitudes and at risk for exposure to hypoxia, aerobic exercise is significant to hypoxia tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keunsoo Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Korea Air Force Academy, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28187, Korea
| | - Jean Choi
- Department of Physical Education, Korea Air Force Academy, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28187, Korea
| | - On Lee
- Korea Institute of Sports Science, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01794, Korea
| | - Jungjun Lim
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jungwoon Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Korea Air Force Academy, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28187, Korea
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15
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Wong YP, Yang H. The influence of subjective socioeconomic status on executive functions in middle-aged and older adults. NEUROPSYCHOLOGY, DEVELOPMENT, AND COGNITION. SECTION B, AGING, NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2023; 30:505-522. [PMID: 35354363 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2022.2055738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Subjective socioeconomic status (SES) has been shown to influence both psychological and biological outcomes. However, less is known about whether its influence extends to cognitive outcomes. We examined the relation between subjective SES and executive functions (EF)-a set of cognitive control processes-and its underlying mechanisms. By analyzing a nationally representative cohort of middle-aged and older adults (age 40-80) from the MIDUS 2 National Survey and Cognitive Project, we tested a serial mediation model with sense of control and health as sequential mediators. Using structural equation modeling, we found that subjective SES is indirectly related to EF via sense of control and health, above and beyond objective SES and other key covariates. Our study highlights one of the possible biopsychosocial mechanisms that underlies the relation between status-related subjective perceptions of inequalities and executive functioning skills in middle and late adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ping Wong
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University Singapore Singapore
| | - Hwajin Yang
- School of Social Sciences, Singapore Management University Singapore Singapore
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16
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Ogrodnik M, Karsan S, Cirone V, Heisz JJ. Exploring the Relationship between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Executive Functioning in Adults with ADHD. Brain Sci 2023; 13:673. [PMID: 37190638 PMCID: PMC10136722 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Associations between measures of executive functioning (EF) and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) were examined for adults with and without ADHD. METHOD Measures of executive functioning including the Stroop task, Wisconsin Card Sorting task, and Operation Span Task were completed virtually (n = 36 ADHD; n = 36 Control). Participants completed the Six-Minute Walk Test to estimate CRF. RESULTS Mean performance measures of executive function did not differ by group. However, higher estimated CRF was associated with better Stroop task performance, and the association was strongest for individuals with ADHD. CONCLUSION In adults with ADHD, higher estimated CRF was associated with better inhibitory control, but not with other measures of executive functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ogrodnik
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Faculty of Health, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sameena Karsan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Victoria Cirone
- Department of Physical Therapy, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, The Centre for Aging SMART, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V1Y 1T3, Canada
| | - Jennifer J. Heisz
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada
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Effect of the Level of Physical Activity on Prefrontal Cortex Hemodynamics in Older Adults During Single- and Dual-Task Walking. J Aging Phys Act 2023; 31:96-104. [PMID: 35894956 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2021-0410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine the impact of the level of physical activity on prefrontal cortex activation in older adults during single- and dual-task walking. Thirty physically inactive and 36 active older adults (60-85 years old) performed six 2-min tasks on a treadmill: two static cognitive tasks, two single-task walking tests, and two dual-task walking tests. Hemodynamics at the level of the prefrontal cortex were measured continuously using functional near-infrared spectroscopy to evaluate cortical activation. The perceived difficulty of the task, cognitive performance, and gait parameters were also measured. During the walking tasks, the level of prefrontal cortex activation, the perceived difficulty of the task, cognitive performance, and motor parameters were not significantly different between active and inactive older adults. This unchanged activation with physical activity was likely the consequence of a similar motor and cognitive load and cardiorespiratory fitness in both active and inactive older adults.
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18
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McIntyre CC, Gaitán JM, Edmunds KJ, Lose SR, Bendlin BB, Sager M, Asthana S, Johnson SC, Okonkwo OC. Insulin Homeostasis Mediates the Relationship Between Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cognitive Speed in Aging Adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 93:577-584. [PMID: 37066914 PMCID: PMC10324047 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) supports cognition, though it is unclear what mechanisms underly this relationship. Insulin resistance adversely affects cognition but can be reduced with habitual exercise. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether insulin resistance statistically mediates the relationship between CRF and cognition. METHODS In our observational study, we included n = 1,131 cognitively unimpaired, nondiabetic older adults from a cohort characterized by elevated Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. We estimated CRF (eCRF) using a validated equation that takes age, sex, body mass index, resting heart rate, and habitual physical activity as inputs. The Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) quantified insulin resistance. Standardized cognitive factor scores for cognitive speed/flexibility, working memory, verbal learning/memory, and immediate memory were calculated from a battery of neuropsychological tests. Linear regression models and bootstrapped estimates of indirect effects were used to determine whether HOMA-IR mediated significant relationships between eCRF and cognition. RESULTS eCRF was positively associated with cognitive speed/flexibility (p = 0.034). When controlling for HOMA-IR, eCRF was no longer associated with cognitive speed/flexibility (p = 0.383). HOMA-IR had a significant indirect effect on the eCRF-cognition relationship (B = 0.025, CI = [0.003,0.051]). eCRF was not associated with working memory (p = 0.236), immediate memory (p = 0.345), or verbal learning/memory (p = 0.650). CONCLUSION Among older adults at risk for AD, peripheral insulin resistance mediates the relationship between CRF and cognitive speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton C. McIntyre
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
- Department of Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101
| | - Julian M. Gaitán
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Kyle J. Edmunds
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Sarah R. Lose
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Barbara B. Bendlin
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Mark Sager
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Sterling C. Johnson
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
| | - Ozioma C. Okonkwo
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
- Wisconsin Alzheimer’s Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53792
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The impact of a short-period head-down tilt on executive function in younger adults. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20888. [PMID: 36463320 PMCID: PMC9719537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25123-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Microgravity has been shown to be a significant stressor on the cardiovascular system and the brain due to the redistribution of fluids that occurs in the absence of gravitational force, but there is scarce literature surrounding the effects of microgravity on cerebral hemodynamics and cognition. Understanding the early effects that simulated gravity has on cognitive function is essential for developing proper physical and cognitive countermeasures to assure safe and effective cognitive/decisions making while astronauts prepare for the initial launch or when they arrive in a microgravity environment. Therefore, this study aims to determine how an acute simulation of microgravity would alter cerebral oxygenation and executive functions. Sixty-five young healthy participants (22 ± 6 years, 21 females) completed a thirty (30) minute horizontal (00 tilt) followed by a 90-min - 6° head-down-tilt (HDT) protocol. Cerebral oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex was monitored throughout the testing session using near-infrared spectroscopy. Cognition was also measured using a computerized Stroop Task. Our results demonstrate that cerebral oxygenation was higher during HDT compared to the horizontal supine position (9.11 ± 1.3 vs. 7.51 ± 1.8, p = 0.02). For the cognitive results, the non-executive performance of the Stroop task remained stable during HDT (652.46 ± 19.3 vs. 632.49 ± 14.5, p = 0.09). However, reaction time during the executive task performance was improved after the HDT (1058 ± 195-950 ± 158 ms, p < 0.01). Our results suggest that an acute bout of simulated microgravity can enhance executive functioning.
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Chen Y, Wan A, Mao M, Sun W, Song Q, Mao D. Tai Chi practice enables prefrontal cortex bilateral activation and gait performance prioritization during dual-task negotiating obstacle in older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1000427. [PMID: 36466597 PMCID: PMC9716214 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1000427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With aging, the cognitive function of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) declined, postural control weakened, and fall risk increased. As a mind-body exercise, regular Tai Chi practice could improve postural control and effectively prevent falls; however, underlying brain mechanisms remained unclear, which were shed light on by analyzing the effect of Tai Chi on the PFC in older adults by means of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). METHODS 36 healthy older adults without Tai Chi experience were divided randomly into Tai Chi group and Control group. The experiment was conducted four times per week for 16 weeks; 27 participants remained and completed the experiment. Negotiating obstacle task (NOT) and negotiating obstacle with cognitive task (NOCT) were performed pre- and post-intervention, and Brodmann area 10 (BA10) was detected using fNIRS for hemodynamic response. A three-dimensional motion capture system measured walking speed. RESULTS After intervention in the Tai Chi group under NOCT, the HbO2 concentration change value (ΔHbO2) in BA10 was significantly greater (right BA10: p = 0.002, left BA10: p = 0.001), walking speed was significantly faster (p = 0.040), and dual-task cost was significantly lower than pre-intervention (p = 0.047). ΔHbO2 in BA10 under NOCT was negatively correlated with dual-task cost (right BA10: r = -0.443, p = 0.021, left BA10: r = -0.448, p = 0.019). There were strong negative correlations between ΔHbO2 and ΔHbR under NOCT either pre-intervention (left PFC r = -0.841, p < 0.001; right PFC r = -0.795, p < 0.001) or post-intervention (left PFC r = -0.842, p < 0.001; right PFC r = -0.744, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Tai Chi practice might increase the cognitive resources in older adults through the PFC bilateral activation to prioritize gait performance during negotiating obstacles under a dual-task condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiying Wan
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Min Mao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qipeng Song
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dewei Mao
- College of Sport and Health, Shandong Sport University, Jinan, Shandong, China
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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21
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Zhu Y, Sun F, Tao S, Cooper SB, Gao TY. Association between nutritional status, physical fitness and executive functions in preadolescents: A person-centered approach. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:966510. [PMID: 36324818 PMCID: PMC9618937 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.966510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In the current study, a person-centered approach was adopted to investigate the relationship between nutritional status and physical fitness profiles and executive functions (EF) in preadolescents. Methods Participants (M age = 10.8 years; Male = 50.8%) were recruited from two primary schools in Hong Kong. Nutritional status [body mass index (BMI)], physical fitness including cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF, predicted VO2max, multi-stage fitness test) and speed-agility (20-m sprint) were measured on school days. EF performance was measured using the Flanker task (inhibition) and the Sternberg task (working memory). Results Data from 120 preadolescents were considered valid. Three distinct profiles were identified by a person-centered approach. Profile 1 was featured by high BMI (21.61 ± 3.38 kg/m2), poor VO2max (33.29 ± 23.96 ml/kg/min), and slow 20-m sprint (4.51 ± 0.13 s). Profile 2 was featured by low BMI (15.99 ± 3.38), fair VO2max (44.98 ± 23.96) and fast 20-m sprint (3.97 ± 0.13). Profile 3 was featured by low BMI (15.63 ± 3.38), poor VO2max (32.37 ± 23.96), and slow 20-m sprint (4.48 ± 0.13). Wald chi-square test revealed preadolescents in profile 1 and profile 2 performed better than profile 3 in accuracy of Flanker task (1 vs. 3: χ 2 = 12.23, P < 0.001; 2 vs. 3: χ 2 = 10.86, P = 0.001). That is, for normal weight preadolescents with poor CRF and speed-agility, those with superior nutritional status performed better in inhibition. For normal weight preadolescents with poor nutritional status, those with superior CRF and speed-agility had better inhibitory capacity. Conclusion Compared to the commonly used variable-centered approach, this person-centered approach is a valuable addition that expands the understanding of the association between nutritional status, physical fitness and EF in preadolescents. Results are discussed with regards to maximizing health behaviors and implications for educational policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhu
- Syns Institute of Educational Research, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sisi Tao
- Centre for Information Technology in Education, Faculty of Education, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon B. Cooper
- Exercise / Health Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tian-Yu Gao
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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22
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Yao L, Sun G, Wang J, Hai Y. Effects of Baduanjin imagery and exercise on cognitive function in the elderly: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:968642. [PMID: 36249264 PMCID: PMC9557749 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.968642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Cognitive function is essential in ensuring the quality of life of the elderly. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Baduanjin imagery and Baduanjin movement (a traditional Chinese health exercise, TCHE) on cognitive function in the elderly using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Methods 72 participants with a mean age of 66.92 years (SD = 4.77) were recruited for this study. The participants were randomly assigned to three groups: the Baduanjin imagery, the Baduanjin exercise, and the Control. Stroop task was used to record the accuracy and reaction times, and a near-infrared spectral brain imaging system was used to monitor the brain's oxy-hemoglobin concentration responses. Results (1) For the reaction times of Stroop incongruent tasks, the main effect of the test phase (F = 114.076, p < 0.001) and the interaction effect between test phase and group (F = 10.533, p < 0.001) were all significant. The simple effect analysis further demonstrated that the reaction times of the Baduanjin imagery group and Baduanjin exercise group in the post-test was faster than that in the pre-test (ps < 0.001); (2) Analysis of fNIRS data showed the significant interaction effect (F = 2.554, p = 0.013) between the test phase and group in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Further analysis showed that, during the post-test incongruent tasks, the oxy-Hb variations were significantly higher in participants of the Baduanjin imagery group (p = 0.005) and Baduanjin exercise group (p = 0.002) than in the control group; For the right inferior frontal gyrus, the interaction between the test phase and group was significant (F = 2.060, p = 0.044). Further analysis showed that, during the post-test incongruent tasks, the oxy-Hb variations were significantly higher in participants of the Baduanjin imagery group than in the control group (p = 0.001). Conclusion Baduanjin imagery and exercise positively affect cognitive performance; Baduanjin imagery and exercise activated the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; Baduanjin imagery activated the right inferior frontal gyrus, while Baduanjin exercise could not.
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Pellegrini-Laplagne M, Dupuy O, Sosner P, Bosquet L. Effect of simultaneous exercise and cognitive training on executive functions, baroreflex sensitivity, and pre-frontal cortex oxygenation in healthy older adults: a pilot study. GeroScience 2022; 45:119-140. [PMID: 35881301 PMCID: PMC9315336 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is characterized by cognitive decline affecting daily functioning. To manage this socio-economic challenge, several non-pharmacological methods such as physical, cognitive, and combined training are proposed. Although there is an important interest in this subject, the literature is still heterogeneous. The superiority of simultaneous training compared to passive control and physical training alone seems clear but very few studies compared simultaneous training to cognitive training alone. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of simultaneous exercise and cognitive training on several cognitive domains in healthy older adults, in comparison with either training alone. Thirty-five healthy older adults were randomized into one of three experimental groups: exercise training, cognitive training, and simultaneous exercise and cognitive training. The protocol involved two 30-min sessions per week for 24 weeks. Cognitive performance in several domains, pre-frontal cortex oxygenation, and baroreflex sensitivity were assessed before and after the intervention. All groups improved executive performance, including flexibility or working memory. We found a group by time interaction for inhibition cost (F(2,28) = 6.44; p < 0.01) and baroreflex sensitivity during controlled breathing (F(2,25) = 4.22; p = 0.01), the magnitude of improvement of each variable being associated (r = -0.39; p = 0.03). We also found a decrease in left and right pre-frontal cortex oxygenation in all groups during the trail making test B. A simultaneous exercise and cognitive training are more efficient than either training alone to improve executive function and baroreflex sensitivity. The results of this study may have important clinical repercussions by allowing to optimize the interventions designed to maintain the physical and cognitive health of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Pellegrini-Laplagne
- grid.11166.310000 0001 2160 6368Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculté des sciences du sport, Université de Poitiers, 8 allée Jean Monnet – TSA 31113 – 96073 Poitiers cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculté des sciences du sport, Université de Poitiers, 8 allée Jean Monnet - TSA 31113 - 96073 Poitiers cedex 9, Poitiers, France. .,School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences (EKSAP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Phillipe Sosner
- grid.11166.310000 0001 2160 6368Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculté des sciences du sport, Université de Poitiers, 8 allée Jean Monnet – TSA 31113 – 96073 Poitiers cedex 9, Poitiers, France ,Mon Stade, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- grid.11166.310000 0001 2160 6368Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculté des sciences du sport, Université de Poitiers, 8 allée Jean Monnet – TSA 31113 – 96073 Poitiers cedex 9, Poitiers, France ,grid.14848.310000 0001 2292 3357School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences (EKSAP), Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Jeon S, Lee S, Charles ST. Not Just How Much, But How Many: Overall and Domain-Specific Activity Variety and Cognitive Functioning in Adulthood. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2022; 77:1229-1239. [PMID: 35291012 PMCID: PMC9255927 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbac053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Active lifestyles are related to higher levels of cognitive functioning. Fewer studies have examined the importance of engaging in different activities (activity variety) for cognitive functioning. Moreover, it is unclear whether activity variety in specific domains (i.e., cognitive, physical, or social) is important for cognitive health. The current study examined whether overall activity variety as well as variety in specific domains relate to cognitive functioning. METHODS In Waves 2 and 3 of the Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, 3,337 adults reported their activity engagement and completed a cognitive battery. For longitudinal analyses, 2,049 participants were classified into 4 groups based on their rank ordering of activity variety across 9 years (remained high, increased, decreased, or remained low). RESULTS Cross-sectional analyses revealed that overall activity variety was related to higher cognitive functioning over and above activity frequency; physical and social activity variety each contributed significantly and uniquely to this association. Longitudinal analyses revealed that those with consistently low overall activity variety at both waves had lower cognitive functioning at Wave 3 than those with high activity variety at either wave, after adjusting for cognitive functioning at Wave 2. Those with consistently high or increasing social activity variety had higher cognitive functioning at Wave 3 than participants with low activity variety at both waves. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that activity variety, particularly in the social domain, is related to concurrent and future cognitive function across adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangha Jeon
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Soomi Lee
- School of Aging Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Susan T Charles
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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25
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Voss MW, Jain S. Getting Fit to Counteract Cognitive Aging: Evidence and Future Directions. Physiology (Bethesda) 2022; 37:0. [PMID: 35001656 PMCID: PMC9191193 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00038.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity has shown tremendous promise for counteracting cognitive aging, but also tremendous variability in cognitive benefits. We describe evidence for how exercise affects cognitive and brain aging, and whether cardiorespiratory fitness is a key factor. We highlight a brain network framework as a valuable paradigm for the mechanistic insight needed to tailor physical activity for cognitive benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle W. Voss
- 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,2Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,3Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Shivangi Jain
- 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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26
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Da Silva JL, Agbangla NF, Le Page C, Ghernout W, Andrieu B. Effects of Chronic Physical Exercise or Multicomponent Exercise Programs on the Mental Health and Cognition of Older Adults Living in a Nursing Home: A Systematic Review of Studies From the Past 10 Years. Front Psychol 2022; 13:888851. [PMID: 35645927 PMCID: PMC9136454 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.888851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Some nursing homes for the elderly provide holistic care that integrates several interventions, including physical exercise. The aim of this systematic review is to summarize the effects of physical exercise or multicomponent exercise programs on the mental health (wellbeing, anxiety and depression) and cognitive functions of older adults with/without dementia who live in a nursing home and do/do not require wheelchair assistance. To this end, PubMed, PsycInfo and Web of Science are using to identify clinical trials and randomized controlled studies conducted during the period January 2011 to December 2021 to examine the progression of research in this field over the past ten years. In total, 2597 articles are identifying and 21 are including in the systematic review. After selecting articles according to the PRISMA standards, the data extraction and methodological quality assessment of the eligible studies are performing individually by two reviewers and then pooled together. The synthesis of the studies shows that physical exercise or multicomponent exercise programs have a beneficial effect on mental health and cognitive functions. However, this effect is more common among older adults without dementia, compared to their counterparts who have dementia or use wheelchairs. The explanatory mechanisms, lack of benefits from physical exercise and the need to standardize methods are discussing in this regard. Finally, future studies must examine the effects of an innovative and adaptive physical activity program on the mental health and cognitive functions of older adults living in nursing homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Leonardo Da Silva
- Institut des Sciences du Sport-Santé de Paris (URP 3625), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Maison de Retraite Villa Jules Janin, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Jason Leonardo Da Silva
| | - Nounagnon Frutueux Agbangla
- Institut des Sciences du Sport-Santé de Paris (URP 3625), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory URePSSS – SHERPAS (ULR 7369), Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Lille, UFR STAPS, Liévin, France
- Nounagnon Frutueux Agbangla
| | - Christine Le Page
- Institut des Sciences du Sport-Santé de Paris (URP 3625), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Bernard Andrieu
- Institut des Sciences du Sport-Santé de Paris (URP 3625), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Acute Effect of a Simultaneous Exercise and Cognitive Task on Executive Functions and Prefrontal Cortex Oxygenation in Healthy Older Adults. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12040455. [PMID: 35447987 PMCID: PMC9027217 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12040455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid increase in population aging and associated age-related cognitive decline requires identifying innovative and effective methods to prevent it. To manage this socio-economic challenge, physical, cognitive, and combined stimulations are proposed. The superiority of simultaneous training compared to passive control and physical training alone seems to be an efficient method, but very few studies assess the acute effect on executive function. This study aimed to investigate the acute effect of simultaneous physical and cognitive exercise on executive functions in healthy older adults, in comparison with either training alone. Seventeen healthy older adults performed three experimental conditions in randomized order: physical exercise, cognitive exercise, and simultaneous physical and cognitive exercise. The protocol involved a 30 min exercise duration at 60% of theoretical maximal heart rate or 30 min of cognitive exercise or both. Executive functions measured by the Stroop task and pre-frontal cortex oxygenation were assessed before and after the intervention. We found a main effect of time on executive function and all experimental condition seems to improve inhibition and flexibility scores (<0.05). We also found a decrease in cerebral oxygenation (Δ[HbO2]) in both hemispheres after each intervention in all cognitive performance assessed (p < 0.05). Simultaneous physical and cognitive exercise is as effective a method as either physical or cognitive exercise alone for improving executive function. The results of this study may have important clinical repercussions by allowing to optimize the interventions designed to maintain the cognitive health of older adults since simultaneous provide a time-efficient strategy to improve cognitive performance in older adults.
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28
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Salzman T, Dupuy O, Fraser SA. Effects of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on Cerebral Oxygenation in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:838450. [PMID: 35309063 PMCID: PMC8931490 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.838450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Exercise is known to improve cognitive functioning and the cardiorespiratory hypothesis suggests that this is due to the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) level and cerebral oxygenation. The purpose of this systematic review is to consolidate findings from functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies that examined the effect of CRF level on cerebral oxygenation during exercise and cognitive tasks. Methods Medline, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were systematically searched. Studies categorizing CRF level using direct or estimated measures of V̇O2max and studies measuring cerebral oxygenation using oxyhemoglobin ([HbO2]) and deoxyhemoglobin ([HHb]) were included. Healthy young, middle-aged, and older adults were included whereas patient populations and people with neurological disorders were excluded. Results Following PRISMA guidelines, 14 studies were retained following abstract and full-text screening. Cycle ergometer or treadmill tests were used as direct measures of CRF, and one study provided an estimated value using a questionnaire. Seven studies examined the effects of CRF on cerebral oxygenation during exercise and the remaining seven evaluated it during cognitive tasks. Increased [HbO2] in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) was observed during cognitive tasks in higher compared to lower fit individuals. Only one study demonstrated increased [HHb] in the higher fit group. Exercise at submaximal intensities revealed increased [HbO2] in the PFC in higher compared to lower fit groups. Greater PFC [HHb] was also observed in long- vs. short-term trained males but not in females. Primary motor cortex (M1) activation did not differ between groups during a static handgrip test but [HHb] increased beyond maximal intensity in a lower compared to higher fit group. Conclusion Consistent with the cardiorespiratory hypothesis, higher fit young, middle-aged, and older adults demonstrated increased cerebral oxygenation compared to lower fit groups. Future research should implement randomized controlled trials to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions that improve CRF and cerebral oxygenation longitudinally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Salzman
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratory MOVE, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences (EKSAP), University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sarah Anne Fraser
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Sarah Anne Fraser,
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Okoye EC, Onwuakagba IU, Akile CC, Okonkwo UP, Akosile CO, Mgbeojedo UG, Oyewumi TJ, Kubeyinje OS. Social Support, General Self-Efficacy, Fear of Falling, and Physical Activity Among Older Adults in a Middle-Income Country. Gerontol Geriatr Med 2022; 8:23337214221097750. [PMID: 35478850 PMCID: PMC9036325 DOI: 10.1177/23337214221097750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To investigate the levels and interrelationships between fear of falling (FOF), physical activity (PA), social support (SS), and general self-efficacy (GSE) among older adults in a Nigerian community. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey involving 100 older adults (65.0% females; mean age = 74.25 ± 8.01 years) consecutively recruited from Nnewi community. Participants’ FOF, PA, GSE, and SS were assessed using standardized questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Spearman rank order correlation, and structural equation modeling at a 0.05 level of significance. Results: The participants’ mean FOF, PA, GSE, and SS scores were 15.22 ± 7.43 (fearful), 114.76 ± 90.18 (low), 21.64 ± 8.25 (low) and 5.72 ± 1.19 (high) respectively. There were significant correlations between each pair of FOF, PA, GSE, and SS scores of the participants (p < .05). FOF and GSE were significant predictors of PA while GSE and SS were significant predictors of FOF. Conclusion: FOF and SS were high while PA and GSE were low in this sample of Nigerian older adults. Significant correlations existed between FOF, SS, GSE, and PA, with FOF and GSE being predictors of PA while GSE and SS significantly predicted FOF. Measures should be geared towards reducing FOF and improving PA, GSE, and SS in this group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Okoye
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Ifeoma U Onwuakagba
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Cynthia C Akile
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Uchenna P Okonkwo
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Christopher O Akosile
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi, Nigeria
| | - Ukamaka G Mgbeojedo
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Nigeria
| | - Taiwo J Oyewumi
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Oluwaseun S Kubeyinje
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria
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30
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Ferreira SA, Stein AM, Stavinski NGDL, Teixeira DDC, Queiroga MR, Bonini JS. Different types of physical exercise in brain activity of older adults: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2021; 159:111672. [PMID: 34958870 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To verify the effects of different modalities of physical exercise on brain activity of older adults. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted according to the PICOS strategy and the following databases were searched: PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo and Scielo. Two independent evaluators performed the initial selection from reading the title and abstract based on the stipulated eligibility criteria. RESULTS The searches resulted in 1935 titles, of which 97 were duplicated and 1793 were excluded based on reading the titles and abstracts. This phase resulted in 45 articles for detailed analysis. At this stage, 35 articles were excluded because they did not meet the eligibility criteria. The information for qualitative analysis was extracted from 10 articles that met the criteria. CONCLUSION There was improvement in the brain activity of older adults regardless of the type of physical exercise performed (aerobic, neuromuscular, flexibility or neuromotor), but with a discrete advantage for balance and coordination exercises (neuromotor).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Aires Ferreira
- Department of Physical Education, Midwestern Parana State University (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Brazil.
| | - Angelica Miki Stein
- Department of Physical Education, Midwestern Parana State University (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Brazil; The Human Performance Research Group, Technological Federal University of Paraná (UTFPR), Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Natã Gomes de Lima Stavinski
- Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise Laboratory, Physical Education and Sports Center (UEL), State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Roberto Queiroga
- Department of Physical Education, Midwestern Parana State University (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Brazil; Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UEM/UEL, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Juliana Sartori Bonini
- Department of Pharmacy, Midwestern Parana State University (UNICENTRO), Guarapuava, Brazil
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31
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Bishnoi A, Chaparro GN, Hernandez ME. Effect of Heart Rate Reserve on Prefrontal Cortical Activation While Dual-Task Walking in Older Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:47. [PMID: 35010305 PMCID: PMC8751037 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular health and non-amnestic cognitive impairment in older adults. While heart rate reserve (HRR) has been shown to be a risk factor for hypertension, how impaired HRR in older adults can lead to cognitive impairment is still unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of HRR on prefrontal cortical (PFC) activation under varying dual-task demands in older adults. Twenty-eight older adults (50-82 years of age) were included in this study and divided into higher (n = 14) and lower (n = 14) HRR groups. Participants engaged in the cognitive task which was the Modified Stroop Color Word Test (MSCWT) on a self-paced treadmill while walking. Participants with higher HRR demonstrated increased PFC activation in comparison to lower HRR, even after controlling for covariates in analysis. Furthermore, as cognitive task difficulty increased (from neutral to congruent to incongruent to switching), PFC activation increased. In addition, there was a significant interaction between tasks and HRR group, with older adults with higher HRR demonstrating increases in PFC activation, faster gait speed, and increased accuracy, relative to those with lower HRR, when going from neutral to switching tasks. These results provide evidence of a relationship between HRR and prefrontal cortical activation and cognitive and physical performance, suggesting that HRR may serve as a biomarker for cognitive health of an older adult with or without cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Bishnoi
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
| | - Gioella N. Chaparro
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Dominguez Hills, Carson, CA 90747, USA;
| | - Manuel E. Hernandez
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA;
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Roesch AD, Gschwandtner U, Handabaka I, Meyer A, Taub E, Fuhr P. Effects of Rhythmic Interventions on Cognitive Abilities in Parkinson's Disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2021; 50:372-386. [PMID: 34808624 DOI: 10.1159/000519122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to compare 2 different rhythmic, high-intensive interventions, that is, rhythmic speech-language therapy (rSLT) versus rhythmic balance-mobility training (rBMT), against a no-therapy (NT) condition in patients with Parkinson's disease and against healthy controls (HCs) with regard to the change in or enhancement of cognitive abilities. METHODS The 4 groups (rSLT: N = 16; rBMT: N = 10; NT: N = 18; and HC: N = 17) were matched for age, sex, and educational level and were tested in 6 cognitive domains: working memory, executive function, visuo-construction, episodic memory, attention, and word retrieval. Assessments took place at baseline, at 4 weeks (T1), and at 6 months (T2). Rhythmic interventions were provided 3 times per week for 4 weeks in total. To analyze true intervention effects between groups and across time, statistical analyses included reliable change index. Intergroup differences were assessed with multivariate assessment of variance, while differences within groups were assessed with 95% confidence intervals of mean difference. RESULTS The rSLT improved working memory and word retrieval (p < 0.05), possibly a beneficial transfer effect of the training method per se. In contrast, the NT group worsened in phonemic and semantic shifting (p < 0.01). Observed improvements in flexibility and in episodic memory in the HC may be linked to training effects of retesting. CONCLUSIONS Rhythmic cues are resistant to neurodegeneration and have a strong motivating factor. As thus, these may facilitate high-intensive and demanding training. Although both trainings were superior to NT, the improvement of cognitive abilities depends on the specific training method. Further, therapy may be more effective when delivered by a therapist rather than by an impersonal computer program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dorothée Roesch
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland,
| | - Ute Gschwandtner
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ivana Handabaka
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antonia Meyer
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ethan Taub
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fuhr
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Goenarjo R, Dupuy O, Fraser S, Berryman N, Perrochon A, Bosquet L. Cardiorespiratory fitness and prefrontal cortex oxygenation during Stroop task in older males. Physiol Behav 2021; 242:113621. [PMID: 34648819 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the current study was to assess whether executive function and prefrontal oxygenation are dependent on fitness level and age in older adults. METHODS Twenty-four healthy males aged between 55 and 69 years old were recruited for this study. They were stratified by age, leading to the creation of two groups: 55-60 years old and 61-69 years old. A median split based on CRF created higher- and lower-fit categories of participants. Cerebral oxygenation was assessed using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during a computerized Stroop task. Accuracy (% of correct responses) and reaction times (ms) were used as behavioural indicators of cognitive performances. Changes in oxygenated (∆[HbO2]) and deoxygenated (∆[HHb]) hemoglobin were measured to capture neural changes. Repeated measures ANOVAs (CRF × Age × Stroop conditions) were performed to test the null hypothesis of an absence of interaction between CRF, Age and executive performance. RESULTS We also found an interaction between CRF and age on reaction times (p = .001), in which higher fitness levels were related to faster reaction times in the 61-69 year olds but not in the 55-60 year olds. Regarding ΔHHb, the ANOVA revealed a main effect of CRF in the right PFC (p = .04), in which higher-fit participants had a greater Δ[HHb] than the lower-fit (d = 1.5). We also found fitness by age interaction for Δ[HHb] in the right PFC (p = .04). CONCLUSION Our results support the positive association of CRF on cerebral oxygenation and Stroop performance in healthy older males. They indicated that high-fit individuals performed better in the 61-69 year olds group, but not in the 55-60 years old group. We also observed a greater PFC oxygenation change (as measured by Δ[HHb]) in the high-fit individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Goenarjo
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Ecole de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa (Ontario), Canada
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Département des Sciences de l'activité physique, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, Canada
| | - Anaïck Perrochon
- Laboratoire HAVAE (EA 6310), Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Laurent Bosquet
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA 6314), Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France; Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada; Ecole de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Liu XX, Wang S. Effect of aerobic exercise on executive function in individuals with methamphetamine use disorder: Modulation by the autonomic nervous system. Psychiatry Res 2021; 306:114241. [PMID: 34688059 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the effects of aerobic exercise on cardiac autonomic nervous system function (based on heart rate variability [HRV]) and executive function among individuals with methamphetamine use disorder (MUD). We further examine the role of autonomic nervous system control in aerobic exercise (assessed via cardiopulmonary fitness) and executive function. A total of 330 individuals with MUD were randomly divided into exercise (n = 165) and control (n = 165) groups, who underwent eight-week aerobic exercise/health education program consisting of five 60 min sessions a week. The outcome measures included cardiopulmonary fitness, HRV time-domain and frequency-domain parameters, and executive function. Our statistical analyses comprised repeated-measures analyses of variance, correlation analyses, and mediation and moderation effect tests. The results indicated that aerobic exercise could simultaneously improve autonomic nervous system function and executive function among individuals with MUD. Moreover, the changes in cardiopulmonary fitness, high frequency HRV, and executive function were positively correlated. HRV did not significantly mediate the relationship between aerobic exercise and executive function; however, it did have a moderating effect, which was eliminated after adjusting for demographic and drug-use covariates. Among the covariates, age was the greatest confounder and was inversely proportional to cardiopulmonary function, HRV, and executive function. Cardiac autonomic nervous system function exerted a moderating, rather than a mediating, effect on the relationship between aerobic exercise and executive function. However, this potential effect was largely influenced by covariates, particularly age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xia Liu
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, 1 Keji Road, Minhou District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China
| | - Shen Wang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, 1 Keji Road, Minhou District, Fuzhou, Fujian 350117, China.
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Age-Related Differences in Cardiac Autonomic Control at Resting State and in Response to Mental Stress. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11122218. [PMID: 34943455 PMCID: PMC8700263 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11122218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our goal was to investigate age-related differences in cardiac autonomic control by means of heart rate variability (HRV). For this purpose, 30 healthy older and 34 younger adults were studied during three different conditions: (i) during resting state, (ii) during the execution of two cognitive tasks, and (iii) during the subsequent recovery phase. Mean heart rate and HRV parameters were higher in younger compared to older participants during all three conditions. While the mean heart rate was higher in older adults during the cognitive tasks compared to the resting state, it did not change in younger adults. In contrast, the change in HRV during the three conditions did not differ between age groups. Our results suggest decreased parasympathetic activity reflecting declined cardiac autonomic control with aging. In conclusion, HRV analysis could support the assessment of normal age-related alterations in cardiac autonomic control at resting state and in response to cognitive demands.
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Bullock T, Giesbrecht B, Beaudin AE, Goodyear BG, Poulin MJ. Effects of changes in end-tidal PO 2 and PCO 2 on neural responses during rest and sustained attention. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15106. [PMID: 34755481 PMCID: PMC8578925 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Impairments of cognitive function during alterations in arterial blood gases (e.g., high-altitude hypoxia) may result from the disruption of neurovascular coupling; however, the link between changes in arterial blood gases, cognition, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) is poorly understood. To interrogate this link, we developed a multimodal empirical strategy capable of monitoring neural correlates of cognition and CBF simultaneously. Human participants performed a sustained attention task during hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypocapnia, and normoxia while electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and CBF (middle and posterior cerebral arteries; transcranial Doppler ultrasound) were simultaneously measured. The protocol alternated between rest and engaging in a visual target detection task that required participants to monitor a sequence of brief-duration colored circles and detect infrequent, longer duration circles (targets). The target detection task was overlaid on a large, circular checkerboard that provided robust visual stimulation. Spectral decomposition and event-related potential (ERP) analyses were applied to the EEG data to investigate spontaneous and task-specific fluctuations in neural activity. There were three main sets of findings: (1) spontaneous alpha oscillatory activity was modulated as a function of arterial CO2 (hypocapnia and hypercapnia), (2) task-related neurovascular coupling was disrupted by all arterial blood gas manipulations, and (3) changes in task-related alpha and theta band activity and attenuation of the P3 ERP component amplitude were observed during hypocapnia. Since alpha and theta are linked with suppression of visual processing and executive control and P3 amplitude with task difficulty, these data suggest that transient arterial blood gas changes can modulate multiple stages of cognitive information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Bullock
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Collaborative BiotechnologiesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Barry Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
- Institute for Collaborative BiotechnologiesUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
- Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Dynamical NeuroscienceUniversity of CaliforniaSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andrew E. Beaudin
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Bradley G. Goodyear
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
| | - Marc J. Poulin
- Department of Physiology & PharmacologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Hotchkiss Brain InstituteCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Department of Clinical NeurosciencesUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- O’Brien Institute for Public HealthUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of AlbertaUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
- Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada
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Cabeza-Ruiz R, Trigo-Sánchez ME, Rodríguez-Servián M, Gómez-Píriz PT. Association between physical fitness, body mass index and intelligence quotient in individuals with intellectual disabilities. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2021; 65:989-997. [PMID: 34523178 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical exercise seems to improve cognitive abilities at different physiological levels. Numerous studies have examined the relationship between physical fitness (PF), physical activity and cognition among populations without intellectual disabilities (ID), but very few have addressed this question with respect to people with ID. This study aimed to determine the correlation between intelligence quotient (IQ) and factors related to PF in healthy adults with ID. METHODS A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted in 91 individuals with ID. All participants were assessed with the K-BIT tests and the following test items from the SAMU DIS-FIT Battery: body mass index, handgrip strength (HGS), leg strength, dynamic balance and physical endurance. RESULTS Significant differences between men and women were tested by multiple regression. IQ was found to be statistically related to HGS and leg strength, with a medium effect size. Statistical relationships were also found between sex and physical endurance, with a medium effect size, and HGS, with a large effect size. CONCLUSIONS The study results highlight relationships between the variables of muscular strength and the participants' IQ. Further studies with experimental designs are needed to enhance the understanding of the relationships between PF and cognition in persons with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cabeza-Ruiz
- Department of Human Mobility and Sport Performance, Faculty of Education, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - M E Trigo-Sánchez
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | | | - P T Gómez-Píriz
- Department of Human Mobility and Sport Performance, Faculty of Education, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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Manocchio F, Lowe CJ. Investigating Cortical Buffering Effects of Acute Moderate Intensity Exercise: A cTBS Study Targeting the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:645326. [PMID: 34658810 PMCID: PMC8514953 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.645326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The beneficial effects of both single-session bouts of aerobic exercise and therapeutic exercise interventions on the cortical regions associated with top-down attentional control [i.e., prefrontal cortex (PFC)] have been well documented. However, it remains unclear whether aerobic exercise can be used to buffer against suppressive influences on the dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC). Objective: The current study sought to determine whether a single session of moderate intensity aerobic exercise can offset the expected suppressive effects of continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) targeting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). Methods: Twenty-two right-handed participants (aged 19-30) completed a 20-minute movement-only control session [10% heart rate reserve (HRR)] and moderate intensity (50% HRR) exercise in a counterbalanced order. Following each exercise session, participants received active cTBS to the left dlPFC. Changes in executive functions were quantified using a Flanker paradigm employed at baseline, post-exercise and post-cTBS time points. Additionally, EEG was used to measure changes in event-related potential components related to inhibitory control (i.e., N2) and attentional control (i.e., P3) during the flanker task. Results: Behavioral results from the flanker task revealed a significant improvement in task performance following an acute bout of moderate intensity exercise. Furthermore, the effect of cTBS in both the movement-only control and moderate intensity conditions were non-significant. Similarly, EEG data from P3b and N2 ERP components revealed no changes to amplitude across time and condition. P3b latency data revealed a significant effect of time in both the moderate intensity and movement-only conditions, such that P3b latencies were significantly shorter across time points. Latency data within the N2 ERP component revealed no significant interactions or main effects. Conclusion: The findings of the current study provide tentative support for the hypothesis that both moderate and light intensity exercise promote cortical buffering against the suppressive effects of cTBS targeting the dlPFC. However, in the absence of a no-movement control, a lack of expected suppressive effects of cTBS cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Manocchio
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Cassandra J. Lowe
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Agbangla NF, Maillot P, Vitiello D. Mini-Review of Studies Testing the Cardiorespiratory Hypothesis With Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS): Overview and Perspectives. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:699948. [PMID: 34456672 PMCID: PMC8387658 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.699948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cardiorespiratory hypothesis (CH) is one of the hypotheses used by researchers to explain the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive performance during executive functions. Despite the indubitable beneficial effect of training on brain blood flow and function that may explain the link between physical fitness and cognition and the recognition of the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a reliable tool for measuring brain oxygenation, few studies investigated the CH with NIRS. It is still not well understood whether an increase in brain flow by training is translated into an increase in cerebral oxygenation. Thus, the objective of this mini-review was to summarize main results of studies that investigated the CH using the NIRS and to propose future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nounagnon Frutueux Agbangla
- Laboratory I3SP (URP 3625), Institute of Sport and Health Sciences of Paris - Université de Paris/UFR STAPS, Paris, France.,Laboratory URePSSS - SHERPAS (ULR 7369), Univ. Artois, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale, Univ. Lille/UFR STAPS, Liévin, France
| | - Pauline Maillot
- Laboratory I3SP (URP 3625), Institute of Sport and Health Sciences of Paris - Université de Paris/UFR STAPS, Paris, France
| | - Damien Vitiello
- Laboratory I3SP (URP 3625), Institute of Sport and Health Sciences of Paris - Université de Paris/UFR STAPS, Paris, France
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de Rond V, Orcioli-Silva D, Dijkstra BW, Orban de Xivry JJ, Pantall A, Nieuwboer A. Compromised Brain Activity With Age During a Game-Like Dynamic Balance Task: Single- vs. Dual-Task Performance. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:657308. [PMID: 34290599 PMCID: PMC8287632 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.657308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Postural control and cognition are affected by aging. We investigated whether cognitive distraction influenced neural activity differently in young and older adults during a game-like mediolateral weight-shifting task with a personalized task load. Methods: Seventeen healthy young and 17 older adults performed a balance game, involving hitting virtual wasps, serial subtractions and a combination of both (dual-task). A motion analysis system estimated each subject's center of mass position. Cortical activity in five regions was assessed by measuring oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) with a functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy system. Results: When adding cognitive load to the game, weight-shifting speed decreased irrespective of age, but older adults reduced the wasp-hits more than young adults. Accompanying these changes, older adults decreased HbO2 in the left pre-frontal cortex (PFC) and frontal eye fields (FEF) compared to single-tasking, a finding not seen in young adults. Additionally, lower HbO2 levels were found during dual-tasking compared to the summed activation of the two single tasks in all regions except for the right PFC. These relative reductions were specific for the older age group in the left premotor cortex (PMC), the right supplementary motor area (SMA), and the left FEF. Conclusion: Older adults showed more compromised neural activity than young adults when adding a distraction to a challenging balance game. We interpret these changes as competitive downgrading of neural activity underpinning the age-related deterioration of game performance during dual-tasking. Future work needs to ascertain if older adults can train their neural flexibility to withstand balance challenges during daily life activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle de Rond
- Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diego Orcioli-Silva
- Posture and Gait Studies Laboratory (LEPLO), Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Bauke Wybren Dijkstra
- Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Jacques Orban de Xivry
- Motor Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annette Pantall
- Clinical Ageing Research Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Institute of Ageing, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Alice Nieuwboer
- Neuromotor Rehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
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Stojan R, Kaushal N, Bock OL, Hudl N, Voelcker-Rehage C. Benefits of Higher Cardiovascular and Motor Coordinative Fitness on Driving Behavior Are Mediated by Cognitive Functioning: A Path Analysis. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:686499. [PMID: 34267646 PMCID: PMC8277437 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.686499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Driving is an important skill for older adults to maintain an independent lifestyle, and to preserve the quality of life. However, the ability to drive safely in older adults can be compromised by age-related cognitive decline. Performing an additional task during driving (e.g., adjusting the radio) increases cognitive demands and thus might additionally impair driving performance. Cognitive functioning has been shown to be positively related to physical activity/fitness such as cardiovascular and motor coordinative fitness. As such, a higher fitness level might be associated with higher cognitive resources and may therefore benefit driving performance under dual-task conditions. For the first time, the present study investigated whether this association of physical fitness and cognitive functioning causes an indirect relationship between physical fitness and dual-task driving performance through cognitive functions. Data from 120 healthy older adults (age: 69.56 ± 3.62, 53 female) were analyzed. Participants completed tests on cardiovascular fitness (cardiorespiratory capacity), motor coordinative fitness (composite score: static balance, psychomotor speed, bimanual dexterity), and cognitive functions (updating, inhibition, shifting, cognitive processing speed). Further, they performed a virtual car driving scenario where they additionally engaged in cognitively demanding tasks that were modeled after typical real-life activities during driving (typing or reasoning). Structural equation modeling (path analysis) was used to investigate whether cardiovascular and motor coordinative fitness were indirectly associated with lane keeping (i.e., variability in lateral position) and speed control (i.e., average velocity) while dual-task driving via cognitive functions. Both cardiovascular and motor coordinative fitness demonstrated the hypothesized indirect effects on dual-task driving. Motor coordinative fitness showed a significant indirect effect on lane keeping, while cardiovascular fitness demonstrated a trend-level indirect effect on speed control. Moreover, both fitness domains were positively related to different cognitive functions (processing speed and/or updating), and cognitive functions (updating or inhibition), in turn, were related to dual-task driving. These findings indicate that cognitive benefits associated with higher fitness may facilitate driving performance. Given that driving with lower cognitive capacity can result in serious consequences, this study emphasizes the importance for older adults to engage in a physically active lifestyle as it might serve as a preventive measure for driving safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stojan
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Navin Kaushal
- School of Health & Human Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IA, United States
| | - Otmar Leo Bock
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
- Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicole Hudl
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Claudia Voelcker-Rehage
- Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
- Institute of Human Movement Science and Health, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
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42
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Zhu Y, Sun F, Chiu MM, Siu AYS. Effects of high-intensity interval exercise and moderate-intensity continuous exercise on executive function of healthy young males. Physiol Behav 2021; 239:113505. [PMID: 34153324 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the executive function (EF) performance induced by moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) versus high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE), under two exercise modalities (i.e., running vs. cycling), and explored whether the changes in EF performance were related to the hemodynamics response of the cerebral prefrontal area of the brain. METHODS In a randomized cross-over design, 16 male participants completed 4 main trials, i.e., 40 min of moderate-intensity continuous running (MICR) or cycling (MICC) with 60% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), 33 min of high-intensity interval running (HIIR) or cycling (HIIC). For HIIR or HIIC trials, the exercise intensity was 60% VO2max for the first 5 min, followed by four 4-minute bouts of exercise at 90% VO2max, separated by 3-minute active recovery at 60% VO2max. EF was assessed via the Eriksen Flanker task (EFT) before (Pre), immediately after (Post 0), and 10 min after exercise (Post 10). Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) measured oxygenated hemoglobin (O2Hb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (HHb) concentrations in the prefrontal area. Each main trial measured the concentrations of blood glucose and lactate, heart rate, and rate of perceived exertion. RESULTS (1) Compared to the reaction time in EFT during the pretest, the corresponding reaction time was shorter at Post 10 (P < 0.01) but not at Post 0 (P = 0.06). Specifically, reaction time was shorter at Post 10 than in the pretest in HIIC (P = 0.04), MICC (P = 0.01), and HIIR (P < 0.01) but not MICR. (2) The fNIRS results revealed that O2Hb concentrations in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex area were much lower during Post 10 than during the pretest. (3) The blood lactate concentrations were not associated with EF performance regarding both accuracy and reaction time. CONCLUSION Compared to the pretest, EF was greater after the 10-minute rest during recovery but not immediately after exercise. The different HIIE or MICE protocols adopted in the present study may elicit minor differences regarding their effects on EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Zhu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fenghua Sun
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Ming Ming Chiu
- Department of Special Education and Counselling & Assessment Research Centre, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Agatha Yi-Sum Siu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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O'Brien MW, Kimmerly DS, Mekari S. Greater habitual moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is associated with better executive function and higher prefrontal oxygenation in older adults. GeroScience 2021; 43:2707-2718. [PMID: 34081258 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00391-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
International physical activity guidelines recommend that older adults accumulate 150 min/week of moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). It is unclear whether meeting this recommendation is associated with better higher-order cognitive functions and if so, what are the neurophysiological mechanisms responsible for such a relationship. We tested the hypothesis that meeting MVPA guidelines is associated with better executive function in older adults, and explored if greater increases in prefrontal cortex oxygenation are implicated. Older adults who did (active, n = 19; 251 ± 79 min/week) or who did not (inactive, n = 16; 89 ± 33 min/week) achieve activity guidelines were compared. Executive function was determined via a computerized Stroop task while changes in left prefrontal cortex oxygenation (ΔO2Hb) were measured with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Aerobic fitness ([Formula: see text] 2peak) was determined using a graded, maximal cycle ergometry test. MVPA and sedentary time were objectively assessed over 5 days. Both groups had similar (both, P > 0.11) levels of aerobic fitness (24.9 ± 8.9 vs. 20.9 ± 5.6 ml/kg/min) and sedentary time (529 ± 60 vs. 571 ± 90 min/day). The active group had faster reaction times (1193 ± 230 vs. 1377 ± 239 ms, P < 0.001) and greater increases in prefrontal cortex ΔO2Hb (9.4 ± 5.6 a.u vs. 5.8 ± 3.4 a.u, P = 0.04) during the most executively demanding Stroop condition than the Inactive group. Weekly MVPA was negatively correlated to executive function reaction times (r = - 0.37, P = 0.03) but positively correlated to the ΔO2Hb responses (r = 0.39. P = 0.02) during the executive task. In older adults, meeting MVPA guidelines is associated with better executive function and larger increases in cerebral oxygenation among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles W O'Brien
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Derek S Kimmerly
- Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Said Mekari
- School of Kinesiology, Acadia University, 550 Main Street, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, B4P 2R6, Canada.
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Caamaño-Navarrete F, Latorre-Román PÁ, Párraga-Montilla JA, Álvarez C, Delgado-Floody P. Association between Creativity and Memory with Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Lifestyle among Chilean Schoolchildren. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061799. [PMID: 34070541 PMCID: PMC8227713 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective was to investigate the association between creativity and memory with cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF; i.e., CFR classification and V˙O2max); lifestyle parameters (i.e., physical activity (PA), sleep duration, screen time (ST), and food habits); and anthropometric measures (i.e., body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)) among Chilean schoolchildren. A total of 248 schoolchildren (137 boys, 111 girls, 11.80 ± 1.17 and 11.58 ± 1.09 years, respectively) participated in the cross-sectional study. Creativity, memory, concentration, and selective attention and lifestyle (PA, ST, sleep duration, and Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence) were measured using a standard questionnaire. CRF (measured by the 20 m shuttle run test and expressed as maximum oxygen consumption (V˙O2max) and anthropometric measures (BMI and WC) were also included. Creativity showed a positive association with V˙O2max (mL/kg/min) (β; 0.209, 95% CI; 0.02-0.40, p = p < 0.05) and MD Adherence (score) (β; 0.206, 95% CI; 0.01; 0.74, p = p < 0.05). Long-term memory reported a positive association with CRF (β; 1.076, 95% CI; 0.02-2.13, p = p < 0.05). An increase in CRF levels, together with healthy food habits and normal nutritional status, should be a target for community- and school-based interventions to promote cognitive development in creativity and memory among schoolchildren.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Á. Latorre-Román
- Department of Didactics of Music, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.Á.L.-R.); (J.A.P.-M.)
| | - Juan A. Párraga-Montilla
- Department of Didactics of Music, Plastic and Corporal Expression, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (P.Á.L.-R.); (J.A.P.-M.)
| | - Cristian Álvarez
- Quality of Life and Wellness Research Group API4, Laboratory of Human Performance, Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile;
| | - Pedro Delgado-Floody
- Department of Physical Education, Sport and Recreation, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 478000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-962489239
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Orland Y, Beeri MS, Levy S, Israel A, Ravona-Springer R, Segev S, Elkana O. Physical fitness mediates the association between age and cognition in healthy adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2021; 33:1359-1366. [PMID: 32557334 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-020-01621-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical fitness is an important contributor to healthy aging that improves cognition. Older adults who engage in cardiorespiratory fitness activities show less cognitive decline. AIMS To examine whether physical fitness acts as a potential protective mechanism shielding against the negative associations between age and cognition. Specifically, we examined whether physical fitness mediates the relationship between age and processing speed. METHODS 114 (M = 63.80, SD = 10.63) senior executives completed a computerized cognitive battery composed of four processing speed tasks. Level of physical fitness was assessed on a treadmill stress test and reported in metabolic equivalents (METs). RESULTS Older age was associated with slower processing speed (r = 0.25, p = 0.007), whereas greater physical fitness was associated with faster processing speed (r = -0.30, p = 0.001). Path analysis indicated that the association between age and processing speed was fully mediated by the level of physical fitness (Indirect effect: β = 0.10, p = 0.008; Direct effect: β = 0.16, p = 0.20). CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION The findings indicate that physical fitness is a strong mediator of the relationship between age and processing speed and imply that physical fitness makes a major contribution to cognitive reserve during the aging process. The results may suggest that the decrease in physical fitness during aging may partially account for slower cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaara Orland
- Behavioral Sciences, Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Rabeinu Yerucham St., P.O.Box 8401, 68114, Yaffo, Israel
| | - Michal Schnaider Beeri
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sigal Levy
- Behavioral Sciences, Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Rabeinu Yerucham St., P.O.Box 8401, 68114, Yaffo, Israel
| | - Ariel Israel
- The Joseph Sagol Neuroscience Center, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Shlomo Segev
- Institute of Medical Screening, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Odelia Elkana
- Behavioral Sciences, Academic College of Tel Aviv-Yaffo, Rabeinu Yerucham St., P.O.Box 8401, 68114, Yaffo, Israel.
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Impact of acute partial-body cryostimulation on cognitive performance, cerebral oxygenation, and cardiac autonomic activity. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7793. [PMID: 33833278 PMCID: PMC8032750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87089-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed the effects of a 3-min partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) exposure—where the whole body is exposed to extreme cold, except the head—on cognitive inhibition performance and the possible implications of parasympathetic cardiac control and cerebral oxygenation. In a randomized controlled counterbalanced cross-over design, eighteen healthy young adults (nine males and nine females) completed a cognitive Stroop task before and after one single session of PBC (3-min exposure at − 150 °C cold air) and a control condition (3 min at room temperature, 20 °C). During the cognitive task, heart rate variability (HRV) and cerebral oxygenation of the prefrontal cortex were measured using heart rate monitoring and near-infrared spectroscopy methods. We also recorded the cerebral oxygenation during the PBC session. Stroop performance after PBC exposure was enhanced (562.0 ± 40.2 ms) compared to pre-PBC (602.0 ± 56.4 ms; P < 0.042) in males only, accompanied by an increase (P < 0.05) in HRV indices of parasympathetic tone, in greater proportion in males compared to females. During PBC, cerebral oxygenation decreased in a similar proportion in males and females but the cerebral extraction (deoxyhemoglobin: ΔHHb) remained higher after exposure in males, only. These data demonstrate that a single PBC session enhances the cognitive inhibition performance on a Stroop task in males, partly mediated by a greater parasympathetic cardiac control and greater cerebral oxygenation. The effects of PBC on cognitive function seem different in females, possibly explained by a different sensitivity to cold stimulation.
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Fujihara H, Megumi A, Yasumura A. The acute effect of moderate-intensity exercise on inhibitory control and activation of prefrontal cortex in younger and older adults. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1765-1778. [PMID: 33783561 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exercise has a significant effect on maintaining the health of inhibitory function, a fundamental cognitive ability that supports daily mental processes. While previous studies have shown that a single bout of exercise, called acute exercise, could improve inhibitory control by stimulating the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the arousal state, few studies have focused on the differences in the effects of exercise by age. In this study, young and older adults (mean age, 22.7 ± 1.4 and 68.7 ± 5.3 years, respectively) engaged in acute moderate-intensity exercise and inhibitory control. Before and at 5 and 30 min after exercise, the participants were asked to complete the reverse Stroop task, and their arousal state and PFC activity were measured using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The findings showed that the overall inhibitory control improved immediately after performing acute exercise and remained improved even after 30 min. Particularly, there was a difference in the arousal state and middle PFC activity between the two age groups. Especially, the young adults showed an increase in the arousal state post-exercise, while the older adults tended to show an increase in the middle PFC activity. These results suggested that the acute exercise effects on the arousal state and PFC activity may vary depending on the developmental stage, but not for inhibitory control overtime. When these findings are considered, it is important to note that the exercise impact on cognitive control remained the same throughout the generations despite the observed changes in its impact on internal states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Fujihara
- Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Yoshida Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,Faculty of Education, Kumamoto University, 2-40-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
| | - Akiko Megumi
- Graduate School of Social and Cultural Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-40-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
| | - Akira Yasumura
- Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Kumamoto University, 2-40-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan
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Chi L, Hung CL, Lin CY, Song TF, Chu CH, Chang YK, Zhou C. The Combined Effects of Obesity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness Are Associated with Response Inhibition: An ERP Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073429. [PMID: 33806257 PMCID: PMC8037415 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness exhibit negative and positive impacts, respectively, on executive function. Nevertheless, the combined effects of these two factors on executive function remain unclear. This study investigated the combined effects of obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness on response inhibition of executive function from both behavioral and neuroelectric perspectives. Ninety-six young adults aged between 18 and 25 years were recruited and assigned into four groups: the high cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NH), high cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OH), low cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NL), and low cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OL) groups. The stop-signal task and its induced P3 component of event-related potentials was utilized to index response inhibition. The participants with higher cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NH and OH groups) demonstrated better behavioral performance (i.e., shorter response times and higher accuracy levels), as well as shorter stop-signal response times and larger P3 amplitudes than their counterparts with low cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NL and OL groups). The study provides first-hand evidence of the substantial effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on the response inhibition, including evidence that the detrimental effects of obesity might be overcome by high cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chi
- School of Physical Education, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, Fujian, China;
| | - Chiao-Ling Hung
- Department of Athletics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan;
| | - Chi-Yen Lin
- Physical Education Office, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202301, Taiwan;
| | - Tai-Fen Song
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung 404401, Taiwan;
| | - Chien-Heng Chu
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-K.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-K.C.); (C.Z.)
| | - Chenglin Zhou
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence: (C.-H.C.); (Y.-K.C.); (C.Z.)
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Salzman T, Tobón Vallejo D, Polskaia N, Michaud L, St‐Amant G, Lajoie Y, Fraser S. Hemodynamic and behavioral changes in older adults during cognitively demanding dual tasks. Brain Behav 2021; 11:e02021. [PMID: 33417301 PMCID: PMC7994703 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Executive functions play a fundamental role in walking by integrating information from cognitive-motor pathways. Subtle changes in brain and behavior may help identify older adults who are more susceptible to executive function deficits with advancing age due to prefrontal cortex deterioration. This study aims to examine how older adults mitigate executive demands while walking during cognitively demanding tasks. METHODS Twenty healthy older adults (M = 71.8 years, SD = 6.4) performed simple reaction time (SRT), go/no-go (GNG), n-back (NBK), and double number sequence (DNS) cognitive tasks of increasing difficulty while walking (i.e., dual task). Functional near infra-red spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure the hemodynamic response (i.e., oxy- [HbO2] and deoxyhemoglobin [HbR]) changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during dual and single tasks (i.e., walking alone). In addition, performance was measured using gait speed (m/s), response time (s), and accuracy (% correct). RESULTS Using repeated measures ANOVAs, neural findings demonstrated a main effect of task such that ∆HbO2 (p = .047) and ∆HbR (p = .040) decreased between single and dual tasks. An interaction between task and cognitive difficulty (p = .014) revealed that gait speed decreased in the DNS between single and dual tasks. A main effect of task in response time indicated that the SRT response time was faster than all other difficulty levels (p < .001). Accuracy performance declined between single and dual tasks (p = .028) and across difficulty levels (p < .001) but was not significantly different between the NBK and DNS. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that a healthy older adult sample might mitigate executive demands using an automatic locomotor control strategy such that shifting conscious attention away from walking during the dual tasks resulted in decreased ∆HbO2 and ∆HbR. However, decreased prefrontal activation was inefficient at maintaining response time and accuracy performance and may be differently affected by increasing cognitive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Salzman
- Interdisciplinary School of Health SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | | | - Nadia Polskaia
- School of Human KineticsUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Lucas Michaud
- School of Human KineticsUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | | | - Yves Lajoie
- School of Human KineticsUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
| | - Sarah Fraser
- Interdisciplinary School of Health SciencesUniversity of OttawaOttawaONCanada
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50
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Herold F, Behrendt T, Törpel A, Hamacher D, Müller NG, Schega L. Cortical hemodynamics as a function of handgrip strength and cognitive performance: a cross-sectional fNIRS study in younger adults. BMC Neurosci 2021; 22:10. [PMID: 33588769 PMCID: PMC7885414 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-021-00615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence for a positive correlation between measures of muscular strength and cognitive abilities. However, the neurophysiological correlates of this relationship are not well understood so far. The aim of this study was to investigate cortical hemodynamics [i.e., changes in concentrations of oxygenated (oxyHb) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyHb)] as a possible link between measures of muscular strength and cognitive performance. METHODS In a cohort of younger adults (n = 39, 18-30 years), we assessed (i) handgrip strength by a handhold dynamometer, (ii) short-term working memory performance by using error rates and reaction times in the Sternberg task, and (iii) cortical hemodynamics of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). RESULTS We observed low to moderate negative correlations (rp = ~ - 0.38 to - 0.51; p < 0.05) between reaction time and levels of oxyHb in specific parts of the PFC. Furthermore, we noticed low to moderate positive correlations (rp = ~ 0.34 to 0.45; p < 0.05) between reaction times and levels of deoxyHb in distinct parts of the PFC. Additionally, higher levels of oxyHb (rp (35) = 0.401; p = 0.014) and lower levels of deoxyHb (rp (34) = - 0.338; p = 0.043) in specific parts of the PFC were linked to higher percentage of correct answers. We also found low to moderate correlations (p < 0.05) between measures of handgrip strength and levels of oxyHb (rp = ~ 0.35; p < 0.05) and levels of deoxyHb (rp = ~ - 0.25 to - 0.49; p < 0.05) in specific parts of the PFC. However, there was neither a correlation between cognitive performance and handgrip strength nor did cortical hemodynamics in the PFC mediate the relationship between handgrip strength and cognitive performance (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The present study provides evidence for a positive neurobehavioral relationship between cortical hemodynamics and cognitive performance. Our findings further imply that in younger adults higher levels of handgrip strength positively influence cortical hemodynamics although the latter did not necessarily culminate in better cognitive performance. Future research should examine whether the present findings can be generalized to other cohorts (e.g., older adults).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Tom Behrendt
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Törpel
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Hamacher
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto Von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Brenneckestraße 6, 39118, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Institute III, Department of Sport Science, Otto Von Guericke University Magdeburg, Zschokkestr. 32, 39104, Magdeburg, Germany
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