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von Haugwitz L, Wascher E, Larra MF. Triggered by your heart: Effects of cardioafferent traffic and stress on automatic responses in a Simon task. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14572. [PMID: 38520130 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Variations in cardioafferent traffic are relayed to the brain via arterial baroreceptors and have been shown to modulate perceptual processing. However, less is known about the cognitive-behavioral consequences of these effects and their role during stress. Here, we investigated in how far automatic responses during the Simon task were modulated by exposure to a laboratory stressor and the different phases of the cardiac cycle. In this study, 30 participants performed three blocks of a combined horizontal and vertical Simon task, which is characterized by either sensorimotor or cognitive response conflicts, respectively. Before each block, subjects were exposed to both the cold pressor test (CPT) and a control condition according to a within-subjects design. Target stimuli were presented during either systole or diastole. Behavioral and EEG-correlates of task processing were assessed along with subjective, cardiovascular, and endocrine measures of stress. The stress induction was successful yielding significant increases in all these measures compared to control. Moreover, we found the expected Simon effects: in incompatible compared to compatible trials performance was decreased and LRP latency as well as anterior N2 area increased. Importantly, accuracy was improved in compatible but reduced in incompatible trials during systole vs. diastole but only in the horizontal Simon condition. Stress dampened N2 area, however, no interactions with cardiac cycle were evident. These results indicate a faciliatory effect of cardioafferent traffic on automated sensorimotor processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon von Haugwitz
- Department of Ergonomics, IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Department of Ergonomics, IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mauro F Larra
- Department of Ergonomics, IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
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2
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Glatt S, Shohat S, Yam M, Goldstein L, Maidan I, Fahoum F. Cannabidiol-enriched oil for adult patients with drug-resistant epilepsy: Prospective clinical and electrophysiological study. Epilepsia 2024; 65:2270-2279. [PMID: 38808601 DOI: 10.1111/epi.18025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabidiol-enriched oil (CBDO) is being used increasingly to improve seizure control in adult patients with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE), despite the lack of large-scale studies supporting its efficacy in this patient population. We aimed to assess the effects of add-on CBDO on seizure frequency as well as on gait, cognitive, affective, and sleep-quality metrics, and to explore the electrophysiological changes in responder and non-responder DRE patients treated with add-on CBDO. METHODS We prospectively recruited adult DRE patients who were treated with add-on CBDO. Patients were evaluated prior to treatment and following 4 weeks of a maintenance daily dose of ≈260 mg CBD and ≈12 mg Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The outcome measures included seizure response to CBDO (defined as ≥50% decrease in seizures compared to pre-CBDO baseline), gait testing, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and sleep-quality questionnaire assessments. Patients underwent electroencephalography (EEG) recording during rest as well as event-related potentials (ERPs) during visual Go/NoGo task while sitting and while walking. RESULTS Nineteen patients were recruited, of which 16 finished pre- and post-CBDO assessments. Seven patients (43.75%) were responders demonstrating an average reduction of 82.4% in seizures, and nine patients (56.25%) were non-responders with an average seizure increase of 30.1%. No differences in demographics and clinical parameters were found between responders and non-responders at baseline. However, responders demonstrated better performance in the dual-task walking post-treatment (p = .015), and correlation between increase in MoCA and seizure reduction (r = .810, p = .027). Post-CBDO P300 amplitude was lower during No/Go-sitting in non-responders (p = .028) and during No/Go-walking in responders (p = .068). SIGNIFICANCE CBDO treatment can reduce seizures in a subset of patients with DRE, but could aggravate seizure control in a minority of patients; yet we found no specific baseline clinical or electrophysiological characteristics that are associated with response to CBDO. However, changes in ERPs in response to treatment could be a promising direction to better identify patients who could benefit from CBDO treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigal Glatt
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Sophie Shohat
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mor Yam
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lilach Goldstein
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inbal Maidan
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Firas Fahoum
- Neurological Institute, Tel Aviv Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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3
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Lenglart L, Roger C, Sampaio A, Coello Y. The role of object ownership on online inhibition in peripersonal space. Psychophysiology 2024:e14659. [PMID: 39072809 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Peripersonal space (PPS), as opposed to extrapersonal space (EPS), refers to the area surrounding the body within which individuals interact with objects or conspecifics. However, objects in PPS can belong to oneself or to others, which was found to influence how these objects are encoded. We analyzed the performances of motor responses in a reachability judgment task concerning self-owned and other-owned objects (cups) presented in PPS or EPS. EMG activities were recorded on the thumbs (flexor pollicis brevis) to detect correct and erroneous motor activations. Behavioral data showed that motor responses were shorter and longer for self-owned cups compared to other-owned cups in PPS and EPS, respectively. Ten percent of trials showed initial response errors, which were higher in the EPS for self-owned cups and in the PPS for other-owned cups. Eighty-two percent of these errors were corrected online, with corrections being more efficient for self-owned cups in the PPS. Overall, the data revealed that reachability judgments were faster and more accurate in the PPS, with more efficient inhibition processes in the presence of motor errors. Motor selection and correction are thus modulated by the social context of object ownership, highlighting the specific role of the PPS in encoding self-relevant objects for action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Lenglart
- CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Clémence Roger
- CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Adriana Sampaio
- Psychological Neuroscience Lab, Psychology Research Centre (CIPsi), School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Yann Coello
- CNRS, UMR 9193-SCALab-Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, Université de Lille, Lille, France
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Mandal A, Liesefeld AM, Liesefeld HR. Tracking the Misallocation and Reallocation of Spatial Attention toward Auditory Stimuli. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2196232024. [PMID: 38886058 PMCID: PMC11270513 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2196-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Completely ignoring a salient distractor presented concurrently with a target is difficult, and sometimes attention is involuntarily attracted to the distractor's location (attentional capture). Employing the N2ac component as a marker of attention allocation toward sounds, in this study we investigate the spatiotemporal dynamics of auditory attention across two experiments. Human participants (male and female) performed an auditory search task, where the target was accompanied by a distractor in two-third of the trials. For a distractor more salient than the target (Experiment 1), we observe not only a distractor N2ac (indicating attentional capture) but the full chain of attentional dynamics implied by the notion of attentional capture, namely, (1) the distractor captures attention before the target is attended, (2) allocation of attention to the target is delayed by distractor presence, and (3) the target is attended after the distractor. Conversely, for a distractor less salient than the target (Experiment 2), although responses were delayed, no attentional capture was observed. Together, these findings reveal two types of spatial attentional dynamics in the auditory modality (distraction with and without attentional capture).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Mandal
- General and Experimental Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich 80802, Germany
- Graduate School for Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg 82152, Germany
| | - Anna M Liesefeld
- General and Experimental Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich 80802, Germany
| | - Heinrich R Liesefeld
- Graduate School for Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Planegg 82152, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Universität Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
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Ciupińska K, Orłowska W, Zębrowski A, Łępa L, Koculak M, Bola M, Wierzchoń M. The influence of spatial and temporal attention on visual awareness-a behavioral and ERP study. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhae241. [PMID: 38850216 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhae241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Whether attention is a prerequisite of perceptual awareness or an independent and dissociable process remains a matter of debate. Importantly, understanding the relation between attention and awareness is probably not possible without taking into account the fact that both are heterogeneous and multifaceted mechanisms. Therefore, the present study tested the impact on visual awareness of two attentional mechanisms proposed by the Posner model: temporal alerting and spatio-temporal orienting. Specifically, we evaluated the effects of attention on the perceptual level, by measuring objective and subjective awareness of a threshold-level stimulus; and on the neural level, by investigating how attention affects two postulated event-related potential correlates of awareness. We found that alerting and orienting mechanisms additively facilitate perceptual consciousness, with activation of the latter resulting in the most vivid awareness. Furthermore, we found that late positivity is unlikely to constitute a neural correlate of consciousness as its amplitude was modulated by both attentional mechanisms, but early visual awareness negativity was independent of the alerting and orienting mechanisms. In conclusion, our study reveals a nuanced relationship between attention and awareness; moreover, by investigating the effect of the alerting mechanism, this study provides insights into the role of temporal attention in perceptual consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Ciupińska
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, 6 Ingardena Street, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
- Social Cognition in Human-Robot Interaction (S4HRI), Italian Institute of Technology, via Enrico Melen 83, 16152 Genova, Italy
| | - Wiktoria Orłowska
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, 6 Ingardena Street, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
- Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 34 Rynek Główny, 31-010 Krakow, Poland
| | - Aleksander Zębrowski
- Doctoral School in the Social Sciences, Jagiellonian University, 34 Rynek Główny, 31-010 Krakow, Poland
- Centre for Brain Research, Jagiellonian University, 50 Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Laura Łępa
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, 6 Ingardena Street, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcin Koculak
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, 6 Ingardena Street, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Bola
- Centre for Brain Research, Jagiellonian University, 50 Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Wierzchoń
- Consciousness Lab, Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, 6 Ingardena Street, 30-060 Krakow, Poland
- Centre for Brain Research, Jagiellonian University, 50 Kopernika Street, 31-501 Krakow, Poland
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Walper D, Bendixen A, Grimm S, Schubö A, Einhäuser W. Attention deployment in natural scenes: Higher-order scene statistics rather than semantics modulate the N2pc component. J Vis 2024; 24:7. [PMID: 38848099 PMCID: PMC11166226 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.6.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Which properties of a natural scene affect visual search? We consider the alternative hypotheses that low-level statistics, higher-level statistics, semantics, or layout affect search difficulty in natural scenes. Across three experiments (n = 20 each), we used four different backgrounds that preserve distinct scene properties: (a) natural scenes (all experiments); (b) 1/f noise (pink noise, which preserves only low-level statistics and was used in Experiments 1 and 2); (c) textures that preserve low-level and higher-level statistics but not semantics or layout (Experiments 2 and 3); and (d) inverted (upside-down) scenes that preserve statistics and semantics but not layout (Experiment 2). We included "split scenes" that contained different backgrounds left and right of the midline (Experiment 1, natural/noise; Experiment 3, natural/texture). Participants searched for a Gabor patch that occurred at one of six locations (all experiments). Reaction times were faster for targets on noise and slower on inverted images, compared to natural scenes and textures. The N2pc component of the event-related potential, a marker of attentional selection, had a shorter latency and a higher amplitude for targets in noise than for all other backgrounds. The background contralateral to the target had an effect similar to that on the target side: noise led to faster reactions and shorter N2pc latencies than natural scenes, although we observed no difference in N2pc amplitude. There were no interactions between the target side and the non-target side. Together, this shows that-at least when searching simple targets without own semantic content-natural scenes are more effective distractors than noise and that this results from higher-order statistics rather than from semantics or layout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Walper
- Physics of Cognition Group, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Alexandra Bendixen
- Cognitive Systems Lab, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
- https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/SFKS/index.html.en
| | - Sabine Grimm
- Physics of Cognition Group, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
- Cognitive Systems Lab, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Anna Schubö
- Cognitive Neuroscience of Perception & Action, Philipps University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- https://www.uni-marburg.de/en/fb04/team-schuboe
| | - Wolfgang Einhäuser
- Physics of Cognition Group, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany
- https://www.tu-chemnitz.de/physik/PHKP/index.html.en
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7
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Stodt B, Neudek D, Getzmann S, Wascher E, Martin R. Comparing auditory distance perception in real and virtual environments and the role of the loudness cue: A study based on event-related potentials. Hear Res 2024; 444:108968. [PMID: 38350176 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2024.108968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The perception of the distance to a sound source is relevant in many everyday situations, not only in real spaces, but also in virtual reality (VR) environments. Where real rooms often reach their limits, VR offers far-reaching possibilities to simulate a wide range of acoustic scenarios. However, in virtual room acoustics a plausible reproduction of distance-related cues can be challenging. In the present study, we compared the detection of changes of the distance to a sound source and its neurocognitive correlates in a real and a virtual reverberant environment, using an active auditory oddball paradigm and EEG measures. The main goal was to test whether the experiments in the virtual and real environments produced equivalent behavioral and EEG results. Three loudspeakers were placed at ego-centric distances of 2 m (near), 4 m (center), and 8 m (far) in front of the participants (N = 20), each 66 cm below their ear level. Sequences of 500 ms noise stimuli were presented either from the center position (standards, 80 % of trials) or from the near or far position (targets, 10 % each). The participants had to indicate a target position via a joystick response ("near" or "far"). Sounds were emitted either by real loudspeakers in the real environment or rendered and played back for the corresponding positions via headphones in the virtual environment. In addition, within both environments, loudness of the auditory stimuli was either unaltered (natural loudness) or the loudness cue was manipulated, so that all three loudspeakers were perceived equally loud at the listener's position (matched loudness). The EEG analysis focused on the mismatch negativity (MMN), P3a, and P3b as correlates of deviance detection, attentional orientation, and context-updating/stimulus evaluation, respectively. Overall, behavioral data showed that detection of the target positions was reduced within the virtual environment, and especially when loudness was matched. Except for slight latency shifts in the virtual environment, EEG analysis indicated comparable patterns within both environments and independent of loudness settings. Thus, while the neurocognitive processing of changes in distance appears to be similar in virtual and real spaces, a proper representation of loudness appears to be crucial to achieve a good task performance in virtual acoustic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Stodt
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystraße 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany.
| | - Daniel Neudek
- Institute of Communication Acoustics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44780, Germany
| | - Stephan Getzmann
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystraße 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Edmund Wascher
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the TU Dortmund (IfADo), Ardeystraße 67, Dortmund 44139, Germany
| | - Rainer Martin
- Institute of Communication Acoustics, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, Bochum 44780, Germany
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Berger A, Kunde W, Kiefer M. Dynamics of task preparation processes revealed by effect course analysis on response times and error rates. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4249. [PMID: 38378818 PMCID: PMC10879509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54823-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Cuing or executing a task impacts processing pathways for task-relevant information. While there is ample evidence that processing associated with task execution changes with practice, such evidence regarding cue-induced task preparation is scarce. Here we explored practice-related changes of processing pathways by task cuing in order to assess the plasticity of task preparation. We first developed and validated a new method for the study of practice-related changes, the effect course analysis. The effect course analysis is a model-free, non-parametric method designed to reveal effect changes within an experimental session on a continuous time scale. Then we applied this method to a new study in which cued task sets were supposed to remain activated during assessment of task-relevant pathways, as potential task execution was postponed at the end of the trial. The results showed that, with little practice, task cuing amplified task-relevant pathways, whereas this effect vanished with practice, suggesting that practice prompts fundamental changes of how task cues are used for task preparation. Hence, if one cannot be certain that cognitive processing is stationary, investigating the time course of experimental effects appears to be crucial to determine how cognitive processing is influenced by practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Berger
- Department of Psychiatry, Section for Cognitive Electrophysiology, Ulm University, Leimgrubenweg 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Wilfried Kunde
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Kiefer
- Department of Psychiatry, Section for Cognitive Electrophysiology, Ulm University, Leimgrubenweg 12, 89075, Ulm, Germany
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Asko O, Blenkmann AO, Leske SL, Foldal MD, LLorens A, Funderud I, Meling TR, Knight RT, Endestad T, Solbakk AK. Altered hierarchical auditory predictive processing after lesions to the orbitofrontal cortex. eLife 2024; 13:e86386. [PMID: 38334469 PMCID: PMC10876214 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is classically linked to inhibitory control, emotion regulation, and reward processing. Recent perspectives propose that the OFC also generates predictions about perceptual events, actions, and their outcomes. We tested the role of the OFC in detecting violations of prediction at two levels of abstraction (i.e., hierarchical predictive processing) by studying the event-related potentials (ERPs) of patients with focal OFC lesions (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 14) while they detected deviant sequences of tones in a local-global paradigm. The structural regularities of the tones were controlled at two hierarchical levels by rules defined at a local (i.e., between tones within sequences) and at a global (i.e., between sequences) level. In OFC patients, ERPs elicited by standard tones were unaffected at both local and global levels compared to controls. However, patients showed an attenuated mismatch negativity (MMN) and P3a to local prediction violation, as well as a diminished MMN followed by a delayed P3a to the combined local and global level prediction violation. The subsequent P3b component to conditions involving violations of prediction at the level of global rules was preserved in the OFC group. Comparable effects were absent in patients with lesions restricted to the lateral PFC, which lends a degree of anatomical specificity to the altered predictive processing resulting from OFC lesion. Overall, the altered magnitudes and time courses of MMN/P3a responses after lesions to the OFC indicate that the neural correlates of detection of auditory regularity violation are impacted at two hierarchical levels of rule abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgerta Asko
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Alejandro Omar Blenkmann
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Sabine Liliana Leske
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, Department of Musicology, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Maja Dyhre Foldal
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Anais LLorens
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
- Université de Franche-Comté, SUPMICROTECH, CNRS, Institut FEMTO-STBesançonFrance
- Université Paris Cité, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Team TURCParisFrance
| | - Ingrid Funderud
- Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland HospitalMosjøenNorway
- Regional Department of Eating Disorders, Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | | | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of California, BerkeleyBerkeleyUnited States
| | - Tor Endestad
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland HospitalMosjøenNorway
| | - Anne-Kristin Solbakk
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, Department of Psychology, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland HospitalMosjøenNorway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
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Sadus K, Schubert AL, Löffler C, Hagemann D. An explorative multiverse study for extracting differences in P3 latencies between young and old adults. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14459. [PMID: 37950379 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that P3 latencies increase with age. Investigating these age-related differences requires numerous methodological decisions, resulting in pipelines of great variation. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of different analytical pipelines on the age-related differences in P3 latencies in real data. Therefore, we conducted an explorative multiverse study and varied the low-pass filter (4 Hz, 8 Hz, 16 Hz, 32 Hz, and no filter), the latency type (area vs. peak), the level of event-related potential analysis (single participant vs. jackknifing), and the extraction method (manual vs. automated). Thirty young (18-21 years) and 30 old (50-60 years) participants completed three tasks (Nback task, Switching task, Flanker task), while an EEG was recorded. The results show that different analysis strategies can have a tremendous impact on the detection and magnitude of the age effect, with effect sizes ranging from 0% to 88% explained variance. Likewise, regarding the psychometric properties of P3 latencies, we found that the reliabilities fluctuated between rtt = .20 and 1.00, while the homogeneities ranged from rh = -.12 to .90. Based on predefined criteria, we found that the most effective pipelines relied on a manual extraction based on a single participant's data. For peak latencies, manual extraction performed well for all filters except for 4 Hz, while for area latencies, filters above 8 Hz produced desirable results. Furthermore, our findings add to the evidence that jackknifing combined with peak latencies can lead to inconclusive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Sadus
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Löffler
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Hagemann
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Strzelczyk D, Kelly SP, Langer N. Neurophysiological markers of successful learning in healthy aging. GeroScience 2023; 45:2873-2896. [PMID: 37171560 PMCID: PMC10643715 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The capacity to learn and memorize is a key determinant for the quality of life but is known to decline to varying degrees with age. However, neural correlates of memory formation and the critical features that determine the extent to which aging affects learning are still not well understood. By employing a visual sequence learning task, we were able to track the behavioral and neurophysiological markers of gradual learning over several repetitions, which is not possible in traditional approaches that utilize a remember vs. forgotten comparison. On a neurophysiological level, we focused on two learning-related centro-parietal event-related potential (ERP) components: the expectancy-driven P300 and memory-related broader positivity (BP). Our results revealed that although both age groups showed significant learning progress, young individuals learned faster and remembered more stimuli than older participants. Successful learning was directly linked to a decrease of P300 and BP amplitudes. However, young participants showed larger P300 amplitudes with a sharper decrease during the learning, even after correcting for an observed age-related longer P300 latency and increased P300 peak variability. Additionally, the P300 amplitude predicted learning success in both age groups and showed good test-retest reliability. On the other hand, the memory formation processes, reflected by the BP amplitude, revealed a similar level of engagement in both age groups. However, this engagement did not translate into the same learning progress in the older participants. We suggest that the slower and more variable timing of the stimulus identification process reflected in the P300 means that despite the older participants engaging the memory formation process, there is less time for it to translate the categorical stimulus location information into a solidified memory trace. The results highlight the important role of the P300 and BP as a neurophysiological marker of learning and may enable the development of preventive measures for cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid Strzelczyk
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, CH-8050, Zurich, Switzerland.
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Simon P Kelly
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and UCD Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicolas Langer
- Methods of Plasticity Research, Department of Psychology, University of Zurich, Andreasstrasse 15, CH-8050, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program (URPP) Dynamics of Healthy Aging, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Center Zurich (ZNZ), Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Swami P, Gramann K, Vonstad EK, Vereijken B, Holt A, Holt T, Sandstrak G, Nilsen JH, Su X. CLET: Computation of Latencies in Event-related potential Triggers using photodiode on virtual reality apparatuses. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1223774. [PMID: 37795210 PMCID: PMC10546026 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1223774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate event-related activity in human brain dynamics as measured with EEG, triggers must be incorporated to indicate the onset of events in the experimental protocol. Such triggers allow for the extraction of ERP, i.e., systematic electrophysiological responses to internal or external stimuli that must be extracted from the ongoing oscillatory activity by averaging several trials containing similar events. Due to the technical setup with separate hardware sending and recording triggers, the recorded data commonly involves latency differences between the transmitted and received triggers. The computation of these latencies is critical for shifting the epochs with respect to the triggers sent. Otherwise, timing differences can lead to a misinterpretation of the resulting ERPs. This study presents a methodical approach for the CLET using a photodiode on a non-immersive VR (i.e., LED screen) and an immersive VR (i.e., HMD). Two sets of algorithms are proposed to analyze the photodiode data. The experiment designed for this study involved the synchronization of EEG, EMG, PPG, photodiode sensors, and ten 3D MoCap cameras with a VR presentation platform (Unity). The average latency computed for LED screen data for a set of white and black stimuli was 121.98 ± 8.71 ms and 121.66 ± 8.80 ms, respectively. In contrast, the average latency computed for HMD data for the white and black stimuli sets was 82.80 ± 7.63 ms and 69.82 ± 5.52 ms. The codes for CLET and analysis, along with datasets, tables, and a tutorial video for using the codes, have been made publicly available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Swami
- Motion Capture and Visualization Laboratory, Applied Information Technology Group, Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Section for Visual Computing, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Biomedical Engineering Techies, Broendby, Denmark
| | - Klaus Gramann
- Biological Psychology and Neuroergonomics, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elise Klæbo Vonstad
- Motion Capture and Visualization Laboratory, Applied Information Technology Group, Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Beatrix Vereijken
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexander Holt
- Motion Capture and Visualization Laboratory, Applied Information Technology Group, Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomas Holt
- Motion Capture and Visualization Laboratory, Applied Information Technology Group, Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Grethe Sandstrak
- Motion Capture and Visualization Laboratory, Applied Information Technology Group, Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Harald Nilsen
- Motion Capture and Visualization Laboratory, Applied Information Technology Group, Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Xiaomeng Su
- Motion Capture and Visualization Laboratory, Applied Information Technology Group, Department of Computer Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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13
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Nebe S, Reutter M, Baker DH, Bölte J, Domes G, Gamer M, Gärtner A, Gießing C, Gurr C, Hilger K, Jawinski P, Kulke L, Lischke A, Markett S, Meier M, Merz CJ, Popov T, Puhlmann LMC, Quintana DS, Schäfer T, Schubert AL, Sperl MFJ, Vehlen A, Lonsdorf TB, Feld GB. Enhancing precision in human neuroscience. eLife 2023; 12:e85980. [PMID: 37555830 PMCID: PMC10411974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human neuroscience has always been pushing the boundary of what is measurable. During the last decade, concerns about statistical power and replicability - in science in general, but also specifically in human neuroscience - have fueled an extensive debate. One important insight from this discourse is the need for larger samples, which naturally increases statistical power. An alternative is to increase the precision of measurements, which is the focus of this review. This option is often overlooked, even though statistical power benefits from increasing precision as much as from increasing sample size. Nonetheless, precision has always been at the heart of good scientific practice in human neuroscience, with researchers relying on lab traditions or rules of thumb to ensure sufficient precision for their studies. In this review, we encourage a more systematic approach to precision. We start by introducing measurement precision and its importance for well-powered studies in human neuroscience. Then, determinants for precision in a range of neuroscientific methods (MRI, M/EEG, EDA, Eye-Tracking, and Endocrinology) are elaborated. We end by discussing how a more systematic evaluation of precision and the application of respective insights can lead to an increase in reproducibility in human neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Nebe
- Zurich Center for Neuroeconomics, Department of Economics, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mario Reutter
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-UniversityWürzburgGermany
| | - Daniel H Baker
- Department of Psychology and York Biomedical Research Institute, University of YorkYorkUnited Kingdom
| | - Jens Bölte
- Institute for Psychology, University of Münster, Otto-Creuzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral NeuroscienceMünsterGermany
| | - Gregor Domes
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of TrierTrierGermany
- Institute for Cognitive and Affective NeuroscienceTrierGermany
| | - Matthias Gamer
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-UniversityWürzburgGermany
| | - Anne Gärtner
- Faculty of Psychology, Technische Universität DresdenDresdenGermany
| | - Carsten Gießing
- Biological Psychology, Department of Psychology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of OldenburgOldenburgGermany
| | - Caroline Gurr
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | - Kirsten Hilger
- Department of Psychology, Julius-Maximilians-UniversityWürzburgGermany
- Department of Psychology, Psychological Diagnostics and Intervention, Catholic University of Eichstätt-IngolstadtEichstättGermany
| | - Philippe Jawinski
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Louisa Kulke
- Department of Developmental with Educational Psychology, University of BremenBremenGermany
| | - Alexander Lischke
- Department of Psychology, Medical School HamburgHamburgGermany
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Medical School HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Sebastian Markett
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Maria Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- University Psychiatric Hospitals, Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Research Department (UPKKJ), University of BaselBaselSwitzerland
| | - Christian J Merz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University BochumBochumGermany
| | - Tzvetan Popov
- Department of Psychology, Methods of Plasticity Research, University of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Lara MC Puhlmann
- Leibniz Institute for Resilience ResearchMainzGermany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Daniel S Quintana
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
- NevSom, Department of Rare Disorders & Disabilities, Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of OsloOsloNorway
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research (NORMENT), University of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Tim Schäfer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe UniversityFrankfurtGermany
| | | | - Matthias FJ Sperl
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of GiessenGiessenGermany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities of Marburg and GiessenGiessenGermany
| | - Antonia Vehlen
- Department of Biological and Clinical Psychology, University of TrierTrierGermany
| | - Tina B Lonsdorf
- Department of Systems Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, University of BielefeldBielefeldGermany
| | - Gordon B Feld
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychology, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelbergGermany
- Department of Addiction Behavior and Addiction Medicine, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg UniversityMannheimGermany
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14
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Tseng CH, Chen JH, Hsu SM. The Effect of the Peristimulus α Phase on Visual Perception through Real-Time Phase-Locked Stimulus Presentation. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0128-23.2023. [PMID: 37507226 PMCID: PMC10436686 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0128-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The α phase has been theorized to reflect fluctuations in cortical excitability and thereby impose a cyclic influence on visual perception. Despite its appeal, this notion is not fully substantiated, as both supporting and opposing evidence has been recently reported. In contrast to previous research, this study examined the effect of the peristimulus instead of prestimulus phase on visual detection through a real-time phase-locked stimulus presentation (PLSP) approach. Specifically, we monitored phase data from magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings over time, with a newly developed algorithm based on adaptive Kalman filtering (AKF). This information guided online presentations of masked stimuli that were phased-locked to different stages of the α cycle while healthy humans concurrently performed detection tasks. Behavioral evidence showed that the overall detection rate did not significantly vary according to the four predetermined peristimulus α phases. Nevertheless, the follow-up analyses highlighted that the phase at 90° relative to 180° likely enhanced detection. Corroborating neural parietal activity showed that early interaction between α phases and incoming stimuli orchestrated the neural representation of the hits and misses of the stimuli. This neural representation varied according to the phase and in turn shaped the behavioral outcomes. In addition to directly investigating to what extent fluctuations in perception can be ascribed to the α phases, this study suggests that phase-dependent perception is not as robust as previously presumed, and might also depend on how the stimuli are differentially processed as a result of a stimulus-phase interaction, in addition to reflecting alternations of the perceptual states between phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsin Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronic and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Republic of China)
| | - Jyh-Horng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronic and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Republic of China)
| | - Shen-Mou Hsu
- Imaging Center for Integrated Body, Mind and Culture Research, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan (Republic of China)
- MOST AI Biomedical Research Center, Tainan City 701, Taiwan (Republic of China)
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15
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Caponi C, Maldonado Moscoso PA, Castaldi E, Arrighi R, Grasso PA. EEG signature of grouping strategies in numerosity perception. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1190317. [PMID: 37292163 PMCID: PMC10244500 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1190317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The moment we see a group of objects, we can appreciate its numerosity. Our numerical estimates can be imprecise for large sets (>4 items), but they become much faster and more accurate if items are clustered into groups compared to when they are randomly displaced. This phenomenon, termed groupitizing, is thought to leverage on the capacity to quickly identify groups from 1 to 4 items (subitizing) within larger sets, however evidence in support for this hypothesis is scarce. The present study searched for an electrophysiological signature of subitizing while participants estimated grouped numerosities exceeding this range by measuring event-related potential (ERP) responses to visual arrays of different numerosities and spatial configurations. The EEG signal was recorded while 22 participants performed a numerosity estimation task on arrays with numerosities in the subitizing (3 or 4) or estimation (6 or 8) ranges. In the latter case, items could be spatially arranged into subgroups (3 or 4) or randomly scattered. In both ranges, we observed a decrease in N1 peak latency as the number of items increased. Importantly, when items were arranged to form subgroups, we showed that the N1 peak latency reflected both changes in total numerosity and changes in the number of subgroups. However, this result was mainly driven by the number of subgroups to suggest that clustered elements might trigger the recruitment of the subitizing system at a relatively early stage. At a later stage, we found that P2p was mostly modulated by the total numerosity in the set, with much less sensitivity for the number of subgroups these might be segregated in. Overall, this experiment suggests that the N1 component is sensitive to both local and global parcelling of elements in a scene suggesting that it could be crucially involved in the emergence of the groupitizing advantage. On the other hand, the later P2p component seems to be much more bounded to the global aspects of the scene coding the total number of elements while being mostly blind to the number of subgroups in which elements are parsed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Caponi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Tuscany, Italy
| | - Paula A. Maldonado Moscoso
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Tuscany, Italy
- Centre for Mind/Brain Sciences – CIMeC, University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Elisa Castaldi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Tuscany, Italy
| | - Roberto Arrighi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Tuscany, Italy
| | - Paolo A. Grasso
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Tuscany, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Florence, Tuscany, Italy
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16
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Takacs A, Beste C. A neurophysiological perspective on the integration between incidental learning and cognitive control. Commun Biol 2023; 6:329. [PMID: 36973381 PMCID: PMC10042851 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractAdaptive behaviour requires interaction between neurocognitive systems. Yet, the possibility of concurrent cognitive control and incidental sequence learning remains contentious. We designed an experimental procedure of cognitive conflict monitoring that follows a pre-defined sequence unknown to participants, in which either statistical or rule-based regularities were manipulated. We show that participants learnt the statistical differences in the sequence when stimulus conflict was high. Neurophysiological (EEG) analyses confirmed but also specified the behavioural results: the nature of conflict, the type of sequence learning, and the stage of information processing jointly determine whether cognitive conflict and sequence learning support or compete with each other. Especially statistical learning has the potential to modulate conflict monitoring. Cognitive conflict and incidental sequence learning can engage in cooperative fashion when behavioural adaptation is challenging. Three replication and follow-up experiments provide insights into the generalizability of these results and suggest that the interaction of learning and cognitive control is dependent on the multifactorial aspects of adapting to a dynamic environment. The study indicates that connecting the fields of cognitive control and incidental learning is advantageous to achieve a synergistic view of adaptive behaviour.
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17
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Lowell AF, Dell J, Potenza MN, Strathearn L, Mayes LC, Rutherford HJV. Adult attachment is related to maternal neural response to infant cues: an ERP study. Attach Hum Dev 2023; 25:71-88. [PMID: 33522435 PMCID: PMC10861024 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2021.1880057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Maternal attachment security is an important predictor of caregiving . However, little is known regarding the neurobiological mechanisms by which attachment influences processing of infant cues, a critical component of caregiving. We examined whether attachment security, measured by the Adult Attachment Interview, might relate to neural responses to infant cues using event-related potentials. Secure (n=35) and insecure (n=24) mothers viewed photographs of infant faces and heard recordings of infant vocalizations while electroencephalography was recorded. We examined initial processing of infant faces (N170) and cries (N100), and attentional allocation to infant faces and cries (P300). Secure mothers were significantly faster than insecure mothers to orient to infant cries (N100), structurally encode their own infant's face (N170), and attend to infant faces (P300). These differences may elucidate mechanisms underlying how attachment may shape neural processing of infant cues and highlight the use ofsocial neuroscientific approaches in examining clinically relevant aspects of attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F Lowell
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jaclyn Dell
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida St Petersburg, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- The Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- The Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
| | - Lane Strathearn
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Linda C Mayes
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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18
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Schubert AL, Löffler C, Hagemann D, Sadus K. How robust is the relationship between neural processing speed and cognitive abilities? Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14165. [PMID: 35995756 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Individual differences in processing speed are consistently related to individual differences in cognitive abilities, but the mechanisms through which a higher processing speed facilitates reasoning remain largely unknown. To identify these mechanisms, researchers have been using latencies of the event-related potential (ERP) to study how the speed of cognitive processes associated with specific ERP components is related to cognitive abilities. Although there is some evidence that latencies of ERP components associated with higher-order cognitive processes are related to intelligence, results are overall quite inconsistent. These inconsistencies likely result from variations in analytic procedures and little consideration of the psychometric properties of ERP latencies in relatively small sample studies. Here we used a multiverse approach to evaluate how different analytical choices regarding references, low-pass filter cutoffs, and latency measures affect the psychometric properties of P2, N2, and P3 latencies and their relations with cognitive abilities in a sample of 148 participants. Latent correlations between neural processing speed and cognitive abilities ranged from -.49 to -.78. ERP latency measures contained about equal parts of measurement error variance and systematic variance, and only about half of the systematic variance was related to cognitive abilities, whereas the other half reflected nuisance factors. We recommend addressing these problematic psychometric properties by recording EEG data from multiple tasks and modeling relations between ERP latencies and covariates in latent variable models. All in all, our results indicate that there is a substantial and robust relationship between neural processing speed and cognitive abilities when those issues are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Löffler
- Department of Psychology, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.,Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hagemann
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sadus
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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19
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Cho FTH, Tan CY, Wong YK. Role of line junctions in expert object recognition: The case of musical notation. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14236. [PMID: 36653897 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Line junctions are well-known to be important for real-world object recognition, and sensitivity to line junctions is enhanced with perceptual experience with an object category. However, it remains unclear whether these very simple visual features are involved in expert object representations at the neural level, and if yes, at what level(s) they are involved. In this EEG study, 31 music reading experts and 31 novices performed a one-back task with intact musical notation, musical notation with line junctions removed and pseudo-letters. We observed more separable neural representations of musical notation from pseudo-letter for experts than for novices when line junctions were present and during 180-280 ms after stimulus onset. Also, the presence of line junctions was better decoded in experts than in novices during 320-580 ms, and the decoding accuracy in this time window predicted the behavioral recognition advantage of musical notation when line junctions were present. These suggest that, with perceptual expertise, line junctions are more involved in category selective representation of objects, and are more explicitly represented in later stages of processing to support expert recognition performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Tze-Hei Cho
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Cheng Yong Tan
- Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - Yetta Kwailing Wong
- Department of Educational Psychology, Faculty of Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.,School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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20
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Zhang M, Li Q, Li Y, Chen Y, Gu Y, Yin S, Chen A. Temporal dynamics of conflict adaptation across different conflict strengths. Psychophysiology 2022; 60:e14160. [PMID: 35975726 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Conflict adaptation is considered to reflect the adjustment of cognitive control, and it is critical for adaptive behavior. Despite intensive investigations on conflict adaptation, straightforward evidence on how changes in conflict strength influence the behavioral and neural dynamics of conflict adaptation remains scarce. To address this issue, we manipulated conflict strength by varying distractor-target congruency to investigate whether conflict strength per se or the expectancy of conflict strength triggers the adjustment of cognitive control. Behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) measures were recorded while participants performed a variant four-choice flanker task without feature repetitions. The behavioral results showed that reaction times increased with increasing conflict strength. Importantly, there were conflict adaptations between the congruent and incongruent-low, congruent and incongruent-high, and incongruent-low and incongruent-high conditions. Consistent with the behavioral results, the EEG results revealed that N2 and P3 were sensitive to conflict strength. Critically, there were typical conflict adaptations between every two conflict conditions on the early P3 amplitude related to the adjustment of attentional strategies. However, there were no differences among these conflict adaptation effects, both on reaction times and the early P3 amplitude, demonstrating that the expectancy of conflict strength rather than conflict strength per se may play a crucial role in conflict adaptation. Altogether, these results emphasize the functional role of expectancy based on previous conflict strength in the exertion of cognitive control, which is in accordance with the repetition expectation theory than with the conflict monitoring theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yilu Li
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Gu
- Student Mental Health Education and Counseling Center, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shouhang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Antao Chen
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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21
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Abstract
Temporal measures (latencies) in the event-related potentials of the EEG (ERPs) are a valuable tool for estimating the timing of mental processes, one which takes full advantage of the high temporal resolution of the EEG. Especially in larger scale studies using a multitude of individual EEG-based tasks, the quality of latency measures often suffers from high and low frequency noise residuals due to the resulting low trial counts (because of compressed tasks) and because of the limited feasibility of visual inspection of the large-scale data. In the present study, we systematically evaluated two different approaches to latency estimation (peak latencies and fractional area latencies) with respect to their data quality and the application of noise reduction by jackknifing methods. Additionally, we tested the recently introduced method of Standardized Measurement Error (SME) to prune the dataset. We demonstrate that fractional area latency in pruned and jackknifed data may amplify within-subjects effect sizes dramatically in the analyzed data set. Between-subjects effects were less affected by the applied procedures, but remained stable regardless of procedure.
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22
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Zsoldos I, Sinding C, Chambaron S. Using event-related potentials to study food-related cognition: An overview of methods and perspectives for future research. Brain Cogn 2022; 159:105864. [PMID: 35397314 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG), and the measure of event-related potentials (ERPs) in particular, are useful methods to study the cognitive and cerebral mechanisms underlying the perception and processing of food cues. Further research on these aspects is necessary to better understand how cognitive functioning may influence food choices in different populations (e.g. obese individuals, individuals with eating disorders). To help researchers in designing future studies, this article provides an overview of the methods used in the current literature on ERPs and food-related cognition. Several methodological aspects are explored to outline interesting perspectives for future research, including discussions on the main experimental tasks used, the cognitive functions assessed (e.g. inhibitory control, attentional processing), the characteristics of the participants recruited (e.g. weight status, eating behaviors), and the stimuli selected (e.g. food pictures, odors). The issues generated by some of these methodological choices are discussed, and a few guidelines are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zsoldos
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Charlotte Sinding
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphanie Chambaron
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRAE, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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23
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Neural responses to reflection symmetry for shapes defined by binocular disparity, and for shapes perceived as regions of background. Neuropsychologia 2021; 163:108064. [PMID: 34666111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human perception of symmetry is associated with activation in an extended network of extrastriate visual areas. This activation generates an ERP called the Sustained Posterior Negativity (SPN). In most studies so far, the stimuli have been defined by luminance. We tested whether the SPN is present when stimuli are defined by stereoscopic disparity using random dot stereograms (RDS). In Experiment 1, we compared the SPN signal for contours specified by binocular disparity and contours specified by monocular cues. The SPN was equivalent, suggesting that the type of contour does not alter the SPN signal. In Experiment 2 we exploited the unique property of RDS to provide unambiguous figure-ground arrangements. Psychophysical work has shown that symmetry is more easily detected when it is a property of a single object (i.e., within a figure), compared to a property of a gap between two objects (i.e., the ground). Therefore, the target regions in this experiment could either be foreground or background. The SPN onset was delayed when the symmetry was in a ground region. This may be because object formation interferes with the processing of shape information in the ground region.
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24
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Liesefeld HR, Liesefeld AM, Müller HJ. Preparatory Control Against Distraction Is Not Feature-Based. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:2398-2411. [PMID: 34585718 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salient-but-irrelevant stimuli (distractors) co-occurring with search targets can capture attention against the observer's will. Recently, evidence has accumulated that preparatory control can prevent this misguidance of spatial attention in predictable situations. However, the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. Most pertinent theories assume that attention is guided by specific features. This widespread theoretical claim provides several strong predictions with regard to distractor handling that are disconfirmed here: Employing electrophysiological markers of covert attentional dynamics, in three experiments, we show that distractors standing out by a feature that is categorically different from the target consistently captures attention. However, equally salient distractors standing out in a different feature dimension are effectively down-weighted, even if unpredictably swapping their defining feature with the target. This shows that preparing for a distractor's feature is neither necessary nor sufficient for successful avoidance of attentional capture. Rather, capture is prevented by preparing for the distractor's feature dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich R Liesefeld
- Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen D-28359, Germany.,Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München D-80802, Germany
| | - Anna M Liesefeld
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München D-80802, Germany
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München D-80802, Germany
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25
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Damsma A, Schlichting N, van Rijn H. Temporal Context Actively Shapes EEG Signatures of Time Perception. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4514-4523. [PMID: 33833083 PMCID: PMC8152605 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0628-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our subjective perception of time is optimized to temporal regularities in the environment. This is illustrated by the central tendency effect: When estimating a range of intervals, short intervals are overestimated, whereas long intervals are underestimated to reduce the overall estimation error. Most models of interval timing ascribe this effect to the weighting of the current interval with previous memory traces after the interval has been perceived. Alternatively, the perception of the duration could already be flexibly tuned to its temporal context. We investigated this hypothesis using an interval reproduction task in which human participants (both sexes) reproduced a shorter and longer interval range. As expected, reproductions were biased toward the subjective mean of each presented range. EEG analyses showed that temporal context indeed affected neural dynamics during the perception phase. Specifically, longer previous durations decreased contingent negative variation and P2 amplitude and increased beta power. In addition, multivariate pattern analysis showed that it is possible to decode context from the transient EEG signal quickly after both onset and offset of the perception phase. Together, these results suggest that temporal context creates dynamic expectations which actively affect the perception of duration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The subjective sense of duration does not arise in isolation, but is informed by previous experiences. This is demonstrated by abundant evidence showing that the production of duration estimates is biased toward previously experienced time intervals. However, it is yet unknown whether this temporal context actively affects perception or only asserts its influence in later, postperceptual stages as proposed by most current formal models of this task. Using an interval reproduction task, we show that EEG signatures flexibly adapt to the temporal context during perceptual encoding. Furthermore, interval history can be decoded from the transient EEG signal even when the current duration was identical. Thus, our results demonstrate that context actively influences perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atser Damsma
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9712 TS, The Netherlands
| | - Nadine Schlichting
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9712 TS, The Netherlands
| | - Hedderik van Rijn
- Department of Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, 9712 TS, The Netherlands
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26
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Epstein ML, Emmanouil TA. Ensemble Statistics Can Be Available before Individual Item Properties: Electroencephalography Evidence Using the Oddball Paradigm. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1056-1068. [PMID: 34428790 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral studies have shown that statistical properties of object groups are perceived accurately with brief exposure durations. This finding motivated the hypothesis that ensemble perception occurs rapidly in vision. However, the precise timing of ensemble perception remains unclear. Here, we used the superior temporal resolution of electroencephalography to directly compare the timing of ensemble processing to that of individual object processing. The P3b was chosen as a particular component of interest, as it is thought to measure the latency of stimulus evaluation. Participants performed a simple "oddball" task in which sets of 51 lines with varied orientations sequentially flashed briefly on the display. In these sequences, there was a 20% chance of an individual oddball, wherein one marked object tilted clockwise, and a 20% chance of an ensemble oddball, wherein the average orientation of the set tilted clockwise. In counterbalanced blocks, participants were instructed to respond to either individual or ensemble oddballs. ERP analysis was performed to test the timing of this processing. At parietal electrodes, P3b components were found for both individual and ensemble oddballs. Ensemble P3b components were found to occur significantly earlier than individual P3b components, as measured with both 50% area latency and 50% onset latency. Using multivariate pattern analysis, ensemble oddball trials were classifiable from standard trials significantly earlier in their timecourse than individual oddball trials. Altogether, these results provide compelling evidence that ensemble perception occurs rapidly and that ensemble properties can be available earlier than individual object properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Epstein
- Program in Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York
| | - Tatiana A Emmanouil
- Program in Psychology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York.,Department of Psychology, Baruch College, City University of New York
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27
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Herzog ND, Steinfath TP, Tarrasch R. Critical Dynamics in Spontaneous Resting-State Oscillations Are Associated With the Attention-Related P300 ERP in a Go/Nogo Task. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:632922. [PMID: 33828446 PMCID: PMC8019703 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.632922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained attention is the ability to continually concentrate on task-relevant information, even in the presence of distraction. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying this ability is critical for comprehending attentional processes as well as neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by attentional deficits, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In this study, we aimed to investigate how trait-like critical oscillations during rest relate to the P300 evoked potential-a biomarker commonly used to assess attentional deficits. We measured long-range temporal correlations (LRTC) in resting-state EEG oscillations as index for criticality of the signal. In addition, the attentional performance of the subjects was assessed as reaction time variability (RTV) in a continuous performance task following an oddball paradigm. P300 amplitude and latencies were obtained from EEG recordings during this task. We found that, after controlling for individual variability in task performance, LRTC were positively associated with P300 amplitudes but not latencies. In line with previous findings, good performance in the sustained attention task was related to higher P300 amplitudes and earlier peak latencies. Unexpectedly, we observed a positive relationship between LRTC in ongoing oscillations during rest and RTV, indicating that greater criticality in brain oscillations during rest relates to worse task performance. In summary, our results show that resting-state neuronal activity, which operates near a critical state, relates to the generation of higher P300 amplitudes. Brain dynamics close to criticality potentially foster a computationally advantageous state which promotes the ability to generate higher event-related potential (ERP) amplitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine D Herzog
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Education and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tim P Steinfath
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ricardo Tarrasch
- School of Education and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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28
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van Moorselaar D, Daneshtalab N, Slagter HA. Neural mechanisms underlying distractor inhibition on the basis of feature and/or spatial expectations. Cortex 2021; 137:232-250. [PMID: 33640854 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A rapidly growing body of research indicates that inhibition of distracting information may not be under flexible, top-down control, but instead heavily relies on expectations derived from past experience about the likelihood of events. Yet, how expectations about distracting information influence distractor inhibition at the neural level remains unclear. To determine how expectations induced by distractor features and/or location regularities modulate distractor processing, we measured EEG while participants performed two variants of the additional singleton paradigm. Critically, in these different variants, target and distractor features either randomly swapped across trials, or were fixed, allowing for the development of distractor feature-based expectations. Moreover, the task was initially performed without any spatial regularity, after which a high probability distractor location was introduced. Our results show that both distractor feature- and location regularities contributed to distractor inhibition, as indicated by corresponding reductions in distractor costs during visual search and an earlier distractor-evoked Pd component. Yet, control analyses showed that while observers were sensitive to regularities across longer time scales, the observed effects to a large extent reflected intertrial repetition. Large individual differences further suggest a functional dissociation between early and late Pd components, with the former reflecting early sensory suppression related to intertrial priming and the latter reflecting suppression sensitive to expectations derived over a longer time scale. Also, counter to some previous findings, no increase in anticipatory alpha-band activity was observed over visual regions representing the expected distractor location, although this effect should be interpreted with caution as the effect of spatial statistical learning was also less pronounced than in other studies. Together, these findings suggest that intertrial priming and statistical learning may both contribute to distractor suppression and reveal the underlying neural mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk van Moorselaar
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Nasim Daneshtalab
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heleen A Slagter
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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29
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Source dipole analysis reveals a new brain response to visual symmetry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:285. [PMID: 33431986 PMCID: PMC7801689 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual regularity activates a network of brain regions in the extrastriate cortex. Previous EEG studies have found that this response scales parametrically with proportion of symmetry in symmetry + noise displays. The parametric symmetry response happens in many tasks, but it is enhanced during active regularity discrimination. However, the origins and time course of this selective enhancement are unclear. Here we answered remaining questions with new source dipole analysis. As assumed, the parametric symmetry response found at the sensor level was generated by a pair of dipoles in the left and right extrastriate cortex. This bilateral activity was itself enhanced during regularity discrimination. However, we identified a third, and later, symmetry response in the posterior cingulate during regularity discrimination. Unlike the extrastriate response, this previously unknown activation only indexes strong, task relevant regularity signals. This clarifies the neural circuits which mediate the perceptual and cognitive aspects of symmetry discrimination.
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30
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Panis S, Schmidt F, Wolkersdorfer MP, Schmidt T. Analyzing Response Times and Other Types of Time-to-Event Data Using Event History Analysis: A Tool for Mental Chronometry and Cognitive Psychophysiology. Iperception 2020; 11:2041669520978673. [PMID: 35145613 PMCID: PMC8822313 DOI: 10.1177/2041669520978673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this Methods article, we discuss and illustrate a unifying, principled way to analyze response time data from psychological experiments—and all other types of time-to-event data. We advocate the general application of discrete-time event history analysis (EHA) which is a well-established, intuitive longitudinal approach to statistically describe and model the shape of time-to-event distributions. After discussing the theoretical background behind the so-called hazard function of event occurrence in both continuous and discrete time units, we illustrate how to calculate and interpret the descriptive statistics provided by discrete-time EHA using two example data sets (masked priming, visual search). In case of discrimination data, the hazard analysis of response occurrence can be extended with a microlevel speed-accuracy trade-off analysis. We then discuss different approaches for obtaining inferential statistics. We consider the advantages and disadvantages of a principled use of discrete-time EHA for time-to-event data compared to (a) comparing means with analysis of variance, (b) other distributional methods available in the literature such as delta plots and continuous-time EHA methods, and (c) only fitting parametric distributions or computational models to empirical data. We conclude that statistically controlling for the passage of time during data analysis is equally important as experimental control during the design of an experiment, to understand human behavior in our experimental paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Panis
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Filipp Schmidt
- Abteilung Allgemeine Psychologie, Fachbereich 06, Psychologie und Sportwissenschaft, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Giessen, Germany
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Maximilian P. Wolkersdorfer
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Experimental Psychology Unit, Faculty of Social Sciences, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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31
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Balkenhol T, Wallhäusser-Franke E, Rotter N, Servais JJ. Cochlear Implant and Hearing Aid: Objective Measures of Binaural Benefit. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:586119. [PMID: 33381008 PMCID: PMC7768047 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.586119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cochlear implants (CI) improve hearing for the severely hearing impaired. With an extension of implantation candidacy, today many CI listeners use a hearing aid on their contralateral ear, referred to as bimodal listening. It is uncertain, however, whether the brains of bimodal listeners can combine the electrical and acoustical sound information and how much CI experience is needed to achieve an improved performance with bimodal listening. Patients with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss undergoing implant surgery were tested in their ability to understand speech in quiet and in noise, before and again 3 and 6 months after provision of a CI. Results of these bimodal listeners were compared to age-matched, normal hearing controls (NH). The benefit of adding a contralateral hearing aid was calculated in terms of head shadow, binaural summation, binaural squelch, and spatial release from masking from the results of a sentence recognition test. Beyond that, bimodal benefit was estimated from the difference in amplitudes and latencies of the N1, P2, and N2 potentials of the brains' auditory evoked response (AEP) toward speech. Data of fifteen participants contributed to the results. CI provision resulted in significant improvement of speech recognition with the CI ear, and in taking advantage of the head shadow effect for understanding speech in noise. Some amount of binaural processing was suggested by a positive binaural summation effect 6 month post-implantation that correlated significantly with symmetry of pure tone thresholds. Moreover, a significant negative correlation existed between binaural summation and latency of the P2 potential. With CI experience, morphology of the N1 and P2 potentials in the AEP response approximated that of NH, whereas, N2 remained different. Significant AEP differences between monaural and binaural processing were shown for NH and for bimodal listeners 6 month post-implantation. Although the grand-averaged difference in N1 amplitude between monaural and binaural listening was similar for NH and the bimodal group, source localization showed group-dependent differences in auditory and speech-relevant cortex, suggesting different processing in the bimodal listeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Balkenhol
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Wallhäusser-Franke
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nicole Rotter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jérôme J Servais
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Medical Center Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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32
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Robinson EM, Wiener M. Dissociable neural indices for time and space estimates during virtual distance reproduction. Neuroimage 2020; 226:117607. [PMID: 33290808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception and measurement of spatial and temporal dimensions have been widely studied. Yet, whether these two dimensions are processed independently is still being debated. Additionally, whether EEG components are uniquely associated with time or space, or whether they reflect a more general measure of magnitude quantity remains unknown. While undergoing EEG, subjects performed a virtual distance reproduction task, in which they were required to first walk forward for an unknown distance or time, and then reproduce that distance or time. Walking speed was varied between estimation and reproduction phases, to prevent interference between distance or time in each estimate. Behaviorally, subject performance was more variable when reproducing time than when reproducing distance, but with similar patterns of accuracy. During estimation, EEG data revealed the contingent negative variation (CNV), a measure previously associated with timing and expectation, tracked the probability of the upcoming interval, for both time and distance. However, during reproduction, the CNV exclusively oriented to the upcoming temporal interval at the start of reproduction, with no change across spatial distances. Our findings indicate that time and space are neurally separable dimensions, with the CNV both serving a supramodal role in temporal and spatial expectation, yet an exclusive role in preparing duration reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Marie Robinson
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States; Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States
| | - Martin Wiener
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, 3F5, Fairfax, VA 22030, United States.
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33
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Opitz B, Brady D, Leonard HC. Motor and non-motor sequence prediction is equally affected in children with developmental coordination disorder. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232562. [PMID: 33166291 PMCID: PMC7652350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) are diagnosed based on motor difficulties. However, they also exhibit difficulties in several other cognitive domains, including visuospatial processing, executive functioning and attention. One account of the difficulties seen in DCD proposes an impairment in internal forward modelling, i.e., the ability to (i) detect regularities of a repetitive perceptual or motor pattern, (ii) predict future outcomes of motor actions, and (iii) adapt behaviour accordingly. Using electroencephalographic recordings, the present study aimed to delineate these different aspects of internal forward modelling across several domains. To this end, 24 children with DCD and 23 typically-developing children (aged 7–10 years) completed a serial prediction task in the visual, temporal, spatial and motor domains. This task required them to learn short sequences and to indicate whether a sequence was disrupted towards its end. Analyses revealed that, across all domains, children with DCD showed poorer discrimination between intact and disrupted sequences, accompanied by a delayed late parietal positivity elicited by disrupted sequences. These results indicate an impairment in explicit sequence discrimination in DCD across motor and cognitive domains. However, there is no evidence for an impairment in implicit performance on the visuomotor task in DCD. These results suggest an impairment of the updating of an internal forward model in DCD resulting in a blurred representation of that model and, consequently, in a reduced ability to detect regularities in the environment (e.g., sequences). Such a detailed understanding of internal forward modelling in DCD could help to explain the wide range of co-occurring difficulties experienced by those with a diagnosis of DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Opitz
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- Centre for Multimedia Teaching and Learning, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniel Brady
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Hayley C. Leonard
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
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34
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Studying the dynamics of visual search behavior using RT hazard and micro-level speed-accuracy tradeoff functions: A role for recurrent object recognition and cognitive control processes. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 82:689-714. [PMID: 31942704 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-019-01897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to the work of Anne Treisman and many others, the visual search paradigm has become one of the most popular paradigms in the study of visual attention. However, statistics like mean correct response time (RT) and percent error do not usually suffice to decide between the different search models that have been developed. Recently, to move beyond mean performance measures in visual search, RT histograms have been plotted, theoretical waiting time distributions have been fitted, and whole RT and error distributions have been simulated. Here we promote and illustrate the general application of discrete-time hazard analysis to response times, and of micro-level speed-accuracy tradeoff analysis to timed response accuracies. An exploratory analysis of published benchmark search data from feature, conjunction, and spatial configuration search tasks reveals new features of visual search behavior, such as a relatively flat hazard function in the right tail of the RT distributions for all tasks, a clear effect of set size on the shape of the RT distribution for the feature search task, and individual differences in the presence of a systematic pattern of early errors. Our findings suggest that the temporal dynamics of visual search behavior results from a decision process that is temporally modulated by concurrently active recurrent object recognition, learning, and cognitive control processes, next to attentional selection processes.
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35
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Lin Z, Miao C, Zhang Y. Human electrophysiology reveals delayed but enhanced selection in inhibition of return. Cognition 2020; 205:104462. [PMID: 32979631 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visual environment tends to be stable over the short run. An immediately visited location often doesn't provide new information and can be safely inhibited, as exemplified by inhibition of return (IOR)-attention takes longer to return to a previously cued location. Attention selection at this inhibited location has been widely characterized as inferior, in which the target at the cued location has diminished salience, with lower rate of accumulation in the priority map for attention selection. We demonstrate here that an electrophysiology index of visual selection-the N2pc component-is delayed but enhanced at the cued than uncued location, and this enhancement in the N2pc amplitude predicts reduction in the behavioral IOR effect. By isolating a pure target N2pc, these results reveal an active attention enhancement mechanism that facilitates adaptive allocation of attention when a target appears at a previously cued location, potentially acting as a compensation mechanism for inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Lin
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China; Applied Psychology Program, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Chengguo Miao
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China.
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36
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Liesefeld HR, Liesefeld AM, Sauseng P, Jacob SN, Müller HJ. How visual working memory handles distraction: cognitive mechanisms and electrophysiological correlates. VISUAL COGNITION 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2020.1773594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich R. Liesefeld
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
- Munich Center for Neurosciences – Brain & Mind, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Anna M. Liesefeld
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Paul Sauseng
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Simon N. Jacob
- Department of Neurosurgery, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Hermann J. Müller
- Department Psychologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
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Scofield JE, Price MH, Flores A, Merkle EC, Johnson JD. Repetition attenuates the influence of recency on recognition memory: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Psychophysiology 2020; 57:e13601. [PMID: 32449795 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Studies of recognition memory often demonstrate a recency effect on behavioral performance, whereby response times (RTs) are faster for stimuli that were previously presented recently as opposed to more remotely in the past. One account of this relationship between performance and presentation lag posits that memories are accessed by serially searching backward in time, such that RT indicates the self-terminating moment of such a process. Here, we investigated the conditions under which this serial search gives way to more efficient means of retrieving memories. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a continuous recognition task, in which subjects made binary old/new judgments to stimuli that were each presented up to four times across a range of lags. Stimulus repetition and shorter presentation lag both gave rise to speeded RTs, consistent with previous findings, and we novelly extend these effects to a robust latency measure of the left parietal ERP correlate of retrieval success. Importantly, the relationship between repetition and recency was further elucidated, such that repetition attenuated lag-related differences that were initially present in both the behavioral and neural latency data. These findings are consistent with the idea that an effortful search through recent memory can quickly be abandoned in favor of relying on more efficient "time-independent" cognitive processes or neural signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Scofield
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mason H Price
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Angélica Flores
- Department of Psychology, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, Cholula, Mexico
| | - Edgar C Merkle
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Johnson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Seibold VC, Stepper MY, Rolke B. Temporal attention boosts perceptual effects of spatial attention and feature-based attention. Brain Cogn 2020; 142:105570. [PMID: 32447188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Temporal attention, that is, the process of anticipating the occurrence of a stimulus at a given time point, has been shown to improve perceptual processing of visual stimuli. In the present study, we investigated whether and how temporal attention interacts with spatial attention and feature-based attention in visual selection. To monitor the influence of the three different attention dimensions on perceptual processing, we measured event-related potentials (ERPs). Our participants performed a visual search task, in which a colored singleton was presented amongst homogenous distractors. We manipulated spatial and feature-based attention by requiring participants to respond only to target singletons in a particular color and at a to-be-attended spatial location. We manipulated temporal attention by means of an explicit temporal cue that announced either validly or invalidly the occurrence of the search display. We obtained early ERP effects of spatial attention and feature-based attention at the validly cued but not at the invalidly cued time point. Taken together, our results suggest that temporal attention boosts early effects of spatial and feature-based attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena C Seibold
- Evolutionary Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Madeleine Y Stepper
- Evolutionary Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Rolke
- Evolutionary Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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Balkenhol T, Wallhäusser-Franke E, Rotter N, Servais JJ. Changes in Speech-Related Brain Activity During Adaptation to Electro-Acoustic Hearing. Front Neurol 2020; 11:161. [PMID: 32300327 PMCID: PMC7145411 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Hearing improves significantly with bimodal provision, i.e., a cochlear implant (CI) at one ear and a hearing aid (HA) at the other, but performance shows a high degree of variability resulting in substantial uncertainty about the performance that can be expected by the individual CI user. The objective of this study was to explore how auditory event-related potentials (AERPs) of bimodal listeners in response to spoken words approximate the electrophysiological response of normal hearing (NH) listeners. Study Design: Explorative prospective analysis during the first 6 months of bimodal listening using a within-subject repeated measures design. Setting: Academic tertiary care center. Participants: Twenty-seven adult participants with bilateral sensorineural hearing loss who received a HiRes 90K CI and continued use of a HA at the non-implanted ear. Age-matched NH listeners served as controls. Intervention: Cochlear implantation. Main Outcome Measures: Obligatory auditory evoked potentials N1 and P2, and the event-related N2 potential in response to monosyllabic words and their reversed sound traces before, as well as 3 and 6 months post-implantation. The task required word/non-word classification. Stimuli were presented within speech-modulated noise. Loudness of word/non-word signals was adjusted individually to achieve the same intelligibility across groups and assessments. Results: Intelligibility improved significantly with bimodal hearing, and the N1-P2 response approximated the morphology seen in NH with enhanced and earlier responses to the words compared to their reversals. For bimodal listeners, a prominent negative deflection was present between 370 and 570 ms post stimulus onset (N2), irrespective of stimulus type. This was absent for NH controls; hence, this response did not approximate the NH response during the study interval. N2 source localization evidenced extended activation of general cognitive areas in frontal and prefrontal brain areas in the CI group. Conclusions: Prolonged and spatially extended processing in bimodal CI users suggests employment of additional auditory-cognitive mechanisms during speech processing. This does not reduce within 6 months of bimodal experience and may be a correlate of the enhanced listening effort described by CI listeners.
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Geyer T, Günther F, Müller HJ, Kacian J, Liesefeld HR, Pierides S. Reading English-language haiku: An eye-movement study of the 'cut effect'. J Eye Mov Res 2020; 13. [PMID: 33828786 PMCID: PMC7882062 DOI: 10.16910/jemr.13.2.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study, set within the larger enterprise of Neuro-Cognitive Poetics, was designed to examine how readers deal with the ‘cut’ – a more or less sharp semantic-conceptual break – in normative, three-line English-language haiku poems (ELH). Readers were presented with three-line haiku that consisted of two (seemingly) disparate parts, a (two-line) ‘phrase’ image and a one-line ‘fragment’ image, in order to determine how they process the conceptual gap between these images when constructing the poem’s meaning – as reflected in their patterns of reading eye movements. In addition to replicating the basic ‘cut effect’, i.e., the extended fixation dwell time on the fragment line relative to the other lines, the present study examined (a) how this effect is influenced by whether the cut is purely implicit or explicitly marked by punctuation, and (b) whether the effect pattern could be delineated against a control condition of ‘uncut’, one-image haiku. For ‘cut’ vs. ‘uncut’ haiku, the results revealed the distribution of fixations across the poems to be modulated by the position of the cut (after line 1 vs. after line 2), the presence vs. absence of a cut marker, and the semanticconceptual distance between the two images (context–action vs. juxtaposition haiku). These formal-structural and conceptual-semantic properties were associated with systematic changes in how individual poem lines were scanned at first reading and then (selectively) re-sampled in second- and third-pass reading to construct and check global meaning. No such effects were found for one-image (control) haiku. We attribute this pattern to the operation of different meaning resolution processes during the comprehension of two-image haiku, which are invoked by both form- and meaning-related features of the poems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Geyer
- General and Experimental Psychology LMU, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Jim Kacian
- The Haiku Foundation, Winchester, VA, USA
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Wen T, Duncan J, Mitchell DJ. The time-course of component processes of selective attention. Neuroimage 2019; 199:396-407. [PMID: 31150787 PMCID: PMC6693528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional selection shapes human perception, enhancing relevant information, according to behavioral goals. While many studies have investigated individual neural signatures of attention, here we used multivariate decoding of electrophysiological brain responses (MEG/EEG) to track and compare multiple component processes of selective attention. Auditory cues instructed participants to select a particular visual target, embedded within a subsequent stream of displays. Combining single and multi-item displays with different types of distractors allowed multiple aspects of information content to be decoded, distinguishing distinct components of attention, as the selection process evolved. Although the task required comparison of items to an attentional "template" held in memory, signals consistent with such a template were largely undetectable throughout the preparatory period but re-emerged after presentation of a non-target choice display. Choice displays evoked strong neural representation of multiple target features, evolving over different timescales. We quantified five distinct processing operations with different time-courses. First, visual properties of the stimulus were strongly represented. Second, the candidate target was rapidly identified and localized in multi-item displays, providing the earliest evidence of modulation by behavioral relevance. Third, the identity of the target continued to be enhanced, relative to distractors. Fourth, only later was the behavioral significance of the target explicitly represented in single-item displays. Finally, if the target was not identified and search was to be resumed, then an attentional template was weakly reactivated. The observation that an item's behavioral relevance directs attention in multi-item displays prior to explicit representation of target/non-target status in single-item displays is consistent with two-stage models of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Wen
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom.
| | - John Duncan
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Daniel J Mitchell
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF, United Kingdom.
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Lowe KA, Reppert TR, Schall JD. Selective Influence and Sequential Operations: A Research Strategy for Visual Search. VISUAL COGNITION 2019; 27:387-415. [PMID: 32982561 PMCID: PMC7518653 DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2019.1659896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
We discuss the problem of elucidating mechanisms of visual search. We begin by considering the history, logic, and methods of relating behavioral or cognitive processes with neural processes. We then survey briefly the cognitive neurophysiology of visual search and essential aspects of the neural circuitry supporting this capacity. We introduce conceptually and empirically a powerful but underutilized experimental approach to dissect the cognitive processes supporting performance of a visual search task with factorial manipulations of singleton-distractor identifiability and stimulus-response cue discriminability. We show that systems factorial technology can distinguish processing architectures from the performance of macaque monkeys. This demonstration offers new opportunities to distinguish neural mechanisms through selective manipulation of visual encoding, search selection, rule encoding, and stimulus-response mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaleb A Lowe
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center
| | - Thomas R Reppert
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center
| | - Jeffrey D Schall
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Center for Integrative and Cognitive Neuroscience, Vanderbilt Vision Research Center
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Ort E, Fahrenfort JJ, Ten Cate T, Eimer M, Olivers CN. Humans can efficiently look for but not select multiple visual objects. eLife 2019; 8:49130. [PMID: 31453807 PMCID: PMC6733593 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain recurrently prioritizes task-relevant over task-irrelevant visual information. A central question is whether multiple objects can be prioritized simultaneously. To answer this, we let observers search for two colored targets among distractors. Crucially, we independently varied the number of target colors that observers anticipated, and the number of target colors actually used to distinguish the targets in the display. This enabled us to dissociate the preparation of selection mechanisms from the actual engagement of such mechanisms. Multivariate classification of electroencephalographic activity allowed us to track selection of each target separately across time. The results revealed only small neural and behavioral costs associated with preparing for selecting two objects, but substantial costs when engaging in selection. Further analyses suggest this cost is the consequence of neural competition resulting in limited parallel processing, rather than a serial bottleneck. The findings bridge diverging theoretical perspectives on capacity limitations of feature-based attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Ort
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johannes Jacobus Fahrenfort
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tuomas Ten Cate
- Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Martin Eimer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Nl Olivers
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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