1
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Wiseglass G, Boni N, Smorodinsky-Atias K, Rubinstein R. Clustered protocadherin cis-interactions are required for combinatorial cell-cell recognition underlying neuronal self-avoidance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319829121. [PMID: 38976736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319829121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In the developing human brain, only 53 stochastically expressed clustered protocadherin (cPcdh) isoforms enable neurites from individual neurons to recognize and self-avoid while simultaneously maintaining contact with neurites from other neurons. Cell assays have demonstrated that self-recognition occurs only when all cPcdh isoforms perfectly match across the cell boundary, with a single mismatch in the cPcdh expression profile interfering with recognition. It remains unclear, however, how a single mismatched isoform between neighboring cells is sufficient to block erroneous recognitions. Using systematic cell aggregation experiments, we show that abolishing cPcdh interactions on the same membrane (cis) results in a complete loss of specific combinatorial binding between cells (trans). Our computer simulations demonstrate that the organization of cPcdh in linear array oligomers, composed of cis and trans interactions, enhances self-recognition by increasing the concentration and stability of cPcdh trans complexes between the homotypic membranes. Importantly, we show that the presence of mismatched isoforms between cells drastically diminishes the concentration and stability of the trans complexes. Overall, we provide an explanation for the role of the cPcdh assembly arrangements in neuronal self/non-self-discrimination underlying neuronal self-avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Wiseglass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Nadir Boni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Karina Smorodinsky-Atias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Rotem Rubinstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry and Biophysics, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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2
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Schmithorst V, Bais A, Badaly D, Williams K, Gabriel G, Ceschin R, Wallace J, Lee V, Lopez O, Cohen A, Martin LJ, Lo C, Panigrahy A. Complex Regulation of Protocadherin Epigenetics on Aging-Related Brain Health. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.21.24306143. [PMID: 38712165 PMCID: PMC11071558 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.21.24306143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Life expectancy continues to increase in the high-income world due to advances in medical care; however, quality of life declines with increasing age due to normal aging processes. Current research suggests that various aspects of aging are genetically modulated and thus may be slowed via genetic modification. Here, we show evidence for epigenetic modulation of the aging process in the brain from over 1800 individuals as part of the Framingham Heart Study. We investigated the methylation of genes in the protocadherin (PCDH) clusters, including the alpha (PCHDA), beta (PCDHB), and gamma (PCDHG) clusters. Reduced PCDHG, elevated PCDHA, and elevated PCDHB methylation levels were associated with substantial reductions in the rate of decline of regional white matter volume as well as certain cognitive skills, independent of overall accelerated or retarded aging as estimated by a DNA clock. These results are likely due to the different effects of the expression of genes in the alpha, beta, and gamma PCHD clusters and suggest that experience-based aging processes related to a decline in regional brain volume and select cognitive skills may be slowed via targeted epigenetic modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Schmithorst
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
| | - Abha Bais
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Developmental Biology
| | | | | | | | - Rafael Ceschin
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
| | - Julia Wallace
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
| | - Vince Lee
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
| | - Oscar Lopez
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Neurology
| | - Annie Cohen
- University of Pittsburgh Department of Psychiatry
| | - Lisa J. Martin
- Department of Pediatrics Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Cecilia Lo
- University of Pittsburgh Integrative Systems Biology
| | - Ashok Panigrahy
- UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Radiology
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3
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Kawamura N, Osuka T, Kaneko R, Kishi E, Higuchi R, Yoshimura Y, Hirabayashi T, Yagi T, Tarusawa E. Reciprocal Connections between Parvalbumin-Expressing Cells and Adjacent Pyramidal Cells Are Regulated by Clustered Protocadherin γ. eNeuro 2023; 10:ENEURO.0250-23.2023. [PMID: 37890993 PMCID: PMC10614112 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0250-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional neural circuits in the cerebral cortex are established through specific neural connections between excitatory and various inhibitory cell types. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic partner recognition remain unclear. In this study, we examined the impact of clustered protocadherin-γ (cPcdhγ) gene deletion in parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells on intralaminar and translaminar neural circuits formed between PV+ and pyramidal (Pyr) cells in the primary visual cortex (V1) of male and female mice. First, we used whole-cell recordings and laser-scan photostimulation with caged glutamate to map excitatory inputs from layer 2/3 to layer 6. We found that cPcdhγ-deficient PV+ cells in layer 2/3 received normal translaminar inputs from Pyr cells through layers 2/3-6. Second, to further elucidate the effect on PV+-Pyr microcircuits within intralaminar layer 2/3, we conducted multiple whole-cell recordings. While the overall connection probability of PV+-Pyr cells remained largely unchanged, the connectivity of PV+-Pyr was significantly different between control and PV+-specific cPcdhγ-conditional knock-out (PV-cKO) mice. In control mice, the number of reciprocally connected PV+ cells was significantly higher than PV+ cells connected one way to Pyr cells, a difference that was not significant in PV-cKO mice. Interestingly, the proportion of highly reciprocally connected PV+ cells to Pyr cells with large unitary IPSC (uIPSC) amplitudes was reduced in PV-cKO mice. Conversely, the proportion of middle reciprocally connected PV+ cells to Pyr cells with large uIPSC amplitudes increased compared with control mice. This study demonstrated that cPcdhγ in PV+ cells modulates their reciprocity with Pyr cells in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanami Kawamura
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Osuka
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eri Kishi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuon Higuchi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshimura
- Section of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama 244-0806, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Etsuko Tarusawa
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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4
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Hoshino N, Kanadome T, Takasugi T, Itoh M, Kaneko R, Inoue YU, Inoue T, Hirabayashi T, Watanabe M, Matsuda T, Nagai T, Tarusawa E, Yagi T. Visualization of trans homophilic interaction of clustered protocadherin in neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301003120. [PMID: 37695902 PMCID: PMC10515168 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301003120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherin (Pcdh) functions as a cell recognition molecule through the homophilic interaction in the central nervous system. However, its interactions have not yet been visualized in neurons. We previously reported PcdhγB2-Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes to be applicable only to cell lines. Herein, we designed γB2-FRET probes by fusing FRET donor and acceptor fluorescent proteins to a single γB2 molecule and succeeded in visualizing γB2 homophilic interaction in cultured hippocampal neurons. The γB2-FRET probe localized in the soma and neurites, and FRET signals, which were observed at contact sites between neurites, eliminated by ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) addition. Live imaging revealed that the FRET-negative γB2 signals rapidly moved along neurites and soma, whereas the FRET-positive signals remained in place. We observed that the γB2 proteins at synapses rarely interact homophilically. The γB2-FRET probe might allow us to elucidate the function of the homophilic interaction and the cell recognition mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Hoshino
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Kanadome
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka567-0047, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Kawaguchi, Saitama332-0012, Japan
| | - Tomomi Takasugi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Mizuho Itoh
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Yukiko U. Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo187-8501, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo187-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
- Clinical Medicine Research Laboratory, Shonan University of Medical Sciences, Yokohama244-0806, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido060-8638, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka567-0047, Japan
| | - Etsuko Tarusawa
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
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5
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Kanadome T, Hoshino N, Nagai T, Yagi T, Matsuda T. Visualization of trans-interactions of a protocadherin-α between processes originating from single neurons. iScience 2023; 26:107238. [PMID: 37534169 PMCID: PMC10392085 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherin (Pcdh), a cell adhesion protein, is involved in the self-recognition and non-self-discrimination of neurons by conferring diversity on the cell surface. Although the roles of Pcdh in neurons have been elucidated, it has been challenging to visualize its adhesion activity in neurons, which is a molecular function of Pcdh. Here, we present fluorescent indicators, named IPADs, which visualize the interaction of protocadherin-α4 isoform (α4). IPADs successfully visualize not only homophilic α4 trans-interactions, but also combinatorial homophilic interactions between cells. The reversible nature of IPADs overcomes a drawback of the split-GFP technique and allows for monitoring the dissociation of α4 trans-interactions. Specially designed IPADs for self-recognition are able to monitor the formation and disruption of α4 trans-interactions between processes originating from the same neurons. We expect that IPADs will be useful tools for obtaining spatiotemporal information on Pcdh interactions in neuronal self-recognition and non-self-discrimination processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanadome
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Natsumi Hoshino
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
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6
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LaForce GR, Philippidou P, Schaffer AE. mRNA isoform balance in neuronal development and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2023; 14:e1762. [PMID: 36123820 PMCID: PMC10024649 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Balanced mRNA isoform diversity and abundance are spatially and temporally regulated throughout cellular differentiation. The proportion of expressed isoforms contributes to cell type specification and determines key properties of the differentiated cells. Neurons are unique cell types with intricate developmental programs, characteristic cellular morphologies, and electrophysiological potential. Neuron-specific gene expression programs establish these distinctive cellular characteristics and drive diversity among neuronal subtypes. Genes with neuron-specific alternative processing are enriched in key neuronal functions, including synaptic proteins, adhesion molecules, and scaffold proteins. Despite the similarity of neuronal gene expression programs, each neuronal subclass can be distinguished by unique alternative mRNA processing events. Alternative processing of developmentally important transcripts alters coding and regulatory information, including interaction domains, transcript stability, subcellular localization, and targeting by RNA binding proteins. Fine-tuning of mRNA processing is essential for neuronal activity and maintenance. Thus, the focus of neuronal RNA biology research is to dissect the transcriptomic mechanisms that underlie neuronal homeostasis, and consequently, predispose neuronal subtypes to disease. This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneva R LaForce
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Polyxeni Philippidou
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ashleigh E Schaffer
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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7
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Steffen DM, Hanes CM, Mah KM, Valiño Ramos P, Bosch PJ, Hinz DC, Radley JJ, Burgess RW, Garrett AM, Weiner JA. A Unique Role for Protocadherin γC3 in Promoting Dendrite Arborization through an Axin1-Dependent Mechanism. J Neurosci 2023; 43:918-935. [PMID: 36604170 PMCID: PMC9908324 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0729-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The establishment of a functional cerebral cortex depends on the proper execution of multiple developmental steps, culminating in dendritic and axonal outgrowth and the formation and maturation of synaptic connections. Dysregulation of these processes can result in improper neuronal connectivity, including that associated with various neurodevelopmental disorders. The γ-Protocadherins (γ-Pcdhs), a family of 22 distinct cell adhesion molecules that share a C-terminal cytoplasmic domain, are involved in multiple aspects of neurodevelopment including neuronal survival, dendrite arborization, and synapse development. The extent to which individual γ-Pcdh family members play unique versus common roles remains unclear. We demonstrated previously that the γ-Pcdh-C3 isoform (γC3), via its unique "variable" cytoplasmic domain (VCD), interacts in cultured cells with Axin1, a Wnt-pathway scaffold protein that regulates the differentiation and morphology of neurons. Here, we confirm that γC3 and Axin1 interact in the cortex in vivo and show that both male and female mice specifically lacking γC3 exhibit disrupted Axin1 localization to synaptic fractions, without obvious changes in dendritic spine density or morphology. However, both male and female γC3 knock-out mice exhibit severely decreased dendritic complexity of cortical pyramidal neurons that is not observed in mouse lines lacking several other γ-Pcdh isoforms. Combining knock-out with rescue constructs in cultured cortical neurons pooled from both male and female mice, we show that γC3 promotes dendritic arborization through an Axin1-dependent mechanism mediated through its VCD. Together, these data identify a novel mechanism through which γC3 uniquely regulates the formation of cortical circuitry.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The complexity of a neuron's dendritic arbor is critical for its function. We showed previously that the γ-Protocadherin (γ-Pcdh) family of 22 cell adhesion molecules promotes arborization during development; it remained unclear whether individual family members played unique roles. Here, we show that one γ-Pcdh isoform, γC3, interacts in the brain with Axin1, a scaffolding protein known to influence dendrite development. A CRISPR/Cas9-generated mutant mouse line lacking γC3 (but not lines lacking other γ-Pcdhs) exhibits severely reduced dendritic complexity of cerebral cortex neurons. Using cultured γC3 knock-out neurons and a variety of rescue constructs, we confirm that the γC3 cytoplasmic domain promotes arborization through an Axin1-dependent mechanism. Thus, γ-Pcdh isoforms are not interchangeable, but rather can play unique neurodevelopmental roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Steffen
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Camille M Hanes
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Paula Valiño Ramos
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Peter J Bosch
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Dalton C Hinz
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Jason J Radley
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | | | - Andrew M Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
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8
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Kobayashi H, Takemoto K, Sanbo M, Hirabayashi M, Hirabayashi T, Hirayama T, Kiyonari H, Abe T, Yagi T. Isoform requirement of clustered protocadherin for preventing neuronal apoptosis and neonatal lethality. iScience 2023; 26:105766. [PMID: 36582829 PMCID: PMC9793319 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherin is a family of cell-surface recognition molecules implicated in neuronal connectivity that has a diverse isoform repertoire and homophilic binding specificity. Mice have 58 isoforms, encoded by Pcdhα, β, and γ gene clusters, and mutant mice lacking all isoforms died after birth, displaying massive neuronal apoptosis and synapse loss. The current hypothesis is that the three specific γC-type isoforms, especially γC4, are essential for the phenotype, raising the question about the necessity of isoform diversity. We generated TC mutant mice that expressed the three γC-type isoforms but lacked all the other 55 isoforms. The TC mutants died immediately after birth, showing massive neuronal death, and γC3 or γC4 expression did not prevent apoptosis. Restoring the α- and β-clusters with the three γC alleles rescued the phenotype, suggesting that along with the three γC-type isoforms, other isoforms are also required for the survival of neurons and individual mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kobayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Biophysical Engineering, Department of Systems Science, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 565-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Takemoto
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Hirayama
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Tokushima University, Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 6500047, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 6500047, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
- Division of Biophysical Engineering, Department of Systems Science, School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 565-8531, Japan
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9
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Carrier A, Desjobert C, Lobjois V, Rigal L, Busato F, Tost J, Ensenyat-Mendez M, Marzese DM, Pradines A, Favre G, Lamant L, Lanfrancone L, Etievant C, Arimondo PB, Riond J. Epigenetically regulated PCDHB15 impairs aggressiveness of metastatic melanoma cells. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:156. [PMID: 36443814 PMCID: PMC9707039 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01364-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The protocadherin proteins are cell adhesion molecules at the crossroad of signaling pathways playing a major role in neuronal development. It is now understood that their role as signaling hubs is not only important for the normal physiology of cells but also for the regulation of hallmarks of cancerogenesis. Importantly, protocadherins form a cluster of genes that are regulated by DNA methylation. We have identified for the first time that PCDHB15 gene is DNA-hypermethylated on its unique exon in the metastatic melanoma-derived cell lines and patients' metastases compared to primary tumors. This DNA hypermethylation silences the gene, and treatment with the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine reinduces its expression. We explored the role of PCDHB15 in melanoma aggressiveness and showed that overexpression impairs invasiveness and aggregation of metastatic melanoma cells in vitro and formation of lung metastasis in vivo. These findings highlight important modifications of the methylation of the PCDHβ genes in melanoma and support a functional role of PCDHB15 silencing in melanoma aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Carrier
- Unité de Service et de Recherche USR n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer (ETaC), Toulouse, France ,Cancer Epigenetics Group, Institut de Recerca Contra la Leucèmia Josep Carreras, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cécile Desjobert
- Unité de Service et de Recherche USR n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer (ETaC), Toulouse, France
| | - Valérie Lobjois
- grid.508721.9Institut des Technologies Avancées en Sciences du Vivant – ITAV-USR3505, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier-UT3, Toulouse, France ,grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XLaboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire du Contrôle de la Prolifération, CNRS UMR 5088, Université Paul Sabatier-UT3, Toulouse, France
| | - Lise Rigal
- grid.508721.9Institut des Technologies Avancées en Sciences du Vivant – ITAV-USR3505, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier-UT3, Toulouse, France
| | - Florence Busato
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humain, CEA-Institut de Biologie Francois Jacob, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Jörg Tost
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Laboratory for Epigenetics and Environment, Centre National de Recherche en Génomique Humain, CEA-Institut de Biologie Francois Jacob, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Miquel Ensenyat-Mendez
- grid.507085.fCancer Epigenetics Laboratory at the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Diego M. Marzese
- grid.507085.fCancer Epigenetics Laboratory at the Cancer Cell Biology Group, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Anne Pradines
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInserm, CNRS, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France ,grid.417829.10000 0000 9680 0846Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Oncologique, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Favre
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInserm, CNRS, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France ,grid.417829.10000 0000 9680 0846Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale Oncologique, Institut Claudius Regaud, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse-Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence Lamant
- grid.488470.7Laboratoire d’Anatomopathologie, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole, Toulouse, France
| | - Luisa Lanfrancone
- grid.15667.330000 0004 1757 0843Department of Experimental Oncology, Instituto Europeo di Oncologia, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Chantal Etievant
- Unité de Service et de Recherche USR n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer (ETaC), Toulouse, France
| | - Paola B. Arimondo
- Unité de Service et de Recherche USR n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer (ETaC), Toulouse, France ,grid.428999.70000 0001 2353 6535EpiCBio, Epigenetic Chemical Biology, Department Structural Biology and Chemistry, CNRS UMR N°3523, Institut Pasteur, 28 Rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Riond
- Unité de Service et de Recherche USR n°3388 CNRS-Pierre Fabre, Epigenetic Targeting of Cancer (ETaC), Toulouse, France ,grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XInserm, CNRS, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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10
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Alexander GM, Heiman-Patterson TD, Bearoff F, Sher RB, Hennessy L, Terek S, Caccavo N, Cox GA, Philip VM, Blankenhorn EA. Identification of quantitative trait loci for survival in the mutant dynactin p150Glued mouse model of motor neuron disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274615. [PMID: 36107978 PMCID: PMC9477371 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common degenerative motor neuron disorder. Although most cases of ALS are sporadic, 5-10% of cases are familial, with mutations associated with over 40 genes. There is variation of ALS symptoms within families carrying the same mutation; the disease may develop in one sibling and not in another despite the presence of the mutation in both. Although the cause of this phenotypic variation is unknown, it is likely related to genetic modifiers of disease expression. The identification of ALS causing genes has led to the development of transgenic mouse models of motor neuron disease. Similar to families with familial ALS, there are background-dependent differences in disease phenotype in transgenic mouse models of ALS suggesting that, as in human ALS, differences in phenotype may be ascribed to genetic modifiers. These genetic modifiers may not cause ALS rather their expression either exacerbates or ameliorates the effect of the mutant ALS causing genes. We have reported that in both the G93A-hSOD1 and G59S-hDCTN1 mouse models, SJL mice demonstrated a more severe phenotype than C57BL6 mice. From reciprocal intercrosses between G93A-hSOD1 transgenic mice on SJL and C57BL6 strains, we identified a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on mouse chromosome 17 that results in a significant shift in lifespan. In this study we generated reciprocal intercrosses between transgenic G59S-hDCTN1 mice on SJL and C57BL6 strains and identified survival QTLs on mouse chromosomes 17 and 18. The chromosome 17 survival QTL on G93A-hSOD1 and G59S-hDCTN1 mice partly overlap, suggesting that the genetic modifiers located in this region may be shared by these two ALS models despite the fact that motor neuron degeneration is caused by mutations in different proteins. The overlapping region contains eighty-seven genes with non-synonymous variations predicted to be deleterious and/or damaging. Two genes in this segment, NOTCH3 and Safb/SAFB1, have been associated with motor neuron disease. The identification of genetic modifiers of motor neuron disease, especially those modifiers that are shared by SOD1 and dynactin-1 transgenic mice, may result in the identification of novel targets for therapies that can alter the course of this devastating illness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Terry D. Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Frank Bearoff
- Department of Microbiology Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Roger B. Sher
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Laura Hennessy
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Shannon Terek
- The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicole Caccavo
- Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine of Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Cox
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Vivek M. Philip
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Blankenhorn
- Department of Microbiology Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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11
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Davis L, Rayi PR, Getselter D, Kaphzan H, Elliott E. CTCF in parvalbumin-expressing neurons regulates motor, anxiety and social behavior and neuronal identity. Mol Brain 2022; 15:30. [PMID: 35379308 PMCID: PMC8981645 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00916-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a regulator of chromatin organization and has direct effects on gene transcription. Mutations in CTCF have been identified in individuals with neurodevelopmental conditions. There are wide range of behaviors associated with these mutations, including intellectual disabilities, changes in temperament, and autism. Previous mice-model studies have identified roles for CTCF in excitatory neurons in specific behaviors, particularly in regards to learning and memory. However, the role of CTCF in inhibitory neurons is less well defined. In the current study, specific knockout of CTCF in parvalbumin-expressing neurons, a subset of inhibitory neurons, induced a specific behavioral phenotype, including locomotor abnormalities, anxiolytic behavior, and a decrease in social behavior. The anxiolytic and social abnormalities are detected before the onset of locomotor abnormalities. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a disbalance in parvalbumin-expressing and somatostatin-expressing cells in these mice. Single nuclei RNA sequencing identified changes in gene expression in parvalbumin-expressing neurons that are specific to inhibitory neuronal identity and function. Electrophysiology analysis revealed an enhanced inhibitory tone in the hippocampal pyramidal neurons in knockout mice. These findings indicate that CTCF in parvalbumin-expressing neurons has a significant role in the overall phenotype of CTCF-associated neurodevelopmental deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Davis
- Bar Ilan University, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Hanrietta Sold 8, 13215, Safed, Israel
| | - Prudhvi Raj Rayi
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dmitriy Getselter
- Bar Ilan University, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Hanrietta Sold 8, 13215, Safed, Israel
| | - Hanoch Kaphzan
- Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Evan Elliott
- Bar Ilan University, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Hanrietta Sold 8, 13215, Safed, Israel.
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12
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Williams DL, Sikora VM, Hammer MA, Amin S, Brinjikji T, Brumley EK, Burrows CJ, Carrillo PM, Cromer K, Edwards SJ, Emri O, Fergle D, Jenkins MJ, Kaushik K, Maydan DD, Woodard W, Clowney EJ. May the Odds Be Ever in Your Favor: Non-deterministic Mechanisms Diversifying Cell Surface Molecule Expression. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:720798. [PMID: 35087825 PMCID: PMC8787164 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.720798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
How does the information in the genome program the functions of the wide variety of cells in the body? While the development of biological organisms appears to follow an explicit set of genomic instructions to generate the same outcome each time, many biological mechanisms harness molecular noise to produce variable outcomes. Non-deterministic variation is frequently observed in the diversification of cell surface molecules that give cells their functional properties, and is observed across eukaryotic clades, from single-celled protozoans to mammals. This is particularly evident in immune systems, where random recombination produces millions of antibodies from only a few genes; in nervous systems, where stochastic mechanisms vary the sensory receptors and synaptic matching molecules produced by different neurons; and in microbial antigenic variation. These systems employ overlapping molecular strategies including allelic exclusion, gene silencing by constitutive heterochromatin, targeted double-strand breaks, and competition for limiting enhancers. Here, we describe and compare five stochastic molecular mechanisms that produce variety in pathogen coat proteins and in the cell surface receptors of animal immune and neuronal cells, with an emphasis on the utility of non-deterministic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donnell L. Williams
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Veronica Maria Sikora
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Max A. Hammer
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sayali Amin
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Taema Brinjikji
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Emily K. Brumley
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Connor J. Burrows
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paola Michelle Carrillo
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kirin Cromer
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Summer J. Edwards
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Olivia Emri
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniel Fergle
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - M. Jamal Jenkins
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Krishangi Kaushik
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniella D. Maydan
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Wrenn Woodard
- MCDB 464 – Cellular Diversity in the Immune and Nervous Systems, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - E. Josephine Clowney
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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13
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McLeod CM, Garrett AM. Mouse models for the study of clustered protocadherins. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 148:115-137. [PMID: 35461562 PMCID: PMC9152800 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Since their first description, the clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) have sparked interest for their potential to generate diverse cell-surface recognition cues and their widespread expression in the nervous system. Through the use of mouse models, we have learned a great deal about the functions served by cPcdhs, and how their molecular diversity is regulated. cPcdhs are essential contributors to a host of processes during neural circuit formation, including neuronal survival, dendritic and axonal branching, self-avoidance and targeting, and synapse formation. Their expression is controlled by the interplay of epigenetic marks with proximal and distal elements involving high order DNA looping, regulating transcription factor binding. Here, we will review various mouse models targeting the cPcdh locus and how they have been instructive in uncovering the regulation and function of the cPcdhs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy M. McLeod
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine
| | - Andrew M. Garrett
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine,Department of Ophthalmology, Visual, and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine
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14
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A loss-of-function variant in SUV39H2 identified in autism-spectrum disorder causes altered H3K9 trimethylation and dysregulation of protocadherin β-cluster genes in the developing brain. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:7550-7559. [PMID: 34262135 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has documented the potential roles of histone-modifying enzymes in autism-spectrum disorder (ASD). Aberrant histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9) dimethylation resulting from genetic variants in histone methyltransferases is known for neurodevelopmental and behavioral anomalies. However, a systematic examination of H3K9 methylation dynamics in ASD is lacking. Here we resequenced nine genes for histone methyltransferases and demethylases involved in H3K9 methylation in individuals with ASD and healthy controls using targeted next-generation sequencing. We identified a novel rare variant (A211S) in the SUV39H2, which was predicted to be deleterious. The variant showed strongly reduced histone methyltransferase activity in vitro. In silico analysis showed that the variant destabilizes the hydrophobic core and allosterically affects the enzyme activity. The Suv39h2-KO mice displayed hyperactivity and reduced behavioral flexibility in learning the tasks that required complex behavioral adaptation, which is relevant for ASD. The Suv39h2 deficit evoked an elevated expression of a subset of protocadherin β (Pcdhb) cluster genes in the embryonic brain, which is attributable to the loss of H3K9 trimethylation (me3) at the gene promoters. Reduced H3K9me3 persisted in the cerebellum of Suv39h2-deficient mice to an adult stage. Congruently, reduced expression of SUV39H1 and SUV39H2 in the postmortem brain samples of ASD individuals was observed, underscoring the role of H3K9me3 deficiency in ASD etiology. The present study provides direct evidence for the role of SUV39H2 in ASD and suggests a molecular cascade of SUV39H2 dysfunction leading to H3K9me3 deficiency followed by an untimely, elevated expression of Pcdhb cluster genes during early neurodevelopment.
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15
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Development of FRET-based indicators for visualizing homophilic trans interaction of a clustered protocadherin. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22237. [PMID: 34782670 PMCID: PMC8593154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs), which are cell adhesion molecules, play a fundamental role in self-recognition and non-self-discrimination by conferring diversity on the cell surface. Although systematic cell-based aggregation assays provide information regarding the binding properties of Pcdhs, direct visualization of Pcdh trans interactions across cells remains challenging. Here, we present Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based indicators for directly visualizing Pcdh trans interactions. We developed the indicators by individually inserting FRET donor and acceptor fluorescent proteins (FPs) into the ectodomain of Pcdh molecules. They enabled successful visualization of specific trans interactions of Pcdh and revealed that the Pcdh trans interaction is highly sensitive to changes in extracellular Ca2+ levels. We expect that FRET-based indicators for visualizing Pcdh trans interactions will provide a new approach for investigating the roles of Pcdh in self-recognition and non-self-discrimination processes.
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16
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Tang Y, Jia Z, Xu H, Da LT, Wu Q. Mechanism of REST/NRSF regulation of clustered protocadherin α genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:4506-4521. [PMID: 33849071 PMCID: PMC8096226 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor (REST) or neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) is a zinc-finger (ZF) containing transcriptional repressor that recognizes thousands of neuron-restrictive silencer elements (NRSEs) in mammalian genomes. How REST/NRSF regulates gene expression remains incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the binding pattern and regulation mechanism of REST/NRSF in the clustered protocadherin (PCDH) genes. We find that REST/NRSF directionally forms base-specific interactions with NRSEs via tandem ZFs in an anti-parallel manner but with striking conformational changes. In addition, REST/NRSF recruitment to the HS5-1 enhancer leads to the decrease of long-range enhancer-promoter interactions and downregulation of the clustered PCDHα genes. Thus, REST/NRSF represses PCDHα gene expression through directional binding to a repertoire of NRSEs within the distal enhancer and variable target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiao Tang
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhilian Jia
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Honglin Xu
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lin-tai Da
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, MOE Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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17
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Gallerani N, Au E. Loss of Clustered Protocadherin Diversity Alters the Spatial Distribution of Cortical Interneurons in Mice. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa089. [PMID: 34296145 PMCID: PMC8152951 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical interneurons (cINs) are locally projecting inhibitory neurons that are distributed throughout the cortex. Due to their relatively limited range of influence, their arrangement in the cortex is critical to their function. cINs achieve this arrangement through a process of tangential and radial migration and apoptosis during development. In this study, we investigated the role of clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) in establishing the spatial patterning of cINs through the use of genetic cPcdh knockout mice. cPcdhs are expressed in cINs and are known to play key functions in cell spacing and cell survival, but their role in cINs is poorly understood. Using spatial statistical analysis, we found that the 2 main subclasses of cINs, parvalbumin-expressing and somatostatin-expressing (SST) cINs, are nonrandomly spaced within subclass but randomly with respect to each other. We also found that the relative laminar distribution of each subclass was distinctly altered in whole α- or β-cluster mutants. Examination of perinatal time points revealed that the mutant phenotypes emerged relatively late, suggesting that cPcdhs may be acting during cIN morphological elaboration and synaptogenesis. We then analyzed an isoform-specific knockout for pcdh-αc2 and found that it recapitulated the α-cluster knockout but only in SST cells, suggesting that subtype-specific expression of cPcdh isoforms may help govern subtype-specific spatial distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Gallerani
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Edmund Au
- Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Rehabilitative Medicine and Regeneration, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York NY, 10032, USA
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18
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Wu Q, Jia Z. Wiring the Brain by Clustered Protocadherin Neural Codes. Neurosci Bull 2020; 37:117-131. [PMID: 32939695 PMCID: PMC7811963 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00578-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are more than a thousand trillion specific synaptic connections in the human brain and over a million new specific connections are formed every second during the early years of life. The assembly of these staggeringly complex neuronal circuits requires specific cell-surface molecular tags to endow each neuron with a unique identity code to discriminate self from non-self. The clustered protocadherin (Pcdh) genes, which encode a tremendous diversity of cell-surface assemblies, are candidates for neuronal identity tags. We describe the adaptive evolution, genomic structure, and regulation of expression of the clustered Pcdhs. We specifically focus on the emerging 3-D architectural and biophysical mechanisms that generate an enormous number of diverse cell-surface Pcdhs as neural codes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wu
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Xinhua Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Zhilian Jia
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Lab of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Xinhua Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
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19
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Flaherty E, Maniatis T. The role of clustered protocadherins in neurodevelopment and neuropsychiatric diseases. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2020; 65:144-150. [PMID: 32679536 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2020.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During development, individual neurons extend highly branched arbors that innervate the surrounding territory, enabling the formation of appropriate synaptic connections. The clustered protocadherins (cPCDH), a family of diverse cell-surface homophilic proteins, provide each neuron with a cell specific identity required for distinguishing between self versus non-self. While only 52 unique cPcdh isoforms are encoded in the human genome, a combination of stochastic promoter choice and the formation of a protein lattice through engagement of adjacent cPCDH protein cis/trans-tetramers confer the high degree of cellular specificity required for self-recognition. Studies of mice bearing deletions of individual cPcdh gene clustees have identified deficits in circuit formation and behavior. In humans, single nucleotide variants scattered across the cPCDH locus have been identified, which associate with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism and schizophrenia. To advance our understanding of cPCDH stochastic choice and maintenance, function across cell types, and contribution to neuropsychiatric disease pathogenesis, hiPSC-based models have been developed. Ultimately, integration of human genetic data, biochemical assays, and functional studies is needed to uncover the mechanism underlying neurite repulsion, which has been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Flaherty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, United States.
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20
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Mancia Leon WR, Spatazza J, Rakela B, Chatterjee A, Pande V, Maniatis T, Hasenstaub AR, Stryker MP, Alvarez-Buylla A. Clustered gamma-protocadherins regulate cortical interneuron programmed cell death. eLife 2020; 9:e55374. [PMID: 32633719 PMCID: PMC7373431 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical function critically depends on inhibitory/excitatory balance. Cortical inhibitory interneurons (cINs) are born in the ventral forebrain and migrate into cortex, where their numbers are adjusted by programmed cell death. Here, we show that loss of clustered gamma protocadherins (Pcdhg), but not of genes in the alpha or beta clusters, increased dramatically cIN BAX-dependent cell death in mice. Surprisingly, electrophysiological and morphological properties of Pcdhg-deficient and wild-type cINs during the period of cIN cell death were indistinguishable. Co-transplantation of wild-type with Pcdhg-deficient interneuron precursors further reduced mutant cIN survival, but the proportion of mutant and wild-type cells undergoing cell death was not affected by their density. Transplantation also allowed us to test for the contribution of Pcdhg isoforms to the regulation of cIN cell death. We conclude that Pcdhg, specifically Pcdhgc3, Pcdhgc4, and Pcdhgc5, play a critical role in regulating cIN survival during the endogenous period of programmed cIN death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter R Mancia Leon
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Julien Spatazza
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Benjamin Rakela
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Ankita Chatterjee
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Viraj Pande
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Andrea R Hasenstaub
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Michael P Stryker
- Department of Physiology and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Arturo Alvarez-Buylla
- Department of Neurological Surgery and The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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21
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Pancho A, Aerts T, Mitsogiannis MD, Seuntjens E. Protocadherins at the Crossroad of Signaling Pathways. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:117. [PMID: 32694982 PMCID: PMC7339444 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (Pcdhs) are cell adhesion molecules that belong to the cadherin superfamily, and are subdivided into clustered (cPcdhs) and non-clustered Pcdhs (ncPcdhs) in vertebrates. In this review, we summarize their discovery, expression mechanisms, and roles in neuronal development and cancer, thereby highlighting the context-dependent nature of their actions. We furthermore provide an extensive overview of current structural knowledge, and its implications concerning extracellular interactions between cPcdhs, ncPcdhs, and classical cadherins. Next, we survey the known molecular action mechanisms of Pcdhs, emphasizing the regulatory functions of proteolytic processing and domain shedding. In addition, we outline the importance of Pcdh intracellular domains in the regulation of downstream signaling cascades, and we describe putative Pcdh interactions with intracellular molecules including components of the WAVE complex, the Wnt pathway, and apoptotic cascades. Our overview combines molecular interaction data from different contexts, such as neural development and cancer. This comprehensive approach reveals potential common Pcdh signaling hubs, and points out future directions for research. Functional studies of such key factors within the context of neural development might yield innovative insights into the molecular etiology of Pcdh-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pancho
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tania Aerts
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manuela D Mitsogiannis
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Sanes JR, Zipursky SL. Synaptic Specificity, Recognition Molecules, and Assembly of Neural Circuits. Cell 2020; 181:536-556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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23
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Asai H, Ohkawa N, Saitoh Y, Ghandour K, Murayama E, Nishizono H, Matsuo M, Hirayama T, Kaneko R, Muramatsu SI, Yagi T, Inokuchi K. Pcdhβ deficiency affects hippocampal CA1 ensemble activity and contextual fear discrimination. Mol Brain 2020; 13:7. [PMID: 31959219 PMCID: PMC6971911 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-0547-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs), a large group of adhesion molecules, are important for axonal projections and dendritic spread, but little is known about how they influence neuronal activity. The Pcdhβ cluster is strongly expressed in the hippocampus, and in vivo Ca2+ imaging in Pcdhβ-deficient mice revealed altered activity of neuronal ensembles but not of individual cells in this region in freely moving animals. Specifically, Pcdhβ deficiency increased the number of large-size neuronal ensembles and the proportion of cells shared between ensembles. Furthermore, Pcdhβ-deficient mice exhibited reduced repetitive neuronal population activity during exploration of a novel context and were less able to discriminate contexts in a contextual fear conditioning paradigm. These results suggest that one function of Pcdhβs is to modulate neural ensemble activity in the hippocampus to promote context discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Asai
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ohkawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), JST, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshito Saitoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), JST, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Khaled Ghandour
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Emi Murayama
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Nishizono
- Division of Animal Experimental Laboratory, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Mina Matsuo
- Division of Animal Experimental Laboratory, Life Science Research Center, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Hirayama
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8501, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Muramatsu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan.,Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kaoru Inokuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan. .,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), University of Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
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24
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Canzio D, Maniatis T. The generation of a protocadherin cell-surface recognition code for neural circuit assembly. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 59:213-220. [PMID: 31710891 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The assembly of functional neural circuits in vertebrate organisms requires complex mechanisms of self-recognition and self-avoidance. Neurites (axons and dendrites) from the same neuron recognize and avoid self, but engage in synaptic interactions with other neurons. Vertebrate neural self-avoidance requires the expression of distinct repertoires of clustered Protocadherin (Pcdh) cell-surface protein isoforms, which act as cell-surface molecular barcodes that mediate highly specific homophilic self-recognition, followed by repulsion. The generation of sufficiently diverse cell-surface barcodes is achieved by the stochastic and combinatorial activation of a subset of clustered Pcdh promoters in individual neurons. This remarkable mechanism leads to the generation of enormous molecular diversity at the cell surface. Here we review recent studies showing that stochastic expression of individual Pcdhα isoforms is accomplished through an extraordinary mechanism involving the activation of 'antisense strand' promoter within Pcdhα 'variable' exons, antisense transcription of a long non-coding RNA through the upstream 'sense strand' promoter, demethylation of this promoter, binding of the CTCF/cohesin complex and DNA looping to a distant enhancer through a mechanism of chromatin 'extrusion'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Canzio
- UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States; Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, United States.
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, United States; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, United States; New York Genome Center, New York, NY 10013, United States.
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25
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Miralles CP, Taylor MJ, Bear J, Fekete CD, George S, Li Y, Bonhomme B, Chiou TT, De Blas AL. Expression of protocadherin-γC4 protein in the rat brain. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:840-864. [PMID: 31609469 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the combinatorial expression of γ-protocadherins (Pcdh-γs) and other clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) provides a code of molecular identity and individuality to neurons, which plays a major role in the establishment of specific synaptic connectivity and formation of neuronal circuits. Particular attention has been directed to the Pcdh-γ family, for which experimental evidence derived from Pcdh-γ-deficient mice shows that they are involved in dendrite self-avoidance, synapse development, dendritic arborization, spine maturation, and prevention of apoptosis of some neurons. Moreover, a triple-mutant mouse deficient in the three C-type members of the Pcdh-γ family (Pcdh-γC3, Pcdh-γC4, and Pcdh-γC5) shows a phenotype similar to the mouse deficient in whole Pcdh-γ family, indicating that the latter is largely due to the absence of C-type Pcdh-γs. The role of each individual C-type Pcdh-γ is not known. We have developed a specific antibody to Pcdh-γC4 to reveal the expression of this protein in the rat brain. The results show that although Pcdh-γC4 is expressed at higher levels in the embryo and earlier postnatal weeks, it is also expressed in the adult rat brain. Pcdh-γC4 is expressed in both neurons and astrocytes. In the adult brain, the regional distribution of Pcdh-γC4 immunoreactivity is similar to that of Pcdh-γC4 mRNA, being highest in the olfactory bulb, dentate gyrus, and cerebellum. Pcdh-γC4 forms puncta that are frequently apposed to glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses. They are also frequently associated with neuron-astrocyte contacts. The results provide new insights into the cell recognition function of Pcdh-γC4 in neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia P Miralles
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Michael J Taylor
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - John Bear
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Christopher D Fekete
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shanu George
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Bevan Bonhomme
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tzu-Ting Chiou
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Angel L De Blas
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
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26
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Iacono G, Dubos A, Méziane H, Benevento M, Habibi E, Mandoli A, Riet F, Selloum M, Feil R, Zhou H, Kleefstra T, Kasri NN, van Bokhoven H, Herault Y, Stunnenberg HG. Increased H3K9 methylation and impaired expression of Protocadherins are associated with the cognitive dysfunctions of the Kleefstra syndrome. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 46:4950-4965. [PMID: 29554304 PMCID: PMC6007260 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kleefstra syndrome, a disease with intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders and other developmental defects is caused in humans by haploinsufficiency of EHMT1. Although EHMT1 and its paralog EHMT2 were shown to be histone methyltransferases responsible for deposition of the di-methylated H3K9 (H3K9me2), the exact nature of epigenetic dysfunctions in Kleefstra syndrome remains unknown. Here, we found that the epigenome of Ehmt1+/- adult mouse brain displays a marked increase of H3K9me2/3 which correlates with impaired expression of protocadherins, master regulators of neuronal diversity. Increased H3K9me3 was present already at birth, indicating that aberrant methylation patterns are established during embryogenesis. Interestingly, we found that Ehmt2+/- mice do not present neither the marked increase of H3K9me2/3 nor the cognitive deficits found in Ehmt1+/- mice, indicating an evolutionary diversification of functions. Our finding of increased H3K9me3 in Ehmt1+/- mice is the first one supporting the notion that EHMT1 can quench the deposition of tri-methylation by other Histone methyltransferases, ultimately leading to impaired neurocognitive functioning. Our insights into the epigenetic pathophysiology of Kleefstra syndrome may offer guidance for future developments of therapeutic strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Iacono
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +31 24 3610524; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Giovanni Iacono.
| | - Aline Dubos
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
| | - Hamid Méziane
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Marco Benevento
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ehsan Habibi
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Amit Mandoli
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Fabrice Riet
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
| | - Robert Feil
- Institute of Molecular Genetics (IGMM), UMR5535, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
- The University of Montpellier, 163 rue Auguste Broussonnet, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Centre for Neuroscience, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Yann Herault
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404 Illkirch, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
| | - Hendrik G Stunnenberg
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +31 24 3610524; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Giovanni Iacono.
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27
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Mountoufaris G, Canzio D, Nwakeze CL, Chen WV, Maniatis T. Writing, Reading, and Translating the Clustered Protocadherin Cell Surface Recognition Code for Neural Circuit Assembly. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2019; 34:471-493. [PMID: 30296392 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100616-060701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability of neurites of individual neurons to distinguish between themselves and neurites from other neurons and to avoid self (self-avoidance) plays a key role in neural circuit assembly in both invertebrates and vertebrates. Similarly, when individual neurons of the same type project into receptive fields of the brain, they must avoid each other to maximize target coverage (tiling). Counterintuitively, these processes are driven by highly specific homophilic interactions between cell surface proteins that lead to neurite repulsion rather than adhesion. Among these proteins in vertebrates are the clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs), and key to their function is the generation of enormous cell surface structural diversity. Here we review recent advances in understanding how a Pcdh cell surface code is generated by stochastic promoter choice; how this code is amplified and read by homophilic interactions between Pcdh complexes at the surface of neurons; and, finally, how the Pcdh code is translated to cellular function, which mediates self-avoidance and tiling and thus plays a central role in the development of complex neural circuits. Not surprisingly, Pcdh mutations that diminish homophilic interactions lead to wiring defects and abnormal behavior in mice, and sequence variants in the Pcdh gene cluster are associated with autism spectrum disorders in family-based genetic studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mountoufaris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; .,Current address: Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Daniele Canzio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Chiamaka L Nwakeze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
| | - Weisheng V Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA; .,Current address: Leveragen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical School, and Zuckerman Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA;
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28
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Jin Y, Li H. Revisiting Dscam diversity: lessons from clustered protocadherins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:667-680. [PMID: 30343321 PMCID: PMC11105660 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of neuronal wiring relies on the extraordinary recognition diversity of cell surface molecules. Drosophila Dscam1 and vertebrate clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) are two classic examples of the striking diversity from a complex genomic locus, wherein the former encodes more than 10,000 distinct isoforms via alternative splicing, while the latter employs alternative promoters to attain isoform diversity. These structurally unrelated families show remarkably striking molecular parallels and even similar functions. Recent studies revealed a novel Dscam gene family with tandemly arrayed 5' cassettes in Chelicerata (e.g., the scorpion Mesobuthus martensii and the tick Ixodes scapularis), similar to vertebrate clustered Pcdhs. Likewise, octopus shows a more remarkable expansion of the Pcdh isoform repertoire than human. These discoveries of Dscam and Pcdh diversification reshape the evolutionary landscape of recognition molecule diversity and provide a greater understanding of convergent molecular strategies for isoform diversity. This article reviews new insights into the evolution, regulatory mechanisms, and functions of Dscam and Pcdh isoform diversity. In particular, the convergence of clustered Dscams and Pcdhs is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Jin
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang (ZJ), People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Li
- Institute of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang (ZJ), People's Republic of China
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29
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Clark DA, Odell SR, Armstrong JM, Turcotte M, Kohler D, Mathis A, Schmidt DR, Mathew D. Behavior Responses to Chemical and Optogenetic Stimuli in Drosophila Larvae. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:324. [PMID: 30622461 PMCID: PMC6308144 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An animal’s ability to navigate an olfactory environment is critically dependent on the activities of its first-order olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). While considerable research has focused on ORN responses to odorants, the mechanisms by which olfactory information is encoded in the activities of ORNs and translated into navigational behavior remain poorly understood. We sought to determine the contributions of most Drosophila melanogaster larval ORNs to navigational behavior. Using odorants to activate ORNs and a larval tracking assay to measure the corresponding behavioral response, we observed that larval ORN activators cluster into four groups based on the behavior responses elicited from larvae. This is significant because it provides new insights into the functional relationship between ORN activity and behavioral response. Subsequent optogenetic analyses of a subset of ORNs revealed previously undescribed properties of larval ORNs. Furthermore, our results indicated that different temporal patterns of ORN activation elicit different behavioral outputs: some ORNs respond to stimulus increments while others respond to stimulus decrements. These results suggest that the ability of ORNs to encode temporal patterns of stimulation increases the coding capacity of the olfactory circuit. Moreover, the ability of ORNs to sense stimulus increments and decrements facilitates instantaneous evaluations of concentration changes in the environment. Together, these ORN properties enable larvae to efficiently navigate a complex olfactory environment. Ultimately, knowledge of how ORN activity patterns and their weighted contributions influence odor coding may eventually reveal how peripheral information is organized and transmitted to subsequent layers of a neural circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Clark
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States.,Integrated Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Seth R Odell
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States.,Integrated Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Joanna M Armstrong
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Mariah Turcotte
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Donovan Kohler
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - America Mathis
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Deena R Schmidt
- Integrated Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States.,Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Dennis Mathew
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States.,Integrated Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
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30
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Bisogni AJ, Ghazanfar S, Williams EO, Marsh HM, Yang JY, Lin DM. Tuning of delta-protocadherin adhesion through combinatorial diversity. eLife 2018; 7:41050. [PMID: 30547884 PMCID: PMC6326727 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The delta-protocadherins (δ-Pcdhs) play key roles in neural development, and expression studies suggest they are expressed in combination within neurons. The extent of this combinatorial diversity, and how these combinations influence cell adhesion, is poorly understood. We show that individual mouse olfactory sensory neurons express 0–7 δ-Pcdhs. Despite this apparent combinatorial complexity, K562 cell aggregation assays revealed simple principles that mediate tuning of δ-Pcdh adhesion. Cells can vary the number of δ-Pcdhs expressed, the level of surface expression, and which δ-Pcdhs are expressed, as different members possess distinct apparent adhesive affinities. These principles contrast with those identified previously for the clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs), where the particular combination of cPcdhs expressed does not appear to be a critical factor. Despite these differences, we show δ-Pcdhs can modify cPcdh adhesion. Our studies show how intra- and interfamily interactions can greatly amplify the impact of this small subfamily on neuronal function. Multicellular life depends on cells being able to stick together. The human body, for example, consists of trillions of cells grouped into tissues and organs. The brain alone contains some 87 billion neurons organized into complex networks. To stay together, cells use proteins on their surface called cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). There are four major families of CAMs, each with multiple members, and the CAMs on one cell recognize and interact with the CAMs on another. But how does this process work? One possibility is that different combinations of CAMs allow different cells to stick together. Bisogni et al. tested this idea by studying a family of CAMs called the delta-protocadherins. This family has nine members, each with its own gene. Before cells can use a gene to produce a protein, they must first use the gene’s DNA as a template to build an RNA molecule. By counting the number of different types of RNA molecules inside individual cells, Bisogni et al. showed that sensory neurons in the mouse each produce up to seven different delta-protocadherins. Further experiments revealed that cells fine-tune their interactions by varying the number, type and combination of delta-protocadherins on their surface. In addition, the delta-protocadherins also alter interactions between members of a related gene family, the clustered protocadherins. This further increases their ability to regulate how cells interact. In contrast to previous studies that focused on single molecules, Bisogni et al. have shown how combinations of molecules work together to influence cell adhesion. Deciphering this combinatorial code is key to understanding how interactions between cells go awry in disease. Mutations in the genes for CAMs often impair brain development. The reported findings may provide insights into how such mutations disrupt the CAM combinatorial code and alter cell to cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Bisogni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Shila Ghazanfar
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Eric O Williams
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, Fitchburg State University, Fitchburg, United States
| | - Heather M Marsh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
| | - Jean Yh Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David M Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, United States
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31
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Millard SS, Pecot MY. Strategies for assembling columns and layers in the Drosophila visual system. Neural Dev 2018; 13:11. [PMID: 29875010 PMCID: PMC5991427 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A striking feature of neural circuit structure is the arrangement of neurons into regularly spaced ensembles (i.e. columns) and neural connections into parallel layers. These patterns of organization are thought to underlie precise synaptic connectivity and provide a basis for the parallel processing of information. In this article we discuss in detail specific findings that contribute to a framework for understanding how columns and layers are assembled in the Drosophila visual system, and discuss their broader implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Sean Millard
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Matthew Y. Pecot
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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32
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The Role of Cell Adhesion Molecule Genes Regulating Neuroplasticity in Addiction. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:9803764. [PMID: 29675039 PMCID: PMC5838467 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9803764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of genetic approaches, including twin studies, linkage studies, and candidate gene studies, has established a firm genetic basis for addiction. However, there has been difficulty identifying the precise genes that underlie addiction liability using these approaches. This situation became especially clear in genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of addiction. Moreover, the results of GWAS brought into clarity many of the shortcomings of those early genetic approaches. GWAS studies stripped away those preconceived notions, examining genes that would not previously have been considered in the study of addiction, consequently creating a shift in our understanding. Most importantly, those studies implicated a class of genes that had not previously been considered in the study of addiction genetics: cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Considering the well-documented evidence supporting a role for various CAMs in synaptic plasticity, axonal growth, and regeneration, it is not surprising that allelic variation in CAM genes might also play a role in addiction liability. This review focuses on the role of various cell adhesion molecules in neuroplasticity that might contribute to addictive processes and emphasizes the importance of ongoing research on CAM genes that have been implicated in addiction by GWAS.
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Combinatorial Effects of Alpha- and Gamma-Protocadherins on Neuronal Survival and Dendritic Self-Avoidance. J Neurosci 2018; 38:2713-2729. [PMID: 29439167 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3035-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) comprise 58 cadherin-related proteins encoded by three tandemly arrayed gene clusters, Pcdh-α, Pcdh-β, and Pcdh-γ (Pcdha, Pcdhb, and Pcdhg, respectively). Pcdh isoforms from different clusters are combinatorially expressed in neurons. They form multimers that interact homophilically and mediate a variety of developmental processes, including neuronal survival, synaptic maintenance, axonal tiling, and dendritic self-avoidance. Most studies have analyzed clusters individually. Here, we assessed functional interactions between Pcdha and Pcdhg clusters. To circumvent neonatal lethality associated with deletion of Pcdhgs, we used Crispr-Cas9 genome editing in mice to combine a constitutive Pcdha mutant allele with a conditional Pcdhg allele. We analyzed roles of Pcdhas and Pcdhgs in the retina and cerebellum from mice (both sexes) lacking one or both clusters. In retina, Pcdhgs are essential for survival of inner retinal neurons and dendritic self-avoidance of starburst amacrine cells, whereas Pcdhas are dispensable for both processes. Deletion of both Pcdha and Pcdhg clusters led to far more dramatic defects in survival and self-avoidance than Pcdhg deletion alone. Comparisons of an allelic series of mutants support the conclusion that Pcdhas and Pcdhgs function together in a dose-dependent and cell-type-specific manner to provide a critical threshold of Pcdh activity. In the cerebellum, Pcdhas and Pcdhgs also cooperate to mediate self-avoidance of Purkinje cell dendrites, with modest but significant defects in either single mutant and dramatic defects in the double mutant. Together, our results demonstrate complex patterns of redundancy between Pcdh clusters and the importance of Pcdh cluster diversity in postnatal CNS development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The formation of neural circuits requires diversification and combinatorial actions of cell surface proteins. Prominent among them are the clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs), a family of ∼60 neuronal recognition molecules. Pcdhs are encoded by three closely linked gene clusters called Pcdh-α, Pcdh-β, and Pcdh-γ. The Pcdhs mediate a variety of developmental processes, including neuronal survival, synaptic maintenance, and spatial patterning of axons and dendrites. Most studies to date have been limited to single clusters. Here, we used genome editing to assess interactions between Pcdh-α and Pcdh-γ gene clusters. We examined two regions of the CNS, the retina and cerebellum and show that the 14 α-Pcdhs and 22 γ-Pcdhs act synergistically to mediate neuronal survival and dendrite patterning.
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Peek SL, Mah KM, Weiner JA. Regulation of neural circuit formation by protocadherins. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4133-4157. [PMID: 28631008 PMCID: PMC5643215 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The protocadherins (Pcdhs), which make up the most diverse group within the cadherin superfamily, were first discovered in the early 1990s. Data implicating the Pcdhs, including ~60 proteins encoded by the tandem Pcdha, Pcdhb, and Pcdhg gene clusters and another ~10 non-clustered Pcdhs, in the regulation of neural development have continually accumulated, with a significant expansion of the field over the past decade. Here, we review the many roles played by clustered and non-clustered Pcdhs in multiple steps important for the formation and function of neural circuits, including dendrite arborization, axon outgrowth and targeting, synaptogenesis, and synapse elimination. We further discuss studies implicating mutation or epigenetic dysregulation of Pcdh genes in a variety of human neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders. With recent structural modeling of Pcdh proteins, the prospects for uncovering molecular mechanisms of Pcdh extracellular and intracellular interactions, and their role in normal and disrupted neural circuit formation, are bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Peek
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) mediate numerous neural patterning functions, including neuronal self-recognition and non-self-discrimination to direct self-avoidance among vertebrate neurons. Individual neurons stochastically express a subset of Pcdh isoforms, which assemble to form a stochastic repertoire of cis-dimers. We describe the structure of a PcdhγB7 cis-homodimer, which includes the membrane-proximal extracellular cadherin domains EC5 and EC6. The structure is asymmetric with one molecule contributing interface surface from both EC5 and EC6, and the other only from EC6. Structural and sequence analyses suggest that all Pcdh isoforms will dimerize through this interface. Site-directed mutants at this interface interfere with both Pcdh cis-dimerization and cell surface transport. The structure explains the known restrictions of cis-interactions of some Pcdh isoforms, including α-Pcdhs, which cannot form homodimers. The asymmetry of the interface approximately doubles the size of the recognition repertoire, and restrictions on cis-interactions among Pcdh isoforms define the limits of the Pcdh recognition unit repertoire.
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36
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Mining Novel Candidate Imprinted Genes Using Genome-Wide Methylation Screening and Literature Review. EPIGENOMES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/epigenomes1020013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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37
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Mah KM, Weiner JA. Regulation of Wnt signaling by protocadherins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:158-171. [PMID: 28774578 PMCID: PMC5586504 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ∼70 protocadherins comprise the largest group within the cadherin superfamily. Their diversity, the complexity of the mechanisms through which their genes are regulated, and their many critical functions in nervous system development have engendered a growing interest in elucidating the intracellular signaling pathways through which they act. Recently, multiple protocadherins across several subfamilies have been implicated as modulators of Wnt signaling pathways, and through this as potential tumor suppressors. Here, we review the extant data on the regulation by protocadherins of Wnt signaling pathways and components, and highlight some key unanswered questions that could shape future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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38
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Rubinstein R, Goodman KM, Maniatis T, Shapiro L, Honig B. Structural origins of clustered protocadherin-mediated neuronal barcoding. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:140-150. [PMID: 28743640 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Clustered protocadherins mediate neuronal self-recognition and non-self discrimination-neuronal "barcoding"-which underpin neuronal self-avoidance in vertebrate neurons. Recent structural, biophysical, computational, and cell-based studies on protocadherin structure and function have led to a compelling molecular model for the barcoding mechanism. Protocadherin isoforms assemble into promiscuous cis-dimeric recognition units and mediate cell-cell recognition through homophilic trans-interactions. Each recognition unit is composed of two arms extending from the membrane proximal EC6 domains. A cis-dimeric recognition unit with each arm coding adhesive trans homophilic specificity can generate a zipper-like assembly that in turn suggests a chain termination mechanism for self-vs-non-self-discrimination among vertebrate neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rotem Rubinstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kerry Marie Goodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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39
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Hirayama T, Yagi T. Regulation of clustered protocadherin genes in individual neurons. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 69:122-130. [PMID: 28591566 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Individual neurons are basic functional units in the complex system of the brain. One aspect of neuronal individuality is generated by stochastic and combinatorial expression of diverse clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs), encoded by the Pcdha, Pcdhb, and Pcdhg gene clusters, that are critical for several aspects of neural circuit formation. Each clustered Pcdh gene has its own promoter containing conserved sequences and is transcribed by a promoter choice mechanism involving interaction between the promoter and enhancers. A CTCF/Cohesin complex induces this interaction by configuration of DNA-looping in the chromatin structure. At the same time, the semi-stochastic expression of clustered Pcdh genes is regulated in individual neurons by DNA methylation: the methyltransferase Dnmt3b regulates methylation state of individual clustered Pcdh genes during early embryonic stages prior to the establishment of neural stem cells. Several other factors, including Smchd1, also contribute to the regulation of clustered Pcdh gene expression. In addition, psychiatric diseases and early life experiences of individuals can influence expression of clustered Pcdh genes in the brain, through epigenetic alterations. Clustered Pcdh gene expression is thus a significant and highly regulated step in establishing neuronal individuality and generating functional neural circuits in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruyoshi Hirayama
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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40
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Chen WV, Nwakeze CL, Denny CA, O'Keeffe S, Rieger MA, Mountoufaris G, Kirner A, Dougherty JD, Hen R, Wu Q, Maniatis T. Pcdhαc2 is required for axonal tiling and assembly of serotonergic circuitries in mice. Science 2017; 356:406-411. [PMID: 28450636 PMCID: PMC5529183 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Serotonergic neurons project their axons pervasively throughout the brain and innervate various target fields in a space-filling manner, leading to tiled arrangements of their axon terminals to allow optimal allocation of serotonin among target neurons. Here we show that conditional deletion of the mouse protocadherin α (Pcdhα) gene cluster in serotonergic neurons disrupts local axonal tiling and global assembly of serotonergic circuitries and results in depression-like behaviors. Genetic dissection and expression profiling revealed that this role is specifically mediated by Pcdhαc2, which is the only Pcdhα isoform expressed in serotonergic neurons. We conclude that, in contrast to neurite self-avoidance, which requires single-cell identity mediated by Pcdh diversity, a single cell-type identity mediated by the common C-type Pcdh isoform is required for axonal tiling and assembly of serotonergic circuitries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisheng V Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Chiamaka L Nwakeze
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Christine A Denny
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sean O'Keeffe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Michael A Rieger
- Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - George Mountoufaris
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Amy Kirner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Joseph D Dougherty
- Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - René Hen
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Division of Integrative Neuroscience, Research Foundation for Mental Hygiene, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Departments of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Qiang Wu
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Hasegawa S, Kobayashi H, Kumagai M, Nishimaru H, Tarusawa E, Kanda H, Sanbo M, Yoshimura Y, Hirabayashi M, Hirabayashi T, Yagi T. Clustered Protocadherins Are Required for Building Functional Neural Circuits. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:114. [PMID: 28484370 PMCID: PMC5401904 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal identity is generated by the cell-surface expression of clustered protocadherin (Pcdh) isoforms. In mice, 58 isoforms from three gene clusters, Pcdhα, Pcdhβ, and Pcdhγ, are differentially expressed in neurons. Since cis-heteromeric Pcdh oligomers on the cell surface interact homophilically with that in other neurons in trans, it has been thought that the Pcdh isoform repertoire determines the binding specificity of synapses. We previously described the cooperative functions of isoforms from all three Pcdh gene clusters in neuronal survival and synapse formation in the spinal cord. However, the neuronal loss and the following neonatal lethality prevented an analysis of the postnatal development and characteristics of the clustered-Pcdh-null (Δαβγ) neural circuits. Here, we used two methods, one to generate the chimeric mice that have transplanted Δαβγ neurons into mouse embryos, and the other to generate double mutant mice harboring null alleles of both the Pcdh gene and the proapoptotic gene Bax to prevent neuronal loss. First, our results showed that the surviving chimeric mice that had a high contribution of Δαβγ cells exhibited paralysis and died in the postnatal period. An analysis of neuronal survival in postnatally developing brain regions of chimeric mice clarified that many Δαβγ neurons in the forebrain were spared from apoptosis, unlike those in the reticular formation of the brainstem. Second, in Δαβγ/Bax null double mutants, the central pattern generator (CPG) for locomotion failed to create a left-right alternating pattern even in the absence of neurodegeneraton. Third, calcium imaging of cultured hippocampal neurons showed that the network activity of Δαβγ neurons tended to be more synchronized and lost the variability in the number of simultaneously active neurons observed in the control network. Lastly, a comparative analysis for trans-homophilic interactions of the exogenously introduced single Pcdh-γA3 isoforms between the control and the Δαβγ neurons suggested that the isoform-specific trans-homophilic interactions require a complete match of the expressed isoform repertoire at the contacting sites between interactive neurons. These results suggested that combinations of clustered Pcdh isoforms are required for building appropriate neural circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Hasegawa
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, CREST, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kobayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, CREST, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makiko Kumagai
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, CREST, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- System Emotional Science, Graduate School of Medicine, University of ToyamaToyama, Japan
| | - Etsuko Tarusawa
- Section of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazaki, Japan
| | - Hiro Kanda
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, CREST, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshimura
- Section of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazaki, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, CREST, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency-Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, CREST, Osaka UniversitySuita, Osaka, Japan
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42
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Huang WC, Ferris E, Cheng T, Hörndli CS, Gleason K, Tamminga C, Wagner JD, Boucher KM, Christian JL, Gregg C. Diverse Non-genetic, Allele-Specific Expression Effects Shape Genetic Architecture at the Cellular Level in the Mammalian Brain. Neuron 2017; 93:1094-1109.e7. [PMID: 28238550 PMCID: PMC5774018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between genetic and epigenetic effects shape brain function, behavior, and the risk for mental illness. Random X inactivation and genomic imprinting are epigenetic allelic effects that are well known to influence genetic architecture and disease risk. Less is known about the nature, prevalence, and conservation of other potential epigenetic allelic effects in vivo in the mouse and primate brain. Here we devise genomics, in situ hybridization, and mouse genetics strategies to uncover diverse allelic effects in the brain that are not caused by imprinting or genetic variation. We found allelic effects that are developmental stage and cell type specific, that are prevalent in the neonatal brain, and that cause mosaics of monoallelic brain cells that differentially express wild-type and mutant alleles for heterozygous mutations. Finally, we show that diverse non-genetic allelic effects that impact mental illness risk genes exist in the macaque and human brain. Our findings have potential implications for mammalian brain genetics. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chao Huang
- Departments of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Elliott Ferris
- Departments of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Tong Cheng
- Departments of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Cornelia Stacher Hörndli
- Departments of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Kelly Gleason
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390-9127, USA
| | - Carol Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75390-9127, USA
| | - Janice D Wagner
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
| | - Kenneth M Boucher
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Cancer Biostatistics Shared Resource, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jan L Christian
- Departments of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Christopher Gregg
- Robertson Neuroscience Investigator, New York Stem Cell Foundation, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Departments of Neurobiology & Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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Hasegawa S, Kumagai M, Hagihara M, Nishimaru H, Hirano K, Kaneko R, Okayama A, Hirayama T, Sanbo M, Hirabayashi M, Watanabe M, Hirabayashi T, Yagi T. Distinct and Cooperative Functions for the Protocadherin-α, -β and -γ Clusters in Neuronal Survival and Axon Targeting. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:155. [PMID: 28066179 PMCID: PMC5179546 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The clustered protocadherin (Pcdh) genes are divided into the Pcdhα, Pcdhβ, and Pcdhγ clusters. Gene-disruption analyses in mice have revealed the in vivo functions of the Pcdhα and Pcdhγ clusters. However, all Pcdh protein isoforms form combinatorial cis-hetero dimers and enter trans-homophilic interactions. Here we addressed distinct and cooperative functions in the Pcdh clusters by generating six cluster-deletion mutants (Δα, Δβ, Δγ, Δαβ, Δβγ, and Δαβγ) and comparing their phenotypes: Δα, Δβ, and Δαβ mutants were viable and fertile; Δγ mutants lived less than 12 h; and Δβγ and Δαβγ mutants died shortly after birth. The Pcdhα, Pcdhβ, and Pcdhγ clusters were individually and cooperatively important in olfactory-axon targeting and spinal-cord neuron survival. Neurodegeneration was most severe in Δαβγ mutants, indicating that Pcdhα and Pcdhβ function cooperatively for neuronal survival. The Pcdhα, Pcdhβ, and Pcdhγ clusters share roles in olfactory-axon targeting and neuronal survival, although to different degrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonoko Hasegawa
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan
| | - Makiko Kumagai
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan
| | - Mitsue Hagihara
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nishimaru
- Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Keizo Hirano
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Okayama
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Hirayama
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan; Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)Suita, Japan
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44
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Tarusawa E, Sanbo M, Okayama A, Miyashita T, Kitsukawa T, Hirayama T, Hirabayashi T, Hasegawa S, Kaneko R, Toyoda S, Kobayashi T, Kato-Itoh M, Nakauchi H, Hirabayashi M, Yagi T, Yoshimura Y. Establishment of high reciprocal connectivity between clonal cortical neurons is regulated by the Dnmt3b DNA methyltransferase and clustered protocadherins. BMC Biol 2016; 14:103. [PMID: 27912755 PMCID: PMC5133762 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The specificity of synaptic connections is fundamental for proper neural circuit function. Specific neuronal connections that underlie information processing in the sensory cortex are initially established without sensory experiences to a considerable extent, and then the connections are individually refined through sensory experiences. Excitatory neurons arising from the same single progenitor cell are preferentially connected in the postnatal cortex, suggesting that cell lineage contributes to the initial wiring of neurons. However, the postnatal developmental process of lineage-dependent connection specificity is not known, nor how clonal neurons, which are derived from the same neural stem cell, are stamped with the identity of their common neural stem cell and guided to form synaptic connections. RESULTS We show that cortical excitatory neurons that arise from the same neural stem cell and reside within the same layer preferentially establish reciprocal synaptic connections in the mouse barrel cortex. We observed a transient increase in synaptic connections between clonal but not nonclonal neuron pairs during postnatal development, followed by selective stabilization of the reciprocal connections between clonal neuron pairs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that selective stabilization of the reciprocal connections between clonal neuron pairs is impaired by the deficiency of DNA methyltransferase 3b (Dnmt3b), which determines DNA-methylation patterns of genes in stem cells during early corticogenesis. Dnmt3b regulates the postnatal expression of clustered protocadherin (cPcdh) isoforms, a family of adhesion molecules. We found that cPcdh deficiency in clonal neuron pairs impairs the whole process of the formation and stabilization of connections to establish lineage-specific connection reciprocity. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that local, reciprocal neural connections are selectively formed and retained between clonal neurons in layer 4 of the barrel cortex during postnatal development, and that Dnmt3b and cPcdhs are required for the establishment of lineage-specific reciprocal connections. These findings indicate that lineage-specific connection reciprocity is predetermined by Dnmt3b during embryonic development, and that the cPcdhs contribute to postnatal cortical neuron identification to guide lineage-dependent synaptic connections in the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Tarusawa
- Section of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
- AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka Japan
| | - Makoto Sanbo
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Atsushi Okayama
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshio Miyashita
- Section of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Takashi Kitsukawa
- AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka Japan
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Teruyoshi Hirayama
- AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka Japan
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka Japan
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Sonoko Hasegawa
- AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka Japan
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ryosuke Kaneko
- Bioresource Center, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, 371-8511 Japan
| | - Shunsuke Toyoda
- AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka Japan
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Toshihiro Kobayashi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Megumi Kato-Itoh
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Division of Stem Cell Therapy, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 108-8639 Japan
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 291 Campus Drive, Li Ka Shing Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5101 USA
| | - Masumi Hirabayashi
- AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka Japan
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Section of Mammalian Transgenesis, Center for Genetic Analysis of Behavior, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787 Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- AMED-CREST, AMED, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka Japan
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Laboratories for Integrated Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshimura
- Section of Visual Information Processing, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585 Japan
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45
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Goodman KM, Rubinstein R, Thu CA, Mannepalli S, Bahna F, Ahlsén G, Rittenhouse C, Maniatis T, Honig B, Shapiro L. γ-Protocadherin structural diversity and functional implications. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27782885 PMCID: PMC5106212 DOI: 10.7554/elife.20930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Stochastic cell-surface expression of α-, β-, and γ-clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs) provides vertebrate neurons with single-cell identities that underlie neuronal self-recognition. Here we report crystal structures of ectodomain fragments comprising cell-cell recognition regions of mouse γ-Pcdhs γA1, γA8, γB2, and γB7 revealing trans-homodimers, and of C-terminal ectodomain fragments from γ-Pcdhs γA4 and γB2, which depict cis-interacting regions in monomeric form. Together these structures span the entire γ-Pcdh ectodomain. The trans-dimer structures reveal determinants of γ-Pcdh isoform-specific homophilic recognition. We identified and structurally mapped cis-dimerization mutations to the C-terminal ectodomain structures. Biophysical studies showed that Pcdh ectodomains from γB-subfamily isoforms formed cis dimers, whereas γA isoforms did not, but both γA and γB isoforms could interact in cis with α-Pcdhs. Together, these data show how interaction specificity is distributed over all domains of the γ-Pcdh trans interface, and suggest that subfamily- or isoform-specific cis-interactions may play a role in the Pcdh-mediated neuronal self-recognition code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Marie Goodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Rotem Rubinstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Chan Aye Thu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Seetha Mannepalli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Fabiana Bahna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Göran Ahlsén
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Chelsea Rittenhouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, United States
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, United States.,Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, United States
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46
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Mah KM, Houston DW, Weiner JA. The γ-Protocadherin-C3 isoform inhibits canonical Wnt signalling by binding to and stabilizing Axin1 at the membrane. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31665. [PMID: 27530555 PMCID: PMC4987702 DOI: 10.1038/srep31665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The 22 γ-Protocadherin (γ-Pcdh) adhesion molecules encoded by the Pcdhg gene cluster play critical roles in nervous system development, including regulation of dendrite arborisation, neuronal survival, and synaptogenesis. Recently, they have been implicated in suppression of tumour cell growth by inhibition of canonical Wnt signalling, though the mechanisms through which this occurs remain unknown. Here, we show differential regulation of Wnt signalling by individual γ-Pcdhs: The C3 isoform uniquely inhibits the pathway, whilst 13 other isoforms upregulate signalling. Focusing on the C3 isoform, we show that its unique variable cytoplasmic domain (VCD) is the critical one for Wnt pathway inhibition. γ-Pcdh-C3, but not other isoforms, physically interacts with Axin1, a key component of the canonical Wnt pathway. The C3 VCD competes with Dishevelled for binding to the DIX domain of Axin1, which stabilizes Axin1 at the membrane and leads to reduced phosphorylation of Wnt co-receptor Lrp6. Finally, we present evidence that Wnt pathway activity can be modulated up (by γ-Pcdh-A1) or down (by γ-Pcdh-C3) in the cerebral cortex in vivo, using conditional transgenic alleles. Together, these data delineate opposing roles for γ-Pcdh isoforms in regulating Wnt signalling and identify Axin1 as a novel protein interactor of the widely-expressed γ-Pcdh-C3 isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Men Mah
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA.,Integrated Biology Graduate Program, The University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City,52242, IA, USA
| | - Douglas W Houston
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, 143 Biology Building, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, 52242, IA, USA
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47
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Characterization of a Single Genomic Locus Encoding the Clustered Protocadherin Receptor Diversity in Xenopus tropicalis. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:2309-18. [PMID: 27261006 PMCID: PMC4978886 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.027995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs) constitute the largest subgroup of the cadherin superfamily, and in mammals are grouped into clusters of α-, β-, and γ-types. Tens of tandemly arranged paralogous Pcdh genes of the Pcdh clusters generate a substantial diversity of receptor isoforms. cPcdhs are known to have important roles in neuronal development, and genetic alterations of cPcdhs have been found to be associated with several neurological diseases. Here, we present a first characterization of cPcdhs in Xenopus tropicalis. We determined and annotated all cPcdh isoforms, revealing that they are present in a single chromosomal locus. We validated a total of 96 isoforms, which we show are organized in three distinct clusters. The X. tropicalis cPcdh locus is composed of one α- and two distinct γ-Pcdh clusters (pcdh-γ1 and pcdh-γ2). Bioinformatics analyses assisted by genomic BAC clone sequencing showed that the X. tropicalis α- and γ-Pcdhs are conserved at the cluster level, but, unlike mammals, X. tropicalis does not contain a β-Pcdh cluster. In contrast, the number of γ-Pcdh isoforms has expanded, possibly due to lineage-specific gene duplications. Interestingly, the number of X. tropicalis α-Pcdhs is identical between X. tropicalis and mouse. Moreover, we find highly conserved as well as novel promoter elements potentially involved in regulating the cluster-specific expression of cPcdh isoforms. This study provides important information for the understanding of the evolutionary history of cPcdh genes and future mechanistic studies. It provides an annotated X. tropicalis cPcdh genomic map and a first molecular characterization essential for functional and comparative studies.
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48
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Shan M, Su Y, Kang W, Gao R, Li X, Zhang G. Aberrant expression and functions of protocadherins in human malignant tumors. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12969-12981. [PMID: 27449047 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5169-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protocadherins (PCDHs) are a group of transmembrane proteins belonging to the cadherin superfamily and are subdivided into "clustered" and "non-clustered" groups. PCDHs vary in both structure and interaction partners and thus regulate multiple biological responses in complex and versatile patterns. Previous researches showed that PCDHs regulated the development of brain and were involved in some neuronal diseases. Recently, studies have revealed aberrant expression of PCDHs in various human malignant tumors. The down-regulation or absence of PCDHs in malignant cells has been associated with cancer progression. Further researches suggest that PCDHs may play major functions as tumor suppressor by inhibiting the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. In this review, we focus on the altered expression of PCDHs and their roles in the development of cancer progression. We also discuss the potential mechanisms, by which PCDHs are aberrantly expressed, and its implications in regulating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Shan
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yonghui Su
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Wenli Kang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Hei Longjiang Province Land Reclamation Headquarter, Harbin, China
| | - Ruixin Gao
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of Qiqihaer City, Qiqihaer, China
| | - Xiaobo Li
- Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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49
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Goodman KM, Rubinstein R, Thu CA, Bahna F, Mannepalli S, Ahlsén G, Rittenhouse C, Maniatis T, Honig B, Shapiro L. Structural Basis of Diverse Homophilic Recognition by Clustered α- and β-Protocadherins. Neuron 2016; 90:709-23. [PMID: 27161523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Clustered protocadherin proteins (α-, β-, and γ-Pcdhs) provide a high level of cell-surface diversity to individual vertebrate neurons, engaging in highly specific homophilic interactions to mediate important roles in mammalian neural circuit development. How Pcdhs bind homophilically through their extracellular cadherin (EC) domains among dozens of highly similar isoforms has not been determined. Here, we report crystal structures for extracellular regions from four mouse Pcdh isoforms (α4, α7, β6, and β8), revealing a canonical head-to-tail interaction mode for homophilic trans dimers comprising primary intermolecular EC1:EC4 and EC2:EC3 interactions. A subset of trans interface residues exhibit isoform-specific conservation, suggesting roles in recognition specificity. Mutation of these residues, along with trans-interacting partner residues, altered the specificities of Pcdh interactions. Together, these data show how sequence variation among Pcdh isoforms encodes their diverse strict homophilic recognition specificities, which are required for their key roles in neural circuit assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Marie Goodman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Rotem Rubinstein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chan Aye Thu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Fabiana Bahna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Seetha Mannepalli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Göran Ahlsén
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chelsea Rittenhouse
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Tom Maniatis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Barry Honig
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - Lawrence Shapiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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50
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Perez JD, Rubinstein ND, Dulac C. New Perspectives on Genomic Imprinting, an Essential and Multifaceted Mode of Epigenetic Control in the Developing and Adult Brain. Annu Rev Neurosci 2016; 39:347-84. [PMID: 27145912 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-061010-113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian evolution entailed multiple innovations in gene regulation, including the emergence of genomic imprinting, an epigenetic regulation leading to the preferential expression of a gene from its maternal or paternal allele. Genomic imprinting is highly prevalent in the brain, yet, until recently, its central roles in neural processes have not been fully appreciated. Here, we provide a comprehensive survey of adult and developmental brain functions influenced by imprinted genes, from neural development and wiring to synaptic function and plasticity, energy balance, social behaviors, emotions, and cognition. We further review the widespread identification of parental biases alongside monoallelic expression in brain tissues, discuss their potential roles in dosage regulation of key neural pathways, and suggest possible mechanisms underlying the dynamic regulation of imprinting in the brain. This review should help provide a better understanding of the significance of genomic imprinting in the normal and pathological brain of mammals including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio D Perez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
| | - Nimrod D Rubinstein
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
| | - Catherine Dulac
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138;
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