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Yang X, Li X. Oncogenic role of RNA-binding protein GNL2 in glioma: Promotion of tumor development through enhancing protein synthesis. Oncol Lett 2024; 28:307. [PMID: 38779136 PMCID: PMC11110002 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are aberrantly expressed in various diseases, including glioma. In the present study, the role and mechanism of RBPs in glioma were investigated. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in glioma were screened from public databases and overlapping genes between DEGs and RBPs were selected in a bioinformatics analysis to identify the hub gene. Next, evaluation of expression, survival analysis and cell experiments were performed to examine the impact of the hub gene on glioma. Through bioinformatics analysis, G protein nucleolar 2 (GNL2), programmed cell death 11 (PDCD11) and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6) were identified as potential biomarkers in glioma prognosis and GNL2 was chosen as the hub gene for further investigation. GNL2 was increased in glioma tissues and related to poor survival outcomes. Cell experiments revealed that GNL2 knockdown inhibited glioma cell growth, migration and invasion. In addition, GNL2 was found to affect the overall protein synthesis of ribosomal protein L11 in glioma cells. In conclusion, GNL2, PDCD11 and RPS6 may serve as potential biomarkers in glioma prognosis. Importantly, GNL2 acts as an oncogene in glioma and it enhances protein synthesis to promote the development of brain glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, P.R. China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215008, P.R. China
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2
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Tamas C, Tamas F, Kovecsi A, Cehan A, Balasa A. Metabolic Contrasts: Fatty Acid Oxidation and Ketone Bodies in Healthy Brains vs. Glioblastoma Multiforme. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5482. [PMID: 38791520 PMCID: PMC11122426 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of glucose and lipids plays a crucial role in the normal homeostasis of the body. Although glucose is the main energy substrate, in its absence, lipid metabolism becomes the primary source of energy. The main means of fatty acid oxidation (FAO) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix through β-oxidation. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of primary malignant brain tumor (45.6%), with an incidence of 3.1 per 100,000. The metabolic changes found in GBM cells and in the surrounding microenvironment are associated with proliferation, migration, and resistance to treatment. Tumor cells show a remodeling of metabolism with the use of glycolysis at the expense of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), known as the Warburg effect. Specialized fatty acids (FAs) transporters such as FAT, FABP, or FATP from the tumor microenvironment are overexpressed in GBM and contribute to the absorption and storage of an increased amount of lipids that will provide sufficient energy used for tumor growth and invasion. This review provides an overview of the key enzymes, transporters, and main regulatory pathways of FAs and ketone bodies (KBs) in normal versus GBM cells, highlighting the need to develop new therapeutic strategies to improve treatment efficacy in patients with GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corina Tamas
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Department of Neurosurgery, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Flaviu Tamas
- Doctoral School of Medicine and Pharmacy, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Department of Neurosurgery, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Attila Kovecsi
- Department of Morphopathology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Department of Morphopathology, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Alina Cehan
- Department of Plastic, Esthetics and Reconstructive Surgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Adrian Balasa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emergency Clinical County Hospital, 540136 Targu Mures, Romania;
- Department of Neurosurgery, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
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3
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Nakagawa-Saito Y, Mitobe Y, Togashi K, Suzuki S, Sugai A, Takenouchi S, Nakamura K, Sonoda Y, Kitanaka C, Okada M. The MDM2-p53 Axis Represents a Therapeutic Vulnerability Unique to Glioma Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3948. [PMID: 38612758 PMCID: PMC11011437 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The prevention of tumor recurrence by the successful targeting of glioma stem cells endowed with a tumor-initiating capacity is deemed the key to the long-term survival of glioblastoma patients. Glioma stem cells are characterized by their marked therapeutic resistance; however, recent evidence suggests that they have unique vulnerabilities that may be therapeutically targeted. We investigated MDM2 expression levels in glioma stem cells and their non-stem cell counterparts and the effects of the genetic and pharmacological inhibition of MDM2 on the viability of these cells as well as downstream molecular pathways. The results obtained showed that MDM2 expression was substantially higher in glioma stem cells than in their non-stem cell counterparts and also that the inhibition of MDM2, either genetically or pharmacologically, induced a more pronounced activation of the p53 pathway and apoptotic cell death in the former than in the latter. Specifically, the inhibition of MDM2 caused a p53-dependent increase in the expression of BAX and PUMA and a decrease in the expression of survivin, both of which significantly contributed to the apoptotic death of glioma stem cells. The present study identified the MDM2-p53 axis as a novel therapeutic vulnerability, or an Achilles' heel, which is unique to glioma stem cells. Our results, which suggest that non-stem, bulk tumor cells are less sensitive to MDM2 inhibitors, may help guide the selection of glioblastoma patients suitable for MDM2 inhibitor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Nakagawa-Saito
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yuta Mitobe
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Keita Togashi
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Shuhei Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Asuka Sugai
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Senri Takenouchi
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Sonoda
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Chifumi Kitanaka
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
- Research Institute for Promotion of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
| | - Masashi Okada
- Department of Molecular Cancer Science, School of Medicine, Yamagata University, 2-2-2 Iida-Nishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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4
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Kolothara Unnikrishnan M, Schmidt MHH. Editorial for "Impact of Regorafenib on Endothelial Transdifferentiation of Glioblastoma Stem-like Cells". Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3830. [PMID: 37568645 PMCID: PMC10417816 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15153830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequently occurring form of malignant primary brain tumor in adults [...].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirko H. H. Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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Vaid S, Schmidt MHH. Migration-Associated Transportome and Therapeutic Potential in Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM). Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3514. [PMID: 37444623 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15133514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
GBM is a highly aggressive and very common malignant form of primary brain tumors in adults [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Vaid
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Mirko H H Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, Fetscherstr 74, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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Smith J, Field M, Sugaya K. Suppression of NANOG Expression Reduces Drug Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells in Glioblastoma. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1276. [PMID: 37372456 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and incurable primary brain tumor that harbors therapy-resistant cancer stem cells (CSCs). Due to the limited effectiveness of conventional chemotherapies and radiation treatments against CSCs, there is a critical need for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Our previous research revealed the significant expression of embryonic stemness genes, NANOG and OCT4, in CSCs, suggesting their role in enhancing cancer-specific stemness and drug resistance. In our current study, we employed RNA interference (RNAi) to suppress the expression of these genes and observed an increased susceptibility of CSCs to the anticancer drug, temozolomide (TMZ). Suppression of NANOG expression induced cell cycle arrest in CSCs, specifically in the G0 phase, and it concomitantly decreased the expression of PDK1. Since PDK1 activates the PI3K/AKT pathway to promote cell proliferation and survival, our findings suggest that NANOG contributes to chemotherapy resistance in CSCs through PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Therefore, the combination of TMZ treatment with RNAi targeting NANOG holds promise as a therapeutic strategy for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonhoi Smith
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Melvin Field
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Orlando Neurosurgery, AdventHealth Neuroscience Institute, Orlando, FL 32803, USA
| | - Kiminobu Sugaya
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Pant A, Lim M. CAR-T Therapy in GBM: Current Challenges and Avenues for Improvement. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1249. [PMID: 36831591 PMCID: PMC9954019 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Completed clinical trials of CAR-T cells in glioblastoma (GBM) have revealed key challenges that limit their efficacy. These include incomplete antigen coverage, downregulation of target antigen in response to therapy, exposure to immunosuppressive cells and cytokines in the tumor microenvironment and exhaustion of CAR-T cells. To overcome these challenges, CAR-T cells have been modified to maximize effector function and resist immunosuppression in the tumor while limiting toxicities to the host. Adoption of these novel CAR-T strategies in GBM can overcome the "cold tumor" phenotype of GBM and trigger an inflammatory cascade that maximizes tumor clearance and minimizes CAR-T dysfunction. To achieve this, understanding and harnessing the antigenic, metabolic and immunological composition of GBM is crucial. Here we review the findings from completed clinical trials of CAR-T cells in GBM as well as novel strategies that could improve CAR-T survival and function in the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayush Pant
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Michael Lim
- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Alkahtani S, S. AL-Johani N, Alarifi S, Afzal M. Cytotoxicity Mechanisms of Blue-Light-Activated Curcumin in T98G Cell Line: Inducing Apoptosis through ROS-Dependent Downregulation of MMP Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043842. [PMID: 36835252 PMCID: PMC9961595 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the photodynamic activation of Curcumin under blue light in glioblastoma T98G cells. The therapeutic effect of Curcumin, in both the absence and presence of blue light, was measured by the MTT assay and apoptosis progression using flow cytometry. Fluorescence imaging was carried out to evaluate Curcumin uptake. Photodynamic activation of Curcumin (10 µM), in the presence of blue light, enhanced its cytotoxic effect, resulting in the activation of ROS-dependent apoptotic pathways in T98G cells. The gene expression studies showed the expression of matrixes metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and 9 (MMP9) decrease with Curcumin (10 µM) under blue light exposure, indicating possible proteolytic mechanisms. Moreover, the cytometric appearance displayed that the expressions of NF-κB and Nrf2 were found to be increased upon exposure to blue light, which revealed a significant induction of expression of nuclear factor as a result of blue-light-induced oxidative stress and cell death. These data further demonstrate that Curcumin exhibited a photodynamic effect via induction of ROS-mediated apoptosis in the presence of blue light. Our results suggest that the application of blue light enhances the therapeutic efficacy of Curcumin in glioblastoma because of the phototherapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Norah S. AL-Johani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saud Alarifi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Afzal
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
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Weth FR, Peng L, Paterson E, Tan ST, Gray C. Utility of the Cerebral Organoid Glioma 'GLICO' Model for Screening Applications. Cells 2022; 12:cells12010153. [PMID: 36611949 PMCID: PMC9818141 DOI: 10.3390/cells12010153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, a grade IV astrocytoma, is regarded as the most aggressive primary brain tumour with an overall median survival of 16.0 months following the standard treatment regimen of surgical resection, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy with temozolomide. Despite such intensive treatment, the tumour almost invariably recurs. This poor prognosis has most commonly been attributed to the initiation, propagation, and differentiation of cancer stem cells. Despite the unprecedented advances in biomedical research over the last decade, the current in vitro models are limited at preserving the inter- and intra-tumoural heterogeneity of primary tumours. The ability to understand and manipulate complex cancers such as glioblastoma requires disease models to be clinically and translationally relevant and encompass the cellular heterogeneity of such cancers. Therefore, brain cancer research models need to aim to recapitulate glioblastoma stem cell function, whilst remaining amenable for analysis. Fortunately, the recent development of 3D cultures has overcome some of these challenges, and cerebral organoids are emerging as cutting-edge tools in glioblastoma research. The opportunity to generate cerebral organoids via induced pluripotent stem cells, and to perform co-cultures with patient-derived cancer stem cells (GLICO model), has enabled the analysis of cancer development in a context that better mimics brain tissue architecture. In this article, we review the recent literature on the use of patient-derived glioblastoma organoid models and their applicability for drug screening, as well as provide a potential workflow for screening using the GLICO model. The proposed workflow is practical for use in most laboratories with accessible materials and equipment, a good first pass, and no animal work required. This workflow is also amenable for analysis, with separate measures of invasion, growth, and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya R. Weth
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, 7 Hospital Road, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
- Centre for Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Lifeng Peng
- Centre for Biodiscovery and School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Erin Paterson
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, 7 Hospital Road, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Swee T. Tan
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, 7 Hospital Road, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
- Wellington Regional Plastic, Maxillofacial & Burns Unit, Hutt Hospital, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Clint Gray
- Gillies McIndoe Research Institute, 7 Hospital Road, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
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Liang J, Sun J, Liu A, Chen L, Ma X, Liu X, Zhang C. Saikosaponin D improves chemosensitivity of glioblastoma by reducing the its stemness maintenance. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101342. [PMID: 36186734 PMCID: PMC9516410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Chemotherapy is one of the important adjuvant methods for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM), and chemotherapy resistance is a clinical problem that neurooncologists need to solve urgently. It is reported that Saikosaponin D (SSD), an active component of Bupleurum chinense, had various of antitumor activities and could also enhance the chemosensitivity of liver cancer and other tumors. However, it is not clear whether it has an effect on the chemosensitivity of glioma and its specific mechanism. Methods The CCK8 assay, Wound healing assay and Matrigel invasion assay were used to detect the effect of SSD on the phenotype of GBM cells. We detected the effect of SSD on the chemosensitivity of GSM by Flow cytometry, LDH content and MTT assay. Then, we used cell plate cloning, semi-quantitative PCR and western blotting experiments to detect the effect of SSD on the stem potential of GBM cells. Finally, the effect of SSD on the chemosensitivity of GBM and its potential mechanism were verified by nude mouse experiments in vivo. Results firstly, we found that SSD could partially inhibit the malignant phenotype of LN-229 cells, including inhibiting migration, invasion and apoptosis, and increasing the apoptosis rate and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release of LN-229 cells under the treatment of temozolomide (TMZ), that is to say, increasing the chemotherapy effect of TMZ on the cells. In addition, we unexpectedly found that SSD could partially inhibit the colony forming ability of LN-229 cells, which directly related to the stemness maintenance potential of cancer stem cells. Subsequently, our results showed that SSD could inhibit the gene and protein expression of stemness factors (OCT4, SOX2, c-Myc and Klf4) in LN-229 cells. Finally, we verified that SSD could improve the chemotherapy effect of TMZ by inhibiting the stem potential of glioblastoma in vivo nude mice. Conclusion this research can provide a certain theoretical basis for the application of SSD in the chemotherapy resistance of GBM and its mechanism of action, and provide a new hope for the clinical treatment of glioblastoma. SSD could inhibit the malignant phenotype of LN-229 cells, increase the chemotherapy effect of TMZ on the cells. SSD could inhibit the colony forming ability of LN-229 cells, and also inhibit their gene and protein expression of stemness factors. We verified that SSD could improve the chemotherapy effect of TMZ by inhibiting the stem potential of glioblastoma.
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Helweg LP, Storm J, Witte KE, Schulten W, Wrachtrup L, Janotte T, Kitke A, Greiner JFW, Knabbe C, Kaltschmidt B, Simon M, Kaltschmidt C. Targeting Key Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma Stem Cells for the Development of Efficient Chemo- and Immunotherapy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12919. [PMID: 36361720 PMCID: PMC9659205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive and most common malignant brain tumor with poor patient survival despite therapeutic intervention. On the cellular level, GBM comprises a rare population of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), driving therapeutic resistance, invasion, and recurrence. GSCs have thus come into the focus of therapeutic strategies, although their targeting remains challenging. In the present study, we took advantage of three GSCs-populations recently established in our lab to investigate key signaling pathways and subsequent therapeutic strategies targeting GSCs. We observed that NF-κB, a crucial transcription factor in GBM progression, was expressed in all CD44+/CD133+/Nestin+-GSC-populations. Exposure to TNFα led to activation of NF-κB-RELA and/or NF-κB-c-REL, depending on the GBM type. GSCs further expressed the proto-oncogene MYC family, with MYChigh GSCs being predominantly located in the tumor spheres ("GROW"-state) while NF-κB-RELAhigh GSCs were migrating out of the sphere ("GO"-state). We efficiently targeted GSCs by the pharmacologic inhibition of NF-κB using PTDC/Bortezomib or inhibition of MYC by KJ-Pyr-9, which significantly reduced GSC-viability, even in comparison to the standard chemotherapeutic drug temozolomide. As an additional cell-therapeutic strategy, we showed that NK cells could kill GSCs. Our findings offer new perspectives for developing efficient patient-specific chemo- and immunotherapy against GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laureen P. Helweg
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jonathan Storm
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kaya E. Witte
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Wiebke Schulten
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Lennart Wrachtrup
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Till Janotte
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Angelika Kitke
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Johannes F. W. Greiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
- Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
- Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Simon
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy Surgery, Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Medical School OWL at Bielefeld, Bielefeld University, Campus Bielefeld-Bethel, Burgsteig 13, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany
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Polyethylenimine, an Autophagy-Inducing Platinum-Carbene-Based Drug Carrier with Potent Toxicity towards Glioblastoma Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205057. [PMID: 36291841 PMCID: PMC9599868 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The difficulty involved in the treatment of many tumours due to their recurrence and resistance to chemotherapy is tightly linked to the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). This CSC sub-population is distinct from the majority of cancer cells of the tumour bulk. Indeed, CSCs have increased mitochondrial mass that has been linked to increased sensitivity to mitochondrial targeting compounds. Thus, a platinum-based polyethylenimine (PEI) polymer-drug conjugate (PDC) was assessed as a potential anti-CSC therapeutic since it has previously displayed mitochondrial accumulation. Our results show that CSCs have increased specific sensitivity to the PEI carrier and to the PDC. The mechanism of cell death seems to be necrotic in nature, with an absence of apoptotic markers. Cell death is accompanied by the induction of a protective autophagy. The interference in the balance of this pathway, which is highly important for CSCs, may be responsible for a partial reversion of the stem-like phenotype observed with prolonged PEI and PDC treatment. Several markers also indicate the cell death mode to be capable of inducing an anti-cancer immune response. This study thus indicates the potential therapeutic perspectives of polycations against CSCs.
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Poonaki E, Nickel AC, Shafiee Ardestani M, Rademacher L, Kaul M, Apartsin E, Meuth SG, Gorji A, Janiak C, Kahlert UD. CD133-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as a Carrier Platform for Telaglenastat (CB-839) against Tumor Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5479. [PMID: 35628289 PMCID: PMC9141725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of a long-lasting curative therapeutic benefit of currently applied chemotherapies against malignant cancers is suggested to be caused by the ineffectiveness of such interventions on cancer stem cells (CSCs). CD133/AC133 is a cell surface protein previously shown to have potential to identify CSCs in various tumors, including brain tumors. Moreover, an increase in the rate of cellular metabolism of glutamine and glucose are contributors to the fast cellular proliferation of some high-grade malignancies. Inhibition of glutaminolysis by utilizing pharmacological inhibitors of the enzyme glutaminase 1 (GLS1) can be an effective anti-CSC strategy. In this study, the clinical-stage GLS1 inhibitor Telaglenastat (CB-839) was loaded into PEGylated gold nanoparticles equipped with the covalently conjugated CD133 aptamer (Au-PEG-CD133-CB-839) and exposed to a collection of CD133-positive brain tumor models in vitro. Our results show that Au-PEG-CD133-CB-839 significantly decreased the viability of CD133-postive cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner, which was higher as compared to the effects of treatment of the cells with the individual components of the assembled nanodrug. Interestingly, the treatment effect was observed in glioblastoma stem cells modeling different transcriptomic subtypes of the disease. The presented platform is the fundament for subsequent target specificity characterization and in vivo application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Poonaki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (E.P.); (S.G.M.)
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (L.R.); (M.K.)
- Molecular and Experimental Surgery, University Clinic for General-, Visceral-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Nickel
- Clinic for Neurosurgery, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Mehdi Shafiee Ardestani
- Department of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416634793, Iran;
| | - Lars Rademacher
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (L.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Marilyn Kaul
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (L.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Evgeny Apartsin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination CNRS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Sven G. Meuth
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (E.P.); (S.G.M.)
| | - Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, 48149 Münster, Germany;
- Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam Alanbia Hospital, Tehran 9815733169, Iran
| | - Christoph Janiak
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40204 Düsseldorf, Germany; (L.R.); (M.K.)
| | - Ulf Dietrich Kahlert
- Molecular and Experimental Surgery, University Clinic for General-, Visceral-, Vascular- and Transplantation Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
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14
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Glioblastoma multiforme targeted delivery of docetaxel using bevacizumab-modified nanostructured lipid carriers impair in vitro cell growth and in vivo tumor progression. Int J Pharm 2022; 618:121682. [PMID: 35307470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant brain cancer, characterized by high invasiveness and poor prognosis. Docetaxel (DTX) is a chemotherapeutic drug with promising anti-tumor properties. However, conventional intravenous formulations exhibit side effects of systemic biodistribution and low brain bioavailability, limiting their clinical use. The current work aimed to evaluate the effect of DTX-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) functionalized with bevacizumab (BVZ-NLC-DTX) against GBM using in vitro and in vivo models. The NLC was obtained by the fusion-emulsification method followed by sonication, with narrow size distribution, negative zeta potential, and low polydispersity index. NLC showed DTX entrapment efficiency above 90%. BVZ coupling efficiency was 62% and BVZ integrity after functionalization was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Calorimetry studies confirmed thermal stability and molecular dispersion of DTX in the lipid matrix. NLC showed a sustained DTX release over 84 h. In vitro anti-tumor assays shown that BVZ-NLC-DTX selectively increased the cytotoxic of DTX in cells overexpressing VEGF (U87MG and A172), but not in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs), promoting cell death by apoptosis. BVZ functionalization did not impair cellular uptake. An in vivo orthotopic rat model demonstrated that free-DTX was not capable of reducing tumor growth whereas BVZ-NLC-DTX reduced up to 70% tumor volume after 15-days of treatment. Therefore, this study contributes to understanding new nanotechnology-based vehicles capable of reaching the brain more efficiently and repurposing the use of anti-cancer drugs in GBM treatment.
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15
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Tamura R, Miyoshi H, Morimoto Y, Oishi Y, Sampetrean O, Iwasawa C, Mine Y, Saya H, Yoshida K, Okano H, Toda M. Gene Therapy Using Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: Visualization of Migration and Bystander Killing Effect. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 31:352-366. [PMID: 32075424 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor characterized by diffuse infiltration into the normal brain parenchyma. Neural stem cells are known to possess the tumor-tropic migratory capacity and thus can be used as cellular vehicles for targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) suicide gene therapy for glioblastoma using neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs). Although transduction of hiPSCs is preferable for a safe and stable supply in the clinical setting, high-level and/or constitutive HSV-TK expression was highly cytotoxic to hiPSCs. To overcome this problem, we used the tetracycline-inducible system to control the expression of HSV-TK. hiPSC-derived NS/PCs expressing HSV-TK were transplanted in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of human glioblastoma. Glioblastoma cell growth in mice was dramatically inhibited following ganciclovir (GCV) administration. Survival of the mice was significantly prolonged with administration of GCV compared with control groups. Time-lapse imaging of organotypic brain slice cultures first demonstrated the directional migration of NS/PCs toward glioblastoma cells and the bystander killing effect upon GCV treatment. hiPSC-derived NS/PCs with HSV-TK/GCV suicide gene system may have considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment of glioblastoma. Color images are available online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Tamura
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miyoshi
- Departments of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukina Morimoto
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chizuru Iwasawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Mine
- Departments of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Departments of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Toda
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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WNT Signaling as a Therapeutic Target for Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168428. [PMID: 34445128 PMCID: PMC8395085 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The WNT (Wingless/Integrated) signaling pathway is implicated in various stages of glioblastoma, which is an aggressive brain tumor for which therapeutic options are limited. WNT has been recognized as a hallmark of therapeutic challenge due to its context-dependent role and critical function in healthy tissue homeostasis. In this review, we deeply scrutinize the WNT signaling pathway and its involvement in the genesis of glioblastoma as well as its acquired therapy resistance. We also provide an analysis of the WNT pathway in terms of its therapeutic importance in addition to an overview of the current targeted therapies under clinical investigation.
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Gong R, Li ZQ, Fu K, Ma C, Wang W, Chen JC. Long Noncoding RNA PVT1 Promotes Stemness and Temozolomide Resistance through miR-365/ELF4/SOX2 Axis in Glioma. Exp Neurobiol 2021; 30:244-255. [PMID: 34230224 PMCID: PMC8278140 DOI: 10.5607/en20060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are a class of non-coding RNAs demonstrated to play pivotal roles in regulating tumor progression. Therefore, deciphering the regulatory role of lncRNA in the development of glioma may offer a promising therapeutic target for treatment of glioma. We performed RT-qPCR analysis on the expression of lncRNA plasmacytoma variant translocation 1 (PVT1) and miR-365 in glioma tissues and cell lines. Cell proliferation and viability was assessed with CCK8 assay. Cell migration was assessed by wound healing assay. Transwell assay was used to assess cell invasion capacity. Expression of CD133+ cells was detected by flow cytometry. Western blot assay was used to detection the expression of ELF4 and stemness-related protein SOX2, Oct4 and Nanog. Bioinformatics and dual-luciferase assay were used to predict and validate the interaction between PVT1 and miR-365. Elevated PVT1 expression was observed in glioma tissues and cells. Knockdown of PVT1 and overexpression of miR-365 inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion and promoted stemness and Temozolomide (TMZ) resistance of glioma cells. PVT1 regulated ELF4 expression by competitively binds to miR-365. PVT1 regulated the stemness and sensitivity of TMZ of glioma cells through miR-365/ELF4/SOX2 axis. This study identified that PVT1 promoted glioma stemness through miR-365/ELF4/SOX2 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gong
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang 430071, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Li
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang 430071, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Kai Fu
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang 430071, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Chao Ma
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang 430071, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang 430071, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Cao Chen
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuchang 430071, Hubei, P.R. China
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18
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Perini G, Giulimondi F, Palmieri V, Augello A, Digiacomo L, Quagliarini E, Pozzi D, Papi M, Caracciolo G. Inhibiting the Growth of 3D Brain Cancer Models with Bio-Coronated Liposomal Temozolomide. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030378. [PMID: 33809262 PMCID: PMC7999290 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have emerged as an effective means to deliver anticancer drugs into the brain. Among various forms of NPs, liposomal temozolomide (TMZ) is the drug-of-choice for the treatment and management of brain tumours, but its therapeutic benefit is suboptimal. Although many possible reasons may account for the compromised therapeutic efficacy, the inefficient tumour penetration of liposomal TMZ can be a vital obstacle. Recently, the protein corona, i.e., the layer of plasma proteins that surround NPs after exposure to human plasma, has emerged as an endogenous trigger that mostly controls their anticancer efficacy. Exposition of particular biomolecules from the corona referred to as protein corona fingerprints (PCFs) may facilitate interactions with specific receptors of target cells, thus, promoting efficient internalization. In this work, we have synthesized a set of four TMZ-encapsulating nanomedicines made of four cationic liposome (CL) formulations with systematic changes in lipid composition and physical−chemical properties. We have demonstrated that precoating liposomal TMZ with a protein corona made of human plasma proteins can increase drug penetration in a 3D brain cancer model derived from U87 human glioblastoma multiforme cell line leading to marked inhibition of tumour growth. On the other side, by fine-tuning corona composition we have also provided experimental evidence of a non-unique effect of the corona on the tumour growth for all the complexes investigated, thus, clarifying that certain PCFs (i.e., APO-B and APO-E) enable favoured interactions with specific receptors of brain cancer cells. Reported results open new perspectives into the development of corona-coated liposomal drugs with enhanced tumour penetration and antitumour efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giordano Perini
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Giulimondi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.G.); (L.D.); (D.P.)
| | - Valentina Palmieri
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, CNR, Via dei Taurini 19, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Augello
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luca Digiacomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.G.); (L.D.); (D.P.)
| | - Erica Quagliarini
- Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Daniela Pozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.G.); (L.D.); (D.P.)
| | - Massimiliano Papi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy; (G.P.); (V.P.)
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCSS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (G.C.)
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy; (F.G.); (L.D.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (G.C.)
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19
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Witte KE, Hertel O, Windmöller BA, Helweg LP, Höving AL, Knabbe C, Busche T, Greiner JFW, Kalinowski J, Noll T, Mertzlufft F, Beshay M, Pfitzenmaier J, Kaltschmidt B, Kaltschmidt C, Banz-Jansen C, Simon M. Nanopore Sequencing Reveals Global Transcriptome Signatures of Mitochondrial and Ribosomal Gene Expressions in Various Human Cancer Stem-like Cell Populations. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051136. [PMID: 33800955 PMCID: PMC7962028 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer is the leading cause of death in the industrialized world. In particular, so-called cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a crucial role in disease progression, as they are known to contribute to tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, CSCs are heavily investigated in a broad range of cancers. Nevertheless, global transcriptomic profiling of CSC populations derived from different tumor types is rare. We established three CSC populations from tumors in the uterus, brain, lung, and prostate and assessed their global transcriptomes using nanopore full-length cDNA sequencing, a new technique to assess insights into global gene profile. We observed common expression in all CSCs for distinct genes encoding proteins for organelles, such as ribosomes, mitochondria, and proteasomes. Additionally, we detected high expressions of inflammation- and immunity-related genes. Conclusively, we observed high similarities between all CSCs independent of their tumor of origin, which may build the basis for identifying novel therapeutic strategies targeting CSCs. Abstract Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are crucial mediators of tumor growth, metastasis, therapy resistance, and recurrence in a broad variety of human cancers. Although their biology is increasingly investigated within the distinct types of cancer, direct comparisons of CSCs from different tumor types allowing comprehensive mechanistic insights are rarely assessed. In the present study, we isolated CSCs from endometrioid carcinomas, glioblastoma multiforme as well as adenocarcinomas of lung and prostate and assessed their global transcriptomes using full-length cDNA nanopore sequencing. Despite the expression of common CSC markers, principal component analysis showed a distinct separation of the CSC populations into three clusters independent of the specific type of tumor. However, GO-term and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed upregulated genes related to ribosomal biosynthesis, the mitochondrion, oxidative phosphorylation, and glycolytic pathways, as well as the proteasome, suggesting a great extent of metabolic flexibility in CSCs. Interestingly, the GO term “NF-kB binding” was likewise found to be elevated in all investigated CSC populations. In summary, we here provide evidence for high global transcriptional similarities between CSCs from various tumors, which particularly share upregulated gene expression associated with mitochondrial and ribosomal activity. Our findings may build the basis for identifying novel therapeutic strategies targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaya E. Witte
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (B.A.W.); (L.P.H.); (A.L.H.); (J.F.W.G.); (B.K.); (C.K.)
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (C.K.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (C.B.-J.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-521-106-5629
| | - Oliver Hertel
- Department of Cell Culture Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (O.H.); (T.N.)
- Center for Biotechnology-CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (T.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Beatrice A. Windmöller
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (B.A.W.); (L.P.H.); (A.L.H.); (J.F.W.G.); (B.K.); (C.K.)
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (C.K.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (C.B.-J.); (M.S.)
| | - Laureen P. Helweg
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (B.A.W.); (L.P.H.); (A.L.H.); (J.F.W.G.); (B.K.); (C.K.)
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (C.K.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (C.B.-J.); (M.S.)
| | - Anna L. Höving
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (B.A.W.); (L.P.H.); (A.L.H.); (J.F.W.G.); (B.K.); (C.K.)
- Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (C.K.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (C.B.-J.); (M.S.)
- Heart and Diabetes Centre NRW, Institute for Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, Ruhr-University Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology-CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (T.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Johannes F. W. Greiner
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (B.A.W.); (L.P.H.); (A.L.H.); (J.F.W.G.); (B.K.); (C.K.)
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (C.K.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (C.B.-J.); (M.S.)
| | - Jörn Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology-CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (T.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Thomas Noll
- Department of Cell Culture Technology, Faculty of Technology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (O.H.); (T.N.)
- Center for Biotechnology-CeBiTec, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 27, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (T.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Fritz Mertzlufft
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (C.K.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (C.B.-J.); (M.S.)
- Scientific Director of the Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Medical School OWL at Bielefeld, Bielefeld University, Campus Bielefeld-Bethel, Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Morris Beshay
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (C.K.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (C.B.-J.); (M.S.)
- Department for Thoracic Surgery and Pneumology, Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Medical School OWL at Bielefeld, Bielefeld University, Campus Bielefeld-Bethel, Burgsteig 13, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Jesco Pfitzenmaier
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (C.K.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (C.B.-J.); (M.S.)
- Department of Urology and Center for Computer-Assisted and Robotic Urology, Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Medical School OWL at Bielefeld, Bielefeld University, Campus Bielefeld-Bethel, Burgsteig 13, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (B.A.W.); (L.P.H.); (A.L.H.); (J.F.W.G.); (B.K.); (C.K.)
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (C.K.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (C.B.-J.); (M.S.)
- Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (B.A.W.); (L.P.H.); (A.L.H.); (J.F.W.G.); (B.K.); (C.K.)
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (C.K.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (C.B.-J.); (M.S.)
| | - Constanze Banz-Jansen
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (C.K.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (C.B.-J.); (M.S.)
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, and Perinatal Center, Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Medical School OWL at Bielefeld, Bielefeld University, Campus Bielefeld-Bethel, Burgsteig 13, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Matthias Simon
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld, OWL (FBMB e.V.), Maraweg 21, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany; (C.K.); (F.M.); (M.B.); (J.P.); (C.B.-J.); (M.S.)
- Department of Neurosurgery and Epilepsy Surgery, Protestant Hospital of Bethel Foundation, University Medical School OWL at Bielefeld, Bielefeld University, Campus Bielefeld-Bethel, Burgsteig 13, 33699 Bielefeld, Germany
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20
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Borja AJ, Hancin EC, Raynor WY, Ayubcha C, Detchou DK, Werner TJ, Revheim ME, Alavi A. A Critical Review of PET Tracers Used for Brain Tumor Imaging. PET Clin 2021; 16:219-231. [PMID: 33589386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpet.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The brain is a common site for metastases as well as primary tumors. Although evaluation of these malignancies with contrast-enhanced MR imaging defines current clinical practice, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET has shown considerable utility in this area. In addition, many other tracers targeting various aspects of tumor biology have been developed and tested. This article discusses recent developments in PET imaging and the anticipated role of FDG and other tracers in the assessment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin J Borja
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Emily C Hancin
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - William Y Raynor
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Drexel University College of Medicine, 2900 West Queen Lane, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Cyrus Ayubcha
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Donald K Detchou
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas J Werner
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mona-Elisabeth Revheim
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Sognsvannsveien 20, Oslo 0372, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Problemveien 7, Oslo 0315, Norway
| | - Abass Alavi
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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21
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Liu H, Tao H, Wang H, Yang Y, Yang R, Dai X, Ding X, Wu H, Chen S, Sun T. Doxycycline Inhibits Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties via PAR1/FAK/PI3K/AKT Pathway in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 10:619317. [PMID: 33643917 PMCID: PMC7905084 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.619317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in the promotion of invasion and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Protease activation receptor 1 (PAR1) is closely related to malignant progression of tumors, however, its effects on pancreatic cancer stem cell-like (CSC-like) properties formation have not been reported. In this work, the effects of PAR1 on pancreatic cancer stem cell-like (CSC-like) properties formation were studied. PAR1 overexpression can induce CSC-like properties in Aspc-1 cells, whereas interference of PAR1 in Panc-1 cells showed the contrary results. Data on patients with pancreatic cancer obtained from TCGA showed that high PAR1 expression and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) protein considerably affect the prognosis of patients. Further experiments showed that PAR1 could regulate FAK, PI3K, and AKT phosphorylation and the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) in Aspc-1 and Panc-1 cells. Doxycycline, as a PAR1 inhibitor, could effectively inhibit the CSC-like properties of pancreatic cancer cells and the FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway activation. Doxycycline inhibits the growth of pancreatic cancer and enhances the treatment effect of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in Panc-1 xenograft mouse model. In conclusion, PAR1 promotes the CSC-like properties and EMT of pancreatic cancer cells via the FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway. Doxycycline inhibits the pancreatic cancer through the PAR1/FAK/PI3K/AKT pathway and enhances the therapeutic effect of 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical Diseases, Tianjin Third Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Honglian Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xintong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiujuan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Haidong Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Early Druggability Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, China.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Disease, Tianjin, China
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22
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Couto de Carvalho LA, Tosta Dos Santos SL, Sacramento LV, de Almeida VR, de Aquino Xavier FC, Dos Santos JN, Gomes Henriques Leitão ÁC. Mesenchymal stem cell markers in periodontal tissues and periapical lesions. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151636. [PMID: 33132168 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2020.151636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are characterized by the potential to differentiate into multiple cell lineages, high proliferation rates, and self-renewal capacity, in addition to the ability to maintain their undifferentiated state. These cells have been identified in physiological oral tissues such as pulp tissue, dental follicle, apical papilla and periodontal ligament, as well as in pathological situations such as chronic periapical lesions (CPLs). The criteria used for the identification of MSCs include the positive expression of specific surface antigens, with CD73, CD90, CD105, CD44, CD146, STRO-1, CD166, NANOG and OCT4 being the most specific for these cells. AIM The aim of this review was to explore the literature on markers able to identify MSCs as well as the presence of these cells in the healthy periodontal ligament and CPLs, highlighting their role in regenerative medicine and implications in the progression of these lesions. METHODS Narrative literature review searching the PubMed and Medline databases. Articles published in English between 1974 and 2020 were retrieved. CONCLUSION The included studies confirmed the presence of MSCs in the healthy periodontal ligament and in CPLs. Several surface markers are used for the characterization of these cells which, although not specific, are effective in cell recognition. Mesenchymal stem cells participate in tissue repair, exerting anti- inflammatory, immunosuppressive and proangiogenic effects, and are therefore involved in the progression and attenuation of CPLs or even in the persistence of these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean Nunes Dos Santos
- Postgraduation Program in Dentistry and Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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23
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Singh P, Singh A, Shah S, Vataliya J, Mittal A, Chitkara D. RNA Interference Nanotherapeutics for Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4040-4066. [PMID: 32902291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid therapeutics for RNA interference (RNAi) are gaining attention in the treatment and management of several kinds of the so-called "undruggable" tumors via targeting specific molecular pathways or oncogenes. Synthetic ribonucleic acid (RNAs) oligonucleotides like siRNA, miRNA, shRNA, and lncRNA have shown potential as novel therapeutics. However, the delivery of such oligonucleotides is significantly hampered by their physiochemical (such as hydrophilicity, negative charge, and instability) and biopharmaceutical features (in vivo serum stability, fast renal clearance, interaction with extracellular proteins, and hindrance in cellular internalization) that markedly reduce their biological activity. Recently, several nanocarriers have evolved as suitable non-viral vectors for oligonucleotide delivery, which are known to either complex or conjugate with these oligonucleotides efficiently and also overcome the extracellular and intracellular barriers, thereby allowing access to the tumoral micro-environment for the better and desired outcome in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). This Review focuses on the up-to-date advancements in the field of RNAi nanotherapeutics utilized for GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani - 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani - 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shruti Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani - 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jalpa Vataliya
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani - 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani - 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani - 333 031, Rajasthan, India
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24
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Angom RS, Mondal SK, Wang F, Madamsetty VS, Wang E, Dutta SK, Gulani Y, Sarabia-Estrada R, Sarkaria JN, Quiñones-Hinojosa A, Mukhopadhyay D. Ablation of neuropilin-1 improves the therapeutic response in conventional drug-resistant glioblastoma multiforme. Oncogene 2020; 39:7114-7126. [PMID: 33005016 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01462-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly proliferative and locally invasive cancer with poor prognosis and a high recurrence rate. Although anti-VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) therapy offers short-term benefit to GBM patients, this approach fails as the tumor develops into a more invasive and drug-resistant phenotype and ultimately recurs. Recently, both glioma stemlike cells (GSCs) and brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) have been implicated in GBM recurrence and its resistance to therapy. We observed that patient-derived GBM cells expressing shRNAs of VEGF or neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) attenuate cancer stem cell markers, inhibit the tumor-initiating cell's neurosphere-forming capacity, and migration. Furthermore, both VEGF and NRP-1 knockdown inhibit the growth of patient-derived GBM xenografts in both zebrafish and mouse models. Interestingly, NRP-1-depleted patient-derived GBM xenografts substantially prolonged survival in mice compared to that of VEGF depletion. Our results also demonstrate that NRP-1 ablation of patient-derived GBM cells improves the sensitivity of TMZ and enhances the overall survival of the respective tumor-bearing mice. This improved outcome may provide insight into the inhibition of GBM progression and effective treatment strategies by targeting NRP-1 in addition to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramcharan Singh Angom
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sujan Kumar Mondal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, UPMC Hillman Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Inner Mongolia Medical University Affiliated Hospital, 010050, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Vijay Sagar Madamsetty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Enfeng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Shamit K Dutta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yash Gulani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Rachel Sarabia-Estrada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Debabrata Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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25
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Cyclopamine sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide treatment through Sonic hedgehog pathway. Life Sci 2020; 257:118027. [PMID: 32622951 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glioblastoma is an extremely aggressive glioma, resistant to radio and chemotherapy usually performed with temozolomide. One of the main reasons for glioblastoma resistance to conventional therapies is due to the presence of cancer stem-like cells. These cells could recapitulate some signaling pathways important for embryonic development, such as Sonic hedgehog. Here, we investigated if the inhibitor of the Sonic hedgehog pathway, cyclopamine, could potentiate the temozolomide effect in cancer stem-like cells and glioblastoma cell lines in vitro. MAIN METHODS The viability of glioblastoma cells exposed to cyclopamine and temozolomide treatment was evaluated by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay while the induction of apoptosis was assessed by western blot. The stemness properties of glioma cells were verified by clonogenic and differentiation assay and the expression of stem cell markers were measured by fluorescence microscopy and western blot. KEY FINDINGS The glioblastoma viability was reduced by cyclopamine treatment. Cyclopamine potentiated temozolomide treatment in glioblastoma cell lines by inducing apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 cleaved. Conversely, the combined treatment of cyclopamine and temozolomide potentiated the stemness properties of glioblastoma cells by inducing the expression of SOX-2 and OCT-4. SIGNIFICANCE Cyclopamine plays an effect on glioblastoma cell lines but also sensibilize them to temozolomide treatment. Thus, first-line treatment with Sonic hedgehog inhibitor followed by temozolomide could be used as a new therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma patients.
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26
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Valtorta S, Salvatore D, Rainone P, Belloli S, Bertoli G, Moresco RM. Molecular and Cellular Complexity of Glioma. Focus on Tumour Microenvironment and the Use of Molecular and Imaging Biomarkers to Overcome Treatment Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5631. [PMID: 32781585 PMCID: PMC7460665 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This review highlights the importance and the complexity of tumour biology and microenvironment in the progression and therapy resistance of glioma. Specific gene mutations, the possible functions of several non-coding microRNAs and the intra-tumour and inter-tumour heterogeneity of cell types contribute to limit the efficacy of the actual therapeutic options. In this scenario, identification of molecular biomarkers of response and the use of multimodal in vivo imaging and in particular the Positron Emission Tomography (PET) based molecular approach, can help identifying glioma features and the modifications occurring during therapy at a regional level. Indeed, a better understanding of tumor heterogeneity and the development of diagnostic procedures can favor the identification of a cluster of patients for personalized medicine in order to improve the survival and their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Valtorta
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.V.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Daniela Salvatore
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.V.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Paolo Rainone
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.V.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
| | - Sara Belloli
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Gloria Bertoli
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano—Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (S.V.); (D.S.); (P.R.)
- Nuclear Medicine Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute (IRCCS), 20132 Milan, Italy;
- Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), CNR, 20090 Segrate, Italy
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27
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El-Benhawy SA, El-Sheredy HG, Ghanem HB, Abo El-Soud AA. Berberine can amplify cytotoxic effect of radiotherapy by targeting cancer stem cells. BREAST CANCER MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.2217/bmt-2020-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Our objective was to investigate the effect of ionizing radiation (IR) and berberine on the expression of stem cell markers OCT4 and SOX2. Materials & methods: The study involved the following groups: Group I: MCF-7 spheroids as untreated control; Group II: MCF-7 spheroids treated with IR; Group III: MCF-7 spheroids treated with berberine; and Group IV: MCF-7 spheroids treated with berberine + IR. MCF-7 spheroids’ metabolic activity and viability was determined with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. OCT4 and SOX2 genes expression were assayed by real time-plymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: IR and berberine treatment decreased the viability of MCF-7 spheroids and reduced OCT4 and SOX2 genes expression. Combining berberine with IR leads to a significant reduction in cell viability and OCT4 and SOX2 genes expression when compared with radiation alone treated group. Conclusion: Berberine showed to be a good candidate for further studies as a new anticancer drug in the treatment of breast cancer. Berberine has a radiosensitizing effect through targeting cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanaa A El-Benhawy
- Radiation Sciences Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba G El-Sheredy
- Cancer Management & Research Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Heba B Ghanem
- Clinical laboratory sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Amira A Abo El-Soud
- Radiation Sciences Department, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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28
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Martelli C, King A, Simon T, Giamas G. Graphene-Induced Transdifferentiation of Cancer Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Strategy against Glioblastoma. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3258-3269. [PMID: 33463176 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an extremely malignant tumor of the central nervous system, characterized by low response to treatments and reoccurrence. This therapeutic resistance is believed to arise mostly from the presence of a subpopulation of tumorigenic stem cells, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). In addition, the surrounding microenvironment is known to maintain CSCs, thus supporting tumor development and aggressiveness. This review focuses on a therapeutic strategy involving the stem cell trans-differentiating ability of graphene and its derivatives. Graphene distinguishes itself from other carbon-based nanomaterials due to an array of properties that makes it suitable for many purposes, from bioengineering to biomedical applications. Studies have shown that graphene is able to promote and direct the differentiation of CSCs. In addition, potential usage of graphene in GBM treatment represents a challenge in respect to its administration method. The present review also provides a general outlook of the potential side effects (e.g., cell toxicity) that graphene could have. Overall, this report discusses certain graphene-based therapeutic strategies targeting CSCs, which can be considered as prospective effective GBM treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Martelli
- University College London, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London WC1N 3BG, U.K
| | - Alice King
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, U.K
| | - Thomas Simon
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, U.K
| | - Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QG, U.K
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29
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Zhou X, Xiao D. Long non-coding RNA GAS5 is critical for maintaining stemness and induces chemoresistance in cancer stem-like cells derived from HCT116. Oncol Lett 2020; 19:3431-3438. [PMID: 32269616 PMCID: PMC7138034 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recognized as critical regulators of self-renewal in human cancer stem-like cells (CSCs), which are a subpopulation of cancer cells primarily responsible for the malignant features of cancer. However, most CSC-related lncRNAs remain unidentified. The results of the present study suggested that growth-arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5), a tumor suppressor, exhibited increased expression and was associated with malignant features in human colorectal cancer cell HCT116-derived CSCs. Phenotypic analysis indicated that GAS5 knockdown by specific siRNA significantly decreased CSC self-renewal capacity, proliferation and migration. Moreover, GAS5 knockdown sensitized CSCs to the chemotherapeutic agents 5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin by inducing apoptosis detected by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. Inhibition of Nodal growth differentiation factor (NODAL) signaling, which has been reported to be protected by GAS5, presented similar chemosensitivity effects to the GAS5 knockdown results. The present study also assessed the effects of GAS5 overexpression on HCT116 cells, and revealed that overexpression of GAS5 sensitized HCT116 cells to chemotherapeutic agents, which is the opposite of the effect observed in CSCs derived from HCT116 cells. Therefore, it was hypothesized that GAS5 may function as a critical factor for maintaining stemness and that it may exert protective effects on CSCs in a NODAL-dependent manner. Collectively, the results of the present study indicate that GAS5 may be a promising therapeutic target for overcoming malignant features and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 410000, P.R. China
| | - Dachun Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 410000, P.R. China
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30
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Kim S, Lee M, Choi YK. The Role of a Neurovascular Signaling Pathway Involving Hypoxia-Inducible Factor and Notch in the Function of the Central Nervous System. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2020; 28:45-57. [PMID: 31484285 PMCID: PMC6939687 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the neurovascular unit, the neuronal and vascular systems communicate with each other. O2 and nutrients, reaching endothelial cells (ECs) through the blood stream, spread into neighboring cells, such as neural stem cells, and neurons. The proper function of neural circuits in adults requires sufficient O2 and glucose for their metabolic demands through angiogenesis. In a central nervous system (CNS) injury, such as glioma, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease, damaged ECs can contribute to tissue hypoxia and to the consequent disruption of neuronal functions and accelerated neurodegeneration. This review discusses the current evidence regarding the contribution of oxygen deprivation to CNS injury, with an emphasis on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated pathways and Notch signaling. Additionally, it focuses on adult neurological functions and angiogenesis, as well as pathological conditions in the CNS. Furthermore, the functional interplay between HIFs and Notch is demonstrated in pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghee Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjae Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Valdebenito S, D'Amico D, Eugenin E. Novel approaches for glioblastoma treatment: Focus on tumor heterogeneity, treatment resistance, and computational tools. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2019; 2:e1220. [PMID: 32729241 PMCID: PMC7941428 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive primary brain tumor. Currently, the suggested line of action is the surgical resection followed by radiotherapy and treatment with the adjuvant temozolomide, a DNA alkylating agent. However, the ability of tumor cells to deeply infiltrate the surrounding tissue makes complete resection quite impossible, and, in consequence, the probability of tumor recurrence is high, and the prognosis is not positive. GBM is highly heterogeneous and adapts to treatment in most individuals. Nevertheless, these mechanisms of adaption are unknown. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we will discuss the recent discoveries in molecular and cellular heterogeneity, mechanisms of therapeutic resistance, and new technological approaches to identify new treatments for GBM. The combination of biology and computer resources allow the use of algorithms to apply artificial intelligence and machine learning approaches to identify potential therapeutic pathways and to identify new drug candidates. CONCLUSION These new approaches will generate a better understanding of GBM pathogenesis and will result in novel treatments to reduce or block the devastating consequences of brain cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Valdebenito
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)GalvestonTexas
| | - Daniela D'Amico
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)GalvestonTexas
- Department of Biomedicine and Clinic NeuroscienceUniversity of PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Eliseo Eugenin
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and AnatomyUniversity of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB)GalvestonTexas
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Nakod PS, Kim Y, Rao SS. Three-dimensional biomimetic hyaluronic acid hydrogels to investigate glioblastoma stem cell behaviors. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 117:511-522. [PMID: 31691953 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the deadliest form of primary brain tumor. GBM tumors are highly heterogeneous, being composed of tumor cells as well as glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) that contribute to drug resistance and tumor recurrence following treatment. To develop therapeutic strategies, an improved understanding of GSC behavior in their microenvironment is critical. Herein, we have employed three-dimensional (3D) hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels that allow the incorporation of brain microenvironmental cues to investigate GSC behavior. U87 cell line and patient-derived D456 cells were cultured as suspension cultures (serum-free) and adherently (in the presence of serum) and were then encapsulated in HA hydrogels. We observed that all the seeded single cells expanded and formed spheres, and the size of the spheres increased with time. Increasing the initial cell seeding density of cells influenced the sphere size distribution. Interestingly, clonal expansion of serum-free grown tumor cells in HA hydrogels was observed. Also, stemness marker expression of serum and/or serum-free grown cells was altered when cultured in HA hydrogels. Finally, we demonstrated that HA hydrogels can support long-term GSC culture (up to 60 days) with retention of stemness markers. Overall, such biomimetic culture systems could further our understanding of the microenvironmental regulation of GSC phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki S Nakod
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
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Kopa P, Macieja A, Gulbas I, Pastwa E, Poplawski T. Inhibition of DNA-PK potentiates the synergistic effect of NK314 and etoposide combination on human glioblastoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:67-76. [PMID: 31583565 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Etoposide (VP-16) is the topoisomerase 2 (Top2) inhibitor used for treating of glioma patients however at high dose with serious side effects. It induces DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). These DNA lesions are repaired by non-homologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) mediated by DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). One possible approach to decrease the toxicity of etoposide is to reduce the dose while maintaining the anticancer potential. It could be achieved through combined therapy with other anticancer drugs. We have assumed that this objective can be obtained by (1) a parallel topo2 α inhibition and (2) sensitization of cancer cells to DSBs. In this work we investigated the effect of two Top2 inhibitors NK314 and VP-16 in glioma cell lines (MO59 K and MO59 J) sensitized by DNA-PK inhibitor, NU7441. Cytotoxic effect of VP-16, NK314 alone and in combination on human glioblastoma cell lines, was assessed by a colorimetric assay. Genotoxic effect of anticancer drugs in combination with NU7441 was assessed by comet assay. Cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were analysed by flow cytometry. Compared with VP-16 or NK314 alone, the combined treatment significantly inhibited cell proliferation. Combination treatment was associated with a strong accumulation of DSBs, modulated cell cycle phases distribution and apoptotic cell death. NU7441 potentiated these effects and additionally postponed DNA repair. Our findings suggest that NK314 could overcome resistance of MO59 cells to VP-16 and NU7441 could serve as sensitizer to VP-16/NK314 combined treatment. The combined tripartite approach of chemotherapy could reduce the overall toxicity associated with each individual therapy, while concomitantly enhancing the anticancer effect to treat human glioma cells. Thus, the use of a tripartite combinatorial approach could be promising and more efficacious than mono therapy or dual therapy to treat and increase the survival of the glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Kopa
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Allergology, Immunology and Immunopathology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences and Postgraduate Training, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Macieja
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Izabela Gulbas
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pastwa
- Functional Genomics & Proteomics Unit, ITSI-Biosciences, Johnstown, PA, USA
| | - Tomasz Poplawski
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Diana A, Gaido G, Murtas D. MicroRNA Signature in Human Normal and Tumoral Neural Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174123. [PMID: 31450858 PMCID: PMC6747235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs, also called miRNAs or simply miR-, represent a unique class of non-coding RNAs that have gained exponential interest during recent years because of their determinant involvement in regulating the expression of several genes. Despite the increasing number of mature miRNAs recognized in the human species, only a limited proportion is engaged in the ontogeny of the central nervous system (CNS). miRNAs also play a pivotal role during the transition of normal neural stem cells (NSCs) into tumor-forming NSCs. More specifically, extensive studies have identified some shared miRNAs between NSCs and neural cancer stem cells (CSCs), namely miR-7, -124, -125, -181 and miR-9, -10, -130. In the context of NSCs, miRNAs are intercalated from embryonic stages throughout the differentiation pathway in order to achieve mature neuronal lineages. Within CSCs, under a different cellular context, miRNAs perform tumor suppressive or oncogenic functions that govern the homeostasis of brain tumors. This review will draw attention to the most characterizing studies dealing with miRNAs engaged in neurogenesis and in the tumoral neural stem cell context, offering the reader insight into the power of next generation miRNA-targeted therapies against brain malignances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Diana
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Gaido
- Department of Surgery, Cottolengo Mission Hospital Charia, 60200 Meru, Kenya
| | - Daniela Murtas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
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Su YK, Bamodu OA, Tzeng YM, Hsiao M, Yeh CT, Lin CM. Ovatodiolide inhibits the oncogenicity and cancer stem cell-like phenotype of glioblastoma cells, as well as potentiate the anticancer effect of temozolomide. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 61:152840. [PMID: 31035045 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2019.152840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovatodiolide (Ova), a major bioactive diterpenoid isolate of Anisomeles indica has drawn considerable attention lately as an effective anticancer agent with several published works demonstrating its tumor-inhibitory activity in various cancer types. PURPOSE In this study, we examined the modulatory effect of Ova on the oncogenicity, proliferation, and cancer stem cell-like traits of glioblastoma (GBM) cells, as well as investigated the underlying molecular mechanism for the anticancer activity of Ova in GBM cell lines, U-87MG and GBM8401. METHODS The antiproliferative, apoptotic, and stemness-attenuating effects of Ova were evaluated using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) colorimetric assay, western blot and fluorescent immunocytochemistry. Cell apoptosis was analyzed based on variation in the expression levels of Bcl-2 family of regulator proteins Bax, Bak, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. RESULTS Ova induced the apoptosis of the U-87MG and GBM8401 cells, as well as effectively inhibited the proliferation and motility of the GBM cell lines in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Ova-induced apoptosis correlated with increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, while inhibition of tumor cell migration and colony formation was associated with reduced Slug, Vimentin, NCadherin and β-catenin protein expression and increased E-Cadherin. In addition, exposure to Ova inhibited tumorsphere formation, elicited downregulation of CD44, CD133, Sox2, and Oct4, as well as correlated with dysregulation of the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway. Furthermore, we showed for the first time to the best of our knowledge that Ova potentiate the chemotherapeutic effect of Temozolomide. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings demonstrate the anticancer potential of Ova in GBM and its efficacy in the treatment of GBM as monotherapy and in combination with Temozolomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Kai Su
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oluwaseun Adebayo Bamodu
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research & Education, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Yew-Min Tzeng
- Department of Life Science, National Taitung University, Taitung, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tai Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research & Education, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Min Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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B7H3 regulates differentiation and serves as a potential biomarker and theranostic target for human glioblastoma. J Transl Med 2019; 99:1117-1129. [PMID: 30914782 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
B7H3 (CD276), a co-stimulator molecule of the cell surface B7 protein superfamily, is expressed on glioblastomas (GBM). Recently, B7H3 functions beyond immune costimulation have been demonstrated. However, the mechanisms underlying B7H3 function are diverse and not well understood. GBM tumors contain undifferentiated self-renewing cells, which confound therapeutic attempts. We investigated the role of B7H3 in the regulation of GBM cell differentiation and the regulatory pathways involved. Analysis of public databases (TCGA, Rembrandt, and GEO NCBI) and RNA sequencing were performed to explore the role of B7H3 in GBM. Knockdown and overexpression of B7H3, were used to verify the downstream pathway in vitro. Further studies in vivo were performed to support the new finding. Bioinformatics analysis identified a correlation between the expression of B7H3, the expression of glioma self-renewing cell (GSC)-related genes, and MYC expression. These observations were verified by RNA-sequencing analyses in primary GBM cell lines. In vitro knockdown of B7H3-induced differentiation, associated with downregulation of SMAD6 (a TGF-β pathway inhibitor) and enhancement of SMAD1 phosphorylation-induced SMAD4 expression. Importantly, activation of the TGF-β pathway resulted in downregulation of MYC expression. In vivo assays conducted in a human GBM cell line xenograft mouse model demonstrated that B7H3 knockdown decreased MYC expression and inhibited tumor growth. B7H3 knockdown could regulate GBM differentiation by modulating MYC expression. So, B7H3 could serve as a potential theranostic target for the treatment of patients with GBM.
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A Role for NF-κB in Organ Specific Cancer and Cancer Stem Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050655. [PMID: 31083587 PMCID: PMC6563002 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) account for tumor initiation, invasiveness, metastasis, and recurrence in a broad range of human cancers. Although being a key player in cancer development and progression by stimulating proliferation and metastasis and preventing apoptosis, the role of the transcription factor NF-κB in cancer stem cells is still underestimated. In the present review, we will evaluate the role of NF-κB in CSCs of glioblastoma multiforme, ovarian cancer, multiple myeloma, lung cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, as well as cancer of the bone. Next to summarizing current knowledge regarding the presence and contribution of CSCs to the respective types of cancer, we will emphasize NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways directly involved in maintaining characteristics of cancer stem cells associated to tumor progression. Here, we will also focus on the status of NF-κB-activity predominantly in CSC populations and the tumor mass. Genetic alterations leading to NF-κB activity in glioblastoma, ependymoma, and multiple myeloma will be discussed.
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Munksgaard Thorén M, Chmielarska Masoumi K, Krona C, Huang X, Kundu S, Schmidt L, Forsberg-Nilsson K, Floyd Keep M, Englund E, Nelander S, Holmqvist B, Lundgren-Åkerlund E. Integrin α10, a Novel Therapeutic Target in Glioblastoma, Regulates Cell Migration, Proliferation, and Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040587. [PMID: 31027305 PMCID: PMC6521287 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
New, effective treatment strategies for glioblastomas (GBMs), the most malignant and invasive brain tumors in adults, are highly needed. In this study, we investigated the potential of integrin α10β1 as a therapeutic target in GBMs. Expression levels and the role of integrin α10β1 were studied in patient-derived GBM tissues and cell lines. The effect of an antibody–drug conjugate (ADC), an integrin α10 antibody conjugated to saporin, on GBM cells and in a xenograft mouse model was studied. We found that integrin α10β1 was strongly expressed in both GBM tissues and cells, whereas morphologically unaffected brain tissues showed only minor expression. Partial or no overlap was seen with integrins α3, α6, and α7, known to be expressed in GBM. Further analysis of a subpopulation of GBM cells selected for high integrin α10 expression demonstrated increased proliferation and sphere formation. Additionally, siRNA-mediated knockdown of integrin α10 in GBM cells led to decreased migration and increased cell death. Furthermore, the ADC reduced viability and sphere formation of GBM cells and induced cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrate that integrin α10β1 has a functional role in GBM cells and is a novel, potential therapeutic target for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cecilia Krona
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Xiaoli Huang
- Xintela AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Soumi Kundu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Karin Forsberg-Nilsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Marcus Floyd Keep
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sanford Brain and Spine Institute, Fargo, ND 58103, USA; Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of North Dakota, Fargo, ND 58102, USA.
| | - Elisabet Englund
- Neuropathology Lab, Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
| | - Sven Nelander
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Bo Holmqvist
- ImaGene-iT AB, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden.
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Pathological and Molecular Features of Glioblastoma and Its Peritumoral Tissue. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040469. [PMID: 30987226 PMCID: PMC6521241 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive and lethal human brain tumors. At present, GBMs are divided in primary and secondary on the basis of the mutational status of the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) genes. In addition, IDH1 and IDH2 mutations are considered crucial to better define the prognosis. Although primary and secondary GBMs are histologically indistinguishable, they retain distinct genetic alterations that account for different evolution of the tumor. The high invasiveness, the propensity to disperse throughout the brain parenchyma, and the elevated vascularity make these tumors extremely recidivist, resulting in a short patient median survival even after surgical resection and chemoradiotherapy. Furthermore, GBM is considered an immunologically cold tumor. Several studies highlight a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment that promotes recurrence and poor prognosis. Deeper insight into the tumor immune microenvironment, together with the recent discovery of a conventional lymphatic system in the central nervous system (CNS), led to new immunotherapeutic strategies. In the last two decades, experimental evidence from different groups proved the existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells, that may play an active role in tumor development and progression. Recent findings also indicated the presence of highly infiltrative CSCs in the peritumoral region of GBM. This region appears to play a key role in tumor growing and recurrence. However, until recently, few studies investigated the biomolecular characteristics of the peritumoral tissue. The aim of this review is to recapitulate the pathological features of GBM and of the peritumoral region associated with progression and recurrence.
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Bazzoni R, Bentivegna A. Role of Notch Signaling Pathway in Glioblastoma Pathogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030292. [PMID: 30832246 PMCID: PMC6468848 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that regulates important biological processes, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration, self-renewal, and differentiation. In mammals, Notch signaling is composed of four receptors (Notch1–4) and five ligands (Dll1-3–4, Jagged1–2) that mainly contribute to the development and maintenance of the central nervous system (CNS). Neural stem cells (NSCs) are the starting point for neurogenesis and other neurological functions, representing an essential aspect for the homeostasis of the CNS. Therefore, genetic and functional alterations to NSCs can lead to the development of brain tumors, including glioblastoma. Glioblastoma remains an incurable disease, and the reason for the failure of current therapies and tumor relapse is the presence of a small subpopulation of tumor cells known as glioma stem cells (GSCs), characterized by their stem cell-like properties and aggressive phenotype. Growing evidence reveals that Notch signaling is highly active in GSCs, where it suppresses differentiation and maintains stem-like properties, contributing to Glioblastoma tumorigenesis and conventional-treatment resistance. In this review, we try to give a comprehensive view of the contribution of Notch signaling to Glioblastoma and its possible implication as a target for new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Bazzoni
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Section of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Pz.le Scuro 10, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- Program in Clinical and Experimental Biomedical Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy.
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy.
| | - Angela Bentivegna
- NeuroMi, Milan Center for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy.
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore 48, 20900 Monza, Italy.
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Haynes HR, Scott HL, Killick-Cole CL, Shaw G, Brend T, Hares KM, Redondo J, Kemp KC, Ballesteros LS, Herman A, Cordero-Llana O, Singleton WG, Mills F, Batstone T, Bulstrode H, Kauppinen RA, Wurdak H, Uney JB, Short SC, Wilkins A, Kurian KM. shRNA-mediated PPARα knockdown in human glioma stem cells reduces in vitro proliferation and inhibits orthotopic xenograft tumour growth. J Pathol 2018; 247:422-434. [PMID: 30565681 PMCID: PMC6462812 DOI: 10.1002/path.5201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The overall survival for patients with primary glioblastoma is very poor. Glioblastoma contains a subpopulation of glioma stem cells (GSC) that are responsible for tumour initiation, treatment resistance and recurrence. PPARα is a transcription factor involved in the control of lipid, carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism. We have recently shown that PPARα gene and protein expression is increased in glioblastoma and has independent clinical prognostic significance in multivariate analyses. In this work, we report that PPARα is overexpressed in GSC compared to foetal neural stem cells. To investigate the role of PPARα in GSC, we knocked down its expression using lentiviral transduction with short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Transduced GSC were tagged with luciferase and stereotactically xenografted into the striatum of NOD-SCID mice. Bioluminescent and magnetic resonance imaging showed that knockdown (KD) of PPARα reduced the tumourigenicity of GSC in vivo. PPARα-expressing control GSC xenografts formed invasive histological phenocopies of human glioblastoma, whereas PPARα KD GSC xenografts failed to establish viable intracranial tumours. PPARα KD GSC showed significantly reduced proliferative capacity and clonogenic potential in vitro with an increase in cellular senescence. In addition, PPARα KD resulted in significant downregulation of the stem cell factors c-Myc, nestin and SOX2. This was accompanied by downregulation of the PPARα-target genes and key regulators of fatty acid oxygenation ACOX1 and CPT1A, with no compensatory increase in glycolytic flux. These data establish the aberrant overexpression of PPARα in GSC and demonstrate that this expression functions as an important regulator of tumourigenesis, linking self-renewal and the malignant phenotype in this aggressive cancer stem cell subpopulation. We conclude that targeting GSC PPARα expression may be a therapeutically beneficial strategy with translational potential as an adjuvant treatment. © 2018 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Haynes
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Cellular Pathology, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Helen L Scott
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Clare L Killick-Cole
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gary Shaw
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tim Brend
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kelly M Hares
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Juliana Redondo
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kevin C Kemp
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lorena S Ballesteros
- Flow Cytometry Facility, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Andrew Herman
- Flow Cytometry Facility, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Oscar Cordero-Llana
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - William G Singleton
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Francesca Mills
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, North Bristol NHS Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Tom Batstone
- Bioinformatics Facility, School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Harry Bulstrode
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Risto A Kauppinen
- Clinical Research and Imaging Centre, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- Stem Cells and Brain Tumour Group, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James B Uney
- Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan C Short
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Alastair Wilkins
- Multiple Sclerosis and Stem Cell Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kathreena M Kurian
- Brain Tumour Research Group, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Saluja TS, Ali M, Mishra P, Kumar V, Singh SK. Prognostic Value of Cancer Stem Cell Markers in Potentially Malignant Disorders of Oral Mucosa: A Meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 28:144-153. [DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-18-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Ma J, Shi H, Zhang M, Li C, Xiang Y, Liu P. A homogeneous, Anti-dsDNA antibody-based assay for multicolor detection of cancer stem cell transcription factors. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1029:72-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Balça-Silva J, Matias D, Carmo AD, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Lopes MC, Moura-Neto V. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of glioblastoma malignancy: Implications in resistance and therapeutic strategies. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 58:130-141. [PMID: 30266571 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the more frequent and malignant brain tumour. In spite of all efforts, the median overall survival of GB patients remains approximately 15 months under therapy. The molecular biology underlying GB is complex, which highlight the need of specific treatment strategies. In fact, the deregulation of several molecular signalling pathways, the existence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), that makes almost all the chemotherapeutic agents inaccessible to the tumour site, and the existence of a population of stem-like cells known to be responsible for tumour recurrence after therapy, can contribute to GB chemoresistance. In the present review, we summarize the reliable factors responsible for the failure of the most important chemotherapeutic agents in GB. Specifically, we describe the utmost important characteristics of the BBB, as well as the genetic, molecular and transcription factors alterations that lead to tumour malignancy, and ultimately their impact on stem-like cell plasticity modulation. Recently, nanocarriers have attracted increasing attention in brain- and tumour-targeted drug-delivery systems, owing to their potential ability to target cell surface specific molecules and to cross the BBB delivering the drug specifically to the tumour cells, improving efficacy and thus reducing non-specific toxicity. In this sense, we will lastly highlight the therapeutic challenges and improvements regarding GB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Balça-Silva
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN) - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Diana Matias
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN) - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (ICB-UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Anália do Carmo
- Clinical Pathology Department, Coimbra Hospital and Universitary Center (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI) Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC) and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), group of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Coimbra, Portugal; Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria Celeste Lopes
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC.IBILI), Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC); Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer (IECPN) - Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Guerra-Rebollo M, Nogueira de Moraes C, Alcoholado C, Soler-Botija C, Sanchez-Cid L, Vila OF, Meca-Cortés O, Ramos-Romero S, Rubio N, Becerra J, Blanco J, Garrido C. Glioblastoma Bystander Cell Therapy: Improvements in Treatment and Insights into the Therapy Mechanisms. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2018; 11:39-51. [PMID: 30364660 PMCID: PMC6197388 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A preclinical model of glioblastoma (GB) bystander cell therapy using human adipose mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSCs) is used to address the issues of cell availability, quality, and feasibility of tumor cure. We show that a fast proliferating variety of hAMSCs expressing thymidine kinase (TK) has therapeutic capacity equivalent to that of TK-expressing hAMSCs and can be used in a multiple-inoculation procedure to reduce GB tumors to a chronically inhibited state. We also show that up to 25% of unmodified hAMSCs can be tolerated in the therapeutic procedure without reducing efficacy. Moreover, mimicking a clinical situation, tumor debulking previous to cell therapy inhibits GB tumor growth. To understand these striking results at a cellular level, we used a bioluminescence imaging strategy and showed that tumor-implanted therapeutic cells do not proliferate, are unaffected by GCV, and spontaneously decrease to a stable level. Moreover, using the CLARITY procedure for tridimensional visualization of fluorescent cells in transparent brains, we find therapeutic cells forming vascular-like structures that often associate with tumor cells. In vitro experiments show that therapeutic cells exposed to GCV produce cytotoxic extracellular vesicles and suggest that a similar mechanism may be responsible for the in vivo therapeutic effectiveness of TK-expressing hAMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Guerra-Rebollo
- Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Nogueira de Moraes
- Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University, UNESP, 18618-681 Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Cristina Alcoholado
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Carolina Soler-Botija
- ICREC Research Program, Health Science Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- CIBER Cardiovascular, Carlos III Health Institute, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Sanchez-Cid
- Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olaia F. Vila
- Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Oscar Meca-Cortés
- Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Ramos-Romero
- Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Rubio
- Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Becerra
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Málaga, Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga (IBIMA), 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Laboratory of Bioengineering and Tissue Regeneration (LABRET), Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Jeronimo Blanco
- Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Garrido
- Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author: Cristina Garrido, Cell Therapy Group, Catalonian Institute for Advanced Chemistry (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona Street, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Balça-Silva J, do Carmo A, Tão H, Rebelo O, Barbosa M, Moura-Neto V, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Lopes MC, Moreira JN. Nucleolin is expressed in patient-derived samples and glioblastoma cells, enabling improved intracellular drug delivery and cytotoxicity. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:68-77. [PMID: 29902537 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in Glioblastoma (GBM) therapy relates with the existence of glioma stem-like cells (GSCs), known to be chemo- and radio-resistant. GSCs and non-stem GBM cells have the ability to interchange, emphasizing the importance of identifying common molecular targets among those cell sub-populations. Nucleolin overexpression has been recently associated with breast cancer sub-populations with different stem-like phenotype. The goal of this work was to evaluate the potential of cell surface nucleolin as a target in GBM cells. Different levels of nucleolin expression resulted in a 3.4-fold higher association of liposomes targeting nucleolin (functionalized with the nucleolin-binding F3 peptide) in U87, relative to GBM11 glioblastoma cells. Moreover, nucleolin was suggested as a potential marker in OCT4-, NANOG-positive GSC, and in the corresponding non-stem GBM cells, as well as in SOX2-positive GSC. Doxorubicin delivered by liposomes targeting nucleolin enabled a level of cytotoxicity that was 2.5- or 4.6-fold higher compared to the non-targeted counterparts. Importantly, an overexpression of nucleolin was also observed in cells of patient-derived samples, as compared with normal brain. Overall, these results suggested nucleolin as a therapeutic target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Balça-Silva
- CNC.IBILI - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal; FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; IECPN - Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Anália do Carmo
- CNC.IBILI - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal; CHUC - Clinical Pathology Department, Coimbra Hospital and Universitary Center, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Hermínio Tão
- CHUC - Neurosurgery Service, Coimbra Hospital and Universitary Center, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Olinda Rebelo
- CHUC - Neuropathology Laboratory, Neurology Service, Coimbra Hospital and Universitary Center, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Marcos Barbosa
- FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CHUC - Neurosurgery Service, Coimbra Hospital and Universitary Center, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Vivaldo Moura-Neto
- IECPN - Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Secretaria de Estado de Saúde, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- FMUC, Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology/ Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; iCBR, CIMAGO - Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment, Genetics and Oncobiology - FMUC, Coimbra, Portugal; CHUC - Clinical Hematology Department/Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Maria Celeste Lopes
- CNC.IBILI - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology and Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal; FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - João Nuno Moreira
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; FFUC - Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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Chen S, Le T, Harley BAC, Imoukhuede PI. Characterizing Glioblastoma Heterogeneity via Single-Cell Receptor Quantification. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:92. [PMID: 30050899 PMCID: PMC6050407 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) signaling pathways play important roles in glioblastoma (GBM). However, therapies targeting these signaling pathways have not been successful, partially because of drug resistance. Increasing evidence suggests that tumor heterogeneity, more specifically, GBM-associated stem and endothelial cell heterogeneity, may contribute to drug resistance. In this perspective article, we introduce a high-throughput, quantitative approach to profile plasma membrane RTKs on single cells. First, we review the roles of RTKs in cancer. Then, we discuss the sources of cell heterogeneity in GBM, providing context to the key cells directing resistance to drugs. Finally, we present our provisionally patented qFlow cytometry approach, and report results of a "proof of concept" patient-derived xenograft GBM study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Thien Le
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Brendan A. C. Harley
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - P. I. Imoukhuede
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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48
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Lu CW, Zhou DD, Xie T, Hao JL, Pant OP, Lu CB, Liu XF. HOXA11 antisense long noncoding RNA (HOXA11-AS): A promising lncRNA in human cancers. Cancer Med 2018; 7:3792-3799. [PMID: 29992790 PMCID: PMC6089141 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cancers are the leading cause of disease‐related deaths worldwide with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a critical role in a wide range of biological processes, including tumorigenesis. HOXA11‐AS (NCRNA00076), the antisense strands of HOXA11 gene, was initially revealed in a mouse embryonic cDNA library in 2009 and it was a fairly novel lncRNA. This review summarized the advanced research progression concerning the expression and role of HOXA11‐AS in different human malignancies. The expression of HOXA11‐AS is aberrantly altered in many cancers, either as a tumor suppressor or as a tumor accelerator. The different underlying mechanism of HOXA11‐AS in different cancers (including, nonsmall cell lung cancers, osteosarcoma, uveal melanoma, glioma, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, and glioblastoma) was also detailed. These findings lead us to conclude that HOXA11‐AS participate in the complex network of cancers and plays an important role in the tumorigenesis and progression. Functional HOXA11‐AS could be a promising biomarker for early detection as well as prognosis evaluation in cancer patients. Future HOXA11‐AS‐targeted intervention may become a valuable novel therapeutic tool, improving the clinical management of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The People's Hospital of Jilin Province, Jilin, China
| | - Ji-Long Hao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Om Prakash Pant
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of Jiamusi University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiu-Fen Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
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49
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Nakod PS, Kim Y, Rao SS. Biomimetic models to examine microenvironmental regulation of glioblastoma stem cells. Cancer Lett 2018; 429:41-53. [PMID: 29746930 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a malignant brain tumor, is the deadliest form of human cancer with low survival rates because of its highly invasive nature. In recent years, there has been a growing appreciation for the role that glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) play during tumorigenesis and tumor recurrence of GBM. GSCs are a specialized subset of GBM cells with stem cell-like features that contribute to tumor initiation and therapeutic resistance. Thus, to enhance therapeutic efficiency and improve survival, targeting GSCs and their microenvironmental niche appears to be a promising approach. To develop this approach, understanding GSC-microenvironment interactions is crucial. This review discusses various biomimetic model systems to understand the impact of biophysical, biochemical, and cellular microenvironmental cues on GSC behaviors. These models include two-dimensional or matrix-free environment models, engineered biomaterial-based three-dimensional models, co-culture models, and mouse and rat in vivo models. These systems have been used to study the effects of biophysical factors, modulation of signaling pathways, extracellular matrix components, and culture conditions on the GSC phenotype. The advantages and disadvantages of these model systems and their impact in the field of GSC research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinaki S Nakod
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Yonghyun Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA.
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50
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Bonturi CR, Motaln H, Silva MCC, Salu BR, de Brito MV, de Andrade Luz Cost L, Torquato HFV, Nunes NNDS, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Turnšek TL, Oliva MLV. Could a plant derived protein potentiate the anticancer effects of a stem cell in brain cancer? Oncotarget 2018; 9:21296-21312. [PMID: 29765540 PMCID: PMC5940364 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most aggressive brain tumor with poor overall survival bellow 2 years. The natural compounds with anti-cancer properties, are thus gaining attention for possible adjuvant GBM treatment. In various cancer models Enterolobium contortisiliquum Trypsin Inhibitor (EcTI) proved to have anti-cancer effects. Here, we investigated the EcTI effects on GBM U87 cells and on mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) compared to their direct coculture (MSC/U87). MSC are present in tumor stroma, modulating GBM cells phenotype, and also represent potential drug delivery vehicle due to their tumor tropism. We showed that in p53-wild type U87 cells, metabolic activity was less affected by EcTI as in MSC monocuture, but the metabolic rate of mixed coculture was significantly reduced at lower EcTI concentration. Under coculture condition, EcTI potentiated MSC induced cell cycle arrest, possible due to highly increased p53, p21 and lower D1 expression, but there was no effect on apoptosis. Accordingly, in the coculture EcTI also enhanced Ca2+ signalling mediated via bradykinin receptor 2, being associated with nitric oxide release that highly impaired proliferation and invasion. The mechanism did not seem to involve changes in cell adhesion but rather it down-regulated the β1 integrin signaling with associated p-FAK in U87 cells, both supporting inhibition of invasion. Finally, some cytokines were down-regulated, indicating that EcTI inhibition of signalling might be mediated by cytokines. In conclusion, these results indicate that in cocultured MSC/U87 cells EcTI impairs the metabolic activity, proliferation, and reduced invasion, possibly associated with observed cytokines secretion. In this context, we confirmed that the plant derived protein potentiated the anticancer effects, induced by MSC, as represented by GBM U87 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Ramalho Bonturi
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, 04044-020, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Helena Motaln
- Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology Department, National Institute of Biology, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Bruno Ramos Salu
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, 04044-020, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | - Marlon Vilela de Brito
- Biochemistry Department, Federal University of São Paulo, 04044-020, São Paulo - SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Tamara Lah Turnšek
- Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology Department, National Institute of Biology, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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