IL-6/STAT3 Is a Promising Therapeutic Target for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Regulation of Fuzheng Huayu capsule on inhibiting the fibrosis-associated hepatocellular carcinogenesis

In the current study, bioinformatics analysis of the hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) dataset was conducted with the hepatoprotective effect of the Fuzheng Huayu (FZHY) capsule against the diethylnitrosamine-induced HCC progression analyzed. Eight cell clusters were defined and tanshinone IIA, arachidonic acid, and quercetin, compounds of the FZHY capsule, inhibit HCC progression-related fibrosis by regulating the expression of PLAU and IGFBP3. Combined with the ameliorative effect of the FZHY capsule against liver dysfunctions and expression of PLAU and IGFBP3, our study confirmed the effect of the FZHY capsule on inhibiting the fibrosis-associated HCC progression via regulating the expression of PLAU and IGFBP3.

A Boolean model explains phenotypic plasticity changes underlying hepatic cancer stem cells emergence

In several carcinomas, including hepatocellular carcinoma, it has been demonstrated that cancer stem cells (CSCs) have enhanced invasiveness and therapy resistance compared to differentiated cancer cells. Mathematical-computational tools could be valuable for integrating experimental results and understanding the phenotypic plasticity mechanisms for CSCs emergence. Based on the literature review, we constructed a Boolean model that recovers eight stable states (attractors) corresponding to the gene expression profile of hepatocytes and mesenchymal cells in senescent, quiescent, proliferative, and stem-like states. The epigenetic landscape associated with the regulatory network was analyzed. We observed that the loss of p53, p16, RB, or the constitutive activation of β-catenin and YAP1 increases the robustness of the proliferative stem-like phenotypes. Additionally, we found that p53 inactivation facilitates the transition of proliferative hepatocytes into stem-like mesenchymal phenotype. Thus, phenotypic plasticity may be altered, and stem-like phenotypes related to CSCs may be easier to attain following the mutation acquisition.

Citrulline facilitates the glycolysis, proliferation, and metastasis of lung cancer cells by regulating RAB3C

Lung cancer (LC) is one of the major malignant diseases threatening human health. The study aimed to identify the effect of citrulline on the malignant phenotype of LC cells and to further disclose the potential molecular mechanism of citrulline in regulating the development of LC, providing a novel molecular biological basis for the clinical treatment of LC. The effects of citrulline on the viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of LC cells (A549, H1299) were validated by CCK-8, colony formation, EdU, and transwell assays. The cell glycolysis was assessed via determining the glucose uptake, lactate production, ATP levels, extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), and oxygen consumption rate (OCR). RNA-seq and molecular docking were performed to screen for citrulline-binding target proteins. Western blotting experiments were conducted to examine the expression of related signaling pathway molecules. In addition, the impacts of citrulline on LC growth in vivo were investigated by constructing mouse models. Citrulline augmented the viability of LC cells in a concentration and time-dependent manner. The proliferation, migration, invasion, glycolysis, and EMT processes of LC cells were substantially enhanced after citrulline treatment. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that citrulline could bind to RAB3C protein. Western blotting results indicated that citrulline activated the IL-6/STAT3 pathway by binding to RAB3C. In addition, animal experiments disclosed that citrulline promoted tumor growth in mice. Citrulline accelerated the glycolysis and activated the IL6/STAT3 pathway through the RAB3C protein, consequently facilitating the development of LC.

IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway induces prostate apoptosis response protein-4(PAR-4) to stimulate malignant behaviors of hepatocellular carcinoma cells

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES

Prostate apoptosis response protein-4 (PAR-4) is considered a tumor suppressor. However, the role of PAR-4 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has rarely been reported. The study explores the role of PAR-4 in the malignant behaviors of HCC cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

TCGA database was applied to analyze the expression of PAR-4 in HCC. Evaluated PAR-4 relationship with clinical parameters and prognosis by tissue microarray; expression of STAT3, p-STAT3, Src and Ras was detected by Western blotting or laser confocal microscopy. Cell scratch and flow cytometry assays were used to observe IL-6 regulation of the malignant behaviors of HCC cells. The tumorigenic potential of HCC cells in vivo was evaluated in a nude mouse tumor model.

RESULTS

Analysis indicated that the expression of PAR-4 in HCC tissues was significantly higher than that in normal liver tissues; and PAR-4 interacted with STAT3. KEGG analysis showed that PAR-4 plays a role in the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT signaling pathway. The positive expression rate of PAR-4 in HCC tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues. Positive correlation between IL-6 and PAR-4 expression in the HCC tissues. Exogenous IL-6 significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of HCC cells and up-regulated the expression of PAR-4 and p-STAT3 in HCC cells. Interference of the expression of PAR-4 could reduce the malignant behaviors of HCC cells and inhibit tumorigenesis in a nude mouse tumor model.

CONCLUSIONS

PAR-4 expression is positively correlated with HCC; PAR-4 promotes malignant behavior of HCC cells mediated by the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Exosomal SLC16A1-AS1-induced M2 macrophages polarization facilitates hepatocellular carcinoma progression

Macrophages are the most abundant alternative immune cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The cross-talk between macrophages and tumor cells provides an important shelter for the occurrence and development of tumors. As an important information transfer medium, exosomes play an important role in intercellular communication. Nonetheless, how exosomal lncRNAs coordinate the communication between tumor cells and immune cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is incompletely understood. We found that HCC exosomes-derived antisense RNA of SLC16A1(SLC16A1-AS1) promoted the malignant progression of HCC by regulating macrophage M2-type polarization. Mechanistically, the HCC exosomal SLC16A1-AS1 enhanced mRNA stabilization of SLC16A1 in macrophage by promoting the interaction between 3' untranslated regions (3'UTR) of SLC16A1 mRNA and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1). As a lactate transporter, SLC16A1 accelerated lactate influx and then activated c-Raf/ERK signaling to induce M2 polarization of macrophages. Reciprocally, M2 macrophages secreted IL-6 to activate STAT3 and then induce METTL3 transcription in HCC cells, which increasing m6A methylation and stabilization of SLC16A1-AS1. In turn, the reciprocal SLC16A1-AS1/IL-6 signaling between HCC cells and M2 macrophages promoted the proliferation, invasion and glycolysis of HCC cells. Our study highlights that exosomal SLC16A1-AS1 acts as a signaling message that induces lactate-mediated M2 polarization of macrophages, and implies that SLC16A1-AS1 might be an applicable target for therapeutic treatment of HCC.

Transarterial Embolization Enhances Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression and Influences CD8+T Lymphocytes Cytotoxicity in an Orthotopic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Rat Model

PURPOSE

To investigate the influence of transarterial embolization (TAE) on programmed cell death-ligand 1(PD-L1) expression and CD8+T tumour infiltrative lymphocyte cytotoxicity in the Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

An orthotopic HCC model was established in twenty SD rats treated with TAE (lipiodol, n = 10) or sham (normal saline, n = 10) using homologous N1S1 hepatoma cells. Rats were euthanized 1 week after embolization. Flow cytometry was used to assess the proportion of CD4+T, CD8+T and programmed cell death-1+(PD-1+) CD8+T lymphocytes in the spleens and tumours. Distribution of CD8+T, granzyme-B+CD8+T lymphocytes and PD-L1+ cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) or multiplex IHC. p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

The CD4/CD8 ratio and PD-1+CD8+ T lymphocytes exhibited higher values in TAE-treated tumours compared to sham-treated tumours (p = 0.021 and p = 0.071, respectively). Conversely, the number of CD8+T lymphocytes was decreased in TAE-treated tumours (p = 0.043), especially in the central region (p = 0.045). However, more CD8+T lymphocytes were found infiltrating the marginal region than central region in TAE-treated tumours (p = 0.046). The proportion of granzyme-B+CD8+T lymphocytes and the PD-L1 positive areas was elevated in tumours that treated with TAE (p all < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between PD-L1 expression and the number of infiltration of CD8+ T lymphocytes (p = 0.036).

CONCLUSIONS

Immune cells are distributed unevenly in the tumours after TAE. The intrinsic induction state of the tumour after embolization may be insufficient to elicit a maximal response to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors.

Immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in the progression, metastasis, and therapy of hepatocellular carcinoma: from bench to bedside

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly heterogeneous malignancy with high incidence, recurrence, and metastasis rates. The emergence of immunotherapy has improved the treatment of advanced HCC, but problems such as drug resistance and immune-related adverse events still exist in clinical practice. The immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) of HCC restricts the efficacy of immunotherapy and is essential for HCC progression and metastasis. Therefore, it is necessary to elucidate the mechanisms behind immunosuppressive TME to develop and apply immunotherapy. This review systematically summarizes the pathogenesis of HCC, the formation of the highly heterogeneous TME, and the mechanisms by which the immunosuppressive TME accelerates HCC progression and metastasis. We also review the status of HCC immunotherapy and further discuss the existing challenges and potential therapeutic strategies targeting immunosuppressive TME. We hope to inspire optimizing and innovating immunotherapeutic strategies by comprehensively understanding the structure and function of immunosuppressive TME in HCC.

Novel STAT3 oligonucleotide compounds suppress tumor growth and overcome the acquired resistance to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays an important role in the occurrence and progression of tumors, leading to resistance and poor prognosis. Activation of STAT3 signaling is frequently detected in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but potent and less toxic STAT3 inhibitors have not been discovered. Here, based on antisense technology, we designed a series of stabilized modified antisense oligonucleotides targeting STAT3 mRNA (STAT3 ASOs). Treatment with STAT3 ASOs decreased the STAT3 mRNA and protein levels in HCC cells. STAT3 ASOs significantly inhibited the proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion of cancer cells by specifically perturbing STAT3 signaling. Treatment with STAT3 ASOs decreased the tumor burden in an HCC xenograft model. Moreover, aberrant STAT3 signaling activation is one of multiple signaling pathways involved in sorafenib resistance in HCC. STAT3 ASOs effectively sensitized resistant HCC cell lines to sorafenib in vitro and improved the inhibitory potency of sorafenib in a resistant HCC xenograft model. The developed STAT3 ASOs enrich the tools capable of targeting STAT3 and modulating STAT3 activity, serve as a promising strategy for treating HCC and other STAT3-addicted tumors, and alleviate the acquired resistance to sorafenib in HCC patients. A series of novel STAT3 antisense oligonucleotide were designed and showed potent anti-cancer efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma in vitro and in vivo by targeting STAT3 signaling. Moreover, the selected STAT3 ASOs enhance sorafenib sensitivity in resistant cell model and xenograft model.

Targeting Hepatic Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) and Related Drug Resistance by Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)

Tumor recurrence after curative therapy and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells' resistance to conventional therapies is the reasons for the worse clinical results of HCC patients. A tiny population of cancer cells with a strong potential for self-renewal, differentiation, and tumorigenesis has been identified as cancer stem cells (CSCs). The discovery of CSC surface markers and the separation of CSC subpopulations from HCC cells have been made possible by recent developments in the study of hepatic (liver) CSCs. Hepatic CSC surface markers include epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM), CD133, CD90, CD13, CD44, OV-6, ALDH, and K19. CSCs have a significant influence on the development of cancer, invasiveness, self-renewal, metastasis, and drug resistance in HCC, and thus provide a therapeutic chance to treat HCC and avoid its recurrence. Therefore, it is essential to develop treatment approaches that specifically and effectively target hepatic stem cells. Given this, one potential treatment approach is to use particular small interfering RNA (siRNA) to target CSC, disrupting their behavior and microenvironment as well as changing their epigenetic state. The characteristics of CSCs in HCC are outlined in this study, along with new treatment approaches based on siRNA that may be used to target hepatic CSCs and overcome HCC resistance to traditional therapies.

Ropivacaine synergizes with sorafenib to induce apoptosis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via the IL-6/STAT3 pathway

The development of resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells limits the effectiveness of sorafenib, but combination therapy with other drugs may have a positive effect. However, the effect of ropivacaine combined with sorafenib on the treatment of HCC cells and its potential regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. The proliferation and apoptosis of HCC cells treated with ropivacaine, sorafenib, and ropivacaine plus sorafenib were analyzed by cell-counting kit 8 and flow cytometry. The protein levels were measured by Western blot. The antitumor effect of ropivacaine, sorafenib, and their combination was verified by a tumor xenograft model. Ropivacaine and sorafenib markedly impeded the viability of HCC cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with ropivacaine or sorafenib treatment alone, ropivacaine and sorafenib combination treatment impeded HCC cell proliferation, facilitated apoptosis, enhanced cleaved caspase-3, cleaved caspase-9, and cyclin D1 protein expression, while it reduced IL-6 and p-STAT3 expression and inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Importantly, the activation of the IL-6/STAT3 pathway could reverse the repressive or stimulative effects of ropivacaine and sorafenib on the proliferation and apoptosis in HCC cells. In summary, ropivacaine synergistically induces sorafenib-stimulated apoptosis of HCC cells via the IL-6/STAT3 pathway. Ropivacaine is a potential drug for the treatment of HCC when combined with sorafenib.

CCL16 is a pro-tumor chemokine that recruits monocytes and macrophages to promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression

Intricate signaling cascades involving chemokines and their cognate receptors on neoplastic and immune constituents within tumor microenvironment have garnered substantial research interest. Our investigation delineates the contribution of Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 16 (CCL16) to the clinico-pathological features and tumorigenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Analysis of 237 pairs of HCC specimens unraveled a significant association between CCL16 expression and vascular invasion, early-stage clinicopathological features, and diminished recurrence-free survival among HCC patients. Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays of the clinical HCC specimens indicated elevated CCL16 in tumorous versus normal hepatic tissues. Our in vivo experiments demonstrated CCL16 overexpression fostered tumor proliferation, whereas in vitro assays elucidated that CCL16-mediated chemotactic recruitment of monocytes and M2 macrophages was orchestrated via CCR1 and CCR5. In contrast to previous claims that CCL16 is physiologically irrelevant and has minimal affinity for its receptors (CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, CCR8), our findings unravel that inhibition of CCL16/CCR1 and CCL16/CCR5 interactions through receptor-specific antagonists markedly impeded CCL16-directed chemotaxis, migration, adhesion, and leukocyte recruitment. Moreover, CCL16-overexpression in HCCs significantly augmented levels of several cytokines implicated in tumor progression, namely IL-6, IL-10 and VEGFA. IHC analysis of CCL16-overexpressing xenografts elicited greatly enhanced levels of VEGFA and IL-6, while assessments of HCC specimens confirmed a positive correlation between CCL16 expression and IL-6 and VEGFA levels. Collectively, our study highlights oncogenic role of CCL16 in hepatocarcinogenesis and provides a foundational basis for novel therapeutic interventions targeting the CCL16/CCR1/CCR5 axis.

Study of sex-biased differences in genomic profiles in East Asian hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is characterized by a notable sex disparity in incidence and tumor aggressiveness. Revealing differences in genetic landscapes between male and female HCCs may expand the understanding of sexual disparities mechanisms and assist the development of precision medicine. Although reports on the sex disparity of HCC are accumulated, studies focusing on sex-related biomarkers among Asian populations remain limited. Here, we conducted a comprehensive genomic profiling analysis to explore differences between male and female patients within a cohort of 195 Taiwanese HCC patients. We did not detect any sex-biased genomic alterations. However, when our investigation extended to the TCGA dataset, we found higher frequencies of gene copy gains in CCNE2 and mutations in CTNNB1 and TP53 among male patients. Besides, we further evaluated the associations between genomic alterations and patients' prognosis by sex. The results showed that female patients harboring tumors with STAT3 gain and alterations in the JAK-STAT pathway displayed a poor prognosis. These two factors remained independently associated with unfavorable prognosis even after adjusting for the patient's age and stage characteristics (Hazard ratio = 10.434, 95% CI 3.331-32.677, P < 0.001; Hazard ratio = 2.547, 95% CI 1.195-5.432, P = 0.016, respectively). In summary, this study provides valuable insights into understanding sex disparity in HCC in the East Asian population. Validation through larger cohorts and extensive sequencing efforts is warranted.

Role of liver sinusoidal endothelial cell in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are highly specialized endothelial cells that represent the interface between blood cells on one side and hepatocytes on the other side. LSECs not only form a barrier within the hepatic sinus, but also play important physiological functions such as regulating hepatic vascular pressure, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic. Pathologically, pathogenic factors can induce LSECs capillarization, that is, loss of fenestra and dysfunction, which are conducive to early steatosis, lay the foundation for the progression of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), and accelerate metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) and liver fibrosis. The unique localization, phenotype, and function of LSECs make them potential candidates for reducing liver injury, inflammation, and preventing or reversing fibrosis in the future.

Interleukin-6 serves as a critical factor in various cancer progression and therapy

Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, plays a crucial role in host immune defense and acute stress responses. Moreover, it modulates various cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and differentiation. These effects are facilitated by various signaling pathways, particularly the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2). However, excessive IL-6 production and dysregulated signaling are associated with various cancers, promoting tumorigenesis by influencing all cancer hallmarks, such as apoptosis, survival, proliferation, angiogenesis, invasiveness, metastasis, and notably, metabolism. Emerging evidence indicates that selective inhibition of the IL-6 signaling pathway yields therapeutic benefits across diverse malignancies, such as multiple myeloma, prostate, colorectal, renal, ovarian, and lung cancers. Targeting key components of IL-6 signaling, such as IL-6Rs, gp130, STAT3, and JAK via monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) or small molecules, is a heavily researched approach in preclinical cancer studies. The purpose of this study is to offer an overview of the role of IL-6 and its signaling pathway in various cancer types. Furthermore, we discussed current preclinical and clinical studies focusing on targeting IL-6 signaling as a therapeutic strategy for various types of cancer.

The double-edged effects of IL-6 in liver regeneration, aging, inflammation, and diseases

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic cytokine and exerts its complex biological functions mainly through three different signal modes, called cis-, trans-, and cluster signaling. When IL-6 binds to its membrane or soluble receptors, the co-receptor gp130 is activated to initiate downstream signaling and induce the expression of target genes. In the liver, IL-6 can perform its anti-inflammatory activities to promote hepatocyte reprogramming and liver regeneration. On the contrary, IL-6 also exerts the pro-inflammatory functions to induce liver aging, fibrosis, steatosis, and carcinogenesis. However, understanding the roles and underlying mechanisms of IL-6 in liver physiological and pathological processes is still an ongoing process. So far, therapeutic agents against IL‑6, IL‑6 receptor (IL‑6R), IL-6-sIL-6R complex, or IL-6 downstream signal transducers have been developed, and determined to be effective in the intervention of inflammatory diseases and cancers. In this review, we summarized and highlighted the understanding of the double-edged effects of IL-6 in liver homeostasis, aging, inflammation, and chronic diseases, for better shifting the "negative" functions of IL-6 to the "beneficial" actions, and further discussed the potential therapeutic effects of targeting IL-6 signaling in the clinics.

Possible protective anticancer effect of chloroform fraction of Iraqi Hibiscus tiliaceus L. leaves extract on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male rats

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to examine the potential protective effects of Iraqi H. tiliaceus L. chloroform leaves extract on DEN-induced HCC in male Wistar Albino rats.

METHODS

Rats were assigned to four groups, six in each group. Group I: rats were administered a daily oral dose of 1 mL/kg/day of distilled water. Group II: rats were intraperitoneally injected with 70 mg/kg DEN once per week for 10 consecutive weeks. Group III: rats received 250 mg/kg of chloroform leaves extract. Groups IV: the rats were administered 500 mg/kg of chloroform leaves extract, along with their food, for five days per week over 20 weeks, with a subsequent dose of DEN once per week for 10 consecutive weeks.

RESULTS

The results indicate that the extract demonstrated a significant reduction (p<0.05) in oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory mediators, and HCC parameters, the extract also had a beneficial effect on liver function tests, and there was a significant elevation (p<0.05) of antioxidant parameters in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSIONS

This study supports the protective properties of the chloroform extract of Iraqi H. tiliaceus L. leaves in HCC.

UBE2T mediates SORBS3 ubiquitination to enhance IL-6/STAT3 signaling and promote lung adenocarcinoma progression

UBE2T is an oncogene in varying tumors, including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). SORBS3 is an important signaling regulatory protein that plays a crucial role in many cancers. This study aimed to investigate whether UBE2T promoted LUAD development by mediating the ubiquitination of SORBS3 and further explore its mechanism. Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to examine the expression of SORBS3 in LUAD tissues. Cell Counting Kit-8, Transwell, and flow cytometry were employed to analyze the cellular functions of SORBS3. Co-immunoprecipitation and ubiquitination analysis were employed to observe the correlation between UBE2T and SORBS3. In vitro and in vivo experiments verified the role of UBE2T in mediating SORBS3 ubiquitination to enhance interleukin-6/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (IL-6/STAT3) signaling and promote LUAD development. We observed significant downregulation of SORBS3 in LUAD tissues and cells. Furthermore, SORBS3 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of LUAD cells, while facilitating apoptosis in vitro. UBE2T enhanced IL-6/STAT3 signaling by mediating ubiquitination and degradation of SORBS3, thereby promoting LUAD progression. Additionally, this mechanism was further validated in the xenograft animal model in vivo. This study confirmed that UBE2T-mediated SORBS3 ubiquitination enhanced IL-6/STAT3 signaling and promoted LUAD progression, providing a novel therapeutic target for LUAD.

Curcumin modulates purinergic signaling and inflammatory response in cutaneous metastatic melanoma cells

Cutaneous melanoma (CM) poses a therapeutic challenge due to its aggressive nature and often limited response to conventional treatments. Exploring novel therapeutic targets is essential, and natural compounds have emerged as potential candidates. This study aimed to elucidate the impact of curcumin, a natural compound known for its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-tumor properties, on metastatic melanoma cells, focusing on the purinergic system and immune responses. Human melanoma cell line SK-Mel-28 were exposed to different curcumin concentrations for either 6 or 24 h, after which we assessed components related to the purinergic system and the inflammatory cascade. Using RT-qPCR, we assessed the gene expression of CD39 and CD73 ectonucleotidases, as well as adenosine deaminase (ADA). Curcumin effectively downregulated CD39, CD73, and ADA gene expression. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that curcumin significantly reduced CD39 and CD73 protein expression at specific concentrations. Moreover, the A2A receptor's protein expression decreased across all concentrations. Enzymatic activity assays demonstrated that curcumin modulated CD39, CD73, and ADA activities, with effects dependent on concentration and duration of treatment. Extracellular ATP levels increased after 24 h of curcumin treatment, emphasizing its role in modulating hydrolytic activity. Curcumin also displayed anti-inflammatory properties by reducing NLRP3 gene expression and impacting the levels of key inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, this study unveils the potential of curcumin as a promising adjuvant in CM treatment. Curcumin modulates the expression and activity of crucial components of the purinergic system and exhibits anti-inflammatory effects, indicating its potential therapeutic role in combating CM. These findings underscore curcumin's promise and warrant further investigation in preclinical and clinical settings for melanoma management.

Annona squamosa Fruit Extract Ameliorates Lead Acetate-Induced Testicular Injury by Modulating JAK-1/STAT-3/SOCS-1 Signaling in Male Rats

Lead (Pb) is a common pollutant that is not biodegradable and gravely endangers the environment and human health. Annona squamosa fruit has a wide range of medicinal uses owing to its phytochemical constituents. This study evaluated the effect of treatment with A. squamosa fruit extract (ASFE) on testicular toxicity induced in male rats by lead acetate. The metal-chelating capacity and phytochemical composition of ASFE were determined. The LD50 of ASFE was evaluated by probit analysis. Molecular docking simulations were performed using Auto Dock Vina. Forty male Sprague Dawley rats were equally divided into the following groups: Gp1, a negative control group; Gp2, given ASFE (350 mg/kg body weight (b. wt.)) (1/10 of LD50); Gp3, given lead acetate (PbAc) solution (100 mg/kg b. wt.); and Gp4, given PbAc as in Gp3 and ASFE as in Gp2. All treatments were given by oro-gastric intubation daily for 30 days. Body weight changes, spermatological parameters, reproductive hormone levels, oxidative stress parameters, and inflammatory biomarkers were evaluated, and molecular and histopathological investigations were performed. The results showed that ASFE had promising metal-chelating activity and phytochemical composition. The LD50 of ASFE was 3500 mg/kg b. wt. The docking analysis showed that quercetin demonstrated a high binding affinity for JAK-1 and STAT-3 proteins, and this could make it a more promising candidate for targeting the JAK-1/STAT-3 pathway than others. The rats given lead acetate had defective testicular tissues, with altered molecular, biochemical, and histological features, as well as impaired spermatological characteristics. Treatment with ASFE led to a significant mitigation of these dysfunctions and modulated the JAK-1/STAT-3/SOCS-1 axis in the rats.

Boric Acid Alleviates Gastric Ulcer by Regulating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation-Related Multiple Signaling Pathways

Oxidative stress and inflammation have pivotal roles in gastric ulcer development caused by alcohol consumption. Trace element boric acid taken into the human and animal body from dietary sources displays strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory functions. However, the mechanisms underlying these actions of boric acid remain unclear, and its effectiveness in preventing gastric lesions is unknown. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of boric acid in alcohol-induced gastric ulcer and elucidate its potential mechanisms. Gastric ulcer was induced by 75% oral ethanol administration in rats, and the effectiveness of prophylactic boric acid treatment at 100 mg/kg concentration was assessed by histopathological examination, ELISA assay and qRT-PCR. Gross macroscopic and histopathological evaluations revealed that boric acid alleviated gastric mucosal lesions. Boric acid decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and the overall oxidation state of the body while improving antioxidant status. It reduced the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The mRNA expression of JAK2 and STAT3 was decreased while the expression of AMPK was increased with boric acid pretreatment. Moreover, Sema3A and PlexinA1 levels were elevated upon boric acid pretreatment, and homocysteine levels were reduced. Our results demonstrated that boric acid protects gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced damage by regulating oxidative and inflammatory responses. In addition, our findings suggested that the gastroprotective activity of boric acid could be attributed to its regulatory function in the IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 signaling modulated by AMPK and that Sema3A/PlxnA1 axis and homocysteine are potentially involved in this process.

Epigenetic regulation of hepatocellular carcinoma progression: MicroRNAs as therapeutic, diagnostic and prognostic factors

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a significant challenge for public healthcare systems in developed Western countries including the USA, Canada, and the UK, is influenced by different risk factors including hepatitis virus infections, alcoholism, and smoking. The disruption in the balance of microRNAs (miRNAs) plays a vital function in tumorigenesis, given their function as regulators in numerous signaling networks. These miRNAs, which are mature and active in the cytoplasm, work by reducing the expression of target genes through their impact on mRNAs. MiRNAs are particularly significant in HCC as they regulate key aspects of the tumor, like proliferation and invasion. Additionally, during treatment phases such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the levels of miRNAs are key determinants. Pre-clinical experiments have demonstrated that altered miRNA expression contributes to HCC development, metastasis, drug resistance, and radio-resistance, highlighting related molecular pathways and processes like MMPs, EMT, apoptosis, and autophagy. Furthermore, the regulatory role of miRNAs in HCC extends beyond their immediate function, as they are also influenced by other epigenetic factors like lncRNAs and circular RNAs (circRNAs), as discussed in recent reviews. Applying these discoveries in predicting the prognosis of HCC could mark a significant advancement in the therapy of this disease.

Navigating IL-6: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic breakthroughs

This concise review navigates the intricate realm of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), an important member of the cytokine family. Beginning with an introduction to cytokines, this narrative review unfolds with the historical journey of IL-6, illuminating its evolving significance. A crucial section unravels the three distinct signaling modes employed by IL-6, providing a foundational understanding of its versatile interactions within cellular landscapes. Moving deeper, the review meticulously dissects IL-6's signaling mechanisms, unraveling the complexities of its pleiotropic effects in both physiological responses and pathological conditions. A significant focus is dedicated to the essential role IL-6 plays in inflammatory diseases, offering insights into its associations and implications for various health conditions. The review also takes a therapeutic turn by exploring the emergence of anti-IL-6 monoclonal inhibitors, marking a profound stride in treatment modalities. Diving into the molecular realm, the review explores small molecules as agents for IL-6 inhibition, providing a nuanced perspective on diverse intervention strategies. As the review embarks on the final chapters, it contemplates future aspects, offering glimpses into potential research trajectories and the evolving landscape of IL-6-related studies.

Tumor cell-derived LC3B+extracellular vesicles mediate the crosstalk between tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy efficacy in hepatocellular carcinoma via the HSP90α-IL-6/IL-8 signaling axis

BACKGROUND

Inflammatory factors are being recognized as critical modulators of host antitumor immunity in liver cancer. We have previously shown that tumor cell-released LC3B positive extracellular vesicles (LC3B+ EVs) are responsible for malignant progression by dampening antitumor immunity. However, the relationship between LC3B+ EVs and inflammatory factors in the regulation of the liver cancer microenvironment remains unclear.

METHODS

Flow cytometry analyses were performed to examine the panel of 12 cytokines, the main source of positive cytokines, and plasma LC3B+ EVs carrying HSP90α in peripheral blood of liver cancer patients. We correlated the levels of plasma IL-6, IL-8 with LC3B+ EVs carrying HSP90α and with prognosis. In vitro culture of healthy donor leukocytes with liver cancer-derived LC3B+ EVs was performed to evaluate the potential effect of blocking HSP90α, IL-6 or IL-8 alone or in combination with PD-1 inhibitor on CD8+ T cell function. We also investigated the potential associations of MAP1LC3B, HSP90AA1, IL6 or IL8 with immunotherapy efficacy using the TCGA databases.

RESULTS

In liver cancer patients, plasma IL-6 and IL-8 levels were significantly higher than in healthy controls and associated with poor clinical outcome. In peripheral blood, levels of plasma LC3B+ EVs carrying HSP90α were significantly elevated in HCC patients and positively associated with IL-6 and IL-8 levels, which are predominantly secreted by monocytes and neutrophils. Moreover, LC3B+ EVs from human liver cancer cells promoted the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by leukocytes through HSP90α. Besides, we show that the cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 secreted by LC3B+ EVs-induced leukocytes were involved in the inhibition of CD8+ T-cell function, while blockade of the HSP90α on the LC3B+ EVs, IL-6, or IL-8 could enhance anti-PD-1-induced T cell reinvigoration. Finally, patients who received anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy with high MAP1LC3B, HSP90AA1, IL6, or IL8 expression had a lower immunotherapy efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that liver cancer-derived LC3B+ EVs promote a pro-oncogenic inflammatory microenvironment by carrying membrane-bound HSP90α. Targeting HSP90α on the LC3B+ EVs, IL-6, or IL-8 may synergize with anti-PD-1 treatment to enhance the CD8+ T-cell functions, which may provide novel combination strategies in the clinic for the treatment of liver cancer.

Constituents from the Polar Extract of Pisolithus arhizus and Their Anti-inflammatory Activity

The phytochemical study of the Pisolithus arhizus fruiting body methanol extract led to the isolation of six new triterpenoids (1-6) and one new naphthalenoid pulvinic acid derivative (7), together with five known compounds, including norbadione A (8). Their structure was established from 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and HRESIMS analyses. The absolute configuration of the triterpenoids was determined by circular dichroism. The two pulvinic acid derivatives 7 and 8, showing the highest activity in modulating IL-6 secretion, were tested for their effect on COX-2, STAT3, and p-STAT3 proteins; both compounds were able to downregulate p-STAT3.

Targeting inflammation as cancer therapy

Inflammation has accompanied human beings since the emergence of wounds and infections. In the past decades, numerous efforts have been undertaken to explore the potential role of inflammation in cancer, from tumor development, invasion, and metastasis to the resistance of tumors to treatment. Inflammation-targeted agents not only demonstrate the potential to suppress cancer development, but also to improve the efficacy of other therapeutic modalities. In this review, we describe the highly dynamic and complex inflammatory tumor microenvironment, with discussion on key inflammation mediators in cancer including inflammatory cells, inflammatory cytokines, and their downstream intracellular pathways. In addition, we especially address the role of inflammation in cancer development and highlight the action mechanisms of inflammation-targeted therapies in antitumor response. Finally, we summarize the results from both preclinical and clinical studies up to date to illustrate the translation potential of inflammation-targeted therapies.

Different effects of TCBPA exposure on liver cancer cells and liver cells: two sides of the coin

Tetrachlorobisphenol A (TCBPA), widely used as a substitute for tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), has been detected in various environmental media. Therefore, a detailed evaluation of the toxicological properties of TCBPA is necessary. In this study, we used hepatoma and normal liver cell models in vitro to investigate the effects of TCBPA. Our findings indicate that TCBPA promotes the proliferation of liver cancer cells, as evidenced by MTT and EdU assays, and enhances the expression levels of molecules related to hepatoma proliferation. Further investigation into the molecular mechanism revealed that TCBPA-induced hepatoma proliferation is regulated by an NLRP3-mediated inflammatory process. Additionally, TCBPA was found to promote the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in liver cancer cells. Conversely, TCBPA inhibited the proliferation of normal liver cells. Mechanistic studies showed that TCBPA induced cell pyroptosis in normal liver cells by evaluating a series of related markers, including NLRP3, IL-1β, ASC, GASDMD, and Caspase 1. In vivo models further showed that TCBPA causes liver tissue damage. In summary, this study demonstrates that TCBPA has a dual effect: promoting the occurrence and development of liver tumor cells in vitro, while inhibiting the proliferation of normal liver cells, like two sides of a coin. These opposite cellular outcomes are regulated by NLRP3-mediated inflammatory processes, providing valuable insights for evaluating the potential health impacts of TCBPA.

Norcantharidin in cancer therapy - a new approach to overcoming therapeutic resistance: A review

Therapeutic resistance in cancer remains a dilemma that scientists and oncologists are eager to solve. Despite several preclinical and clinical studies dedicated to overcoming therapeutic resistance, they often do not yield the expected outcomes. This is primarily due to the multifactorial phenomenon of therapeutic resistance. Norcantharidin (NCTD) is an artificial compound derived from cantharidin that has significant anticancer efficacy without incurring serious side effects. Intriguingly, extensive research suggests that NCTD is essential for boosting anticancer efficacy and reversing treatment resistance. This review article presents a full description of how NCTD can effectively overcome cancer resistance to standard treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. We also discuss the potential prospects and challenges associated with using NCTD as a therapeutic strategy for reversing resistance to cancer therapy. We anticipate that our review will serve as a valuable reference for researchers and clinicians.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Old and Emerging Therapeutic Targets

Liver cancer, predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), globally ranks sixth in incidence and third in cancer-related deaths. HCC risk factors include non-viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, environmental exposures, and genetic factors. No specific genetic alterations are unequivocally linked to HCC tumorigenesis. Current standard therapies include surgical options, systemic chemotherapy, and kinase inhibitors, like sorafenib and regorafenib. Immunotherapy, targeting immune checkpoints, represents a promising avenue. FDA-approved checkpoint inhibitors, such as atezolizumab and pembrolizumab, show efficacy, and combination therapies enhance clinical responses. Despite this, the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a challenge, as the complex tumor ecosystem and the immunosuppressive microenvironment associated with it hamper the efficacy of the available therapeutic approaches. This review explores current and advanced approaches to treat HCC, considering both known and new potential targets, especially derived from proteomic analysis, which is today considered as the most promising approach. Exploring novel strategies, this review discusses antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T), and engineered antibodies. It then reports a systematic analysis of the main ligand/receptor pairs and molecular pathways reported to be overexpressed in tumor cells, highlighting their potential and limitations. Finally, it discusses TGFβ, one of the most promising targets of the HCC microenvironment.

Critical Roles of the Sphingolipid Metabolic Pathway in Liver Regeneration, Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression and Therapy

The sphingolipid metabolic pathway, an important signaling pathway, plays a crucial role in various physiological processes including cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, and immune regulation. The liver has the unique ability to regenerate using bioactive lipid mediators involving multiple sphingolipids, including ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P). Dysregulation of the balance between sphingomyelin, ceramide, and S1P has been implicated in the regulation of liver regeneration and diseases, including liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Understanding and modulating this balance may have therapeutic implications for tumor proliferation, progression, and metastasis in HCC. For cancer therapy, several inhibitors and activators of sphingolipid signaling, including ABC294640, SKI-II, and FTY720, have been discussed. Here, we elucidate the critical roles of the sphingolipid pathway in the regulation of liver regeneration, fibrosis, and HCC. Regulation of sphingolipids and their corresponding enzymes may considerably influence new insights into therapies for various liver disorders and diseases.

Current Perspectives on the Molecular and Clinical Relationships between Primary Biliary Cholangitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is an autoimmune liver disease characterised by the immune-mediated destruction of small and medium intrahepatic bile ducts, with variable outcomes and progression. This review summarises the state of the art regarding the risk of neoplastic progression in PBC patients, with a particular focus on the molecular alterations present in PBC and in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the most frequent liver cancer in these patients. Major risk factors are male gender, viral infections, e.g., HBV and HCV, non-response to UDCA, and high alcohol intake, as well as some metabolic-associated factors. Overall, HCC development is significantly more frequent in patients with advanced histological stages, being related to liver cirrhosis. It seems to be of fundamental importance to unravel eventual dysfunctional molecular pathways in PBC patients that may be used as biomarkers for HCC development. In the near future, this will possibly take advantage of artificial intelligence-designed algorithms.

Statin therapy: a potential adjuvant to immunotherapies in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide and accounts for more than 90% of primary liver cancer. The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-related therapies combined with angiogenesis inhibition has revolutionized the treatment of HCC in late-stage and unresectable HCC, as ICIs alone were disappointing in treating HCC. In addition to the altered immune microenvironment, abnormal lipid metabolism in the liver has been extensively characterized in various types of HCC. Stains are known for their cholesterol-lowering properties and their long history of treating hypercholesterolemia and reducing cardiovascular disease risk. Apart from ICI and other conventional therapies, statins are frequently used by advanced HCC patients with dyslipidemia, which is often marked by the abnormal accumulation of cholesterol and fatty acids in the liver. Supported by a body of preclinical and clinical studies, statins may unexpectedly enhance the efficacy of ICI therapy in HCC patients through the regulation of inflammatory responses and the immune microenvironment. This review discusses the abnormal changes in lipid metabolism in HCC, summarizes the clinical evidence and benefits of stain use in HCC, and prospects the possible mechanistic actions of statins in transforming the immune microenvironment in HCC when combined with immunotherapies. Consequently, the use of statin therapy may emerge as a novel and valuable adjuvant for immunotherapies in HCC.

Association of liver fibrosis with extrahepatic cancer in steatotic liver disease patients with PNPLA3 I148M GG genotype

The impacts of patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 3 (PNPLA3) I148M-rs738409, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) Ala222Val-rs1801133, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) Glu504Lys-rs671 on the outcomes of Taiwanese patients with steatotic liver disease (SLD) have remained elusive. An 8-year prospective cohort study of patients with (n = 546) and without (n = 580) SLD (controls) was undertaken in a Taiwanese tertiary care center. The 546 SLD patients comprised 306 (56.0%) men and 240 (44.0%) women with mean ages of 53.3 and 56.4 years, respectively. Compared with the controls, SLD patients had an increased frequency of the PNPLA3 I148M-rs738409 GG genotype (25.5 vs. 5.9%, p = 0.001). Among the SLD patients, 236 (43.1%) suffered cardiovascular events, 52 (9.5%) showed extrahepatic cancers, 13 (2.38%) experienced hepatic events, including hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 3, 0.5%) and liver cirrhosis (n = 8, 1.47%), and none died. The Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) scores were associated with extrahepatic cancer (hazard ratio [HR] 1.325; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.038-1.691) and cirrhosis development (HR 1.532; 95% CI, 1.055-2.224), and the PNPLA3 I148M-rs738409 G allele (β = 0.158, 95% CI, 0.054-0.325) was associated with the FIB-4 score. Stratified analyses showed that the impact of the FIB-4 score on extrahepatic cancer development was evident only in SLD patients with the PNPLA3 I148M-rs738409 GG genotype (HR 1.543; 95% CI, 1.195-1.993) and not in patients with the GC or CC genotype. Moreover, the ALDH2 Glu504Lys-rs671 G allele had a dose-dependent effect on alcoholism, and the MTHFR and ALDH2 genotypes were not significantly associated with SLD patient outcomes. In conclusion, special vigilance should be exercised for emerging extrahepatic cancer in SLD patients with the PNPLA3 I148M-rs738409 GG genotype and high FIB-4 scores.

Targeting the macrophage immunocheckpoint: a novel insight into solid tumor immunotherapy

Tumor immunotherapy, which targets immune checkpoints, presents a promising strategy for the treatment of various cancer types. However, current clinical data indicate challenges in its application to solid tumors. Recent studies have revealed a significant correlation between the degree of immune response in immunotherapy and the tumor microenvironment, particularly with regard to tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Among these immune cells, macrophages, a critical component, are playing an increasingly vital role in tumor immunotherapy. This review focuses on elucidating the role of macrophages within solid tumors and provides an overview of the progress in immunotherapy approaches centered around modulating macrophage responses through various immune factors. Video Abstract.

The Role of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-Related Risk Factors and Drugs in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

With changes in modern lifestyles, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has become a global epidemic metabolic disease, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. T2DM is a complex metabolic disorder and has been considered an independent risk factor for HCC. Growing evidence supports that T2DM-related risk factors facilitate hepatocarcinogenesis via abundant mechanisms. With the wide implementation of microbiomics, transcriptomics, and immunotherapy, the understanding of the complex mechanisms of intestinal flora and immune cell subsets have advanced tremendously in T2DM-related HCC, uncovering new findings in T2DM-related HCC patients. In addition, reports have indicated the different effects of anti-DM drugs on the progression of HCC. In this review, we summarize the effects of major T2DM-related risk factors (including hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, insulin, chronic inflammation, obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, gut microbiota and immunomodulation), and anti-DM drugs on the carcinogensis and progression of HCC, as well as their potential molecular mechanisms. In addition, other factors (miRNAs, genes, and lifestyle) related to T2DM-related HCC are discussed. We propose a refined concept by which T2DM-related risk factors and anti-DM drugs contribute to HCC and discuss research directions prompted by such evidence worth pursuing in the coming years. Finally, we put forward novel therapeutic approaches to improve the prognosis of T2DM-related HCC, including exploiting novel diagnostic biomarkers, combination therapy with immunocheckpoint inhibitors, and enhancement of the standardized management of T2DM patients.

Dendritic cells: the yin and yang in disease progression

Dendritic cells (DCs) are antigen presenting cells that link innate and adaptive immunity. DCs have been historically considered as the most effective and potent cell population to capture, process and present antigens to activate naïve T cells and originate favorable immune responses in many diseases, such as cancer. However, in the last decades, it has been observed that DCs not only promote beneficial responses, but also drive the initiation and progression of some pathologies, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In line with those notions, different therapeutic approaches have been tested to enhance or impair the concentration and role of the different DC subsets. The blockade of inhibitory pathways to promote DCs or DC-based vaccines have been successfully assessed in cancer, whereas the targeting of DCs to inhibit their functionality has proved to be favorable in IBD. In this review, we (a) described the general role of DCs, (b) explained the DC subsets and their role in immunogenicity, (c) analyzed the role of DCs in cancer and therapeutic approaches to promote immunogenic DCs and (d) analyzed the role of DCs in IBD and therapeutic approaches to reduced DC-induced inflammation. Therefore, we aimed to highlight the "yin-yang" role of DCs to improve the understand of this type of cells in disease progression.

Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic treatment modulates gut and liver inflammatory pathways in a hepatocellular carcinoma murine model. A preliminary study

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a growing global concern with an increasing incidence rate. The intestinal microbiota has been identified as a potential culprit in modulating the effects of antitumoral drugs. We aimed to assess the impact of adding Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic to regorafenib in mice with HCC.

METHODS

Cirrhosis and HCCs were induced in 56 male Swiss mice via diethylnitrosamine injection and carbon tetrachloride administration. Mice were divided into four groups: treated with vehicle (VC), regorafenib (Rego), L. rhamnosus probiotic, and a combination of regorafenib and probiotic (Rego-Pro). After 3 weeks of treatment, liver and intestinal fragments were collected for analysis.

RESULTS

Regorafenib elevated gut permeability, an effect mitigated by probiotic intervention, which exhibited a notable correlation with reduced inflammation (p < 0.01). iNOS levels were also reduced by adding the probiotic with respect to the mice treated with regorafenib only (p < 0.001). Notably, regorafenib substantially increased IL-6, TNF-a and TLR4 in intestinal fragments (p < 0.01). The administration of the probiotic effectively restored IL-6 to its initial levels (p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

Reducing systemic and intestinal inflammation by administering L. rhamnosus probiotic may alleviate tumoral resistance and systemic adverse effects.

Overexpression of SOCS2 Inhibits EMT and M2 Macrophage Polarization in Cervical Cancer via IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 Pathway

OBJECTIVE

SOCS2 is a member of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) protein family associated with the occurrence and development of multiple cancers. This study revealed the expression and molecular mechanisms of SOCS2 in cervical cancer.

METHODS

In this study, RT-qPCR, Western Blot, and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression level of SOCS2 in cervical cancer tissues and tumor cells. We overexpressed SOCS2 in SiHa cells via lentivirus. In-vitro experiments were used to investigate the changes in cervical cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion ability before and after SOCS2 overexpression. Western Blot was used to detect the expression of IL-6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway and EMTrelated proteins. M0 macrophages were co-cultured with the tumor-conditioned medium. The effect of SOCS2 on macrophage polarization was examined by RT-qPCR.

RESULTS

SOCS2 expression level was significantly downregulated in cervical cancer tissues. SOCS2 was negatively correlated with CD163+M2 macrophages. Overexpression of SOCS2 inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of cervical cancer cells. The expressions of Twist- 2, N-cadherin, and Vimentin were decreased, while the expression of E-cadherin was increased. Moreover, the expression of IL-6, p-JAK2, and p-STAT3 were decreased. After the addition of RhIL-6, the expression of E-cadherin protein in the LV-SOCS2 group was reversed. CM in the LV-SOCS2 group inhibited the polarization of M2 macrophages.

CONCLUSION

SOCS2 acts as a novel biological target and suppressor of cervical cancer through IL- 6/JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

The Role of Cytokines in Activation of Tumour-promoting Pathways and Emergence of Cancer Drug Resistance

Scientists are constantly researching and launching potential chemotherapeutic agents as an irreplaceable weapon to fight the battle against cancer. Despite remarkable advancement over the past several decades to wipe out cancer through early diagnosis, proper prevention, and timely treatment, cancer is not ready to give up and leave the battleground. It continuously tries to find some other way to give a tough fight for its survival, either by escaping from the effect of chemotherapeutic drugs or utilising its own chemical messengers like cytokines to ensure resistance. Cytokines play a significant role in cancer cell growth and progression, and the present article highlights their substantial contribution to mechanisms of resistance toward therapeutic drugs. Multiple clinical studies have even described the importance of specific cytokines released from cancer cells as well as stromal cells in conferring resistance. Herein, we discuss the different mechanism behind drug resistance and the crosstalk between tumor development and cytokines release and their contribution to showing resistance towards chemotherapeutics. As a part of this review, different approaches to cytokines profile have been identified and employed to successfully target new evolving mechanisms of resistance and their possible treatment options.

Multifunctional roles of inflammation and its causative factors in primary liver cancer: A literature review

Primary liver cancer is a severe and complex disease, leading to 800000 global deaths annually. Emerging evidence suggests that inflammation is one of the critical factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Patients with viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, and steatohepatitis symptoms are at higher risk of developing HCC. However, not all inflammatory factors have a pathogenic function in HCC development. The current study describes the process and mechanism of hepatitis development and its progression to HCC, particularly focusing on viral hepatitis, alcoholic hepatitis, and steatohepatitis. Furthermore, the roles of some essential inflammatory cytokines in HCC progression are described in addition to a summary of future research directions.

Biomarkers predicting the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in hepatocellular carcinoma

In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a transformative approach in treating advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Despite their success, challenges persist, including concerns about their effectiveness, treatment costs, frequent occurrence of treatment-related adverse events, and tumor hyperprogression. Therefore, it is imperative to identify indicators capable of predicting the efficacy of ICIs treatment, enabling optimal patient selection to maximize clinical benefits while minimizing unnecessary toxic side effects and economic losses. This review paper categorizes prognostic biomarkers of ICIs treatment into the following categories: biochemical and cytological indicators, tumor-related markers, imaging and personal features, etiology, gut microbiome, and immune-related adverse events (irAEs). By organizing these indicators systematically, we aim to guide biomarker exploration and inform clinical treatment decisions.

USF1 modulates transcription and cellular functions by regulating multiple transcription factors in Huh7 cells

Liver cancer, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a malignant tumor that has high rates of metastasis and mortality worldwide. Upstream transcription factor 1 (USF1) is a canonical transcription factor (TF) and is associated with the pathogenesis of several cancers, but its biological functions and molecular targets in HCC remain unclear. Huh7 cells that overexpress USF1 were used with whole transcriptome profiling through RNA sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing methods to investigate the downstream targets of USF1. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR was then used to validate the downstream targets. The results showed that USF1 significantly regulates 350 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The upregulated DEGs were primarily protein-coding genes enriched in immune and inflammation response pathways, while the downregulated DEGs were mainly coding long non-coding (lnc)RNAs, indicating the regulatory function of USF1. It was also demonstrated that USF1 directly binds to the promoter region of 2,492 genes, which may be involved in the viral progression and cell proliferation pathways. By integrating these two datasets, 16 overlapped genes were detected, including downregulated lncRNA-NEAT1 and upregulated TF-ETV5. The downregulated lncRNA-NEAT1 showed reverse expression pattern and prognosis result compared with that of USF1 in patients with liver cancer, while upregulated TF-ETV5 showed consistent results with USF1. Promoter region motif analysis indicated that ETV5 has more binding motifs and genes than USF1 itself for USF1-regulated DEGs, indicating that USF1 may indirectly modulate gene expression by regulating ETV5 expression in Huh7 cells. The study also validated the direct interaction between USF1 and the promoter of ETV5 using ChIP-qPCR. In summary, the results demonstrated that USF1 binds to the promoter region of thousands of genes and affects a large part of DEGs indirectly. Downstream genes, including lncRNA-NEAT1 and TF-ETV5, may also have potential functions in the regulated network by USF1 and have potential functions in the progression of HCC. The present findings suggested that USF1 and its downstream targets could be potential targets for HCC therapy in the future.

Tumor Microenvironment Composition and Related Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Globally, primary liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for 75%-95%. The tumor microenvironment (TME), composed of the extracellular matrix, helper cells, immune cells, cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, promotes the immune escape, invasion, and metastasis of HCC. Tumor metastasis and postoperative recurrence are the main threats to the long-term prognosis of HCC. TME-related therapies are increasingly recognized as effective treatments. Molecular-targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and their combined therapy are the main approaches. Immunotherapy, represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), and targeted therapy, highlighted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), have greatly improved the prognosis of HCC. This review focuses on the TME compositions and emerging therapeutic approaches to TME in HCC.

Ginsenoside Rh4 inhibits inflammation-related hepatocellular carcinoma progression by targeting HDAC4/IL-6/STAT3 signaling

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Ginsenoside Rh4 (Rh4) on inflammation-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and the underlying mechanism. HCC cells (HUH7 and LM3) were induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish an inflammatory environment in the absence or presence of Rh4. CCK-8, wound healing and transwell assays were employed to analyze the viability, migration and invasion of HCC cells. Ki67 expression was detected by immunofluorescence method. Besides, the levels of glucose and lactic acid were tested by kits. The expression of proteins related to migration, glycolysis and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4)/IL-6/STAT3 signaling was measured with western blot. The transplantation tumor model of HCC in mice was established to observe the impacts of Rh4 on the tumor growth. Results indicated that Rh4 restricted the viability and Ki67 expression in HCC cells exposed to LPS. The elevated migration and invasion of HCC cells triggered by LPS were reduced by Rh4. Additionally, Rh4 treatment remarkably decreased the contents of glucose and lactic acid and downregulated LDHA and GLUT1 expression. The database predicated that Rh4 could target HDAC4, and our results revealed that Rh4 downregulated HDAC4, IL-6 and p-STAT3 expression. Furthermore, the enforced HDAC4 expression alleviated the effects of Rh4 on the proliferation, migration, invasion and glycolysis of HCC cells stimulated by LPS. Taken together, Rh4 could suppress inflammation-related HCC progression by targeting HDAC4/IL-6/STAT3 signaling. These findings clarify a new anti-cancer mechanism of Rh4 on HCC and provide a promising agent to limit HCC development.

Mechanism of M2 type macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles regulating PD-L1 expression via the MISP/IQGAP1 axis in hepatocellular carcinoma immunotherapy resistance

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevailing cancer affecting human health. M2 macrophages are essential in mediating immune responses in tumors. This study investigated the action of M2 macrophages in immune escape of HCC.

METHODS

Mitotic spindle positioning (MISP), IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1) and programmed cell death-1 (PD-L1) levels in primary HCC/tumor-adjacent tissues were determined by Western blot, followed by correlation analysis. M2 macrophage and CD3+CD8+T cell percentages were estimated by flow cytometry. Hep3B and HepG2 cells were treated with M2 macrophage conditioned medium (M2-CM) and M2 macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles (M2-EVs) and/or co-cultured with CD8+T cells, followed by assessment of cell viability and apoptosis. TNF-α and INF-γ levels were measured by ELISA. MISP and IQGAP1 overexpression plasmids were transfected into HCC cells to explore their role in immune escape. The interactions among MISP, IQGAP1, STAT3, and PD-L1 were analyzed by co-immunoprecipitation. The mechanism of M2-EVs in HCC immune escape was verified in nude mice.

RESULTS

MISP/IQGAP1/PD-L1 were upregulated in HCC tissues. MISP negatively-correlated with IQGAP1/PD-L1 and IQGAP1 positively-correlated with PD-L1. M2 macrophages were reduced but CD8+T cells were increased in HCC tissues with high MISP expression. M2-CM or M2-EVs inhibited the killing ability of CD8+T cells, increased HCC cell viability, impeded HCC cell apoptosis, induced CD8+T cell apoptosis, downregulated TNF-α and INF-γ, and upregulated PD-L1. M2-EVs facilitated HCC cell immune escape by potentiating IQGAP1 nuclear translocation and activating STAT3 phosphorylation through MISP downregulation. In vivo experiments further verified the action of M2-EVs through MISP.

CONCLUSION

M2-EVs promote HCC cell immune escape by upregulating PD-L1 through the MISP/IQGAP1/STAT3 axis.

Exploring the mechanism of action of Qian Lie Xing Fang during the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia via network pharmacology and molecular dynamics simulation analyses

This study aimed to explore the historical research progress on benign prostatic hyperplasia from the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine theory and the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) with Qian Lie Xing Fang (QLXF) via the warming and tonifying of kidney yang, promotion of blood circulation, and clearing of meridians. First, network pharmacology analysis was used to screen and identify possible pathways for BPH treatment with QLXF. Subsequently, molecular docking analysis helped explore the mechanism of action by which the components of QLXF affected androgen receptor (AR) and type 5 phosphodiesterase inhibitor (PDE-5) levels. Targets for treatment with QLXF were identified from the online Mendelian inheritance in man and DisGeNET databases. BPH-related genes were identified using GeneCards and online Mendelian inheritance in man databases, and their intersection was used to construct a protein-protein interaction network analysis graph. Subsequently, gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses were performed. The semiflexible docking of the ingredients of QLXF acting on the 2 targets was performed via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation, to elucidate the mechanism of action by which the active ingredients affect AR and PDE-5 levels further. This enabled us to explore the pattern of interactions between small active ingredient molecules, the target protein, and the stability after binding at the microscopic level. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that QLXF affected several processes, such as DNA transcription factor binding, kinase binding, protein homodimerization activity, protein structure domain-specific binding, and protein-coupled amine receptor activity in BPH patients. KEGG results showed that chemical carcinogenic reactive oxidative species and the JAK-STAT, Pl3k-Akt, FoxO, NF-κB, and other pathways were significantly enriched. Conducting molecular docking studies to investigate the interaction of active components from QLXF with AR and PDE-5, it was found that MOL002260 may possess the potential to inhibit PDE-5 activity, while MOL010578 may exhibit the capability to inhibit AR activity. QLXF is closely associated with various biological processes and KEGG signaling pathways related to BPH. The active ingredients of QLXF were investigated for their interactions with AR and PDE-5, with a primary focus on the small molecules MOL002260 and MOL010578.

Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling pathway and inflammatory bowel disease: Current status and future prospects

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic life-limiting disease of gastrointestinal tract characterized by widespread enteric inflammation. IBD is a multifactorial disease, and different environmental, microbial, and immune-related factors give rise to the development of disease. Among several factors, the preponderance of pro-inflammatory T helper 17 cells over the anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells augments inflammation in the intestinal mucosa. Prevailing evidence accentuates that PI3K signaling pathway plays a central role in the pathophysiology of the condition by regulating the inflammatory process in the gut mucosa. By recognizing the implications of PI3K in the pathogenesis of IBD, agents that could modulate this pathway have recently been at the focus of research, yielding encouraging results mainly in the experimental IBD models. In this review, we have summarized the recent advances, which may hold the keys to identify novel therapeutic strategies for IBD.

Role of inflammasomes and cytokines in immune dysfunction of liver cirrhosis

Liver cirrhosis develops as a result of persistent inflammation and liver injury. The prolonged inflammation triggers the buildup of fibrous tissue and regenerative nodules within the liver, leading to the distortion of the hepatic vascular structure and impaired liver function. Cirrhosis disrupts the ability of liver function to maintain homeostasis and hepatic immunosurveillance which causes immunological dysfunction in the body. In pathological conditions, the production of cytokines in the liver is carefully regulated by various cells in response to tissue stimulation. Cytokines and inflammasomes are the key regulators and systematically contribute to the development of cirrhosis which involves an inflammatory response. However, the crosstalk role of different cytokines in the cirrhosis progression is poorly understood. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), among others, are proinflammatory cytokines that contribute to liver cell necrosis, which in turn causes the development of fibrosis. While IL-10 exhibits a potent anti-inflammatory effect on the liver by inhibiting immune cell activation and neutralizing pro-inflammatory cytokine activity. Inflammasomes have also been implicated in the profibrotic processes of liver cirrhosis, as well as the production of chemokines such as CCL2/MCP-1. It is evident that inflammasomes have a role in the proinflammatory response seen in chronic liver illnesses. In conclusion, cirrhosis significantly impacts the immune system, leading to immunological dysfunction and alterations in both innate and acquired immunity. Proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFNγ are upregulated in cirrhosis, contributing to liver cell necrosis and fibrosis development. Managing cytokine-mediated inflammation and fibrosis is a key therapeutic approach to alleviate portal hypertension and its associated liver complications. This review attempted to focus largely on the role of immune dysfunction mediated by different cytokines and inflammasomes involved in the progression, regulation and development of liver cirrhosis.

Norcantharidin potentiates sorafenib antitumor activity in hepatocellular carcinoma rat model through inhibiting IL-6/STAT3 pathway

In hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), sorafenib (Sora) efficacy is limited by primary and/or acquired resistance. Emerging evidence shows that the inflammatory factor interleukin 6 (IL-6) plays a role in Sora resistance. Norcantharidin (NCTD), a derivative of cantharidine, was identified as a potent IL-6 inhibitor. Thus, in this study, we evaluated NCTD ability to improve the Sora efficacy in HCC and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Male Sprague Dawely rats were administered NCTD (0.1 mg/kg/day; orally) or Sora (10 mg/kg day; orally) or combination for 6 weeks after HCC induction using thioacetamide (200 mg/kg; ip; 2 times/wk) for 16 weeks. Our results showed that NCTD greatly enhanced Sora activity against HCC and potentiated Sora-induced oxidative stress. NCTD enhanced Sora-induced tumor immunity reactivation by decreasing both fibrinogen-like protein 1 level and increasing both tumor necrosis factor-α gene expression along with CD8+ T cells number. Also, NCTD augmented Sora attenuation activity against TAA-induced angiogenesis and metastasis by decreasing VEGFA, HIF-1α, serum lactate dehydrogenase enzyme, and vimentin levels. The combined use of NCTD/Sora suppressed drug resistance and stemness by downregulating ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 2, neurogenic locus notch homolog protein, spalt-like transcription factor 4, and CD133. NCTD boosted Sora antiproliferative and apoptotic activities by decreasing Ccnd1 and BCL2 expressions along with increasing BAX and caspase-3 expressions. To our knowledge, this study represents the first study providing evidence for the potential novel therapeutic use of NCTD/Sora combination for HCC. Moreover, no previous studies have reported the effect of NCTD on FGL1.

Therapeutic potential of single-nucleotide polymorphism-mediated interleukin-6 receptor blockade in cancer treatment: A Mendelian randomization study

Background

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a crucial member of the cytokine network and plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including cancer. IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) blockade is widely employed as a therapeutic strategy; however, its efficacy in anticancer therapy remains ambiguous.

Methods

An inverse variance-weighted Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted to assess the causal effects exerted by IL-6R blockade in remediating cancer. Drug-targeted single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were introduced within 300 kb of the IL-6R gene. An instrumental variable comprising 26 SNPs represented IL-6 signaling downregulation and C-reactive protein level reduction. Datasets pertaining to the 33 types of cancer investigated in this study were acquired from the FinnGen genome-wide association study.

Results

The selected instrumental variable lowered fibrinogen levels, confirming its ability to mimic IL-6R blockade. IL-6R blockade exhibited therapeutic effects on five different cancer types documented in the FinnGen database (N = 334,364, including 76,781 cancer patients): bladder (odds ratios (OR) = 0.563), laryngeal (OR = 0.293), eye (OR = 0.098), gallbladder (OR = 0.059), and myeloid leukemia (OR = 0.442); however, it simultaneously elevated the risk of developing basal cell carcinoma (OR = 1.312) and melanoma (OR = 1.311). Sensitivity analyses did not alter the primary results.

Conclusion

Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the potential and efficacy of SNP-based IL-6R blockade in treating cancer.

Interleukin-6 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Dualistic Point of View

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a pressing health concern, demanding a deep understanding of various mediators' roles in its development for therapeutic progress. Notably, interleukin-6 (IL-6) has taken center stage in investigations due to its intricate and context-dependent functions. This review delves into the dual nature of IL-6 in HCC, exploring its seemingly contradictory roles as both a promoter and an inhibitor of disease progression. We dissect the pro-tumorigenic effects of IL-6, including its impact on tumor growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Concurrently, we examine its anti-tumorigenic attributes, such as its role in immune response activation, cellular senescence induction, and tumor surveillance. Through a comprehensive exploration of the intricate interactions between IL-6 and the tumor microenvironment, this review highlights the need for a nuanced comprehension of IL-6 signaling in HCC. It underscores the importance of tailored therapeutic strategies that consider the dynamic stages and diverse surroundings within the tumor microenvironment. Future research directions aimed at unraveling the multifaceted mechanisms of IL-6 in HCC hold promise for developing more effective treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.