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Kashobwe L, Sadrabadi F, Braeuning A, Leonards PEG, Buhrke T, Hamers T. In vitro screening of understudied PFAS with a focus on lipid metabolism disruption. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03814-2. [PMID: 38953992 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made chemicals used in many industrial applications. Exposure to PFAS is associated with several health risks, including a decrease in infant birth weight, hepatoxicity, disruption of lipid metabolism, and decreased immune response. We used the in vitro cell models to screen six less studied PFAS [perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA), perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), perfluoropropionic acid (PFPrA), 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH), 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (6:2 FTSA), and 8:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid (8:2 FTSA)] for their capacity to activate nuclear receptors and to cause differential expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Cytotoxicity assays were run in parallel to exclude that observed differential gene expression was due to cytotoxicity. Based on the cytotoxicity assays and gene expression studies, PFOSA was shown to be more potent than other tested PFAS. PFOSA decreased the gene expression of crucial genes involved in bile acid synthesis and detoxification, cholesterol synthesis, bile acid and cholesterol transport, and lipid metabolism regulation. Except for 6:2 FTOH and 8:2 FTSA, all tested PFAS downregulated PPARA gene expression. The reporter gene assay also showed that 8:2 FTSA transactivated the farnesoid X receptor (FXR). Based on this study, PFOSA, 6:2 FTSA, and 8:2 FTSA were prioritized for further studies to confirm and understand their possible effects on hepatic lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lackson Kashobwe
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Faezeh Sadrabadi
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thorsten Buhrke
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Hamers
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Feng Y, Shen J, Lin Z, Chen Z, Zhou M, Ma X. PXR Activation Relieves Deoxynivalenol-Induced Liver Oxidative Stress Via Malat1 LncRNA m 6A Demethylation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308742. [PMID: 38654691 PMCID: PMC11220637 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a prevalent toxin causing severe liver damage through hepatocellular oxidative stress. However, the underlying mechanisms and effective therapeutic approaches remain unknown. Here, the unique role of the xenobiotic metabolism factor pregnane X receptor (PXR) in mediating DON-induced hepatocellular oxidative stress is investigated. Treatment with the PXR agonist 3-indole-propionic acid (IPA) alleviates DON-induced oxidative stress and liver injury both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, it is discovered for the first time that PXR agonist IPA directly transactivates the m6A demethylase FTO expression, leading to site-specific demethylation and decreased abundance of YTHDC1-bound Malat1 lncRNA at single-nucleotide resolution. The diminished m6A modification of Malat1 lncRNA reduces its stability and augments antioxidant pathways governed by NRF2, consequently mitigating DON-induced liver injury. Furthermore, Malat1 knockout mice exhibit decreased DON-induced liver injury, emphasizing the role of Malat1 lncRNA in oxidative stress. Collectively, the findings establish that PXR-mediated m6A-dependent Malat1 lncRNA expression determines hepatocyte oxidative stress via m6A demethylase FTO, providing valuable insights into the potential mechanisms underlying DON-induced liver injury and offers potential therapeutic strategies for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Jiakun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zishen Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Zeyi Chen
- College of Life SciencesHenan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou450046China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and TechnologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijing100193China
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BharathwajChetty B, Sajeev A, Vishwa R, Aswani BS, Alqahtani MS, Abbas M, Kunnumakkara AB. Dynamic interplay of nuclear receptors in tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance: Shifting gears in malignant transformations and applications in cancer therapeutics. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:321-362. [PMID: 38517618 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances have brought forth the complex interplay between tumor cell plasticity and its consequential impact on drug resistance and tumor recurrence, both of which are critical determinants of neoplastic progression and therapeutic efficacy. Various forms of tumor cell plasticity, instrumental in facilitating neoplastic cells to develop drug resistance, include epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) alternatively termed epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity, the acquisition of cancer stem cell (CSC) attributes, and transdifferentiation into diverse cell lineages. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that play an essential role in regulating a multitude of cellular processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. NRs have been implicated to play a critical role in modulating gene expression associated with tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of how NRs regulate these key aspects of cancer biology. We discuss the diverse mechanisms through which NRs influence tumor cell plasticity, including EMT, stemness, and metastasis. Further, we explore the intricate relationship between NRs and drug resistance, highlighting the impact of NR signaling on chemotherapy, radiotherapy and targeted therapies. We also discuss the emerging therapeutic strategies targeting NRs to overcome tumor cell plasticity and drug resistance. This review also provides valuable insights into the current clinical trials that involve agonists or antagonists of NRs modulating various aspects of tumor cell plasticity, thereby delineating the potential of NRs as therapeutic targets for improved cancer treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandari BharathwajChetty
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Anjana Sajeev
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ravichandran Vishwa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Babu Santha Aswani
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Mohammed S Alqahtani
- Radiological Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Abbas
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati (IITG), Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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Fujita Y, Miyake T, Shao X, Aoki Y, Hasegawa E, Doi M. Omeprazole Induces CYP3A4 mRNA Expression but Not CYP3A4 Protein Expression in HepaRG Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2024; 47:1218-1223. [PMID: 38925922 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b24-00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Unknown interactions between drugs remain the limiting factor for clinical application of drugs, and the induction and inhibition of drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes are considered the key to examining the drug-drug interaction (DDI). In this study, using human HepaRG cells as an in vitro model system, we analyzed the potential DDI based on the expression levels of CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. Rifampicin and omeprazole, the potent inducers for CYP3A4 and CYP1A2, respectively, induce expression of the corresponding CYP enzymes at both the mRNA and protein levels. We noticed that, in addition to inducing CYP1A2, omeprazole induced CYP3A4 mRNA expression in HepaRG cells. However, unexpectedly, CYP3A4 protein expression levels were not increased after omeprazole treatment. Concurrent administration of rifampicin and omeprazole showed an inhibitory effect of omeprazole on the CYP3A4 protein expression induced by rifampicin, while its mRNA induction remained intact. Cycloheximide chase assay revealed increased CYP3A4 protein degradation in the cells exposed to omeprazole. The data presented here suggest the potential importance of broadening the current DDI examination beyond conventional transcriptional induction and enzyme-activity inhibition tests to include post-translational regulation analysis of CYP enzyme expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Fujita
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Takahito Miyake
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Xinyan Shao
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Yuto Aoki
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Emi Hasegawa
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Masao Doi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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Peslalz P, Grieshober M, Kraus F, Bleisch A, Izzo F, Lichtenstein D, Hammer H, Vorbach A, Momoi K, Zanger UM, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Braeuning A, Plietker B, Stenger S. Unnatural Endotype B PPAPs as Novel Compounds with Activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15073-15083. [PMID: 37822271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Pre-SARS-CoV-2, tuberculosis was the leading cause of death by a single pathogen. Repetitive exposure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) supported the development of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant strains, demanding novel drugs. Hyperforin, a natural type A polyprenylated polycyclic acylphloroglucinol from St. John's wort, exhibits antidepressant and antibacterial effects also against Mtb. Yet, Hyperforin's instability limits the utility in clinical practice. Here, we present photo- and bench-stable type B PPAPs with enhanced antimycobacterial efficacy. PPAP22 emerged as a lead compound, further improved as the sodium salt PPAP53, drastically enhancing solubility. PPAP53 inhibits the growth of virulent extracellular and intracellular Mtb without harming primary human macrophages. Importantly, PPAP53 is active against drug-resistant strains of Mtb. Furthermore, we analyzed the in vitro properties of PPAP53 in terms of CYP induction and the PXR interaction. Taken together, we introduce type PPAPs as a new class of antimycobacterial compounds, with remarkable antibacterial activity and favorable biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Peslalz
- Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Bergstr. 66, Dresden01069 ,Germany
| | - Mark Grieshober
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Frank Kraus
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart,Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Anton Bleisch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Bergstr. 66, Dresden01069 ,Germany
| | - Flavia Izzo
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart,Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Dajana Lichtenstein
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Helen Hammer
- SIGNATOPE GmbH, Markwiesenstr. 55, Reutlingen 72770, Germany
| | - Andreas Vorbach
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Kyoko Momoi
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Auerbachstr. 112, University of Tübingen, 70376 Stuttgart, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zanger
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology Auerbachstr. 112, University of Tübingen, 70376 Stuttgart, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany
| | - Bernd Plietker
- Chair of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University Dresden, Bergstr. 66, Dresden01069 ,Germany
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart,Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart 70569, Germany
| | - Steffen Stenger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm D-89081, Germany
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Gupta SK, Vyavahare S, Duchesne Blanes IL, Berger F, Isales C, Fulzele S. Microbiota-derived tryptophan metabolism: Impacts on health, aging, and disease. Exp Gerontol 2023; 183:112319. [PMID: 37898179 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The intricate interplay between gut microbiota and the host is pivotal in maintaining homeostasis and health. Dietary tryptophan (TRP) metabolism initiates a cascade of essential endogenous metabolites, including kynurenine, kynurenic acid, serotonin, and melatonin, as well as microbiota-derived Trp metabolites like tryptamine, indole propionic acid (IPA), and other indole derivatives. Notably, tryptamine and IPA, among the indole metabolites, exert crucial roles in modulating immune, metabolic, and neuronal responses at both local and distant sites. Additionally, these metabolites demonstrate potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The levels of microbiota-derived TRP metabolites are intricately linked to the gut microbiota's health, which, in turn, can be influenced by age-related changes. This review aims to comprehensively summarize the cellular and molecular impacts of tryptamine and IPA on health and aging-related complications. Furthermore, we explore the levels of tryptamine and IPA and their corresponding bacteria in select diseased conditions, shedding light on their potential significance as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Kumar Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sagar Vyavahare
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ian L Duchesne Blanes
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Ford Berger
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos Isales
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Centre for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sadanand Fulzele
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Centre for Healthy Aging, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Harnisch LO, Neugebauer S, Mihaylov D, Eidizadeh A, Zechmeister B, Maier I, Moerer O. Quantification of Bile Acids in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Results of an Observational Trial. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2947. [PMID: 38001948 PMCID: PMC10669160 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Bile acids, known as aids in intestinal fat digestion and as messenger molecules in serum, can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), although the blood-brain barrier is generally an insurmountable obstacle for bile acids. The exact mechanisms of the occurrence, as well as possible functions of bile acids in the central nervous system, are not precisely understood. (2) Methods: We conducted a single-center observational trial. The concentrations of 15 individual bile acids were determined using an in-house LC-MS/MS method in 54 patients with various acute and severe disorders of the central nervous system. We analyzed CSF from ventricular drainage taken within 24 h after placement, and blood samples were drawn at the same time for the presence and quantifiability of 15 individual bile acids. (3) Results: At a median time of 19.75 h after a cerebral insult, the concentration of bile acids in the CSF was minute and almost negligible. The CSF concentrations of total bile acids (TBAs) were significantly lower compared to the serum concentrations (serum 0.37 µmol/L [0.24, 0.89] vs. 0.14 µmol/L [0.05, 0.43]; p = 0.033). The ratio of serum-to-CSF bile acid levels calculated from the respective total concentrations were 3.10 [0.94, 14.64] for total bile acids, 3.05 for taurocholic acid, 14.30 [1.11, 27.13] for glycocholic acid, 0.0 for chenodeoxycholic acid, 2.19 for taurochenodeoxycholic acid, 1.91 [0.68, 8.64] for glycochenodeoxycholic acid and 0.77 [0.0, 13.79] for deoxycholic acid; other bile acids were not detected in the CSF. The ratio of CSF-to-serum S100 concentration was 0.01 [0.0, 0.02]. Serum total and conjugated (but not unconjugated) bilirubin levels and serum TBA levels were significantly correlated (total bilirubin p = 0.031 [0.023, 0.579]; conjugated bilirubin p = 0.001 [0.193, 0.683]; unconjugated p = 0.387 [-0.181, 0.426]). No correlations were found between bile acid concentrations and age, delirium, intraventricular blood volume, or outcome measured on a modified Rankin scale. (4) Conclusions: The determination of individual bile acids is feasible using the current LC-MS/MS method. The results suggest an intact blood-brain barrier in the patients studied. However, bile acids were detected in the CSF, which could have been achieved by active transport across the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Olav Harnisch
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Sophie Neugebauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (S.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Diana Mihaylov
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (S.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Abass Eidizadeh
- Interdisciplinary UMG Laboratories, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.E.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bozena Zechmeister
- Interdisciplinary UMG Laboratories, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.E.); (B.Z.)
| | - Ilko Maier
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Onnen Moerer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany;
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8
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Lan H, Zhang Y, Fan M, Wu B, Wang C. Pregnane X receptor as a therapeutic target for cholestatic liver injury. Drug Metab Rev 2023; 55:371-387. [PMID: 37593784 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2023.2248680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver injury (CLI) is caused by toxic bile acids (BAs) accumulation in the liver and can lead to inflammation and liver fibrosis. The mechanisms underlying CLI development remain unclear, and this disease has no effective cure. However, regulating BA synthesis and homeostasis represents a promising therapeutic strategy for CLI treatment. Pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays an essential role in the metabolism of endobiotics and xenobiotics via the transcription of metabolic enzymes and transporters, which can ultimately modulate BA homeostasis and exert anticholestatic effects. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated that PXR exhibits antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties, providing novel insights into treating CLI. Meanwhile, several drugs have been identified as PXR agonists that improve CLI. Nevertheless, the precise role of PXR in CLI still needs to be fully understood. This review summarizes how PXR improves CLI by ameliorating cholestasis, inhibiting inflammation, and reducing fibrosis and discusses the progress of promising PXR agonists for treating CLI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lan
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Minqi Fan
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Bingxin Wu
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Caiyan Wang
- International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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9
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Mohamed DS, Shaban NS, Labib MM, Shehata O. Sesame oil ameliorates valproic acid-induced hepatotoxicity in mice: integrated in vivo-in silico study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8485-8505. [PMID: 36271831 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2135593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Sesame oil (SO) has been exhibited to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant influences. The goal of this experiment was to look into SO's hepato-protective properties and underlying processes in valproic acid (VPA)-induced hepatotoxicity. Molecular docking was carried out to clarify the functional and structural underlying mechanism of SO ameliorative effect. Mice were given 8 mL/kg/day of SO (orally) and 100 mg/kg/day of VPA (i.p.) for 21 days. The results revealed that VPA caused a considerable increase in hepatic malondialdehyde levels while decreasing the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzyme. There was also a significant rise in serum levels of interleukins 1β and 6 (IL-1β and IL-6) and a significant decrease in hepatic (PXR) gene expression level. SO co-administration with VPA significantly normalized the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory status and upregulated the gene expression level of PXR. In silico docking analysis results confirmed these results. This study concluded that supplementation of SO attenuated VPA-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. Hence, it was recommended as a dietary supplement for protection against VPA-induced hepatotoxicity.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Shaaban Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry of nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Nema S Shaban
- Department of pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mai M Labib
- Department of bioinformatics and computer networks, Agriculture Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat Shehata
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Liang Y, Gong Y, Jiang Q, Yu Y, Zhang J. Environmental endocrine disruptors and pregnane X receptor action: A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113976. [PMID: 37532173 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a kind of orphan nuclear receptor activated by a series of ligands. Environmental endocrine disruptors (EEDs) are a wide class of molecules present in the environment that are suspected to have adverse effects on the endocrine system by interfering with the synthesis, transport, degradation, or action of endogenous hormones. Since EEDs may modulate human/rodent PXR, this review aims to summarize EEDs as PXR modulators, including agonists and antagonists. The modular structure of PXR is also described, interestingly, the pharmacology of PXR have been confirmed to vary among different species. Furthermore, PXR play a key role in the regulation of endocrine function. Endocrine disruption of EEDs via PXR and its related pathways are systematically summarized. In brief, this review may provide a way to understand the roles of EEDs in interaction with the nuclear receptors (such as PXR) and the related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yiyao Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Qiuyan Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yifan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.
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11
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Cheung KCP, Ma J, Loiola RA, Chen X, Jia W. Bile acid-activated receptors in innate and adaptive immunity: targeted drugs and biological agents. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250299. [PMID: 37172599 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Bile acid-activated receptors (BARs) such as a G-protein bile acid receptor 1 and the farnesol X receptor are activated by bile acids (BAs) and have been implicated in the regulation of microbiota-host immunity in the intestine. The mechanistic roles of these receptors in immune signaling suggest that they may also influence the development of metabolic disorders. In this perspective, we provide a summary of recent literature describing the main regulatory pathways and mechanisms of BARs and how they affect both innate and adaptive immune system, cell proliferation, and signaling in the context of inflammatory diseases. We also discuss new approaches for therapy and summarize clinical projects on BAs for the treatment of diseases. In parallel, some drugs that are classically used for other therapeutic purposes and BAR activity have recently been proposed as regulators of immune cells phenotype. Another strategy consists of using specific strains of gut bacteria to regulate BA production in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C P Cheung
- Hong Kong Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiao Ma
- Hong Kong Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Xingxuan Chen
- Hong Kong Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Jia
- Hong Kong Phenome Research Center, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Translational Medicine and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
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12
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Zhao Z, Yang LL, Wang QL, Du JF, Zheng ZG, Jiang Y, Li P, Li HJ. Baohuoside I inhibits FXR signaling pathway to interfere with bile acid homeostasis via targeting ER α degradation. Cell Biol Toxicol 2023; 39:1215-1235. [PMID: 35802278 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-022-09737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epimedii folium (EF) is an effective herbal medicine in osteoporosis treatment, but the clinical utilization of EF has been limited due to potential hepatotoxicity. The previous studies identified that baohuoside I (BI), the main active component of EF, was relevant to EF-induced liver injury. However, the mechanisms of BI causing direct injury to hepatocytes remain unclear. Here, we reveal that BI inhibits FXR-mediated signaling pathway via targeting estrogen receptor α (ER α), leading to the accumulation of bile acids (BAs). Targeted bile acid analyses show BI alters the BA composition and distribution, resulting in impaired BA homeostasis. Mechanistically, BI induces FXR-dependent hepatotoxicity at transcriptional level. Additionally, ER α is predicted to bind to the FXR promoter region based on transcription factor binding sites databases and we further demonstrate that ER α positively regulates FXR promoter activity and affects the expression of target genes involved in BA metabolism. Importantly, we discover that ER α and its mediated FXR transcription regulation might be involved in BI-induced liver injury via ligand-dependent ER α degradation. Collectively, our findings indicate that FXR is a newly discovered target gene of ER α mediated BI-induced liver injury, and suggest BI may be responsible for EF-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Lu-Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiao-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Jin-Fa Du
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Zu-Guo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Yan Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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13
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Nilles J, Weiss J, Sauter M, Haefeli WE, Ruez S, Theile D. Comprehensive in vitro analysis evaluating the variable drug-drug interaction risk of rifampicin compared to rifabutin. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2219-2230. [PMID: 37285043 PMCID: PMC10322781 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03531-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Compared to rifampicin (600 mg/day), standard doses of rifabutin (300 mg/day) have a lower risk of drug-drug interactions due to induction of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) or P-glycoprotein (Pgp/ABCB1) mediated by the pregnane X receptor (PXR). However, clinical comparisons with equal rifamycin doses or in vitro experiments respecting actual intracellular concentrations are lacking. Thus, the genuine pharmacological differences and the potential molecular mechanisms of the discordant perpetrator effects are unknown. Consequently, the cellular uptake kinetics (mass spectrometry), PXR activation (luciferase reporter gene assays), and impact on CYP3A4 and Pgp/ABCB1 expression and activity (polymerase chain reaction, enzymatic assays, flow cytometry) were evaluated in LS180 cells after treatment with different rifampicin or rifabutin concentrations for variable exposure times and eventually normalized to actual intracellular concentrations. In addition, inhibitory effects on CYP3A4 and Pgp activities were investigated. While rifampicin is poorly taken up by LS180 cells, it strongly activates PXR and leads to enhanced expression and activity of CYP3A4 and Pgp. In contrast, rifabutin is a significantly less potent and less efficient PXR activator and gene inducer, despite sixfold to eightfold higher intracellular accumulation. Finally, rifabutin is a potent inhibitor of Pgp (IC50 = 0.3 µM) compared to rifampicin (IC50 = 12.9 µM). Together, rifampicin and rifabutin significantly differ by their effects on the regulation and function of CYP3A4 and Pgp, even when controlled for intracellular concentrations. Rifabutin's concurrent Pgp inhibitory action might partly compensate the inducing effects, explaining its weaker clinical perpetrator characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Nilles
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Max Sauter
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter E Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ruez
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Birkendorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Dirk Theile
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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14
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Yan J, Gu Q, Meng C, Liu J, Liu F, Xia C. Panaxytriol upregulates CYP3A4 expression through the interaction between nuclear regulators and DNA response elements. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 310:116398. [PMID: 36948264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cytochrome P3A4 (CYP3A4) is a crucial drug-metabolizing enzyme, and its expression is regulated by the pregnane X receptor (PXR), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), steroid receptor coactivator 1 (SRC-1), and acetyltransferase P300. Panaxytriol is a naturally derived active substance extracted from the roots of Panax ginseng C. A. Mey. which is widely used clinically. Our previous studies have shown that panaxytriol induces CYP3A4 expression through PXR activation, which is antagonized by high CAR expression. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of panaxytriol in inducing CYP3A4 expression via interactions between nuclear regulators and DNA response elements. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunoprecipitation technique was used to assess the binding levels of PXR and CAR with the coactivators SRC-1 and P300 in HepG2 and Huh-7 cells. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was used to investigate the PXR and CAR interaction with the CYP3A4 promoter response element ER-6/DR-3. RESULTS The binding of PXR to SRC-1, P300, and the response elements ER-6 and DR-3 was improved with an increase in panaxytriol concentration (10-80 μM), and the binding affinity was further enhanced upon CAR silencing. The binding of CAR to SRC-1 and the response elements ER-6 and DR-3 was significantly higher at 80 μM panaxytriol, whereas no significant binding was observed between CAR and P300. CONCLUSION Panaxytriol promoted the recruitment of PXR to SRC-1 and P300, binding to ER-6 and DR-3, and upregulating CYP3A4 expression. Furthermore, an interactive dialogue regulatory mechanism between PXR and CAR was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingdi Yan
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Qi Gu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Chao Meng
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Fanglan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Pharmaceutical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, PR China.
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15
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Fan S, Yan Y, Xia Y, Zhou Z, Luo L, Zhu M, Han Y, Yao D, Zhang L, Fang M, Peng L, Yu J, Liu Y, Gao X, Guan H, Li H, Wang C, Wu X, Zhu H, Cao Y, Huang C. Pregnane X receptor agonist nomilin extends lifespan and healthspan in preclinical models through detoxification functions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3368. [PMID: 37291126 PMCID: PMC10250385 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruit has long been considered a healthy food, but its role and detailed mechanism in lifespan extension are not clear. Here, by using the nematode C. elegans, we identified that nomilin, a bitter-taste limoloid that is enriched in citrus, significantly extended the animals' lifespan, healthspan, and toxin resistance. Further analyses indicate that this ageing inhibiting activity depended on the insulin-like pathway DAF-2/DAF-16 and nuclear hormone receptors NHR-8/DAF-12. Moreover, the human pregnane X receptor (hPXR) was identified as the mammalian counterpart of NHR-8/DAF-12 and X-ray crystallography showed that nomilin directly binds with hPXR. The hPXR mutations that prevented nomilin binding blocked the activity of nomilin both in mammalian cells and in C. elegans. Finally, dietary nomilin supplementation improved healthspan and lifespan in D-galactose- and doxorubicin-induced senescent mice as well as in male senescence accelerated mice prone 8 (SAMP8) mice, and induced a longevity gene signature similar to that of most longevity interventions in the liver of bile-duct-ligation male mice. Taken together, we identified that nomilin may extend lifespan and healthspan in animals via the activation of PXR mediated detoxification functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yingxuan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lingling Luo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Mengnan Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongli Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Deqiang Yao
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Minglv Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lina Peng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaoyan Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huida Guan
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hongli Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Huanhu Zhu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Implant, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Institute of Precision Medicine, the Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 115 Jinzun Road, Shanghai, 200125, China.
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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16
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Aquino GV, Dabi A, Odom GJ, Lavado R, Nunn K, Thomas K, Schackmuth B, Shariff N, Jarajapu M, Pluto M, Miller SR, Eller L, Pressley J, Patel RR, Black J, Bruce ED. Evaluating the effect of acute diesel exhaust particle exposure on P-glycoprotein efflux transporter in the blood-brain barrier co-cultured with microglia. Curr Res Toxicol 2023; 4:100107. [PMID: 37332622 PMCID: PMC10276163 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2023.100107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing public health concern, chronic Diesel Exhaust Particle (DEP) exposure is a heavy risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's (AD). Considered the brain's first line of defense, the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) and perivascular microglia work in tandem to protect the brain from circulating neurotoxic molecules like DEP. Importantly, there is a strong association between AD and BBB dysfunction, particularly in the Aβ transporter and multidrug resistant pump, P-glycoprotein (P-gp). However, the response of this efflux transporter is not well understood in the context of environmental exposures, such as to DEP. Moreover, microglia are seldom included in in vitro BBB models, despite their significance in neurovascular health and disease. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute (24 hr.) DEP exposure (2000 μg/ml) on P-gp expression and function, paracellular permeability, and inflammation profiles of the human in vitro BBB model (hCMEC/D3) with and without microglia (hMC3). Our results suggested that DEP exposure can decrease both the expression and function of P-gp in the BBB, and corroborated that DEP exposure impairs BBB integrity (i.e. increased permeability), a response that was significantly worsened by the influence of microglia in co-culture. Interestingly, DEP exposure seemed to produce atypical inflammation profiles and an unexpected general downregulation in inflammatory markers in both the monoculture and co-culture, which differentially expressed IL-1β and GM-CSF. Interestingly, the microglia in co-culture did not appear to influence the response of the BBB, save in the permeability assay, where it worsened the BBB's response. Overall, our study is important because it is the first (to our knowledge) to investigate the effect of acute DEP exposure on P-gp in the in vitro human BBB, while also investigating the influence of microglia on the BBB's responses to this environmental chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace V. Aquino
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Amjad Dabi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, 120-Mason Farm Rd, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Gabriel J. Odom
- Department of Biostatistics, Sempel College of Public Health, Florida International University, 11200, SW 8th Street, AHC4-470, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Ramon Lavado
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Kaitlin Nunn
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Kathryn Thomas
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Bennett Schackmuth
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Nazeel Shariff
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Manogna Jarajapu
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Morgan Pluto
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Sara R. Miller
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Leah Eller
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Justin Pressley
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Rishi R. Patel
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Jeffrey Black
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
| | - Erica D. Bruce
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, 101 Bagby Ave, Waco, TX 76707, USA
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17
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Lei S, Lu J, Cheng A, Hussain Z, Tidgewell K, Zhu J, Ma X. Identification of PXR Activators from Uncaria Rhynchophylla (Gou Teng) and Uncaria Tomentosa (Cat's Claw). Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:629-636. [PMID: 36797057 PMCID: PMC10158501 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncaria rhynchophylla (Gou Teng) and Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) are frequently used herbal supplements in Asia and America, respectively. Despite their common usage, information is limited regarding potential herb-drug interactions associated with Gou Teng and cat's claw. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) expression and contributes to some known herb-drug interactions. A recent study found that Gou Teng induces CYP3A4 expression, but its mechanism is unknown. Cat's claw has been determined as a PXR-activating herb, but the PXR activators in cat's claw have not been identified. Using a genetically engineered PXR cell line, we found that the extracts of Gou Teng and cat's claw can dose-dependently activate PXR and induce CYP3A4 expression. We next used a metabolomic approach to profile the chemical components in the extracts of Gou Teng and cat's claw followed by screening for PXR activators. Four compounds, isocorynoxeine, rhynchophylline, isorhynchophylline, and corynoxeine, were identified as PXR activators from both Gou Teng and cat's claw extracts. In addition, three more PXR activators were identified from the extracts of cat's claw, including isopteropodine, pteropodine, and mitraphylline. All seven of these compounds showed the half-maximal effective concentration <10 µM for PXR activation. In summary, our work determined Gou Teng as a PXR-activating herb and discovered novel PXR activators from Gou Teng as well as cat's claw. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study's data can be used to guide the safe use of Gou Teng and cat's claw by avoiding PXR-mediated herb-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifei Lei
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
| | - Jie Lu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
| | - Anqi Cheng
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
| | - Zahir Hussain
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
| | - Kevin Tidgewell
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
| | - Junjie Zhu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
| | - Xiaochao Ma
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.L., J.L., A.C., Z.H., J.Z., X.M.) and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (K.T.)
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18
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van der Linden EL, Meeks KAC, Chilunga F, Hayfron-Benjamin C, Bahendeka S, Klipstein-Grobusch K, Venema A, van den Born BJ, Agyemang C, Henneman P, Adeyemo A. Epigenome-wide association study of plasma lipids in West Africans: the RODAM study. EBioMedicine 2023; 89:104469. [PMID: 36791658 PMCID: PMC10025759 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA-methylation has been associated with plasma lipid concentration in populations of diverse ethnic backgrounds, but epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) in West-Africans are lacking. The aim of this study was to identify DNA-methylation loci associated with plasma lipids in Ghanaians. METHODS We conducted an EWAS using Illumina 450k DNA-methylation array profiles of extracted DNA from 663 Ghanaian participants. Differentially methylated positions (DMPs) were examined for association with plasma total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides concentrations using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and technical covariates. Findings were replicated in independent cohorts of different ethnicities. FINDINGS We identified one significantly associated DMP with triglycerides (cg19693031 annotated to TXNIP, regression coefficient beta -0.26, false discovery rate adjusted p-value 0.001), which replicated in-silico in South African Batswana, African American, and European populations. From the top five DMPs with the lowest nominal p-values, two additional DMPs for triglycerides (CPT1A, ABCG1), two DMPs for LDL-cholesterol (EPSTI1, cg13781819), and one for TC (TXNIP) replicated. With the exception of EPSTI1, these loci are involved in lipid transport/metabolism or are known GWAS-associated loci. The top 5 DMPs per lipid trait explained 9.5% in the variance of TC, 8.3% in LDL-cholesterol, 6.1% in HDL-cholesterol, and 11.0% in triglycerides. INTERPRETATION The top DMPs identified in this study are in loci that play a role in lipid metabolism across populations, including West-Africans. Future studies including larger sample size, longitudinal study design and translational research is needed to increase our understanding on the epigenetic regulation of lipid metabolism among West-African populations. FUNDING European Commission under the Framework Programme (grant number: 278901).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva L van der Linden
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Karlijn A C Meeks
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Felix Chilunga
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charles Hayfron-Benjamin
- Department of Physiology, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - Kerstin Klipstein-Grobusch
- Julius Global Health, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrea Venema
- Department of Human Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory Amsterdam, Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bert-Jan van den Born
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charles Agyemang
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Henneman
- Department of Human Genetics, Genome Diagnostics Laboratory Amsterdam, Reproduction & Development, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adebowale Adeyemo
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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Zhang J, Jia Q, Li Y, He J. The Function of Xenobiotic Receptors in Metabolic Diseases. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:237-248. [PMID: 36414407 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases are a series of metabolic disorders that include obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. The increased prevalence of metabolic diseases has resulted in higher mortality and mobility rates over the past decades, and this has led to extensive research focusing on the underlying mechanisms. Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) are a series of xenobiotic-sensing nuclear receptors that regulate their downstream target genes expression, thus defending the body from xenobiotic and endotoxin attacks. XR activation is associated with the development of a number of metabolic diseases such as obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, thus suggesting an important role for XRs in modulating metabolic diseases. However, the regulatory mechanism of XRs in the context of metabolic disorders under different nutrient conditions is complex and remains controversial. This review summarizes the effects of XRs on different metabolic components (cholesterol, lipids, glucose, and bile acids) in different tissues during metabolic diseases. As chronic inflammation plays a critical role in the initiation and progression of metabolic diseases, we also discuss the impact of XRs on inflammation to comprehensively recognize the role of XRs in metabolic diseases. This will provide new ideas for treating metabolic diseases by targeting XRs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review outlines the current understanding of xenobiotic receptors on nutrient metabolism and inflammation during metabolic diseases. This work also highlights the gaps in this field, which can be used to direct the future investigations on metabolic diseases treatment by targeting xenobiotic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qingyi Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Metabolic Diseases and Pharmacotherapy (J.Z., Y.L., J.H.) and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Q.J.), West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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20
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Poudel S, Huber AD, Chen T. Regulation of Nuclear Receptors PXR and CAR by Small Molecules and Signal Crosstalk: Roles in Drug Metabolism and Beyond. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:228-236. [PMID: 36116789 PMCID: PMC9900866 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) are ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate the expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporters. Since their discoveries, they have been studied as important factors for regulating processes related to drug efficacy, drug toxicity, and drug-drug interactions. However, their vast ligand-binding profiles extend into additional spaces, such as endogenously produced chemicals, microbiome metabolites, dietary compounds, and environmental pollutants. Therefore, PXR and CAR can respond to an enormous abundance of stimuli, resulting in significant shifts in metabolic programs and physiologic homeostasis. Naturally, PXR and CAR have been implicated in various diseases related to homeostatic perturbations, such as inflammatory bowel disorders, diabetes, and certain cancers. Recent findings have injected the field with new signaling mechanisms and tools to dissect the complex PXR and CAR biology and have strengthened the potential for future PXR and CAR modulators in the clinic. Here, we describe the historical and ongoing importance of PXR and CAR in drug metabolism pathways and how this history has evolved into new mechanisms that regulate and are regulated by these xenobiotic receptors, with a specific focus on small molecule ligands. To effectively convey the impact of newly emerging research, we have arranged five diverse and representative key recent advances, four specific challenges, and four perspectives on future directions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: PXR and CAR are key transcription factors that regulate homeostatic detoxification of the liver and intestines. Diverse chemicals bind to these nuclear receptors, triggering their transcriptional tuning of the cellular metabolic response. This minireview revisits the importance of PXR and CAR in pharmaceutical drug responses and highlights recent results with implications beyond drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyaron Poudel
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Andrew D Huber
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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21
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Proença S, van Sabben N, Legler J, Kamstra JH, Kramer NI. The effects of hexabromocyclododecane on the transcriptome and hepatic enzyme activity in three human HepaRG-based models. Toxicology 2023; 485:153411. [PMID: 36572169 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The disruption of thyroid hormone homeostasis by hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in rodents is hypothesized to be due to HBCD increasing the hepatic clearance of thyroxine (T4). The extent to which these effects are relevant to humans is unclear. To evaluate HBCD effects on humans, the activation of key hepatic nuclear receptors and the consequent disruption of thyroid hormone homeostasis were studied in different human hepatic cell models. The hepatoma cell line, HepaRG, cultured as two-dimensional (2D), sandwich (SW) and spheroid (3D) cultures, and primary human hepatocytes (PHH) cultured as sandwich were exposed to 1 and 10 µM HBCD and characterized for their transcriptome changes. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that 3D models, followed by SW, had a stronger transcriptome response to HBCD, which is explained by the higher expression of hepatic nuclear receptors but also greater accumulation of HBCD measured inside cells in these models. The Pregnane X receptor pathway is one of the pathways most upregulated across the three hepatic models, followed by the constitutive androstane receptor and general hepatic nuclear receptors pathways. Lipid metabolism pathways had a downregulation tendency in all exposures and in both PHH and the three cultivation modes of HepaRG. The activity of enzymes related to PXR/CAR induction and T4 metabolism were evaluated in the three different types of HepaRG cultures exposed to HBCD for 48 h. Reference inducers, rifampicin and PCB-153 did affect 2D and SW HepaRG cultures' enzymatic activity but not 3D. HBCD did not induce the activity of any of the studied enzymes in any of the cell models and culture methods. This study illustrates that for nuclear receptor-mediated T4 disruption, transcriptome changes might not be indicative of an actual adverse effect. Clarification of the reasons for the lack of translation is essential to evaluate new chemicals' potential to be thyroid hormone disruptors by altering thyroid hormone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Proença
- Department of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Toxicology Division, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Nick van Sabben
- Department of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Juliette Legler
- Department of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jorke H Kamstra
- Department of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nynke I Kramer
- Department of Toxicology, Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Toxicology Division, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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22
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Dvořák Z, Li H, Mani S. Microbial Metabolites as Ligands to Xenobiotic Receptors: Chemical Mimicry as Potential Drugs of the Future. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:219-227. [PMID: 36184080 PMCID: PMC9900867 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic receptors, such as the pregnane X receptor, regulate multiple host physiologic pathways including xenobiotic metabolism, certain aspects of cellular metabolism, and innate immunity. These ligand-dependent nuclear factors regulate gene expression via genomic recognition of specific promoters and transcriptional activation of the gene. Natural or endogenous ligands are not commonly associated with this class of receptors; however, since these receptors are expressed in a cell-type specific manner in the liver and intestines, there has been significant recent effort to characterize microbially derived metabolites as ligands for these receptors. In general, these metabolites are thought to be weak micromolar affinity ligands. This journal anniversary minireview focuses on recent efforts to derive potentially nontoxic microbial metabolite chemical mimics that could one day be developed as drugs combating xenobiotic receptor-modifying pathophysiology. The review will include our perspective on the field and recommend certain directions for future research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Xenobiotic receptors (XRs) regulate host drug metabolism, cellular metabolism, and immunity. Their presence in host intestines allows them to function not only as xenosensors but also as a response to the complex metabolic environment present in the intestines. Specifically, this review focuses on describing microbial metabolite-XR interactions and the translation of these findings toward discovery of novel chemical mimics as potential drugs of the future for diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeněk Dvořák
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sridhar Mani
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic (Z.D.); Departments of Medicine (H.L., S.M.), Molecular Pharmacology (S.M.), and Genetics (S.M.), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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23
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Páscoa I, Biltes R, Sousa J, Preto MAC, Vasconcelos V, Castro LF, Ruivo R, Cunha I. A Multiplex Molecular Cell-Based Sensor to Detect Ligands of PPARs: An Optimized Tool for Drug Discovery in Cyanobacteria. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23031338. [PMID: 36772378 PMCID: PMC9919141 DOI: 10.3390/s23031338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce a wealth of secondary metabolites. Since these organisms attach fatty acids into molecules in unprecedented ways, cyanobacteria can serve as a novel source for bioactive compounds acting as ligands for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR). PPARs (PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors, involved in the regulation of various metabolic and cellular processes, thus serving as potential drug targets for a variety of pathologies. Yet, given that PPARs' agonists can have pan-, dual- or isoform-specific action, some controversy has been raised over currently approved drugs and their side effects, highlighting the need for novel molecules. Here, we expand and validate a cell-based PPAR transactivation activity biosensor, and test it in a screening campaign to guide drug discovery. Biosensor upgrades included the use of different reporter genes to increase signal intensity and stability, a different promoter to modulate reporter gene expression, and multiplexing to improve efficiency. Sensor's limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.36-0.89 nM in uniplex and 0.89-1.35 nM in multiplex mode. In triplex mode, the sensor's feature screening, a total of 848 fractions of 96 cyanobacteria extracts were screened. Hits were confirmed in multiplex mode and in uniplex mode, yielding one strain detected to have action on PPARα and three strains to have dual action on PPARα and -β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Páscoa
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Rita Biltes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- FCUP-Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - João Sousa
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- FCUP-Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marco Aurélio Correia Preto
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP-Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Filipe Castro
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- FCUP-Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cunha
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
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24
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Dietary-Induced Bacterial Metabolites Reduce Inflammation and Inflammation-Associated Cancer via Vitamin D Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031864. [PMID: 36768196 PMCID: PMC9914969 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors, including westernised diets and alterations to the gut microbiota, are considered risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The mechanisms underpinning diet-microbiota-host interactions are poorly understood in IBD. We present evidence that feeding a lard-based high-fat (HF) diet can protect mice from developing DSS-induced acute and chronic colitis and colitis-associated cancer (CAC) by significantly reducing tumour burden/incidence, immune cell infiltration, cytokine profile, and cell proliferation. We show that HF protection was associated with increased gut microbial diversity and a significant reduction in Proteobacteria and an increase in Firmicutes and Clostridium cluster XIVa abundance. Microbial functionality was modulated in terms of signalling fatty acids and bile acids (BA). Faecal secondary BAs were significantly induced to include moieties that can activate the vitamin D receptor (VDR), a nuclear receptor richly represented in the intestine and colon. Indeed, colonic VDR downstream target genes were upregulated in HF-fed mice and in combinatorial lipid-BAs-treated intestinal HT29 epithelial cells. Collectively, our data indicate that HF diet protects against colitis and CAC risk through gut microbiota and BA metabolites modulating vitamin D targeting pathways. Our data highlights the complex relationship between dietary fat-induced alterations of microbiota-host interactions in IBD/CAC pathophysiology.
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25
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Chen Q, Zhou X, Rehmel J, Steele JP, Svensson KA, Beck JP, Hembre EJ, Hao J. Ensemble Docking Approach to Mitigate Pregnane X Receptor-Mediated CYP3A4 Induction Risk. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:173-186. [PMID: 36473234 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Three structurally closely related dopamine D1 receptor positive allosteric modulators (D1 PAMs) based on a tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) scaffold were profiled for their CYP3A4 induction potentials. It was found that the length of the linker at the C5 position greatly affected the potentials of these D1 PAMs as CYP3A4 inducers, and the level of induction correlated well with the activation of the pregnane X receptor (PXR). Based on the published PXR X-ray crystal structures, we built a binding model specifically for these THIQ-scaffold-based D1 PAMs in the PXR ligand-binding pocket via an ensemble docking approach and found the model could explain the observed CYP induction disparity. Combined with our previously reported D1 receptor homology model, which identified the C5 position as pointing toward the solvent-exposed space, our PXR-binding model coincidentally suggested that structural modifications at the C5 position could productively modulate the CYP induction potential while maintaining the D1 PAM potency of these THIQ-based PAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Xin Zhou
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, 10290 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California92121, United States
| | - Jessica Rehmel
- Drug Disposition, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - James P Steele
- Quantitative Biology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Kjell A Svensson
- Neuroscience Discovery, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - James P Beck
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, 10290 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California92121, United States
| | - Erik J Hembre
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana46285, United States
| | - Junliang Hao
- Discovery Chemistry Research and Technologies, Lilly Biotechnology Center, Eli Lilly and Company, 10290 Campus Point Drive, San Diego, California92121, United States
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26
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Barliana MI, Afifah NN, Yunivita V, Ruslami R. Genetic polymorphism related to ethambutol outcomes and susceptibility to toxicity. Front Genet 2023; 14:1118102. [PMID: 37152993 PMCID: PMC10157140 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1118102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) stated that ensuring access to effective and optimal treatment is a key component to eradicate tuberculosis (TB) through the End TB Strategy. Personalized medicine that depends on the genetic profile of an individual is one way to optimize treatment. It is necessary because of diverse drug responses related to the variation in human DNA, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Ethambutol (EMB) is a drug widely used as the treatment for Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (Mtb) and/non-tuberculous mycobacteria and has become a potential supplementary agent for a treatment regimen of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) TB. In human genetic polymorphism studies of anti-tuberculosis, the majority focus on rifampicin or isoniazid, which discuss polymorphisms related to their toxicity. Whereas there are few studies on EMB, the incidence of EMB toxicity is lower than that of other first-line anti-TB drugs. To facilitate personalized medicine practice, this article summarizes the genetic polymorphisms associated with alterations in the pharmacokinetic profile, resistance incidence, and susceptibility to EMB toxicity. This study includes 131 total human studies from 17 articles, but only eight studies that held in the low-middle income country (LMIC), while the rest is research conducted in developed countries with high incomes. Personalized medicine practices are highly recommended to maintain and obtain the optimal therapeutic effect of EMB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa Intan Barliana
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- *Correspondence: Melisa Intan Barliana,
| | - Nadiya Nurul Afifah
- Department of Biological Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Vycke Yunivita
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rovina Ruslami
- Division of Pharmacology and Therapy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
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Abdallah YEH, Chahal S, Jamali F, Mahmoud SH. Drug-disease interaction: Clinical consequences of inflammation on drugs action and disposition. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2023; 26:11137. [PMID: 36942294 PMCID: PMC9990632 DOI: 10.3389/jpps.2023.11137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is a culprit in many conditions affecting millions of people worldwide. A plethora of studies has revealed that inflammation and inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines are associated with altered expression and activity of various proteins such as those involved in drug metabolism, specifically cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs). Emphasis of most available reports is on the inflammation-induced downregulation of CYPs, subsequently an increase in their substrate concentrations, and the link between the condition and the inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. However, reports also suggest that inflammation influences expression and/or activity of other proteins such as those involved in the drug-receptor interaction. These multifaced involvements render the clinical consequence of the inflammation unexpected. Such changes are shown in many inflammatory conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, acute respiratory illnesses as well as natural processes such as aging, among others. For example, some commonly used cardiovascular drugs lose their efficacy when patients get afflicted with inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn's disease. Interestingly, this is despite increased concentration subsequent to reduced clearance. The observation is attributed to a simultaneous reduction in the expression of target receptor proteins such as the calcium and potassium channel and β-adrenergic receptor as well as the metabolic enzymes. This narrative review summarizes the current understanding and clinical implications of the inflammatory effects on both CYPs and drug-receptor target proteins.
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28
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Løkka G, Dhanasiri AKS, Krogdahl Å, Kortner TM. Bile components affect the functions and transcriptome of the rainbow trout intestinal epithelial cell line RTgutGC. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:1144-1156. [PMID: 36444097 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concomitant increase in cultivation of fish and decrease in supply of marine ingredients, have greatly increased the demand for new nutrient sources. This also regards so-called functional ingredients which may benefit health and welfare of the fish. In vitro cell line-based intestinal epithelial barrier models may serve as tools for narrowing down the broad range of ingredient options, to identify the most promising candidates before in vivo feeding trials are run. In vivo, differentiation of the various epithelial cells in the fish intestine, from the multipotent stem cells, takes place in the presence of a variety of substances from dietary and endogenous origin. Among these, bile salts have recently received attention as regulators of epithelial function in health and disease but have not, until now, been included in the medium when culturing fish gut epithelial cells in vitro. As bile salts are present at high levels in the chyme of the fish intestine, in particular in salmon and rainbow trout, mostly as taurocholate (>90%), their role for effects of diet ingredients on the in vitro gut cell model should be understood. With this study, we wanted to investigate whether inclusion of bile from rainbow trout or pure taurocholate in the culture media would modulate functions of the RTgutGC epithelial cells. Here, we demonstrated that the rainbow trout intestinal epithelial cell line RTgutGC responded significantly to the presence of bile components. Treatment with rainbow trout bile taken from the gall bladder (RTbile) or pure taurocholate (TC) at taurocholate concentrations of ≤0.5 mg/mL retained normal cell morphology, cell viability as in cell oxidation-reduction metabolic activity and membrane integrity, and barrier features, while high concentrations of bile salts (≥1 mg/mL) were cytotoxic to the cells. After long-term (4 days) bile treatment, transcriptome responses showed how bile salts play important roles in intestinal epithelial cell metabolism. qPCR data demonstrated that barrier function genes, brush border enzyme genes and immune genes were significantly affected. Although similar trends were seen, treatment with bile salt as a component of rainbow trout bile or pure taurocholate, induced somewhat different effects. In conclusion, this study clearly indicates that bile salts should be included in the cell medium when running in vitro studies of gut cell functions, not at least immune functions, preferably at the level of ∼0.5 mg/mL supplemented as pure taurocholate to ensure reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guro Løkka
- Nutrition and Health Unit, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Anusha K S Dhanasiri
- Nutrition and Health Unit, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Åshild Krogdahl
- Nutrition and Health Unit, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Trond M Kortner
- Nutrition and Health Unit, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
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29
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Niu X, Wu T, Yin Q, Gu X, Li G, Zhou C, Ma M, Su L, Tang S, Tian Y, Yang M, Cui H. Combination of Paclitaxel and PXR Antagonist SPA70 Reverses Paclitaxel-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:3094. [PMID: 36231056 PMCID: PMC9563422 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel (PTX) is one of the most efficient drugs for late-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, most patients gradually develop resistance to PTX with long-term treatments. The identification of new strategies to reverse PTX resistance in NSCLC is crucially important for the treatment. PTX is an agonist for the pregnane X receptor (PXR) which regulates PTX metabolism. Antagonizing PXR, therefore, may render the NSCLC more sensitive to the PTX treatment. In this study, we investigated the PXR antagonist SPA70 and its role in PTX treatment of NSCLC. In vitro, SPA70 and PTX synergistically inhibited cell growth, migration and invasion in both paclitaxel-sensitive and paclitaxel-resistant A549 and H460 lung cancer cells. Mechanistically, we found PTX and SPA70 cotreatment disassociated PXR from ABCB1 (MDR1, P-gp) promoter, thus inhibiting P-gp expression. Furthermore, the combination regimen synergistically enhanced the interaction between PXR and Tip60, which abrogated Tip60-mediated α-tubulin acetylation, leading to mitosis defect, S-phase arrest and necroptosis/apoptosis. Combination of PXT and SPA70 dramatically inhibited tumor growth in a paclitaxel-resistant A549/TR xenograft tumor model. Taken together, we showed that SPA70 reduced the paclitaxel resistance of NSCLC. The combination regimen of PTX and SPA70 could be potential novel candidates for the treatment of taxane-resistant lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Niu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qishuang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Gege Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Changlong Zhou
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shu Tang
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Yanan Tian
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hongmei Cui
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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30
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Allosteric Antagonism of the Pregnane X Receptor (PXR): Current-State-of-the-Art and Prediction of Novel Allosteric Sites. Cells 2022; 11:cells11192974. [PMID: 36230936 PMCID: PMC9563780 DOI: 10.3390/cells11192974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a xenobiotic-activated transcription factor with high levels of expression in the liver. It not only plays a key role in drug metabolism and elimination, but also promotes tumor growth, drug resistance, and metabolic diseases. It has been proposed as a therapeutic target for type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease, and PXR antagonists have recently been considered as a therapy for colon cancer. There are currently no PXR antagonists that can be used in a clinical setting. Nevertheless, due to the large and complex ligand-binding pocket (LBP) of the PXR, it is challenging to discover PXR antagonists at the orthosteric site. Alternative ligand binding sites of the PXR have also been proposed and are currently being studied. Recently, the AF-2 allosteric binding site of the PXR has been identified, with several compounds modulating the site discovered. Herein, we aimed to summarize our current knowledge of allosteric modulation of the PXR as well as our attempt to unlock novel allosteric sites. We describe the novel binding function 3 (BF-3) site of PXR, which is also common for other nuclear receptors. In addition, we also mention a novel allosteric site III based on in silico prediction. The identified allosteric sites of the PXR provide new insights into the development of safe and efficient allosteric modulators of the PXR receptor. We therefore propose that novel PXR allosteric sites might be promising targets for treating chronic metabolic diseases and some cancers.
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31
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Attema B, Janssen AW, Rijkers D, van Schothorst EM, Hooiveld GJ, Kersten S. Exposure to low-dose perfluorooctanoic acid promotes hepatic steatosis and disrupts the hepatic transcriptome in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101602. [PMID: 36115532 PMCID: PMC9526138 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made chemicals with demonstrated endocrine-disrupting properties. Exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been linked to disturbed metabolism via the liver, although the exact mechanism is not clear. Moreover, information on the metabolic effects of the new PFAS alternative GenX is limited. We examined whether exposure to low-dose PFOA and GenX induces metabolic disturbances in mice, including NAFLD, dyslipidemia, and glucose tolerance, and studied the involvement of PPARα. METHODS Male C57BL/6J wildtype and PPARα-/- mice were given 0.05 or 0.3 mg/kg body weight/day PFOA, or 0.3 mg/kg body weight/day GenX while being fed a high-fat diet for 20 weeks. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed after 18 and 19 weeks. Plasma metabolite levels were measured next to a detailed assessment of the liver phenotype, including lipid content and RNA sequencing. RESULTS Exposure to high-dose PFOA decreased body weight and increased liver weight in wildtype and PPARα-/- mice. High-dose but not low-dose PFOA reduced plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, which for triglycerides was dependent on PPARα. PFOA and GenX increased hepatic triglycerides in a PPARα-dependent manner. RNA sequencing showed that the effects of GenX on hepatic gene expression were entirely dependent on PPARα, while the effects of PFOA were mostly dependent on PPARα. In the absence of PPARα, the involvement of PXR and CAR became more prominent. CONCLUSION Overall, we show that long-term and low-dose exposure to PFOA and GenX disrupts hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Whereas the effects of PFOA are mediated by multiple nuclear receptors, the effects of GenX are entirely mediated by PPARα. Our data underscore the potential of PFAS to disrupt metabolism by altering signaling pathways in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Attema
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Guido J.E.J. Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, the Netherlands,Corresponding author. Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands.
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32
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Bone C, Squires EJ. Nuclear Receptor Pathways Mediating the Development of Boar Taint. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12090785. [PMID: 36144190 PMCID: PMC9503508 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12090785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptors PXR, CAR, and FXR are activated by various ligands and function as transcription factors to control the expression of genes that regulate the synthesis and metabolism of androstenone and skatole. These compounds are produced in entire male pigs and accumulate in the fat to cause the development of a meat quality issue known as boar taint. The extent of this accumulation is influenced by the synthesis and hepatic clearance of androstenone and skatole. For this reason, PXR, CAR, and FXR-mediated signaling pathways have garnered interest as potential targets for specialized treatments designed to reduce the development of boar taint. Recent research has also identified several metabolites produced by gut microbes that act as ligands for these nuclear receptors (e.g., tryptophan metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, bile acids); however, the connection between the gut microbiome and boar taint development is not clear. In this review, we describe the nuclear receptor signaling pathways that regulate the synthesis and metabolism of boar taint compounds and outline the genes involved. We also discuss several microbial-derived metabolites and dietary additives that are known or suspected nuclear receptor ligands and suggest how these compounds could be used to develop novel treatments for boar taint.
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Burns DM, He C, Li YL, Zhuo J, Qian DQ, Chen L, Jalluri R, Diamond S, Covington MB, Li Y, Wynn R, Scherle P, Yeleswaram S, Hollis G, Friedman S, Metcalf B, Yao W. Discovery of a novel 2-spiroproline steroid mimetic scaffold for the potent inhibition of 11β-HSD1. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 73:128884. [PMID: 35835377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11β-HSD1) has been identified as the primary enzyme responsible for the activation of hepatic cortisone to cortisol in specific peripheral tissues, resulting in the concomitant antagonism of insulin action within these tissues. Dysregulation of 11β-HSD1, particularly in adipose tissues, has been associated with a variety of ailments including metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, inhibition of 11β-HSD1 with a small nonsteroidal molecule is therapeutically desirable. Implementation of a scaffold-hopping approach revealed a 3-point pharmacophore for 11β-HSD1 that was utilized to design a 2-spiroproline derivative as a steroid mimetic scaffold. Reiterative optimization provided valuable insight into the bioactive conformation of our novel scaffold and led to the discovery of several leads, such as compounds 39 and 51. Importantly, deleterious hERG inhibition and pregnane X receptor induction were mitigated by the introduction of a 4-hydroxyl group to the proline ring system.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Burns
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA.
| | - Chunhong He
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | | | - Jincong Zhuo
- Prelude Therapeutics, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Ding-Quan Qian
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | | | | | - Sharon Diamond
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | | | - Yanlong Li
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
| | | | - Peggy Scherle
- Prelude Therapeutics, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
| | - Swamy Yeleswaram
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19880, USA
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Zhang L, Yan J, Liu J, Meng C, Liu F, Xia C. Panaxytriol upregulates CYP3A4 expression based on the interaction of PXR, CAR, HSP90α, and RXRα. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 101:154097. [PMID: 35417848 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is one of the most important drug-metabolizing enzymes in the human body, mainly existing in the liver, small intestine, and kidney. Panaxytriol is one of the key active components in red ginseng and Shenmai injection. Our previous study demonstrated that panaxytriol regulates CYP3A4 expression mainly by activating pregnancy X receptor (PXR). At a high concentration of panaxytriol (80 μM), the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) is also involved in the upregulation of CYP3A4. PURPOSE This study investigated how the cofactors heat shock protein 90 alpha (HSP90α) and retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) interact with PXR and CAR to participate in the regulation of CYP3A4 by panaxytriol from the perspective of the PXR and CAR interaction. METHODS The mRNA and protein expressions of PXR, CAR, CYP3A4, RXRα, and HSP90α in HepG2 cells and Huh-7 cells were detected by quantitative PCR and western blot analysis, respectively. The binding levels of PXR and CAR to RXRα and HSP90α were determined by co-immunoprecipitation analysis. The nuclear translocation of PXR and RXRα into HepG2 cells and human (hCAR)-silenced HepG2 cells were measured by immunofluorescence. RESULTS In HepG2 cells and Huh-7 cells, panaxytriol (10-80 μM) upregulated CYP3A4 expression in a concentration-dependent manner by decreasing PXR binding to HSP90α and increasing PXR binding to RXRα. When hCAR was silenced, panaxytriol further enhanced CYP3A4 expression by strengthening PXR binding to RXRα, but it had no significant effect on the binding level of PXR and HSP90α. Additionally, at the high concentration of 80 μM panaxytriol, CAR binding to HSP90α was weakened while binding to RXRα was enhanced. CONCLUSION Panaxytriol can upregulate CYP3A4 expression by promoting PXR dissociation from HSP90α and enhancing PXR binding to RXRα in HepG2 cells and Huh-7 cells. At high concentrations of panaxytriol, CAR also participates in the induction of CYP3A4 through a similar mechanism. However, in general, CAR antagonizes PXR binding to RXRα, thereby attenuating the upregulation of CYP3A4 by panaxytriol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingming Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Jingdi Yan
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Chao Meng
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Fanglan Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang 330006, PR China
| | - Chunhua Xia
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Nanchang University, Bayi Road 461, Nanchang 330006, PR China.
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Bautista-Olivier CD, Elizondo G. PXR as the tipping point between innate immune response, microbial infections, and drug metabolism. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115147. [PMID: 35714683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a xenosensor that acts as a transcription factor in the cell nucleus to protect cells from toxic insults. In response to exposure to several chemical agents, PXR induces the expression of enzymes and drug transporters that biotransform xenobiotic and endobiotic and eliminate metabolites. Recently, PXR has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects that involve cross-communication with molecular pathways in innate immunity cells. Conversely, several inflammatory factors regulate PXR signaling. This review examines the crosstalk between PXR and nuclear factor kappa B (NFkB), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and inflammasome components. Discussions of the consequences of these interactions on immune responses to infections caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites are included together with a review of the effects of microorganisms on PXR-associated drug metabolism. This paper aims to encourage researchers to pursue studies that will better elucidate the relationship between PXR and the immune system and thus inform treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guillermo Elizondo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, CINVESTAV-IPN, Av. IPN 2508, C.P. 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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36
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How to avoid misinterpretation of dual reporter gene assay data affected by cell damage. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:2501-2510. [PMID: 35678845 PMCID: PMC9325833 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The activity of nuclear receptors (e.g., pregnane x receptor, PXR) can be assessed by luminescence-based dual reporter gene assays. Under most conditions, receptor-activated firefly luminescence is normalized to Renilla luminescence, which is triggered by a constitutively active promoter. Simultaneous damage to the cells can however disrupt these signals and thus impair the interpretation of the data. Consequently, this study addressed three important aspects: First, idealized models were described, each highlighting crucial characteristics and important pitfalls of dual PXR reporter gene assays used to evaluate PXR activation or inhibition. Second, these models were supported by experimental data obtained with a strong PXR activator (rifampicin) with low cytotoxicity, a PXR activator with high cytotoxicity (dovitinib), a proposed PXR inhibitor that reportedly has no toxic effects (triptolide), and a cytotoxic control (oxaliplatin). Data were evaluated for relative PXR activity data, individual firefly or Renilla luminescence, and anti-proliferative effects of the compounds (assessed by crystal violet staining). Finally, a step-by-step guide is proposed to avoid misleading set-up of the assay or misinterpretation of the data obtained. Key considerations here include (1) omission of drug concentrations beyond 10–20% proliferation inhibition; (2) observation of Renilla luminescence, because this tends to indicate ‘false PXR activation’ when it inexplicably decreases; (3) parallel decrease of relative PXR activity and proliferation below baseline levels in conjunction with a sharp decrease in Renilla luminescence indicates ‘false PXR antagonism’; (4) non-sigmoidal relationships suggest the absence of concentration dependency.
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37
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Sakellakis M. Orphan receptors in prostate cancer. Prostate 2022; 82:1016-1024. [PMID: 35538397 DOI: 10.1002/pros.24370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The identification of new cellular receptors has been increasing rapidly. A receptor is called "orphan" if an endogenous ligand has not been identified yet. METHODS Here we review receptors that contribute to prostate cancer and are considered orphan or partially orphan. This means that the full spectrum of their endogenous ligands remains unknown. RESULTS The orphan receptors are divided into two major families. The first group includes G protein-coupled receptors. Most are orphan olfactory receptors. OR51E1 inhibits cell proliferation and induces senescence in prostate cancer. OR51E2 inhibits prostate cancer growth, but promotes invasiveness and metastasis. GPR158, GPR110, and GPCR-X play significant roles in prostate cancer development and progression. However, GPR160 induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The other major subset of orphan receptors are nuclear receptors. Receptor-related orphan receptor α (RORα) inhibits tumor growth, but RORγ stimulates androgen receptor signaling. PXR contributes to metabolic deactivation of androgens and inhibits cell proliferation. TLX has protumorigenic effects in prostate cancer, while its knockdown triggers cellular senescence and growth arrest. Estrogen-related receptor ERRγ can inhibit tumor growth but ERRα is protumorigenic. Dax1 and short heterodimeric partner are also inhibitory in prostate cancer. CONCLUSION There is a "zoo" of relatively underappreciated orphan receptors that play key roles in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minas Sakellakis
- Fourth Oncology Department and Comprehensive Clinical Trials Center, Metropolitan Hospital, Athens, Greece
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38
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Liu P, Jiang L, Kong W, Xie Q, Li P, Liu X, Zhang J, Liu M, Wang Z, Zhu L, Yang H, Zhou Y, Zou J, Liu X, Liu L. PXR activation impairs hepatic glucose metabolism partly via inhibiting the HNF4 α-GLUT2 pathway. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:2391-2405. [PMID: 35646519 PMCID: PMC9136535 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced hyperglycemia/diabetes is a global issue. Some drugs induce hyperglycemia by activating the pregnane X receptor (PXR), but the mechanism is unclear. Here, we report that PXR activation induces hyperglycemia by impairing hepatic glucose metabolism due to inhibition of the hepatocyte nuclear factor 4-alpha (HNF4α)‒glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) pathway. The PXR agonists atorvastatin and rifampicin significantly downregulated GLUT2 and HNF4α expression, and impaired glucose uptake and utilization in HepG2 cells. Overexpression of PXR downregulated GLUT2 and HNF4α expression, while silencing PXR upregulated HNF4α and GLUT2 expression. Silencing HNF4α decreased GLUT2 expression, while overexpressing HNF4α increased GLUT2 expression and glucose uptake. Silencing PXR or overexpressing HNF4α reversed the atorvastatin-induced decrease in GLUT2 expression and glucose uptake. In human primary hepatocytes, atorvastatin downregulated GLUT2 and HNF4α mRNA expression, which could be attenuated by silencing PXR. Silencing HNF4α downregulated GLUT2 mRNA expression. These findings were reproduced with mouse primary hepatocytes. Hnf4α plasmid increased Slc2a2 promoter activity. Hnf4α silencing or pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile (PCN) suppressed the Slc2a2 promoter activity by decreasing HNF4α recruitment to the Slc2a2 promoter. Liver-specific Hnf4α deletion and PCN impaired glucose tolerance and hepatic glucose uptake, and decreased the expression of hepatic HNF4α and GLUT2. In conclusion, PXR activation impaired hepatic glucose metabolism partly by inhibiting the HNF4α‒GLUT2 pathway. These results highlight the molecular mechanisms by which PXR activators induce hyperglycemia/diabetes.
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39
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Pavek P, Dusek J, Smutny T, Lochman L, Kucera R, Skoda J, Smutna L, Kamaraj R, Soucek P, Vrzal R, Dvorak Z. Gene expression profiling of 1α,25(OH)
2
D
3
treatment in 2D/3D human hepatocyte models reveals CYP3A4 induction but minor changes in other xenobiotic‐metabolizing genes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2022; 66:e2200070. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dusek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Smutny
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Lochman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kucera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Josef Skoda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Smutna
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Rajamanikkam Kamaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove Charles University Hradec Kralove Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Soucek
- Toxicogenomics Unit National Institute of Public Health Prague Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics Biomedical Center Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen Charles University Pilsen Czech Republic
| | - Radim Vrzal
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics Faculty of Science Palacky University Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics Faculty of Science Palacky University Olomouc Czech Republic
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40
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Yoshinari K, Shizu R. Distinct roles of the sister nuclear receptors PXR and CAR in liver cancer development. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:1019-1026. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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41
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Yurchenko V, Morozov A. Responses of hepatic biotransformation and antioxidant enzymes in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to humic acid. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2022; 48:1-13. [PMID: 34816351 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-01034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Humic substances, a major component of natural organic matter in surface waters, can induce biotransformation enzyme activities and influence antioxidant defense in fish. The study aimed to provide a molecular basis for the stress responses, the synthesis of biotransformation, and antioxidant enzymes in particular. Adult medaka fish (Hd-rR strain) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of humic acid for 96 h. The actual humic acid concentrations in water were determined photometrically and expressed as organic carbon concentrations. Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry was used for protein profile analysis of medaka liver samples. The relative amount of isozymes was determined using the label-free quantification approach. Hepatic biotransformation enzyme activities were measured as well. Thus, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity showed a pronounced induction at the highest tested concentration (9.4 mg C/L). Various biotransformation and antioxidant isozymes responded to humic acid differently, reflecting a balanced interplay of proteins that ensures the metabolism of humic acid in fish liver. Some isozymes were not affected by humic acid. The study provides new insight into the molecular mechanisms of the fish stress response to the humic acid-related challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Yurchenko
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia.
| | - Alexey Morozov
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
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42
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Niu X, Wu T, Li G, Gu X, Tian Y, Cui H. Insights into the critical role of the PXR in preventing carcinogenesis and chemotherapeutic drug resistance. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:742-759. [PMID: 35002522 PMCID: PMC8741843 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.68724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnane x receptor (PXR) as a nuclear receptor is well-established in drug metabolism, however, it has pleiotropic functions in regulating inflammatory responses, glucose metabolism, and protects normal cells against carcinogenesis. Most studies focus on its transcriptional regulation, however, PXR can regulate gene expression at the translational level. Emerging evidences have shown that PXR has a broad protein-protein interaction network, by which is implicated in the cross signaling pathways. Furthermore, the interactions between PXR and some critical proteins (e.g., p53, Tip60, p300/CBP-associated factor) in DNA damage pathway highlight its potential roles in this field. A thorough understanding of how PXR maintains genome stability and prevents carcinogenesis will help clinical diagnosis and finally benefit patients. Meanwhile, due to the regulation of CYP450 enzymes CYP3A4 and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), PXR contributes to chemotherapeutic drug resistance. It is worthy of note that the co-factor of PXR such as RXRα, also has contributions to this process, which makes the PXR-mediated drug resistance more complicated. Although single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) vary between individuals, the amino acid substitution on exon of PXR finally affects PXR transcriptional activity. In this review, we have summarized the updated mechanisms that PXR protects the human body against carcinogenesis, and major contributions of PXR with its co-factors have made on multidrug resistance. Furthermore, we have also reviewed the current promising antagonist and their clinic applications in reversing chemoresistance. We believe our review will bring insight into PXR-targeted cancer therapy, enlighten the future study direction, and provide substantial evidence for the clinic in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Niu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gege Li
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, China
| | - Yanan Tian
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, USA
| | - Hongmei Cui
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
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Vanderhaeghen T, Timmermans S, Watts D, Paakinaho V, Eggermont M, Vandewalle J, Wallaeys C, Van Wyngene L, Van Looveren K, Nuyttens L, Dewaele S, Vanden Berghe J, Lemeire K, De Backer J, Dirkx L, Vanden Berghe W, Caljon G, Ghesquière B, De Bosscher K, Wielockx B, Palvimo JJ, Beyaert R, Libert C. Reprogramming of glucocorticoid receptor function by hypoxia. EMBO Rep 2022; 23:e53083. [PMID: 34699114 PMCID: PMC8728616 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202153083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigate the impact of hypoxia on the hepatic response of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) to dexamethasone (DEX) in mice via RNA-sequencing. Hypoxia causes three types of reprogramming of GR: (i) much weaker induction of classical GR-responsive genes by DEX in hypoxia, (ii) a number of genes is induced by DEX specifically in hypoxia, and (iii) hypoxia induces a group of genes via activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Transcriptional profiles are reflected by changed GR DNA-binding as measured by ChIP sequencing. The HPA axis is induced by hypothalamic HIF1α and HIF2α activation and leads to GR-dependent lipolysis and ketogenesis. Acute inflammation, induced by lipopolysaccharide, is prevented by DEX in normoxia but not during hypoxia, and this is attributed to HPA axis activation by hypoxia. We unfold new physiological pathways that have consequences for patients suffering from GC resistance.
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The Nuclear Receptor PXR in Chronic Liver Disease. Cells 2021; 11:cells11010061. [PMID: 35011625 PMCID: PMC8750019 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR), a nuclear receptor known for modulating the transcription of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters (DMETs), such as cytochrome P450 3A4 and P-glycoprotein, is functionally involved in chronic liver diseases of different etiologies. Furthermore, PXR activity relates to that of other NRs, such as constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), through a crosstalk that in turn orchestrates a complex network of responses. Thus, besides regulating DMETs, PXR signaling is involved in both liver damage progression and repair and in the neoplastic transition to hepatocellular carcinoma. We here summarize the present knowledge about PXR expression and function in chronic liver diseases characterized by different etiologies and clinical outcome, focusing on the molecular pathways involved in PXR activity. Although many molecular details of these finely tuned networks still need to be fully understood, we conclude that PXR and its modulation could represent a promising pharmacological target for the identification of novel therapeutical approaches to chronic liver diseases.
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Bergström H, Lindahl A, Warnqvist A, Diczfalusy U, Ekström L, Björkhem‐Bergman L. Studies on CYP3A activity during the menstrual cycle as measured by urinary 6β-hydroxycortisol/cortisol. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 9:e00884. [PMID: 34664787 PMCID: PMC8525181 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6β-OH-cortisol/cortisol ratio (6β-OHC/C) in urine is an endogenous marker of drug-metabolizing enzyme cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A). The primary aim of this single center, prospective, non-interventional cohort study, was to investigate the variability of 6β-OHC/C during the menstrual cycle. In addition, possible associations between the CYP3A activity and sex hormones, gut microbiota metabolite trimethylamine-N-Oxide (TMAO) and microRNA-27b, respectively, were investigated. Serum and urinary samples from healthy, regularly menstruating women followed for two menstrual cycles were analyzed. Twenty-six complete menstrual cycles including follicular, ovulatory, and luteal phase were defined based on hormone analyses in serum. 6β-OHC/C were analyzed in urine and sex hormones, TMAO and miRNA-27b were analyzed in serum at the same time points. 6β-OHC/C did not vary between the follicular, ovulatory, or luteal phases. There was a difference in the relative miRNA-27b expression between the follicular and ovulatory phase (p = .03). A significant association was found between 6β-OHC/C and progesterone during the follicular (p = .005) and ovulatory (p = .01) phases (n = 26 for each phase). In addition, a significant association was found between the ratio and TMAO during the ovulatory (p = .02) and luteal (p = .002) phases. 6β-OHC/C and gut microbiota TMAO were significantly associated (p = .003) when evaluating all values, for all phases (n = 78). Interestingly, the finding of an association between 6β-OHC/C in urine and levels of TMAO in serum suggest that gut microbiota may affect CYP3A activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bergström
- Department of NeurobiologyCare Sciences and Society (NVS)Division of Clinical GeriatricsKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
| | - Anna Lindahl
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Warnqvist
- Department of Environmental MedicineDivision of BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Ulf Diczfalusy
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Clinical ChemistryKarolinska University LaboratoryKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory MedicineDivision of Clinical PharmacologyKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Linda Björkhem‐Bergman
- Department of NeurobiologyCare Sciences and Society (NVS)Division of Clinical GeriatricsKarolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
- Department of Palliative MedicineStockholms SjukhemStockholmSweden
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Duan Y, Bai X, Yang J, Zhou Y, Gu W, Liu G, Wang Q, Zhu J, La L, Li X. Exposure to High-Altitude Environment is Associated with Drug Transporters Change: miR-873-5p-Mediated Alteration of Function and Expression Levels of Drug Transporters under Hypoxia. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:174-186. [PMID: 34844996 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is the main characteristic of a high-altitude environment, affect ing drug metabolism. However, so far, the mechanism of miRNA involved in the regulation of drug metabolism and transporters under high-altitude hypoxia is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the function s and expression levels of multidrug resistance protein 1 ( MDR1 ), m ultidrug resistance-associated protein 2 ( MRP2 ), breast cancer resistance protein ( BCRP ) , peptide transport 1 (PEPT1), and organic anion-transporting polypeptides 2B1 (OATP2B1) in rats and Caco-2 cells after exposure to high - altitude hypoxia. The protein and mRNA expression of MDR1 , MRP2, BCRP, PEPT1, and OATP2B1 were determined by Western blot and qPCR. The function s of MDR1 , MRP2, BCRP, PEPT1, and OATP2B1 were evaluated by determining the effective intestinal permeability and a bsorption rate constants of their specific substrates in rats under high-altitude hypoxia , and uptake and transport studies were performed on Caco-2 cells . To screen the miRNA associated with hypoxia, Caco-2 cells were examined by high throughput sequencing . We observed that the miR-873-5p was significantly decreased under hypoxia and might target MDR1 and pregnane X receptor ( PXR). To clarify whether miR-873-5p regulates MDR1 and pregnane X receptor (PXR) under hypoxia, Caco-2 cells were transfected with mimics or inhibitors of miR-873-5p and negative control (NC). The function and expression of drug transporters were found to be significantly increased in rats and Caco-2 cells under hypoxia. We found that miR-873-5p regulated MDR1 and PXR expression. Herein, it is shown that miRNA may affect the expression of drug transporter and nuclear receptor under hypoxia. Significance Statement This study explores if alterations to the microRNAs, induced by high-altitude hypoxia, can be translated to altered drug transporters. Among miRNAs, which show a significant change in a hypoxic environment, miR-873-5p can act on the MDR1 gene; however, there are multiple miRNAs that can act on the PXR. We speculate that the miRNA-PXR-Drug transporter axis is important in the physiological disposition of drugs. The results of this study are anticipated to be helpful for rational pharmaceutical use in high - altitude environments .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Duan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy,, Qinghai University Affiliated Hospital, China
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Rogers RS, Parker A, Vainer PD, Elliott E, Sudbeck D, Parimi K, Peddada VP, Howe PG, D’Ambrosio N, Ruddy G, Stackable K, Carney M, Martin L, Osterholt T, Staudinger JL. The Interface between Cell Signaling Pathways and Pregnane X Receptor. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113262. [PMID: 34831484 PMCID: PMC8617909 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly expressed in the enterohepatic system, pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a well-characterized nuclear receptor (NR) that regulates the expression of genes in the liver and intestines that encode key drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporter proteins in mammals. The net effect of PXR activation is to increase metabolism and clear drugs and xenobiotics from the body, producing a protective effect and mediating clinically significant drug interaction in patients on combination therapy. The complete understanding of PXR biology is thus important for the development of safe and effective therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, PXR activation is now known to specifically transrepress the inflammatory- and nutrient-signaling pathways of gene expression, thereby providing a mechanism for linking these signaling pathways together with enzymatic drug biotransformation pathways in the liver and intestines. Recent research efforts highlight numerous post-translational modifications (PTMs) which significantly influence the biological function of PXR. However, this thrust of research is still in its infancy. In the context of gene-environment interactions, we present a review of the recent literature that implicates PXR PTMs in regulating its clinically relevant biology. We also provide a discussion of how these PTMs likely interface with each other to respond to extracellular cues to appropriately modify PXR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Rogers
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Annemarie Parker
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Phill D. Vainer
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Elijah Elliott
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Dakota Sudbeck
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Kaushal Parimi
- Thomas Jefferson Independent Day School, Joplin, MO 64801, USA;
| | - Venkata P. Peddada
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Parker G. Howe
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Nick D’Ambrosio
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Gregory Ruddy
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Kaitlin Stackable
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Megan Carney
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Lauren Martin
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Thomas Osterholt
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Jeff L. Staudinger
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
- Correspondence:
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Zhang J, Pavek P, Kamaraj R, Ren L, Zhang T. Dietary phytochemicals as modulators of human pregnane X receptor. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-23. [PMID: 34698593 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1995322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
As a promiscuous xenobiotic sensor, pregnane X receptor (PXR) plays a crucial role in drug metabolism. Since dietary phytochemicals exhibit the potential to modulate human PXR, this review aims to summarize the plant-derived PXR modulators, including agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists. The crystal structures of the apo and ligand-bound forms of PXR especially that of PXR complexed with binary mixtures are summarized, in order to provide the structural basis for PXR binding promiscuity and synergistic activation of PXR by composite ligands. Furthermore, this review summarizes the characterized agonists, partial agonists, and antagonists of human PXR from botanical source. Contrary to PXR agonists, there are only a few antagonists obtained from botanical source due to the promiscuity of PXR. It is worth noting that trans-resveratrol and a series of methylindoles have been identified as partial agonists of PXR, both in activating PXR function, but also inhibiting the effect of other PXR agonists. Since antagonizing PXR function plays a crucial role in the prevention of drug-drug interactions and improvement of therapeutic efficacy, further research is necessary to screen more plant-derived PXR antagonists in the future. In summary, this review may contribute to understanding the roles of phytochemicals in food-drug and herb-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Petr Pavek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rajamanikkam Kamaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Li Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiehua Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ramanjulu JM, Williams SP, Lakdawala AS, DeMartino MP, Lan Y, Marquis RW. Overcoming the Pregnane X Receptor Liability: Rational Design to Eliminate PXR-Mediated CYP Induction. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1396-1404. [PMID: 34531948 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The pregnane X receptor (PXR) regulates expression of proteins responsible for all three phases required for the detoxification mechanism, which include CYP450 enzymes, phase II enzymes, and multidrug efflux pumps. Therefore, PXR is a prominent receptor that is responsible for xenobiotic excretion and drug-drug interactions. Pyrimidinone 1 is an antagonist of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) and a strong activator of PXR. Repeat oral administration revealed diminished exposures over time, which prohibited further progression. A medicinal chemistry campaign was initiated to understand and abolish activation of PXR in order to increase systemic exposures. Rational structure-activity relationship investigations utilizing cocrystal structures and a de novo pharmacophore model resulted in compounds devoid of PXR activation. These studies culminated in the first orally active CaSR antagonist 8 suitable for progression. Cocrystallography, the pharmacophore model employed, and additional observations reported herein supported rational elimination of PXR activation and have applicability across diverse chemical classes to help erase PXR-driven drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshi M. Ramanjulu
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Shawn P. Williams
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Ami S. Lakdawala
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Michael P. DeMartino
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Yunfeng Lan
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
| | - Robert W. Marquis
- GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 South Collegeville Road, Collegeville, Pennsylvania 19426, United States
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50
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Sultana H, Komai M, Shirakawa H. The Role of Vitamin K in Cholestatic Liver Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082515. [PMID: 34444675 PMCID: PMC8400302 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K (VK) is a ligand of the pregnane X receptor (PXR), which plays a critical role in the detoxification of xenobiotics and metabolism of bile acids. VK1 may reduce the risk of death in patients with chronic liver failure. VK deficiency is associated with intrahepatic cholestasis, and is already being used as a drug for cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis in China. In Japan, to treat osteoporosis in patients with primary biliary cholangitis, VK2 formulations are prescribed, along with vitamin D3. Animal studies have revealed that after bile duct ligation-induced cholestasis, PXR knockout mice manifested more hepatic damage than wild-type mice. Ligand-mediated activation of PXR improves biochemical parameters. Rifampicin is a well-known human PXR ligand that has been used to treat intractable pruritus in severe cholestasis. In addition to its anti-cholestatic properties, PXR has anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects. However, because of the scarcity of animal studies, the mechanism of the effect of VK on cholestasis-related liver disease has not yet been revealed. Moreover, the application of VK in cholestasis-related diseases is controversial. Considering this background, the present review focuses on the effect of VK in cholestasis-related diseases, emphasizing its function as a modulator of PXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima Sultana
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (H.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Michio Komai
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (H.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan; (H.S.); (M.K.)
- International Education and Research Center for Food Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 468-1 Aramaki Aza Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-22-757-4402
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