Berberine: Botanical Occurrence, Traditional Uses, Extraction Methods, and Relevance in Cardiovascular, Metabolic, Hepatic, and Renal Disorders

Andean medicinal plants and their secondary metabolites: Connections between Aymara traditional medicine and modern pharmacology

This review examines Aymara traditional medicine, which is deeply rooted in cultural perceptions of health and disease, and its utilization of medicinal plants rich in secondary metabolites-such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins-to support immune function, emphasizing the synergy between ancestral knowledge and modern scientific research. Adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, this review incorporates empirical studies from 2013 to 2024 on secondary metabolites and Aymara medicine, with a focus on the immunomodulatory effects of plants, while excluding non-indexed or irrelevant studies. Potential limitations include publication bias and reliance on secondary data. Three key plant genera-Azorella, Centaurium, and Amaranthus-were identified for their traditional medicinal uses, highlighting their pharmacological benefits, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective effects. Specifically, xanthones, a class of secondary metabolites found in Centaurium, exhibit notable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, and cardioprotective properties, which support their traditional use in treating hypertension and related ailments. Centaurium spp. is characterized by its bioactive compounds (secoiridoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and xanthones), offering valuable immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, digestive, and antimicrobial properties recognized in both scientific and traditional Aymara medicine for treating diseases and maintaining physical and spiritual balance. Overall, the study of secondary metabolites in Andean medicinal plants like Azorella, Centaurium, and Amaranthus underscores their diverse bioactive compounds with pharmacological properties, highlighting the Aymara community's integration of traditional and modern medicine through holistic practices that promote health, balance, and resilience against disease, while emphasizing the potential of these practices to enhance contemporary healthcare.

Natural phytochemicals reverting M2 to M1 macrophages: A novel alternative leishmaniasis therapy

INTRODUCTION

Leishmaniasis is a tropical parasitic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania which remains a significant global health concern with diverse clinical manifestations. Transmitted through the bite of an infected sandfly, its progression depends on the interplay between the host immune response and the parasite. The disease outcome is linked to macrophage polarisation into M1 and M2 phenotypes. M1 macrophages are pro-inflammatory and promote parasite clearance, while M2 macrophages support tissue repair and parasite survival by facilitating promastigote entry and intracellular amastigote proliferation.

PURPOSE

The review focuses on discovering novel phytochemicals that exploit the immunomodulatory properties of macrophages, which can serve as an alternative antileishmanial treatments due to their diverse chemical structures and ability to modulate immune responses. It examines the immunomodulatory effects of phytochemicals that directly or indirectly promote antileishmanial activity by influencing macrophage polarisation and cytokine secretion. They can induce M1 macrophage polarisation to directly combat leishmaniasis or suppress M2 macrophages, thereby exerting indirect antileishmanial activity by influencing the release of M1-and M2-related cytokines.

RESULTS & DISCUSSION

Phytochemicals demonstrate antileishmanial effects through ROS production, M1 activation, and cytokine modulation. They regulate M1/M2-related cytokines and macrophage activity, influencing immune responses. Although their effects may be non-specific, targeted delivery strategies could overcome current therapeutic limitations, positioning phytochemicals as promising candidates for leishmaniasis treatment to counter the limitations of current medications.

A concise enzyme cascade enables the manufacture of natural and halogenated protoberberine alkaloids

The application and drug development of plant-derived natural products are often limited by their low abundance in medicinal plants and the lack of structural complexity and diversity. Herein, we design a concise enzyme cascade to efficiently produce natural and unnatural protoberberine alkaloids from cost-effective, readily available substrates. Through enzyme discovery and engineering, along with systematic optimization of the berberine bridge enzyme to address remaining manufacturing challenges in protoberberine alkaloid biosynthesis, the high production of drug Rotundine is achieved at an impressive gram-scale titer, demonstrating its industrial potential. More importantly, this cascade also enables the efficient biosynthesis of various unnatural halogenated protoberberine alkaloids. Thus, this work not only unlocks the potential of enzyme cascades in overcoming longstanding challenges in the efficient biosynthesis of plant-derived alkaloids, but also opens avenues to introduce structural complexity and diversity into alkaloids through synthetic biology, offering significant potential for drug development.

Transcriptome analysis of Berberine induced accelerated tail fin regeneration in Zebrafish larvae

Humans have limited capacity to regenerate lost tissues post injury. The ability to modulate regenerative repair of tissues offers possibilities for restoring loss of tissue (organ) structure and function. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae fin fold regeneration model is a simple system to study the process of regeneration and associated cellular mechanisms. Berberine, a plant alkaloid which is known to have wound healing properties shows potential to modulate regeneration. The present study aimed to explore the modulating influence of berberine on the signaling pathways involved in zebrafish larvae transected tail fin fold regeneration. Tail fin fold transection was performed on 3 dpf (days post fertilization) zebrafish larvae treated with Berberine (0.01%) and untreated control (System water (SW)). The larvae were observed under a microscope at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, hours post transection (hpt). RNA was extracted from Berberine treated and untreated (control) tail fin transected larvae at 4 hpt to perform RNA-seq analysis. PPI (protein-protein interaction) network, Shiny GO functional enrichment and topology analysis of DEGs (differentially expressed genes) was performed. Berberine treated larvae showed an accelerated regeneration growth in their transected tail fin by 4 hpt. Berberine induced accelerated regeneration is associated with the involvement of Insulin, IGF, stress response, jak-stat, cytokine, and cellular reprogramming signaling pathways as per RNA-seq analysis and String PPI network, and Shiny GO functional enrichment analysis of DEGs. Topological analysis using Cytohubba revealed tnfa, stat3, jak2b, igf1, jak1, hsp90aa1.1, stat1a, stat1b, bag3, hsp70, and fosl1a as the key Hub genes in the PPI network. The present study identifies the pathways and the Hub proteins involved in berberine induced accelerated regeneration process in zebrafish larvae.

Coptisine improves LPS-induced anxiety-like behaviors by regulating the Warburg effect in microglia via PKM2

Neuroinflammation mediated by microglia is considered the primary cause and pathological process of anxiety. Abnormal glycolysis of microglia is observed during microglia activation. However, whether regulating the Warburg effect in microglia can effectively intervene anxiety and its potential mechanisms have not been elucidated. This study focused on coptisine (Cop), a natural alkaloid that regulates the glycolysis and function of microglia affecting anxiety. The effects of Cop on anxiety-like behaviors, hippocampal synaptic function, and excessive activation of microglia were assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced mouse models of anxiety. Microglia expressing mutant pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) were used to further investigate the molecular mechanism by which Cop regulates the phenotype of microglia. neuroinflammatory is emerging Further research revealed that Cop attaches to the amino acid residue phenylalanine 26 of PKM2, shifting the dynamic equilibrium of PKM2 towards tetramers, and enhancing its pyruvate kinase activity. This interaction prevented LPS-induced Warburg effect and inactivated PKM2/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway in microglia. In conclusion, Cop attenuates anxiety by regulating the Warburg effect in microglia. Our work revealed the role of PKM2/(HIF-1α) pathway in anxiety for the first time. Importantly, the molecular mechanism by which Cop ameliorates anxiety-like behaviors is through modulation of the dimeric/tetrameric form of PKM2, indicating the usefulness of PKM2 as a key potential target for the treatment of anxiety.

Perspectives on Berberine and the Regulation of Gut Microbiota: As an Anti-Inflammatory Agent

Berberine is a promising agent for modulating the intestinal microbiota, playing a crucial role in human health homeostasis. This natural compound promotes the growth of beneficial bacteria such as Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, and Lactobacillus while reducing harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli. Clinical and preclinical studies demonstrate that Berberine helps regulate T2D and metabolic disorders, improves blood glucose levels during T2D, and reduces lipid profile and chronic inflammation, especially when combined with probiotics. Berberine represents a promising adjuvant therapy for inflammatory diseases, particularly intestinal disorders, due to its multifaceted actions of inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines and pathways during IBS, IBD, and UC and its modulation of gut microbiota and/or enhancement of the integrity of the intestinal epithelial barrier. This review establishes the basis for future treatment protocols with berberine and fully elucidates its mechanisms.

Caribbean medicinal plant Argemone mexicana L.: Metabolomic analysis and in vitro effect on the vaginal microbiota

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Medicinal plants are frequently used in Caribbean traditional medicine as low-cost, culturally relevant treatments for women's health concerns, such as gynecological infections. These plants are typically applied topically, potentially affecting both pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Gardnerella vaginalis) and beneficial vaginal microbes (Lactobacillus spp.). However, few studies have examined the impact of these plants on both beneficial and pathogenic vaginal bacteria.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Argemone mexicana, available in New York City and commonly used to treat gynecological infections by immigrants from the Dominican Republic, was investigated for its chemical variation and effects on the vaginal microbiota. We hypothesized that variations in the bioactivity of Argemone mexicana on Gardnerella vaginalis and Lactobacillus spp. are due to differences in antimicrobial compounds across different preparations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Untargeted and targeted metabolomic analysis using UPLC-qToF-MS and UPLC-TQD-MS were conducted on Argemone mexicana samples collected in New York City. Antimicrobial assays were used to assess the effects of Argemone mexicana samples on beneficial and pathogenic vaginal bacteria. ProGenesis QI and EZinfo were used for metabolomic analysis to link bioactivity with chemometric data.

RESULTS

UPLC-qToF-MS and statistical analyses showed that chemical variation correlated with plant tissue type and processing (dry or fresh samples). These differences were evident in antimicrobial screenings, where active plant samples were antimicrobial against pathogenic bacteria only, with no effect on beneficial Lactobacillus. Known antimicrobial benzoquinone alkaloids, such as berberine, were partly responsible for the observed microbiological activity. Berberine exhibited similar inhibition patterns, reduced biofilm formation, and trended towards higher concentration in active samples.

CONCLUSIONS

Extracts of Argemone mexicana, a plant used in Caribbean women's health, did not have an effect on beneficial vaginal microbes, but did inhibit pathogenic Gardnerella vaginalis. This antimicrobial activity correlated with the chemical variation of berberine and other related alkaloids across traditional preparations of Argemone mexicana. These results may be relevant for treating gynecological infections, not only with this plant, but other berberine-containing taxa.

Berberine: A multifaceted agent for lung cancer treatment-from molecular insight to clinical applications

Lung cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and it poses a significant threat to global health due to its high incidence and mortality rates. There is an urgent need for better prevention, early detection, and effective treatments for this disease. The treatment options for lung cancer depend on various factors such as the stage of the disease, the type of cancer, and the patient's overall health. Currently, the primary treatment strategies include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and combination therapies. Berberine, a natural alkaloid found in medicinal plants, has demonstrated potential as an effective anti-cancer agent against lung cancer. The present study aims to summarize the evidence supporting Berberine's ability to inhibit the growth of lung cancer cells, induce apoptosis, and slow down tumor growth in both laboratory and animal studies. The study also shed light on the complex molecular mechanisms involved in its anti-tumor effects, including its impact on signaling pathways, DNA repair systems, and interaction with non-coding RNAs, all of which contribute to tumor suppression. Additionally, the synergistic effects of Berberine with other natural compounds and chemotherapy drugs are discussed. Overall, its multifaceted approach and proven effectiveness justify further research to develop Berberine into a viable treatment option for lung cancer patients. Abbreviations: BBR, Berberine; EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition; NSCLC, non-small cell lung cancer; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ASK1, Apoptosis Signal-regulating Kinase 1; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; BHC, Berberine Hydrochloride; DSB, double-strand breaks; CSN, COP9 signalosome; NIR, near-infrared; LLC, Lewis lung carcinoma; RTK, receptor tyrosine kinase; B-Phyt-LCNs, Berberine-Phytantriol liquid crystalline nanoparticles; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; Ber-LCNs, Berberine-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles; BNS, Berberine nanostructure; BER-CS-NPs, Berberine-loaded chitosan nanoparticles; B-Phyt-LCNs, Berberine-Phytantriol liquid crystalline nanoparticles; B-Phyt-LCNs, Berberine-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles; Ber-LCNs, Berberine-loaded liquid crystalline nanoparticles; B-ZnO NPs, Berberine-loaded zinc oxide nanoparticles; B-C60, Berberine-C60 complex; LTP, Low-Temperature Plasma.

An In-depth Review on Argemone mexicana in the Management of Liver Health and Liver Cancer

INTRODUCTION

Argemone mexicana, commonly known as the Mexican prickly poppy, has been historically employed in traditional medicine for various ailments, including liver disorders. Given the rising prevalence of liver diseases, including cancer, investigating the potential efficacy of Argemone mexicana in promoting liver health is of paramount importance. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the existing literature on the hepatoprotective and anticancer properties of Argemone mexicana.

METHODOLOGY

A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Google Scholar, and relevant botanical and pharmacological databases. Studies from various sources, including in vitro experiments, animal models, and clinical trials, were included in the review. The search focused on articles published up to 2010-2023, encompassing research that explored the botanical characteristics, chemical composition, traditional uses, and pharmacological properties of Argemone mexicana, specifically emphasizing its impact on liver health and cancer.

RESULTS

The review revealed a wealth of studies highlighting the diverse pharmacological properties of Argemone mexicana. The botanical composition includes compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, suggesting hepatoprotective effects. Studies using in vitro and in vivo models demonstrated promising outcomes regarding liver function improvement and inhibition of liver cancer cell proliferation. While some clinical studies supported the traditional uses of Argemone mexicana, further well-designed trials are warranted to establish its clinical efficacy.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Argemone mexicana shows promise as a natural agent for promoting liver health and combating liver cancer. Bioactive compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties suggest potential hepatoprotective effects. However, translating these findings into clinical practice requires further rigorous investigation, including well-designed clinical trials. This review provides a foundation for future research efforts aimed at elucidating the full therapeutic potential of Argemone mexicana in liver health and cancer management.

TP53 gene status can promote sensitivity and resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs and small molecule signal transduction inhibitors

TP53 is normally a tumor suppressor. However, it is mutated in at least 50% of human cancers. Usually, we assume that mutation of the TP53 is associated with loss of sensitivity to various drugs as in most cases wild type (WT) TP53 activity is lost. This type of mutations is often dominant-negative (DN) mutations as they can interfere with the normal functions of WT-TP53 which acts as a tetramer. These mutations can result in altered gene expression patterns. There are some TP53 mutations which may lack some of the normal functions of TP53 but have additional functions; these types of mutations are called gain of function (GOF) mutations. There is another class of TP53 mutations, they are TP53 null mutations as the cells have deleted the TP53 gene (TP53-null). Although TP53 mutations were initially considered undruggable, other approaches have been developed to increase TP53 activity. One approach was to develop mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) inhibitors as MDM2 suppresses TP53 activity. In addition, there have been mutant TP53 reactivators created, which will at least partially restore some of the critical growth suppressing effects of TP53. Some of these mutant TP53 reactivators have shown promise in clinical trial in certain types of cancer patients, especially myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). In this review, we summarize the development of novel TP53 reactivators and MDM2 inhibitors. Both approaches are aimed at increasing or restoring TP53 activity. Attempts to increase TP53 activity in various TP53 mutant tumors could increase therapy of multiple deadly diseases.

A Comprehensive Review Highlighting the Prospects of Phytonutrient Berberine as an Anticancer Agent

Berberine, an isoquinoline alkaloid derived from various medicinal plants, emerges as a potential therapeutic agent against diverse human diseases. It has particularly shown notable anticancer efficacy against breast, colorectal, lung, prostate, and liver cancer. Berberine results in inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis, and suppressing angiogenesis, positioning it as a versatile, multitargeted therapeutic tool against cancer. Notably, berberine enhances the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, mitigating associated drug resistance. Mechanistically, it has been shown to exert its efficacy by targeting molecules like nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt, thereby inhibiting survival pathways and promoting apoptosis of cancer cells. Moreover, berberine influences the expression of tumor suppressor genes, curtails cancer cell migration and invasion, and modulates the tumour microenvironment. Despite promising preclinical evidence, further research is essential to comprehensively elucidate its mechanisms of action and evaluate its safety and efficacy in clinical settings. In the present review, we have highlighted the pharmacokinetics, biosynthesis, and recent research work done pertaining to berberine's strong anticancer activity. We have also emphasised on the research being done on nanoformulations of berberine, which aim to improve its stability and bioavailability.

Nutraceuticals and Supplements in Management of Prediabetes and Diabetes

Dysglycemia is a condition preceding diabetes mellitus. The two situations inherent in this condition are called impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). If one of these situations is found in the patient, after the advice of an appropriate diet and physical activity, the addition of nutraceuticals or supplements can be considered, which can stop or delay the progression to diabetes mellitus over time. The purpose was to compile a systematic review about the use of nutraceuticals for treating diabetes and prediabetes and to offer a valuable resource for colleagues working on this crucial subject, thereby improving patient health. The added value of the paper compared to other reviews is that it was written by experts appointed by five different scientific societies dealing with diabetes, nutrition, and complications.

Quantitative Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants from Darjeeling District of West Bengal, India, along with Phytochemistry and Toxicity Study of Betula alnoides Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don bark

This study offers considerable information on plant wealth of therapeutic importance used traditionally by the residents of 11 villages under three subdivisions of Kurseong, Darjeeling Sadar, and Mirik in the Darjeeling District, West Bengal. For the acquisition of ethnomedicinal information, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 47 informants, of whom 11 persons were herbalists and 36 were knowledgeable persons. Free prior informed consent was obtained from each participant prior to the collection of field data. A total of 115 species were documented, which spread over 65 families and 104 genera. From the informants, a total of 101 monoherbal and 21 polyherbal formulations were recorded for treating 50 types of health conditions. The collected ethnobotanical data have been evaluated to measure the utilitarian significance of remedies using three quantitative tools, informant consensus factor (Fic), use value (UV), and fidelity level (FL%). A statistical analysis revealed that among 11 disease categories, the highest Fic value was estimated for the category of digestive diseases. The plant Hellenia speciosa (J.Koenig) S.R.Dutta scored the highest use value among all the recorded plant species. In the case of the FL% analysis, the highest score (97%) was observed in Betula alnoides Buch-Ham. ex D.Don, which is used for snake bites, among the recorded 115 plant species. In addition, the present study embodies the quantitative estimation of phenolics and flavonoids, along with an HPLC analysis of the B. alnoides bark to endorse this most important and underexplored plant as a potential source of therapeutically important chemical compounds. The bark extract contains significant amounts of phenolics (87.8 mg GAE/g dry tissue) and flavonoids (30.1 mg CE/g dry tissue). An HPLC analysis unveiled a captivating ensemble of six phenolic compounds, namely, chlorogenic acid, sinapic acid, caffeic acid, coumarin, p-coumaric acid, and gallic acid. Among the identified phenolics, chlorogenic acid scored the highest amount of 117.5 mg/g of dry tissue. The present study also explored the moderate cytotoxic nature of the bark extract through an in vitro cytotoxicity assay on the L929 mouse fibroblast cell line. Our study not only documents the statistically analyzed information about ethnomedicinal practices that prevailed in the rural communities of the Darjeeling District but also highlights the profound therapeutic capabilities and non-toxic nature of B. alnoides bark.

Alkaloids in Cancer therapy: Targeting the tumor microenvironment and metastasis signaling pathways

The use of phytomedicine in cancer therapy is a growing field of research that takes use of the medicinal properties of plant-derived compounds. Under the domain of cancer therapy and management, alkaloids, a prominent group of natural compounds, have showed significant potential. Alkaloids often affect a wide range of essential cellular mechanisms involved in cancer progression. These multi-targeting capabilities, can give significant advantages to alkaloids in overcoming resistance mechanisms. For example, berberine, an alkaloid found in Berberis species, is widely reported to induce apoptosis by activating caspases and regulating apoptotic pathways. Notably, alkaloids like as quinine have showed promise in inhibiting the formation of new blood vessels required for tumor growth. In addition, alkaloids have shown anti-proliferative and anticancer properties mostly via modulating key signaling pathways involved in metastasis, including those regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This work provides a comprehensive overview of naturally occurring alkaloids that exhibit anticancer properties, with a specific emphasis on their underlying molecular mechanisms of action. Furthermore, many methods to modify previously reported difficult physicochemical properties using nanocarriers in order to enhance its systemic bioavailability have been discussed as well. This study also includes information on newly discovered alkaloids that are now being studied in clinical trials for their potential use in cancer treatment. Further, we have also briefly mentioned on the application of high-throughput screening and molecular dynamics simulation for acceleration on the identification of potent alkaloids based compounds to target and treat cancer.

Berberine promotes K48-linked polyubiquitination of HNF4α, leading to the inhibition of HBV replication

The current antiviral agents for the treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) do not completely remove covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) and integrated viral DNA fragments from patients. Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from various plants and has been reported to inhibit the replication of various types of DNA. In this study, we tested the effects of berberine and its derivatives on HBV infection. Berberine inhibited viral core promoter activity at the highest level among the compounds tested and suppressed HBV production and cccDNA synthesis in primary human hepatocytes and HBV-infected HepG2-NTCP cells at an EC50 value of 3.6 μM and a CC50 value of over 240.0 μM. Compared with other viral promoter activities, berberine treatment potently downregulated core promoter activity and reduced protein levels, but not RNA levels, of hepatic nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α), which primarily enhances enhancer II/core promoter activity. Furthermore, berberine treatment enhanced K48-linked, but not K63-linked, polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasome-dependent degradation of HNF4α. These results suggest that berberine enhances the polyubiquitination- and proteasome-dependent degradation of HNF4α and then inhibits HBV replication via the suppression of core promoter activity. The development of antiviral agents based on berberine may contribute to the amelioration of HBV-related disorders, regardless of the presence of residual cccDNA or integrated viral DNA fragments.

Effects of administering berberine alone or in combination on type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Despite the availability of multiple therapies for Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), challenges remain due to side effects and efficacy limitations. Berberine (BBR) has shown broad anti-diabetic effects, prompting a systematic assessment of its efficacy and safety through a meta-analysis.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted across eight database and search engines from inception until 06/09/2024. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) meeting inclusion criteria were analyzed. The Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool and Jadad scale were used to evaluate study quality. Meta-analysis was performed using RevMan v5.3 and Stata/SE v15.1.

Results

Fifty studies involving 4,150 participants were included. BBR alone significantly reduced fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (MD = -0.59 mmol/L, p = 0.048), 2-h postprandial blood glucose (2hPBG) (MD = -1.57 mmol/L, p < 0.01), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (MD = -0.30 mmol/L, p < 0.01), total cholesterol (TC) (MD = -0.30 mmol/L, p = 0.034), and triglycerides (TG) (MD = -0.35 mmol/L, p < 0.01). When combined with hypoglycemic drugs, BBR significantly improved FPG (MD = -0.99 mmol/L, p < 0.01), 2hPBG (MD = -1.07 mmol/L, p < 0.01), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (MD = -0.69%, p < 0.01), and other metabolic markers, including fasting insulin (Fins), homeostasis model assessment index for assessing insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), lipid profiles and inflammatory markers. The most common BBR dosage was 0.9-1.5 g/d, with treatment cycles typically lasting 1-3 months.

Conclusion

Current evidence suggests that BBR alone or in combination has significant potential for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Future research should encompass a broader scope, including not just the beneficial effects of BBR in head-to-head studies, but more crucially, delving into its mechanisms of action with hypoglycemic drugs to optimize T2DM treatment strategies.

Ornamental Barberry Twigs as an Underexploited Source of Berberine-Rich Extracts-Preliminary Research

Berberine is a natural substance obtained from the roots of common barberry which, due to its strong pharmacological activity, is a commonly tested ingredient of dietary supplements. However, ornamental barberries, which are widely available, have not been considered as a source of berberine so far. The research aimed to check whether the ornamental barberry leaves and twigs could be used as an easily accessible raw material for obtaining natural berberine-rich extract with biological activity. Twigs and leaves of seven cultivars of ornamental barberry extracts were assessed for their polyphenol content, antioxidant potential (FRAP and DPPH), and berberine content using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). As a reference, commercially available roots of Berberis vulgaris were used. For the next step, selected extracts (two with high and two with low berberine content) were tested on three cell lines (HaCaT, A375, Caco-2) using neutral red assay, and pure berberine sulfate (1-100 μg mL-1) was used as a control. Although the antioxidant potential of aqueous-methanol extracts of tested barberry was higher for the leaves than for the twigs, the berberine content was determined only in the twig extracts (from 42 to 676 mg 100 g-1). Studies on cell lines have shown the general toxicity of barberry extracts, but the observed effect was not directly correlated with the content of the alkaloid. However, the extract showed greater activity compared to an analogous dose of pure berberine, suggesting a significant effect of the matrix composition. For the first time, it was shown that the twigs of selected cultivars of ornamental barberry can be considered as a promising berberine source for the pharmaceutical industry to develop new effective formulations. However, these findings require further studies.

Antioxidant Potential of Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Scabies Infestation

Oxidative stress, characterized by an overproduction of reactive oxygen species that overwhelm the body's physiological defense mechanisms, is a key factor in the progression of parasitic diseases in both humans and animals. Scabies, a highly contagious dermatological condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis, affects millions globally, particularly in developing regions. The infestation leads to severe itching and skin rashes, triggered by allergic reactions to the mites, their eggs, and feces. Conventional scabies treatments typically involve the use of scabicidal agents, which, although effective, are often associated with adverse side effects and the increasing threat of resistance. In light of these limitations, there is growing interest in the use of medicinal plants as alternative therapeutic options. Medicinal plants, rich in bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties, offer a promising, safer, and potentially more effective approach to treatment. This review explores the role of oxidative stress in scabies pathogenesis and highlights how medicinal plants can mitigate this by reducing inflammation and oxidative damage, thereby alleviating symptoms and improving patient outcomes. Through their natural antioxidant potential, these plants may serve as viable alternatives or complementary therapies in the management of scabies, especially in cases where resistance to conventional treatments is emerging.

The Interaction Between Nutraceuticals and Gut Microbiota: a Novel Therapeutic Approach to Prevent and Treatment Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to motor and non-motor symptoms. Emerging research has shed light on the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and progression of PD. Nutraceuticals such as curcumin, berberine, phytoestrogens, polyphenols (e.g., resveratrol, EGCG, and fisetin), dietary fibers have been shown to influence gut microbiota composition and function, restoring microbial balance and enhancing the gut-brain axis. The mechanisms underlying these benefits involve microbial metabolite production, restoration of gut barrier integrity, and modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways. Additionally, probiotics and prebiotics have shown potential in promoting gut health, influencing the gut microbiome, and alleviating PD symptoms. They can enhance the gut's antioxidant capacity of the gut, reduce inflammation, and maintain immune homeostasis, contributing to a neuroprotective environment. This paper provides an overview of the current state of knowledge regarding the potential of nutraceuticals and gut microbiota modulation in the prevention and management of Parkinson's disease, emphasizing the need for further research and clinical trials to validate their effectiveness and safety. The findings suggest that a multifaceted approach involving nutraceuticals and gut microbiota may open new avenues for addressing the challenges of PD and improving the quality of life for affected individuals.

Medicinal plants as a potential resource for the discovery of novel structures towards cancer drug resistance treatment

Despite extensive research in chemotherapy, global cancer concerns persist, exacerbated by the challenge of drug resistance, which imposes economic and medical burdens. Natural compounds, particularly secondary metabolites from medicinal plants, present promising avenues for overcoming cancer drug resistance due to their diverse structures and essential pharmacological effects. This review provides a comprehensive exploration of cancer cell resistance mechanisms and target actions for reversing resistance and highlights the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of noteworthy alkaloids, flavonoids, and other compounds, emphasizing their potential as therapeutic agents. The molecular properties supporting ligand interactions are thoroughly examined, providing a robust theoretical foundation. The review concludes by discussing methods including quantitative structure-activity relationships and molecular docking, offering insights into screening potential candidates. Current trends in clinical treatment, contributing to a holistic understanding of the multifaceted approaches to address cancer drug resistance are also outlined.

The Antifungal Effects of Berberine and Its Proposed Mechanism of Action Through CYP51 Inhibition, as Predicted by Molecular Docking and Binding Analysis

Fungal infections present a significant health risk, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Berberine, a natural isoquinoline alkaloid, has demonstrated broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, though its antifungal potential and underlying mechanisms against both yeast-like and filamentous fungi are not fully understood. This study investigates the antifungal efficacy of berberine against Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes in vitro, as well as its therapeutic potential in a murine model of cryptococcal infection. Berberine showed strong antifungal activity, with MIC values ranging from 64 to 128 µg/mL. SEM and TEM analyses revealed that berberine induced notable disruptions to the cell wall and membrane in C. neoformans. No signs of cell necrosis or apoptosis were observed in fungal cells treated with 2 × MIC berberine, and it did not increase intracellular ROS levels or affect mitochondrial membrane potential. Molecular docking and binding affinity assays demonstrated a strong interaction between berberine and the fungal enzyme CYP51, with a dissociation constant (KD) of less than 1 × 10-12 M, suggesting potent inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis. In vivo studies further showed that berberine promoted healing in guinea pigs infected with T. mentagrophytes, and in a murine cryptococcal infection model, it prolonged survival and reduced lung inflammation, showing comparable efficacy to fluconazole. These findings indicate that berberine exerts broad-spectrum antifungal effects through membrane disruption and CYP51 inhibition, highlighting its potential as a promising therapeutic option for fungal infections.

Phytochemical Compounds as Promising Therapeutics for Intestinal Fibrosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Critical Review

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE

Intestinal fibrosis, a prominent consequence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), presents considerable difficulty owing to the absence of licensed antifibrotic therapies. This review assesses the therapeutic potential of phytochemicals as alternate methods for controlling intestinal fibrosis. Phytochemicals, bioactive molecules originating from plants, exhibit potential antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities, targeting pathways associated with inflammation and fibrosis. Compounds such as Asperuloside, Berberine, and olive phenols have demonstrated potential in preclinical models by regulating critical signaling pathways, including TGF-β/Smad and NFκB, which are integral to advancing fibrosis.

RESULTS

The main findings suggest that these phytochemicals significantly reduce fibrotic markers, collagen deposition, and inflammation in various experimental models of IBD. These phytochemicals may function as supplementary medicines to standard treatments, perhaps enhancing patient outcomes while mitigating the adverse effects of prolonged immunosuppressive usage. Nonetheless, additional clinical trials are necessary to validate their safety, effectiveness, and bioavailability in human subjects.

CONCLUSIONS

Therefore, investigating phytochemicals may lead to crucial advances in the formulation of innovative treatment approaches for fibrosis associated with IBD, offering a promising avenue for future therapeutic development.

Therapeutic effect of berberine against 5-fluorouracil induced ovarian toxicity in rats

Berberine (BER) is a naturally occurring alkaloid with a multitude of beneficial effects on human health. Although it is one of the most studied phytochemicals, its curative effect against ovarian damage caused by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) has not been demonstrated to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible protective effect of BER against 5-FU-induced ovotoxicity, focusing on its ability to attenuate oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis. The 30 female rats were randomly divided into five groups: Control, BER (2 mg/kg), 5-FU (100 mg/kg), 5-FU+BER (1 mg/kg) and 5-FU+BER (2 mg/kg). The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and caspase-3 were determined using spectrophotometric methods. In addition, ovarian samples were evaluated histopathologically using hematoxylin&eosin staining method. The MDA, TOS, 8-OHdG, IL-6, TNF-α and caspase-3 levels significantly increased by 5-FU administration. Also, we found that 5-FU significantly decreased TAS, SOD and CAT levels. Treatments with BER significantly attenuated the 5-FU-induced ovarian damage via increasing the antioxidant capacity and reducing the oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, the ovoprotective effect of BER was also confirmed by histopathological evaluation. BER may be evaluated as a potential candidate molecule to reduce 5-FU-induced ovarian toxicity.

Involvement of Sirt1-FoxO3a-Bnip3 axis and autophagy mediated mitochondrial turnover in according protection to hyperglycemic NRK-52E cells by Berberine

Aberrant accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria in renal cells during hyperglycemia signifies perturbed autophagy and mitochondrial turnover. This study aims to focus on the underlying mechanism involved in autophagy and mitophagy inducing efficacy of Berberine (isoquinoline alkaloid) in hyperglycemic NRK-52E cells. Berberine mediated protection to hyperglycemic cells prevented alteration in mitochondrial structure and function. Treatment with SRT-1720 (Sirt1 activator) enhanced autophagy, decreased apoptosis, upregulated expression of downstream moieties (FoxO3a and Bnip3) and ameliorated mitochondria related anomalies while nicotinamide (Sirt1 inhibitor) treatment exhibited reversal of the same. GFP reporter assay ascertained enhanced transcriptional activity of FoxO in Berberine-treated hyperglycemic cells, which was found to be correlated to increased expression of downstream protein Bnip3. Knocking down FoxO3a disrupted autophagy and stimulated apoptosis. N-acetyl-L-cysteine pre-treatment confirmed that generation of ROS intervened high glucose induced toxicity in NRK-52E cells. Berberine co-treatment resulted in differential expressions of key proteins involved in autophagy and mitophagy like LC3B, ATGs, Beclin1, Sirt1, Bnip3, FoxO3a and Parkin. Further, enhanced mitophagy in Berberine-treated cells was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Thus, our findings give evidence that the protection accorded by Berberine against hyperglycemia in renal proximal tubular cells (NRK-52E) involves instigation of Sirt1-FoxO3a-Bnip3 axis and autophagy mediated mitophagy induction.

"Understanding and treating baras (vitiligo) in unani medicine: historical perspectives, pathophysiology, and therapeutic approaches"

Vitiligo, also known as baras in Unani medicine, causes patches of depigmented skin due to the loss of melanocytes. According to ancient Unani scholars, factors like excessive phlegm in the blood and weakened color-controlling power were believed to be the cause. This study dives into the historical insights of luminaries like Majūsī and Hakim Akbar Arzānī, alongside modern medical understanding. It explores the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of vitiligo, while also addressing confusing definitions, dietary influences, and demographic patterns. We take a close look at the classification, prognosis, and investigative methods. The aim of this research is to bring together traditional and modern perspectives to fully understand vitiligo, covering its cultural, historical, and scientific aspects. By incorporating epidemiological data, dietary considerations, and insights into the underlying mechanisms, we enhance diagnostic and treatment approaches. In conclusion, this study establishes a cohesive connection between the historical wisdom of Unani medicine and the current scientific discourse on vitiligo. By merging these perspectives, we gain a comprehensive understanding of the condition, enabling a more holistic approach to diagnosis and management. As dermatological research continues to evolve, the integration of traditional and modern insights becomes crucial in effectively addressing complex skin disorders like vitiligo.

A Descriptive Review of the Antioxidant Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Berberine and Silymarin

Oxidative stress is a key factor in the development of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and liver disorders. Antioxidant therapies that target oxidative damage show significant promise in preventing and treating these conditions. Berberine, an alkaloid derived from various plants in the Berberidaceae family, enhances cellular defenses against oxidative stress through several mechanisms. It activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, which reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and improves energy metabolism. Furthermore, it boosts the activity of key antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), thus protecting cells from oxidative damage. These actions make berberine effective in managing diseases like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular conditions, and neurodegenerative disorders. Silymarin, a flavonolignan complex derived from Silybum marianum, is particularly effective for liver protection. It activates the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, enhancing antioxidant enzyme expression and stabilizing mitochondrial membranes. Additionally, silymarin reduces the formation of ROS by chelating metal ions, and it also diminishes inflammation. This makes it beneficial for conditions like non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcohol-related liver disorders. This review aims to highlight the distinct mechanisms by which berberine and silymarin exert their antioxidant effects.

Proximate Analysis and Techno-Functional Properties of Berberis aristata Root Powder: Implications for Food Industry Applications

Berberis aristata, commonly known as Indian barberry, has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties. Despite its recognized pharmacological benefits, its potential application in the food industry remains underexplored. This study aims to investigate the proximate analysis and techno-functional properties of Berberis aristata root powder to evaluate its feasibility as a functional food ingredient. The root powder of Berberis aristata was subjected to proximate analysis to determine its moisture, ash, protein, fat, fiber, and carbohydrate content. Techno-functional properties, including water and oil absorption capacity, emulsifying and foaming properties, and bulk density, were evaluated using standardized analytical techniques. The proximate analysis revealed a high fiber content and a significant number of bioactive compounds. The root powder exhibited favorable water and oil absorption capacities, making it suitable for use as a thickening and stabilizing agent. Emulsifying and foaming properties were comparable to conventional food additives, indicating their potential in various food formulations. The findings suggest that Berberis aristata root powder possesses desirable techno-functional properties that could be leveraged in the food industry. Its high fiber content and bioactive compounds offer additional health benefits, making it a promising candidate for functional food applications. Further research on its incorporation into different food matrices and its sensory attributes is recommended to fully establish its utility.

Comprehensive Analysis of Berberis aristata DC. Bark Extracts: In Vitro and In Silico Evaluation of Bioaccessibility and Safety

Berberine (BER) is an alkaloid found, together with other protoberberinoids (PROTBERs), in several species used in medicines and food supplements. While some herbal preparations containing BER and PROTBERs, such as Berberis aristata DC. bark extracts, have shown promising potential for human health, their safety has not been fully assessed. Recently, the EFSA issued a call for data to deepen the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic understanding of products containing BER and PROTBERs and to comprehensively assess their safety, especially when used in food supplements. In this context, new data were collected in this work by assessing: (i) the phytochemical profile of 16 different commercial B. aristata dry extracts, which are among the most widely used preparations containing BER and PROTBERs in Europe; (ii) the In Vitro and In Silico investigation of the pharmacokinetic properties of BER and PROTBERs; (iii) the In Vitro cytotoxicity of selected extracts in different human cell lines, including tests on hepatic cells in the presence of CYP450 substrates; (iv) the effects of the extracts on cancer cell migration; and (v) the In Vitro molecular effects of extracts in non-cancer human cells. Results showed that commercial B. aristata extracts contain BER as the main constituent, with jatrorrhizine as main secondary PROTBER. BER and jatrorrhizine were found to have a good bioaccessibility rate, but they interact with P-gp. B. aristata extracts showed limited cytotoxicity and minimal interaction with CYP450 substrates. Furthermore, tested extracts demonstrated inhibition of cancer cell migration and were devoid of any pro-tumoral effects in normal cells. Overall, our work provides a valuable overview to better elucidate important concerns regarding botanicals containing BER and PROTBERs.

Mechanistic Insights into the c-MYC G-Quadruplex and Berberine Binding inside an Aqueous Two-Phase System Mimicking Biomolecular Condensates

We investigated the binding between the c-MYC G-quadruplex (GQ) and berberine chloride (BCl) in an aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) with 12.3 wt % polyethylene glycol and 5.6 wt % dextran, mimicking the highly crowded intracellular biomolecular condensates formed via liquid-liquid phase separation. We found that in the ATPS, complex formation is significantly altered, leading to an increase in affinity and a change in the stoichiometry of the complex with respect to neat buffer conditions. Thermodynamic studies reveal that binding becomes more thermodynamically favorable in the ATPS due to entropic effects, as the strong excluded volume effect inside ATPS droplets reduces the entropic penalty associated with binding. Finally, the binding affinity of BCl for the c-MYC GQ is higher than those for other DNA structures, indicating potential specific interactions. Overall, these findings will be helpful in the design of potential drugs targeting the c-MYC GQ structures in cancer-related biocondensates.

An aptamer-based fluorometric method for the rapid berberine detection in Kampo medicines

BACKGROUND

Berberine (BBR), a key component in Kampo medicine, is a cationic benzylisoquinoline alkaloid whose detection plays a critical role in the quality control of these traditional remedies. Traditional methods for detecting BBR often involve complex procedures, which can be time-consuming and costly. To address this challenge, our study focuses on developing a simpler, faster, and more efficient detection method for BBR in Kampo medicine formulations.

RESULTS

We successfully developed a rapid fluorometric detection method for BBR using colloidal gold nanoparticle-based systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (GOLD-SELEX). Initially, specific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) sequences were selected for their ability to enhance BBR's fluorescence intensity. The optimal ssDNA sequence, identified as BBR38, was further truncated to produce BBR38S, a stem-loop ssDNA that improved fluorescence upon interaction with BBR. To further enhance the fluorescence, the BBR38S aptamer underwent additional modifications, including stem truncation and nucleotide mutations, resulting in the higher fluorescence variant BBR38S-3 A10C. The final product, TetBBR38S, a tetramer version of BBR38S-3 A10C, exhibited a linear detection range of 0.780-50.0 μg mL-1 and a limit of detection of 0.369 μg mL-1. The assay demonstrated sufficient selectivity and was successfully applied to analyze 128 different Kampo medicine formulations, accurately detecting BBR content with high precision.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study represents an advancement in Kampo medicine research, marking the first successful application of an aptamer-based approach for BBR detection in complex matrices. The developed method is not only simple and rapid (with a detection time of 5 min) but also cost-effective, which is crucial for widespread application.

Unlocking the potential of Berberine: Advancing cancer therapy through chemosensitization and combination treatments

Despite considerable progress in cancer treatment options, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs remains a significant challenge. This review focuses on Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid found in various medicinal plants, which has garnered attention in the field of oncology for its anticancer potential either alone or in combination with other compounds and its ability to modulate chemoresistance, acting as a natural chemosensitizer. BBR's ability to modulate chemoresistance is attributed to its diverse mechanisms of action, including inducing DNA breaks, inhibition of drug efflux pumps, modulation of apoptosis and necroptosis, downregulating multidrug resistance genes, enhancing immune response, suppressing angiogenesis and targeting multiple pathways within cancer cells, including protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (Akt/mTOR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1), janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT), Wnt/β-catenin etc. Moreover, BBR, in combination with other compounds, also offers a promising approach to cancer therapy, enforcing its broad-spectrum anticancer effects. Therefore, this review aims to elucidate the intricate mechanism of action of BBR in combinatorial therapy as a potential chemosensitizer to increase the efficiency of several drugs, including cisplatin, doxorubicin, lapatinib, tamoxifen, irinotecan, niraparib, etc. in various cancers. Additionally, this review briefly covers the origin and biological activities of BBR, exploring the specific actions underlying its anticancer effects. Further, pharmacokinetic properties of BBR are also discussed, providing insight into its therapeutic potential and optimization of its use in cancer treatment.

Effects of Berberis asiatica, Withania somnifera, and Their Combination on Body Weight in Streptozotocin-Nicotinamide-Induced Type 2 Diabetes in Wistar Rats

Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and beta cell dysfunction, often leading to chronic hyperglycemia and associated complications. Berberis asiatica (BA) and Withania somnifera (WS) are ancient medicinal plants with a reputation for having potential therapeutic effects in diabetes management. The purpose of this study was to look into how body weight (BW) was affected in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NIC) induced T2DM in Wistar rats by BA, WS, and their polyherbal combination (PHC). Materials and methods Seventy-eight Wistar rats of both sexes were divided into 13 groups, with six rats in each group, including normal and diabetic controls, and treated with varying doses of BA, WS, and PHC. The rats were under observation over the course of 35 days for any change in BW. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) rules and guidelines were followed in the conduct of acute toxicity tests. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey-Kramer post hoc tests, was used for statistical analysis. Results The findings indicated that the highest dose of BA (1000 mg/kg) significantly improved BW in diabetic rats, approaching that of the normal control group. The combination of BA and WS also demonstrated significant improvements in BW, suggesting a synergistic effect. The standard antidiabetic drugs, metformin and glimepiride, were effective in increasing BW in diabetic rats. Conclusion The study concludes that BA, WS, and their combination have a positive impact on BW management in T2DM rats, with the combination therapy showing enhanced effects. These findings support the potential utilization of these herbs in managing BW and other T2DM-associated metabolic disturbances and abnormalities.

Natural Alkaloids in Cancer Therapy: Berberine, Sanguinarine and Chelerythrine against Colorectal and Gastric Cancer

The rising incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC) worldwide, coupled with the limited effectiveness of current chemotherapeutic agents, has prioritized the search for new therapeutic options. Natural substances, which often exhibit cytostatic properties, hold significant promise in this area. This review evaluates the anticancer properties of three natural alkaloids-berberine, sanguinarine, and chelerythrine-against CRC and GC. In vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that these substances can reduce tumor volume and inhibit the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of tumors. At the molecular level, these alkaloids disrupt key signaling pathways in cancer cells, including mTOR, MAPK, EGFR, PI3K/AKT, and NF-κB. Additionally, they exhibit immunomodulatory effects, leading to the induction of programmed cell death through both apoptosis and autophagy. Notably, these substances have shown synergistic effects when combined with classical cytostatic agents such as cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, cetuximab, and erlotinib. Furthermore, berberine has demonstrated the ability to restore sensitivity in individuals originally resistant to cisplatin GC. Given these findings, natural compounds emerge as a promising option in the chemotherapy of malignant gastrointestinal tumors, particularly in cases with limited treatment options. However, more research is necessary to fully understand their therapeutic potential.

Prepubertal Repeated Berberine Supplementation Enhances Cerebrocerebellar Functions by Modulating Neurochemical and Behavioural Changes in Wistar Rats

Antioxidant-rich supplementation plays an essential role in the function of mammals' central nervous system. However, no research has documented the effect of berberine (BER) supplementation on the cerebrocerebellar function of prepubertal rats. The present study was designed to investigate the impact of BER supplementation on neurochemical and behavioural changes in prepubertal male rats. Five groups (90 ± 5 g, n = 7 each) of experimental rats were orally treated with corn oil or different doses of BER (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg bw) from the 28th at 68 post-natal days. On the 69 days of life, animals underwent behavioural assessment in the open field, hanging wire, and negative geotaxis tests. The result revealed that BER administration improved locomotive and motor behaviour by increasing distance travelled, line crossings, average speed, time mobile, and absolute turn angle in open field test and decrease in time to re-orient on an incline plane, a decrease in immobility time relative to the untreated control. Furthermore, BER supplementation increased (p < 0.05) antioxidant enzyme activities such as SOD, CAT, GPx, GSH, and TSH and prevented increases (p < 0.05) in oxidative and inflammatory levels as indicated by decreases in RONS, LPO, XO, carbonyl protein, NO, MPO, and TNF-α compared to the untreated control. BER-treated animals a lessened number of dark-stained Nissl cells compared to the untreated control rats. Our findings revealed that BER minimised neuronal degeneration and lesions, improved animal behaviour, and suppressed oxidative and inflammatory mediators, which may probably occur through its agonistic effect on PPAR-α, PPAR-δ, and PPAR-γ - essential proteins known to resolve inflammation and modulate redox signalling towards antioxidant function.

Advances in Regenerative Dentistry: A Systematic Review of Harnessing Wnt/β-Catenin in Dentin-Pulp Regeneration

Dentin pulp has a complex function as a major unit in maintaining the vitality of teeth. In this sense, the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway has a vital part in tooth development, maintenance, repair, and regeneration by controlling physiological activities such as growth, differentiation, and migration. This pathway consists of a network of proteins, such as Wnt signaling molecules, which interact with receptors of targeted cells and play a role in development and adult tissue homeostasis. The Wnt signals are specific spatiotemporally, suggesting its intricate mechanism in development, regulation, repair, and regeneration by the formation of tertiary dentin. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in dentin and pulp regeneration, how different proteins, molecules, and ligands influence this pathway, either upregulating or silencing it, and how it may be used in the future for clinical dentistry, in vital pulp therapy as an effective treatment for dental caries, as an alternative approach for root canal therapy, and to provide a path for therapeutic and regenerative dentistry.

Study on the quality of Corydalis Rhizoma in Zhejiang based on multidimensional evaluation method

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

The quality requirements of Corydalis Rhizoma (CR) in different producing areas are uniform, resulting in uneven efficacy. As a genuine producing area, the effective quality control of CR in Zhejiang Province (ZJ) could provide a theoretical basis for the rational application of medicinal materials.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study was to effectively distinguish the CR inside and outside ZJ, and provided a theoretical basis for the quality control and material basis research of ZJ CR.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The core components of ZJ CR could be identified by HPLC combined with chemometrics screening, and the quality of CR from different producing areas was evaluated by a genetic algorithm-back propagation (GA-BP) neural network. Chromaticity and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy were used to identify CR inside and outside ZJ, and rapid content prediction was realized. The analgesic effect of CR in different regions was compared by a zebrafish analgesic experiment. Analgesic experiments in rats and analysis of the research status of quality components were used to screen the quality control components of ZJ CR.

RESULTS

The contents of palmatine hydrochloride (YSBMT), dehydrocorydaline (TQZJJ), tetrahydropalmatine (YHSYS), tetrahydroberberine (SQXBJ), corydaline (YHSJS), stylopine (SQHLJ), and isoimperatorin (YOQHS) in ZJ CR were higher than those in CR from outside ZJ, but the content of protopine (YAPJ) and berberine hydrochloride (YSXBJ) was lower than that in CR from outside ZJ. YHSJS and SQHLJ could be used as the core components to identify ZJ CR. The GA-BP neural network showed that the relative importance of ZJ CR was the strongest. Chroma-content correlation analysis and the NIR qualitative model could effectively distinguish CR from inside and outside of ZJ, and the NIR quantitative model could quickly predict the content of CR from inside and outside of ZJ. Zebrafish experiments showed that ZJ, Shaanxi (SX), Henan (HN), and Sichuan (SC) CR had significant analgesic effects, while Hebei (HB) CR had no significant analgesic effect. Overall comparison, the analgesic effect of ZJ CR was better than that of CR outside ZJ. The comprehensive score of the grey correlation degree between YAPJ, YSBMT, YSXBJ, TQZJJ, YHSYS, YHSJS, SQXBJ, and SQHLJ were higher than 0.9, and the research frequency were extremely high.

CONCLUSIONS

The relative importance of the content and origin of most components of ZJ CR was higher than that of CR outside ZJ. The holistic analgesic effect of ZJ CR was better than that of CR outside ZJ, but slightly lower than that of SX CR. YHSJS and SQHLJ could be used as the core components to identify ZJ CR. YAPJ, YSBMT, YSXBJ, TQZJJ, YHSYS, SQXBJ, YHSJS, and SQHLJ could be used as the quality control components of ZJ CR. The multidimensional evaluation method used in this study provided a reference for the quality control and material basis research of ZJ CR.

Natural Health Products for Anti-Cancer Treatment: Evidence and Controversy

Natural Health Products (NHPs) have long been considered a valuable therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including cancer. However, research on this topic has led to inconclusive and often controversial results. This review aims to provide a comprehensive update of the effects and mechanisms related to the use of NHPs, to describe the results of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on their effects in cancer patients, and to critically discuss factors influencing clinical outcomes. RCTs available in the literature, even those studying the same NHP, are very heterogeneous in terms of indications, doses, route and timing of administration, and outcomes evaluated. Silymarin, ginsenoside, and vitamin E appear to be useful in attenuating adverse events related to radiotherapy or chemotherapy, and curcumin and lycopene might provide some benefit in patients with prostate cancer. Most RCTs have not clarified whether NHP supplementation provides any real benefit, while harmful effects have been shown in some cases. Overall, the available data suggest that although there is some evidence to support the benefits of NHPs in the management of cancer patients, further clinical trials with the same design are needed before their introduction into clinical practice can be considered.

Pharmacological Potential of Three Berberine-Containing Plant Extracts Obtained from Berberis vulgaris L., Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt., and Phellodendron amurense Rupr

Three berberine-containing plant extracts were investigated for their pharmacological properties. The stems and leaves of Berberis vulgaris, Mahonia aquifolium, and Phellodendron amurense were characterized through scanning electron microscopy. The plant extracts obtained from fresh stem barks were further analyzed through high-performance liquid chromatography, revealing berberine concentrations, among berbamine and palmatine. The plant extracts were further tested for their anticancer potential against 2D and 3D human skin melanoma (A375) and lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines. The concentrations at which 50% of the cells are affected was determined by the viability assay and it was shown that B. vulgaris, the plant extract with the highest berberine concentration, is the most efficient inhibitor (0.4% extract concentration for the 2D model and 3.8% for the 3D model). The membrane integrity and nitrate/nitrite concentration assays were consistent with the viability results and showed effective anticancer potential. For further investigations, the B. vulgaris extract was used to obtain silver nanoparticles, which were characterized through transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The formed nanoparticles have a uniform size distribution and are suited for future investigations in the field of biomedical applications, together with the B. vulgaris plant extract.

Improving the Antimicrobial Potency of Berberine for Endodontic Canal Irrigation Using Polymeric Nanoparticles

To address the challenges posed by biofilm presence and achieve a substantial reduction in bacterial load within root canals during endodontic treatment, various irrigants, including nanoparticle suspensions, have been recommended. Berberine (BBR), a natural alkaloid derived from various plants, has demonstrated potential applications in dentistry treatments due to its prominent antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to produce and characterize a novel polymeric nanoparticle of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) loaded with berberine and evaluate its antimicrobial activity against relevant endodontic pathogens, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Additionally, its cytocompatibility using gingival fibroblasts was assessed. The polymeric nanoparticle was prepared by the nanoprecipitation method. Physicochemical characterization revealed spheric nanoparticles around 140 nm with ca, -6 mV of surface charge, which was unaffected by the presence of BBR. The alkaloid was successfully incorporated at an encapsulation efficiency of 77% and the designed nanoparticles were stable upon 20 weeks of storage at 4 °C and 25 °C. Free BBR reduced planktonic growth at ≥125 μg/mL. Upon incorporation into PLGA nanoparticles, 20 μg/mL of [BBR]-loaded nanoparticles lead to a significant reduction, after 1 h of contact, of both planktonic bacteria and yeast. Sessile cells within biofilms were also considered. At 30 and 40 μg/mL, [BBR]-loaded PLGA nanoparticles reduced the viability of the sessile endodontic bacteria, upon 24 h of exposure. The cytotoxicity of BBR-loaded nanoparticles to oral fibroblasts was negligible. The novel berberine-loaded polymeric nanoparticles hold potential as a promising supplementary approach in the treatment of endodontic infections.

Dietary supplements: clinical cholesterol-lowering efficacy and potential mechanisms of action

This review aims to analyse the efficacy of dietary supplements in reducing plasma cholesterol levels. Focusing on evidence from meta-analyses of randomised controlled clinical trials, with an emphasis on potential mechanisms of action as supported by human, animal, and cell studies. Certain dietary supplements including phytosterols, berberine, viscous soluble dietary fibres, garlic supplements, soy protein, specific probiotic strains, and certain polyphenol extracts could significantly reduce plasma total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels by 3-25% in hypercholesterolemic patients depending on the type of supplement. They tended to be more effective in reducing plasma LDL cholesterol level in hypercholesterolemic individuals than in normocholesterolemic individuals. These supplements worked by various mechanisms, such as enhancing the excretion of bile acids, inhibiting the absorption of cholesterol in the intestines, increasing the expression of hepatic LDL receptors, suppressing the activity of enzymes involved in cholesterol synthesis, and activating the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase signalling pathway.

Structural variety and pharmacological potential of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids

Naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids are a fascinating class of natural biaryl compounds. They show characteristic mono- and dimeric scaffolds, with chiral axes and stereogenic centers. Since the appearance of the last comprehensive overview on these secondary plant metabolites in this series in 1995, the number of discovered representatives has tremendously increased to more than 280 examples known today. Many novel-type compounds have meanwhile been discovered, among them naphthylisoquinoline-related follow-up products like e.g., the first seco-type (i.e., ring-opened) and ring-contracted analogues. As highlighted in this review, the knowledge on the broad structural chemodiversity of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids has been decisively driven forward by extensive phytochemical studies on the metabolite pattern of Ancistrocladus abbreviatus from Coastal West Africa, which is a particularly "creative" plant. These investigations furnished a considerable number of more than 80-mostly new-natural products from this single species, with promising antiplasmodial activities and with pronounced cytotoxic effects against human leukemia, pancreatic, cervical, and breast cancer cells. Another unique feature of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids is their unprecedented biosynthetic origin from polyketidic precursors and not, as usual for isoquinoline alkaloids, from aromatic amino acids-a striking example of biosynthetic convergence in nature. Furthermore, remarkable botanical results are presented on the natural producers of naphthylisoquinoline alkaloids, the paleotropical Dioncophyllaceae and Ancistrocladaceae lianas, including first investigations on the chemoecological role of these plant metabolites and their storage and accumulation in particular plant organs.

Recent advances in total synthesis of protoberberine and chiral tetrahydroberberine alkaloids

Covering: Up to 2024Due to the widespread distribution of protoberberine alkaloids (PBs) and tetrahydroberberine alkaloids (THPBs) in nature, coupled with their myriad unique physiological activities, they have garnered considerable attention from medical practitioners. Over the past few decades, synthetic chemists have devised various total synthesis methods to attain these structures, continually expanding reaction pathways to achieve more efficient synthetic strategies. Simultaneously, the chiral construction of THPBs has become a focal point. In this comprehensive review, we categorically summarized the developmental trajectory of the total synthesis of these alkaloids based on the core closure strategies of protoberberine and tetrahydroberberine.

Natural Substances as Valuable Alternative for Improving Conventional Antifungal Chemotherapy: Lights and Shadows

Fungi are eukaryotic organisms with relatively few pathogenic members dangerous for humans, usually acting as opportunistic infections. In the last decades, several life-threatening fungal infections have risen mostly associated with the worldwide extension of chronic diseases and immunosuppression. The available antifungal therapies cannot combat this challenge because the arsenal of compounds is scarce and displays low selective action, significant adverse effects, and increasing resistance. A growing isolation of outbreaks triggered by fungal species formerly considered innocuous is being recorded. From ancient times, natural substances harvested from plants have been applied to folk medicine and some of them recently emerged as promising antifungals. The most used are briefly revised herein. Combinations of chemotherapeutic drugs with natural products to obtain more efficient and gentle treatments are also revised. Nevertheless, considerable research work is still necessary before their clinical use can be generally accepted. Many natural products have a highly complex chemical composition, with the active principles still partially unknown. Here, we survey the field underlying lights and shadows of both groups. More studies involving clinical strains are necessary, but we illustrate this matter by discussing the potential clinical applications of combined carnosic acid plus propolis formulations.

Edible oleogels for oral delivery of berberine in dairy food: In-vitro digestion study

Oleogel is a viscoelastic, spreadable and semi-solid structure, which is used as a fat substitute and a controller the release of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to develop low fat dairy dessert enriched with berberine with applying oleogel system as delivery system and fat replacer. The oleogel prepared with an emulsion-templated methods based on soluble interaction of whey protein concentrate (WPC), WPC-basil seed gum (BSG), and WPC-xanthan gum (XG). In the first step, berberine release kinetic in in-vitro gastrointestinal environment was studied. The results showed that the mouth environment had the highest release rate of berberine. Cooperation of hydrocolloids in oleogel increase stability of structure in stomach condition in compared with WPC oleogel. The suitable model to fit the oleogels contain beberine was the Korsmeyer-Papas that was the highest R 2 (.98). According to release results of berberine from oleogel network, the oleogel 0.6BSG:WPC was chosen and applied in formulation of dairy dessert at different levels (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of oleogel) instead of cream. The dessert contained uncoated berberine had the unacceptable bitterness in comparison with samples containing coated berberine with oleogel. The overall acceptance decreased with increment of oleogel due to increasing of bitter taste. Appling berberine (therapeutic compound) and oleogel (fat-substitute) to achieve marketable consumer products showed positive effects on trend of the study, especially at low level of substitution.

The Possible Synergistic Pharmacological Effect of an Oral Berberine (BBR) and Curcumin (CUR) Complementary Therapy Alleviates Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS): Results from a Real-Life, Routine Clinical Practice Settings-Based Study

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a prevalent chronic functional gastrointestinal disorder, characterised by recurrent abdominal discomfort and altered bowel movements. IBS cause a significantly negative impact on quality of life (QoL). Growing pharmacological evidence suggests that berberine (BBR) and curcumin (CUR) may mitigate IBS symptoms through multiple complementary synergistic mechanisms, resulting in the attenuation of intestinal inflammation and regulation of bowel motility and gut functions. In the present observational study conducted under real-life routine clinical practice settings, 146 patients diagnosed with IBS were enrolled by general practitioner clinics and pharmacies in Belgium. For the first time, this study assessed the potential synergistic pharmacological effect of a combined oral BBR/CUR supplement (Enterofytol® PLUS, containing 200 mg BBR and 49 mg CUR) (two tablets daily for 2 months), serving as complementary therapy in the management of IBS. Following the 2-month supplementation, significant improvements were observed in the patients' IBS severity index (IBSSI) (47.5%) and all the primary IBS symptoms, such as abdominal discomfort (47.2%), distension (48.0%), intestinal transit (46.8%), and QoL (48.1%) (all p < 0.0001). The improvement in the patients' IBSSI was independent of age, sex, and IBS sub-types. The patients' weekly maximum stool passage frequency decreased significantly (p < 0.0001), and the stool status normalized (p < 0.0001). The patients' need for concomitant conventional IBS treatment decreased notably: antispasmodics by 64.0% and antidiarrhoeals by 64.6%. Minor adverse effects were reported by a small proportion (7.1%) of patients, mostly gastrointestinal. The majority (93.1%) experienced symptom improvement or resolution, with a high satisfaction rate (82.6%) and willingness to continue the supplementation (79.0%). These findings support the potential synergistic pharmacological role of BBR and CUR in IBS, and their co-supplementation may alleviate IBS symptoms and improve QoL.

1H NMR guided isolation of 3-arylisoquinoline alkaloids from Hypecoum erectum L. and their anti-inflammation activity

Nine 3-arylisoquinoline alkaloids including five undescribed ones, hypectumines A-E (1-5), were isolated from the whole herb of Hypecoum erectum L. with the guidance of 1H-NMR. Their structures were established by a combination of 1D, 2D NMR, and HRESIMS spectrometry. Among them, hypectumines A and B possessed rare urea moieties while hypectumines C and D were characterized by 3-(methylamino)propanoic acid scaffolds. Biological assay demonstrated that alkaloids hypectumine B and 2,3-dimethoxy-N-formylcorydamine had anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting NO production on LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values of 24.4 and 44.2 μM, respectively. Furthermore, hypectumine B could reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6, suggesting it might be a potential candidate for treating inflammatory disease.

Biochemical Investigation of Therapeutic Efficacy of Berberine-Enriched Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Metabolic Impairment

Metabolic disorders pose significant global health challenges, necessitating innovative therapeutic approaches. This study focused on the multifaceted therapeutic potential of berberine-enriched extract (BEE) in mitigating metabolic impairment induced by streptozotocin (STZ) in a rat model and compared the effects of BEE with berberine (BBR) and metformin (MET) to comprehensively evaluate their impact on various biochemical parameters. Our investigation reveals that BEE surpasses the effects of BBR and MET in ameliorating metabolic impairment, making it a promising candidate for managing metabolic disorders. For this, 30 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups (n = 6): control (CN), STZ, STZ + MET, STZ + BBR, and STZ + BEE. The treatment duration was extended over 4 weeks, during which various biochemical parameters were monitored, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profiles, inflammation, liver and kidney function biomarkers, and gene expressions of various metabolizing enzymes. The induction of metabolic impairment by STZ was evident through an elevated FBG level and disrupted lipid profiles. The enriched extract effectively regulated glucose homeostasis, as evidenced by the restoration of FBG levels, superior to both BBR and MET. Furthermore, BEE demonstrated potent effects on insulin sensitivity, upregulating the key genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism: GCK, IGF-1, and GLUT2. This highlights its potential in enhancing glucose utilization and insulin responsiveness. Dyslipidemia, a common occurrence in metabolic disorders, was effectively managed by BEE. The extract exhibited superior efficacy in regulating lipid profiles. Additionally, BEE exhibited significant anti-inflammatory properties, surpassing the effects of BBR and MET in lowering the levels of inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6 and TNF-α), thereby ameliorating insulin resistance and systemic inflammation. The extract's superior hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects, indicated by the restoration of liver and kidney function biomarkers, further highlight its potential in maintaining organ health. Moreover, BEE demonstrated potent antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in liver tissue homogenates. Histopathological examination of the pancreas underscored the protective effects of BEE, preserving and recovering pancreatic β-cells damaged by STZ. This collective evidence positions BEE as a promising therapeutic candidate for managing metabolic disorders and offers potential benefits beyond current treatments. In conclusion, our findings emphasize the remarkable therapeutic efficacy of BEE and provide a foundation for further research into its mechanisms, long-term safety, and clinical translation.

Effects of Graphene-Based Metal Composite and Urea on Seed Germination and Performance of Berberis chitria Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl

Being an important source of berberine, Berberis chitria Buch.-Ham. ex Lindl. (Berberidaceae) has high demand in pharmaceutical industries. Its populations are diminishing due to overexploitation, habitat loss, slow-growing nature, and climate change. It is important to develop propagation protocols to sustain its natural populations and ensure its survival in the future. Fertilizers play an essential role in the yield and productivity of different crops. Among others, urea is the most abundantly used fertilizer in crops. Its effects on the yield and survival of medicinal plants are poorly studied. However, it is known that applying urea for a long time affects the soil negatively. Due to these negative effects, alternative fertilizers such as graphene-based metal composite (GMC) are being tested for their efficiency. In the present study, for the first time, we tested the effects of urea and GMC on the germination and performance of B. chitria. GMC showed maximum germination at 30 ppm (75%) and urea at 15 ppm (79%). Findings reveal non-significant effects of GMC and urea on germination and performance of B. chitria, suggesting the use of GMC as an alternative fertilizer.

Protective Effects of Phellodendron Species on Bone Health: A Novel Perspective on Their Potentials in Treating Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis

Phellodendron (PN) species, traditionally used in Chinese medicine for centuries, hold promise as a potential treatment for osteoporosis (OP) and osteoarthritis (OA) due to their bioactive compounds. The bioactive compounds, including berberine and palmatine, exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and bone-protective properties, contributing to their potential therapeutic benefits in promoting bone health and preventing bone loss. However, challenges such as the need for standardized preparation and dosing, limited clinical studies, and potential interactions with other medications hinder their clinical use. Nonetheless, the rich history of PN species in Chinese medicine provides a promising foundation for future investigation into their potential as alternative treatments for OP and OA. Further research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms of action and explore the clinical implications of PN for bone health.