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Zhou W, Chai Y, Lu S, Yang Q, Tang L, Zhou D. Advances in the study of tissue-engineered retinal pigment epithelial cell sheets. Regen Ther 2024; 27:419-433. [PMID: 38694444 PMCID: PMC11062139 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Regarded as the most promising treatment modality for retinal degenerative diseases, retinal pigment epithelium cell replacement therapy holds significant potential. Common retinal degenerative diseases, including Age-related Macular Degeneration, are frequently characterized by damage to the unit comprising photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and Bruch's membrane. The selection of appropriate tissue engineering materials, in conjunction with retinal pigment epithelial cells, for graft preparation, can offer an effective treatment for retinal degenerative diseases. This article presents an overview of the research conducted on retinal pigment epithelial cell tissue engineering, outlining the challenges and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
| | - Yujiao Chai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
| | - Shan Lu
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
- Hunan Guangxiu Hospital, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiaohui Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Liying Tang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
| | - Di Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Stem and Reproductive Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha, China
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
- National Center for Drug Evaluation, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
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2
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Chavan K, Chhablani J, Jalali S, Padhy SK. Understanding the relationship between pachychoroid spectrum disorders and retinitis pigmentosa: A review of the evidence. Indian J Ophthalmol 2024; 72:956-961. [PMID: 38622849 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_2909_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the relationship between pachychoroid spectrum disorders and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) or rod-cone dystrophy through a comprehensive literature review. The purpose is to explore the association between these disorders, understand their underlying mechanisms, and summarize the existing hypotheses and opinions. A thorough review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, focusing on articles related to central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), RP, pachychoroid pigment epitheliopathy, pachychoroid neovasculopathy, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, focal choroidal excavation, peripapillary pachychoroid neovasculopathy, and peripheral exudative hemorrhagic chorioretinopathy. Relevant studies were selected for a detailed narrative review and analysis. Several studies have reported the coexistence of CSC and RP, indicating a potential association between the two conditions. The dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium is proposed as a common factor. Choroidal thinning is observed in RP, but conflicting results exist regarding choroidal thickness (CT). While some studies support choroidal thinning in RP, others suggest preserved or increased thickness. Additionally, cases of pachychoroid neovasculopathy and polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy in RP have been reported, suggesting an overlap between these conditions. The literature suggests conflicting reports on CT changes in RP. Future research should focus on large-scale studies using comprehensive imaging techniques, genetic analysis, and long-term follow-up to uncover the underlying mechanisms and determine the prevalence of pachychoroid spectrum disorders in RP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Chavan
- Vitreoretina Services, Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jay Chhablani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Subhadra Jalali
- Vitreoretina Services, Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srikanta Kumar Padhy
- Vitreoretina Services, Anant Bajaj Retina Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
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3
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Wendland RJ, Tucker BA, Worthington KS. Influence of Substrate Stiffness on iPSC-Derived Retinal Pigmented Epithelial Cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2024; 13:582-592. [PMID: 38560893 PMCID: PMC11165161 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szae022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases are a major cause of blindness involving the dysfunction of photoreceptors, retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE), or both. A promising treatment approach involves replacing these cells via surgical transplantation, and previous work has shown that cell delivery scaffolds are vital to ensure sufficient cell survival. Thus, identifying scaffold properties that are conducive to cell viability and maturation (such as suitable material and mechanical properties) is critical to ensuring a successful treatment approach. In this study, we investigated the effect of scaffold stiffness on human RPE attachment, survival, and differentiation, comparing immortalized (ARPE-19) and stem cell-derived RPE (iRPE) cells. Polydimethylsiloxane was used as a model polymer substrate, and varying stiffness (~12 to 800 kPa) was achieved by modulating the cross-link-to-base ratio. Post-attachment changes in gene and protein expression were assessed using qPCR and immunocytochemistry. We found that while ARPE-19 and iRPE exhibited significant differences in morphology and expression of RPE markers, substrate stiffness did not have a substantial impact on cell growth or maturation for either cell type. These results highlight the differences in expression between immortalized and iPSC-derived RPE cells, and also suggest that stiffnesses in this range (~12-800 kPa) may not result in significant differences in RPE growth and maturation, an important consideration in scaffold design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rion J Wendland
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Budd A Tucker
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Kristan S Worthington
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Institute for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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4
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Jeong H, Shaia JK, Markle JC, Talcott KE, Singh RP. Melatonin and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. JAMA Ophthalmol 2024:2819801. [PMID: 38842832 PMCID: PMC11157446 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2024.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Importance Melatonin has been shown to oppose several processes that are known to mediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but whether melatonin can confer benefits against AMD remains unclear. Objective To examine the association between melatonin supplementation and the risk of the development or progression of AMD. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study accessed data from TriNetX, a national database of deidentified electronic medical records from both inpatient and outpatient health care organizations across the US, between December 4, 2023, and March 19, 2024. Patients aged 50 years or older, 60 years or older, and 70 years or older with no history of AMD (AMD-naive group) and with a history of nonexudative AMD (nonexudative AMD group) were queried for instances of melatonin medication codes between November 14, 2008, and November 14, 2023. Patients were then classified into either a melatonin group or a control group based on the presence of medication codes for melatonin. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to match the cohorts based on demographic variables, comorbidities, and nonmelatonin hypnotic medication use. Exposure The presence of at least 4 instances of melatonin records that each occurred at least 3 months apart. Main Outcomes and Measures After PSM, the melatonin and the control cohorts were compared to evaluate the risk ratios (RRs) and the 95% CIs of having an outcome. For the AMD-naive group, the outcome was defined as a new diagnosis of any AMD, whereas for the nonexudative AMD group, the outcome was progression to exudative AMD. Results Among 121 523 patients in the melatonin-naive group aged 50 years or older (4848 in the melatonin cohort [4580 after PSM; mean (SD) age, 68.24 (11.47) years; 2588 female (56.5%)] and 116 675 in the control cohort [4580 after PSM; mean (SD) age, 68.17 (10.63) years; 2681 female (58.5%)]), melatonin use was associated with a reduced risk of developing AMD (RR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.28-0.62). Among 66 253 patients aged 50 years or older in the nonexudative AMD group (4350 in the melatonin cohort [4064 after PSM; mean (SD) age, 80.21 (8.78) years; 2482 female (61.1%)] and 61 903 in the control cohort [4064 patients after PSM; mean (SD) age, 80.31 (8.03) years; 2531 female (62.3%)]), melatonin was associated with a reduced risk of AMD progression to exudative AMD (RR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.34-0.56). The results were consistent among subsets of individuals aged 60 years or older (AMD-naive cohort: RR, 0.36 [95% CI, 0.25-0.54]; nonexudative AMD cohort: RR, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.30-0.49]) and 70 years or older (AMD-naive cohort: RR, 0.35 [95% CI, 0.23-0.53]; nonexudative AMD cohort: RR, 0.40 [95% CI, 0.31-0.51]). Conclusions and Relevance Melatonin use was associated with a decreased risk of development and progression of AMD. Although lifestyle factors may have influenced this association, these findings provide a rationale for further research on the efficacy of using melatonin as a preventive therapy against AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejin Jeong
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jacqueline K. Shaia
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jonathan C. Markle
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Katherine E. Talcott
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Rishi P. Singh
- Center for Ophthalmic Bioinformatics, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Cleveland Clinic Martin Health, Cleveland Clinic Florida, Stuart
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Ortiz C, Tahiri H, Yang C, Gilbert C, Fortin C, Hardy P. The microRNA Let-7f Induces Senescence and Exacerbates Oxidative Stress in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:646. [PMID: 38929085 PMCID: PMC11200580 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate the role of microRNA let-7f in the dysfunction and degeneration of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells through the induction of senescence and oxidative stress. Furthermore, we explore whether let-7f inhibition can protect these cells against sodium iodate (SI)-induced oxidative stress. Oxidative stress and let-7f expression are reciprocally regulated in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Overexpression of let-7f in ARPE-19 cells induced oxidative stress as demonstrated by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production as well as senescence. Inhibition of let-7f successfully protected RPE cells from the detrimental effects induced by SI. In addition, let-7f overexpression induced RPE cellular dysfunction by diminishing their migratory capabilities and reducing the phagocytosis of porcine photoreceptor outer segments (POS). Results were further confirmed in vivo by intravitreal injections of SI and let-7f antagomir in C57BL/6 mice. Our results provide strong evidence that let-7f is implicated in the dysfunction of RPE cells through the induction of senescence and oxidative injury. These findings may help to uncover novel and relevant processes in the pathogenesis of dry AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ortiz
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
| | - Houda Tahiri
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (C.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Chun Yang
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (C.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Claudia Gilbert
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (C.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Carl Fortin
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (C.G.); (C.F.)
| | - Pierre Hardy
- Departments of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada;
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; (H.T.); (C.Y.); (C.G.); (C.F.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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Radu M, Brănișteanu DC, Pirvulescu RA, Dumitrescu OM, Ionescu MA, Zemba M. Exploring Stem-Cell-Based Therapies for Retinal Regeneration. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:668. [PMID: 38929652 PMCID: PMC11204673 DOI: 10.3390/life14060668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalating prevalence of retinal diseases-notably, age-related macular degeneration and hereditary retinal disorders-poses an intimidating challenge to ophthalmic medicine, often culminating in irreversible vision loss. Current treatments are limited and often fail to address the underlying loss of retinal cells. This paper explores the potential of stem-cell-based therapies as a promising avenue for retinal regeneration. We review the latest advancements in stem cell technology, focusing on embryonic stem cells (ESCs), pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and their ability to differentiate into retinal cell types. We discuss the challenges in stem cell transplantation, such as immune rejection, integration into the host retina, and functional recovery. Previous and ongoing clinical trials are examined to highlight the therapeutic efficacy and safety of these novel treatments. Additionally, we address the ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks governing stem cell research. Our analysis suggests that while stem-cell-based therapies offer a groundbreaking approach to treating retinal diseases, further research is needed to ensure long-term safety and to optimize therapeutic outcomes. This review summarizes the clinical evidence of stem cell therapy and current limitations in utilizing stem cells for retinal degeneration, such as age-related macular degeneration, retinitis pigmentosa, and Stargardt's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madalina Radu
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Ruxandra Angela Pirvulescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Emergency Hospital, 050098 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Otilia Maria Dumitrescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Alexandru Ionescu
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihail Zemba
- Department of Ophthalmology, “Dr. Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency University Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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7
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Cheng YW, Huang YC, Chang KF, Huang XF, Sheu GT, Tsai NM. Protective Effect of Curcumin on the Tight Junction Integrity and Cellular Senescence in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium of Early Diabetic Retinopathy. JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 2024; 67:107-117. [PMID: 38857204 DOI: 10.4103/ejpi.ejpi-d-23-00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a secondary complication of diabetes that can lead to visual impairment and blindness. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a monolayer of pigment cells that forms the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) via tight junction (TJ) proteins and plays a crucial role in the physiological function of the retina. Hyperglycemia induces RPE death and BRB breakdown, which accelerates the process of DR. Curcumin, an active extract of Curcuma longa , has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and neuroprotective properties. However, the effect of Curcumin on the BRB under high glucose conditions remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of Curcumin on RPE physiology in vitro and in vivo . Curcumin significantly alleviated cell viability inhibition under high glucose conditions. Moreover, high glucose reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt pathways activation to diminish RPE cell growth but reversed by Curcumin treatment. Curcumin protected not only TJ integrity but also retinoid regeneration through TJ proteins and isomerase modulation in diabetic retina. Furthermore, Curcumin decreased the expression of angiogenic factor to inhibit retinal neovascularization. Finally, Curcumin treatment markedly reduced apoptosis during hyperglycemia. In conclusion, Curcumin can alleviate the progression of DR by promoting RPE survival, TJ integrity, retinoid isomerase activity, RPE senescence inhibition, and neovascularization. Therefore, Curcumin exhibits high potential for use as a therapeutic agent for early DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lee's General Hospital, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Chih Huang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Fu Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Xiao-Fan Huang
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Tarng Sheu
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Nu-Man Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Life-and-Death Studies, Nanhua University, Chiayi, Taiwan
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Faura G, Studenovska H, Sekac D, Ellederova Z, Petrovski G, Eide L. The Effects of the Coating and Aging of Biodegradable Polylactic Acid Membranes on In Vitro Primary Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells. Biomedicines 2024; 12:966. [PMID: 38790928 PMCID: PMC11117638 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12050966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most frequent cause of blindness in developed countries. The replacement of dysfunctional human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) cells by the transplantation of in vitro-cultivated hRPE cells to the affected area emerges as a feasible strategy for regenerative therapy. Synthetic biomimetic membranes arise as powerful hRPE cell carriers, but as biodegradability is a requirement, it also poses a challenge due to its limited durability. hRPE cells exhibit several characteristics that putatively respond to the type of membrane carrier, and they can be used as biomarkers to evaluate and further optimize such membranes. Here, we analyze the pigmentation, transepithelial resistance, genome integrity, and maturation markers of hRPE cells plated on commercial polycarbonate (PC) versus in-house electrospun polylactide-based (PLA) membranes, both enabling separate apical/basolateral compartments. Our results show that PLA is superior to PC-based membranes for the cultivation of hRPEs, and the BEST1/RPE65 maturation markers emerge as the best biomarkers for addressing the quality of hRPE cultivated in vitro. The stability of the cultures was observed to be affected by PLA aging, which is an effect that could be partially palliated by the coating of the PLA membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Faura
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- CIDETEC, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Hana Studenovska
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - David Sekac
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; (D.S.); (Z.E.)
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenka Ellederova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 277 21 Libechov, Czech Republic; (D.S.); (Z.E.)
| | - Goran Petrovski
- Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0424 Oslo, Norway;
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Centre, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
- UKLO Network, University St. Kliment Ohridski, 7000 Bitola, North Macedonia
| | - Lars Eide
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, 0424 Oslo, Norway
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Esposito E, Pozza E, Contado C, Pula W, Bortolini O, Ragno D, Toldo S, Casciano F, Bondi A, Zauli E, Secchiero P, Zauli G, Melloni E. Microfluidic Fabricated Liposomes for Nutlin-3a Ocular Delivery as Potential Candidate for Proliferative Vitreoretinal Diseases Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3513-3536. [PMID: 38623081 PMCID: PMC11018138 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s452134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Proliferative vitreoretinal diseases (PVDs) represent a heterogeneous group of pathologies characterized by the presence of retinal proliferative membranes, in whose development retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is deeply involved. As the only effective treatment for PVDs at present is surgery, we aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic activity of Nutlin-3a, a small non-genotoxic inhibitor of the MDM2/p53 interaction, on ARPE-19 cell line and on human RPE primary cells, as in vitro models of RPE and, more importantly, to formulate and evaluate Nutlin-3a loaded liposomes designed for ophthalmic administration. Methods Liposomes were produced using an innovative approach by a microfluidic device under selection of different conditions. Liposome size distribution was evaluated by photon correlation spectroscopy and centrifugal field flow fractionation, while the liposome structure was studied by transmission electron microscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The Nutlin-3a entrapment capacity was evaluated by ultrafiltration and HPLC. Nutlin-3a biological effectiveness as a solution or loaded in liposomes was evaluated by viability, proliferation, apoptosis and migration assays and by morphological analysis. Results The microfluidic formulative study enabled the selection of liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) 5.4 or 8.2 mg/mL and 10% ethanol, characterized by roundish vesicular structures with 150-250 nm mean diameters. Particularly, liposomes based on the lower PC concentration were characterized by higher stability. Nutlin-3a was effectively encapsulated in liposomes and was able to induce a significant reduction of viability and migration in RPE cell models. Conclusion Our results lay the basis for a possible use of liposomes for the ocular delivery of Nutlin-3a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Esposito
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Elena Pozza
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Catia Contado
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Walter Pula
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Daniele Ragno
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Sofia Toldo
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Fabio Casciano
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Agnese Bondi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Prevention, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Melloni
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, I-44121, Italy
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10
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Tang PH, Curran CD, Salman AR, Sodhi GS, Vagaggini T, Haq Z, Mittra RA, Dev S, Emerson GG, Parke DW, Quiram PA, Belin PJ, Sastry A, Ryan EH. BILATERAL EYE PATCHING MAY IMPROVE CLINICAL OUTCOMES FOR ACUTE PRIMARY RHEGMATOGENOUS RETINAL DETACHMENT. Retina 2024; 44:591-600. [PMID: 37972977 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000004004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Evaluate preoperative bilateral eye patching (BEP) on subretinal fluid and vision in acute primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachments (RRDs). METHODS Retrospective nonrandomized interventional study of 335 patients with RRD undergoing BEP until surgery (BEP cohort) and separated by the percentage of full-time compliance: high (≥90%), medium (>90% but ≥50%), and low (<50%). Those declining BEP were included (control). All underwent surgery and were followed for ≥3 months. Imaging was obtained immediately before surgery. Best-corrected visual acuity was measured at the longest follow-up and immediately before surgery. SRF and foveal status immediately before surgery were analyzed. RESULTS Two hundred and forty and 95 patients were in BEP and control cohorts, respectively. Thirty patients presented immediately before surgery for analysis. High (64%) and medium (35%) compliance showed significantly greater ( P < 0.01) SRF reduction compared with low (4%) and control (3%). Mac-off RRD showed significantly greater ( P < 0.01) foveal reattachment with high (29%) and medium (8%) compliance compared with low (2%) and control (1%). Mac-on RRD demonstrated no significant differences ( P ≥ 0.51) in final best-corrected visual acuity among high (0 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] [median], 20/20 Snellen), medium (0.10 logMAR, 20/25 Snellen), low (0.10 logMAR), and control cohorts (0.10 logMAR). Mac-off RRD demonstrated significantly better final best-corrected visual acuity with high compliance (0.30 logMAR, 20/40 Snellen) compared with low (0.40 logMAR, 20/50 Snellen; P = 0.04) and control (0.60 logMAR, 20/80 Snellen; P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Preoperative BEP can stabilize or improve subretinal fluid in acute primary RRD. Patients with BEP >50% of the time experienced the greatest benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H Tang
- Retina Consultants of Minnesota, Edina, Minnesota
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; and
| | - Christian D Curran
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ali R Salman
- Retina Consultants of Minnesota, Edina, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Zeeshan Haq
- Retina Consultants of Minnesota, Edina, Minnesota
| | - Robert A Mittra
- Retina Consultants of Minnesota, Edina, Minnesota
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sundeep Dev
- Retina Consultants of Minnesota, Edina, Minnesota
| | - Geoffrey G Emerson
- Retina Consultants of Minnesota, Edina, Minnesota
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - D Wilkin Parke
- Retina Consultants of Minnesota, Edina, Minnesota
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | | | - Ananth Sastry
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Edwin H Ryan
- Retina Consultants of Minnesota, Edina, Minnesota
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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11
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Bovi Dos Santos G, de Lima-Vasconcellos TH, Móvio MI, Birbrair A, Del Debbio CB, Kihara AH. New Perspectives in Stem Cell Transplantation and Associated Therapies to Treat Retinal Diseases: From Gene Editing to 3D Bioprinting. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:722-737. [PMID: 38319527 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-024-10689-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Inherited and non-inherited retinopathies can affect distinct cell types, leading to progressive cell death and visual loss. In the last years, new approaches have indicated exciting opportunities to treat retinopathies. Cell therapy in retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular disease, and glaucoma have yielded encouraging results in rodents and humans. The first two diseases mainly impact the photoreceptors and the retinal pigmented epithelium, while glaucoma primarily affects the ganglion cell layer. Induced pluripotent stem cells and multipotent stem cells can be differentiated in vitro to obtain specific cell types for use in transplant as well as to assess the impact of candidate molecules aimed at treating retinal degeneration. Moreover, stem cell therapy is presented in combination with newly developed methods, such as gene editing, Müller cells dedifferentiation, sheet & drug delivery, virus-like particles, optogenetics, and 3D bioprinting. This review describes the recent advances in this field, by presenting an updated panel based on cell transplants and related therapies to treat retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrieli Bovi Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marília Inês Móvio
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Sciences Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Rm 4385, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Carolina Beltrame Del Debbio
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Hiroaki Kihara
- Laboratório de Neurogenética, Universidade Federal do ABC, São Bernardo do Campo, Santo André, SP, Brazil.
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12
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Shahror RA, Morris CA, Mohammed AA, Wild M, Zaman B, Mitchell CD, Phillips PH, Rusch NJ, Shosha E, Fouda AY. Role of myeloid cells in ischemic retinopathies: recent advances and unanswered questions. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:65. [PMID: 38454477 PMCID: PMC10918977 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03058-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Myeloid cells including microglia and macrophages play crucial roles in retinal homeostasis by clearing cellular debris and regulating inflammation. These cells are activated in several blinding ischemic retinal diseases including diabetic retinopathy, where they may exert both beneficial and detrimental effects on neurovascular function and angiogenesis. Myeloid cells impact the progression of retinal pathologies and recent studies suggest that targeting myeloid cells is a promising therapeutic strategy to mitigate diabetic retinopathy and other ischemic retinal diseases. This review summarizes the recent advances in our understanding of the role of microglia and macrophages in retinal diseases and focuses on the effects of myeloid cells on neurovascular injury and angiogenesis in ischemic retinopathies. We highlight gaps in knowledge and advocate for a more detailed understanding of the role of myeloid cells in retinal ischemic injury to fully unlock the potential of targeting myeloid cells as a therapeutic strategy for retinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rami A Shahror
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Carol A Morris
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Aya A Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Melissa Wild
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Bushra Zaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Christian D Mitchell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Paul H Phillips
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvey & Bernice Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Nancy J Rusch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Esraa Shosha
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdelrahman Y Fouda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham Street, Slot 611, BIOMED-1, B306, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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13
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Gurubaran IS. Mitochondrial damage and clearance in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102 Suppl 282:3-53. [PMID: 38467968 DOI: 10.1111/aos.16661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a devastating eye disease that causes permanent vision loss in the central part of the retina, known as the macula. Patients with such severe visual loss face a reduced quality of life and are at a 1.5 times greater risk of death compared to the general population. Currently, there is no cure for or effective treatment for dry AMD. There are several mechanisms thought to underlie the disease, for example, ageing-associated chronic oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, harmful protein aggregation and inflammation. As a way of gaining a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind AMD and thus developing new therapies, we have created a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (PGC1α/NFE2L2) double-knockout (dKO) mouse model that mimics many of the clinical features of dry AMD, including elevated levels of oxidative stress markers, damaged mitochondria, accumulating lysosomal lipofuscin and extracellular drusen-like structures in retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). In addition, a human RPE cell-based model was established to examine the impact of non-functional intracellular clearance systems on inflammasome activation. In this study, we found that there was a disturbance in the autolysosomal machinery responsible for clearing mitochondria in the RPE cells of one-year-old PGC1α/NFE2L2-deficient mice. The confocal immunohistochemical analysis revealed an increase in autophagosome marker microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B) as well as multiple mitophagy markers such as PTE-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and E3 ubiquitin ligase (PARKIN), along with signs of damaged mitochondria. However, no increase in autolysosome formation was detected, nor was there a colocalization of the lysosomal marker LAMP2 or the mitochondrial marker, ATP synthase β. There was an upregulation of late autolysosomal fusion Ras-related protein (Rab7) in the perinuclear space of RPE cells, together with autofluorescent aggregates. Additionally, we observed an increase in the numbers of Toll-like receptors 3 and 9, while those of NOD-like receptor 3 were decreased in PGC1α/NFE2L2 dKO retinal specimens compared to wild-type animals. There was a trend towards increased complement component C5a and increased involvement of the serine protease enzyme, thrombin, in enhancing the terminal pathway producing C5a, independent of C3. The levels of primary acute phase C-reactive protein and receptor for advanced glycation end products were also increased in the PGC1α/NFE2L2 dKO retina. Furthermore, selective proteasome inhibition with epoxomicin promoted both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and mitochondrial-mediated oxidative stress, leading to the release of mitochondrial DNA to the cytosol, resulting in potassium efflux-dependent activation of the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome and the subsequent secretion of interleukin-1β in ARPE-19 cells. In conclusion, the data suggest that there is at least a relative decrease in mitophagy, increases in the amounts of C5 and thrombin and decreased C3 levels in this dry AMD-like model. Moreover, selective proteasome inhibition evoked mitochondrial damage and AIM2 inflammasome activation in ARPE-19 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iswariyaraja Sridevi Gurubaran
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Medicine Unit, University of Eastern Finland Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kuopio, Northern Savonia, Finland
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14
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Wu KY, Tabari A, Mazerolle É, Tran SD. Towards Precision Ophthalmology: The Role of 3D Printing and Bioprinting in Oculoplastic Surgery, Retinal, Corneal, and Glaucoma Treatment. Biomimetics (Basel) 2024; 9:145. [PMID: 38534830 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics9030145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the forefront of ophthalmic innovation, biomimetic 3D printing and bioprinting technologies are redefining patient-specific therapeutic strategies. This critical review systematically evaluates their application spectrum, spanning oculoplastic reconstruction, retinal tissue engineering, corneal transplantation, and targeted glaucoma treatments. It highlights the intricacies of these technologies, including the fundamental principles, advanced materials, and bioinks that facilitate the replication of ocular tissue architecture. The synthesis of primary studies from 2014 to 2023 provides a rigorous analysis of their evolution and current clinical implications. This review is unique in its holistic approach, juxtaposing the scientific underpinnings with clinical realities, thereby delineating the advantages over conventional modalities, and identifying translational barriers. It elucidates persistent knowledge deficits and outlines future research directions. It ultimately accentuates the imperative for multidisciplinary collaboration to enhance the clinical integration of these biotechnologies, culminating in a paradigm shift towards individualized ophthalmic care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y Wu
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - Adrian Tabari
- Southern Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Éric Mazerolle
- Division of Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1G 2E8, Canada
| | - Simon D Tran
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1G1, Canada
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15
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Shelton DA, Gefke I, Summers V, Kim YK, Yu H, Getz Y, Ferdous S, Donaldson K, Liao K, Papania JT, Chrenek MA, Boatright JH, Nickerson JM. Age-Related RPE changes in Wildtype C57BL/6J Mice between 2 and 32 Months. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.30.574142. [PMID: 38352604 PMCID: PMC10862734 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.30.574142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Purpose This study provides a systematic evaluation of age-related changes in RPE cell structure and function using a morphometric approach. We aim to better capture nuanced predictive changes in cell heterogeneity that reflect loss of RPE integrity during normal aging. Using C57BL6/J mice ranging from P60-P730, we sought to evaluate how regional changes in RPE shape reflect incremental losses in RPE cell function with advancing age. We hypothesize that tracking global morphological changes in RPE is predictive of functional defects over time. Methods We tested three groups of C57BL/6J mice (young: P60-180; Middle-aged: P365-729; aged: 730+) for function and structural defects using electroretinograms, immunofluorescence, and phagocytosis assays. Results The largest changes in RPE morphology were evident between the young and aged groups, while the middle-aged group exhibited smaller but notable region-specific differences. We observed a 1.9-fold increase in cytoplasmic alpha-catenin expression specifically in the central-medial region of the eye between the young and aged group. There was an 8-fold increase in subretinal, IBA-1-positive immune cell recruitment and a significant decrease in visual function in aged mice compared to young mice. Functional defects in the RPE corroborated by changes in RPE phagocytotic capacity. Conclusions The marked increase of cytoplasmic alpha-catenin expression and subretinal immune cell deposition, and decreased visual output coincide with regional changes in RPE cell morphometrics when stratified by age. These cumulative changes in the RPE morphology showed predictive regional patterns of stress associated with loss of RPE integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debresha A. Shelton
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Isabelle Gefke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Vivian Summers
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Yong-Kyu Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hallym University College of Medicine, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hanyi Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Computer Science, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Yana Getz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Salma Ferdous
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Kevin Donaldson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Kristie Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jack T. Papania
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Micah A. Chrenek
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Jeffrey H. Boatright
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
- Atlanta VA Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Decatur, Georgia, United States
| | - John M. Nickerson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
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16
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Casciano F, Zauli E, Celeghini C, Caruso L, Gonelli A, Zauli G, Pignatelli A. Retinal Alterations Predict Early Prodromal Signs of Neurodegenerative Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1689. [PMID: 38338966 PMCID: PMC10855697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are an increasingly common group of diseases that occur late in life with a significant impact on personal, family, and economic life. Among these, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the major disorders that lead to mild to severe cognitive and physical impairment and dementia. Interestingly, those diseases may show onset of prodromal symptoms early after middle age. Commonly, the evaluation of these neurodegenerative diseases is based on the detection of biomarkers, where functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have shown a central role in revealing early or prodromal phases, although it can be expensive, time-consuming, and not always available. The aforementioned diseases have a common impact on the visual system due to the pathophysiological mechanisms shared between the eye and the brain. In Parkinson's disease, α-synuclein deposition in the retinal cells, as well as in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra, alters the visual cortex and retinal function, resulting in modifications to the visual field. Similarly, the visual cortex is modified by the neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic amyloid β plaques typically seen in the Alzheimer's disease brain, and this may reflect the accumulation of these biomarkers in the retina during the early stages of the disease, as seen in postmortem retinas of AD patients. In this light, the ophthalmic evaluation of retinal neurodegeneration could become a cost-effective method for the early diagnosis of those diseases, overcoming the limitations of functional and structural imaging of the deep brain. This analysis is commonly used in ophthalmic practice, and interest in it has risen in recent years. This review will discuss the relationship between Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease with retinal degeneration, highlighting how retinal analysis may represent a noninvasive and straightforward method for the early diagnosis of these neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Casciano
- Department of Translational Medicine and LTTA Centre, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Enrico Zauli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudio Celeghini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Caruso
- Department of Environment and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Arianna Gonelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giorgio Zauli
- Research Department, King Khaled Eye Specialistic Hospital, Riyadh 12329, Saudi Arabia
| | - Angela Pignatelli
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
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17
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Shigesada N, Shikada N, Shirai M, Toriyama M, Higashijima F, Kimura K, Kondo T, Bessho Y, Shinozuka T, Sasai N. Combination of blockade of endothelin signalling and compensation of IGF1 expression protects the retina from degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:51. [PMID: 38252153 PMCID: PMC10803390 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and macular dystrophy (MD) cause severe retinal dysfunction, affecting 1 in 4000 people worldwide. This disease is currently assumed to be intractable, because effective therapeutic methods have not been established, regardless of genetic or sporadic traits. Here, we examined a RP mouse model in which the Prominin-1 (Prom1) gene was deficient and investigated the molecular events occurring at the outset of retinal dysfunction. We extracted the Prom1-deficient retina subjected to light exposure for a short time, conducted single-cell expression profiling, and compared the gene expression with and without stimuli. We identified the cells and genes whose expression levels change directly in response to light stimuli. Among the genes altered by light stimulation, Igf1 was decreased in rod photoreceptor cells and astrocytes under the light-stimulated condition. Consistently, the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signal was weakened in light-stimulated photoreceptor cells. The recovery of Igf1 expression with the adeno-associated virus (AAV) prevented photoreceptor cell death, and its treatment in combination with the endothelin receptor antagonist led to the blockade of abnormal glial activation and the promotion of glycolysis, thereby resulting in the improvement of retinal functions, as assayed by electroretinography. We additionally demonstrated that the attenuation of mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which mediates IGF signalling, leads to complications in maintaining retinal homeostasis. Together, we propose that combinatorial manipulation of distinct mechanisms is useful for the maintenance of the retinal condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Shigesada
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Naoya Shikada
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirai
- Omics Research Center (ORC), National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Michinori Toriyama
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Kwansei Gakuin University, Sanda, 669-1337, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Higashijima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755-0046, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Ube, 755-0046, Japan
| | - Toru Kondo
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Bessho
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Takuma Shinozuka
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sasai
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan.
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18
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Kocherlakota S, Baes M. Benefits and Caveats in the Use of Retinal Pigment Epithelium-Specific Cre Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1293. [PMID: 38279294 PMCID: PMC10816505 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an important monolayer of cells present in the outer retina, forming a major part of the blood-retina barrier (BRB). It performs many tasks essential for the maintenance of retinal integrity and function. With increasing knowledge of the retina, it is becoming clear that both common retinal disorders, like age-related macular degeneration, and rare genetic disorders originate in the RPE. This calls for a better understanding of the functions of various proteins within the RPE. In this regard, mice enabling an RPE-specific gene deletion are a powerful tool to study the role of a particular protein within the RPE cells in their native environment, simultaneously negating any potential influences of systemic changes. Moreover, since RPE cells interact closely with adjacent photoreceptors, these mice also provide an excellent avenue to study the importance of a particular gene function within the RPE to the retina as a whole. In this review, we outline and compare the features of various Cre mice created for this purpose, which allow for inducible or non-inducible RPE-specific knockout of a gene of interest. We summarize the various benefits and caveats involved in the use of such mouse lines, allowing researchers to make a well-informed decision on the choice of Cre mouse to use in relation to their research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Myriam Baes
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Khalil A, Barras A, Boukherroub R, Tseng CL, Devos D, Burnouf T, Neuhaus W, Szunerits S. Enhancing paracellular and transcellular permeability using nanotechnological approaches for the treatment of brain and retinal diseases. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2023; 9:14-43. [PMID: 37853828 DOI: 10.1039/d3nh00306j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Paracellular permeability across epithelial and endothelial cells is, in large part, regulated by apical intercellular junctions also referred to as tight junctions (TJs). These junctions contribute to the spatial definition of different tissue compartments within organisms, separating them from the outside world as well as from inner compartments, with their primary physiological role of maintaining tissue homeostasis. TJs restrict the free, passive diffusion of ions and hydrophilic small molecules through paracellular clefts and are important for appropriate cell polarization and transporter protein localisation, supporting the controlled transcellular diffusion of smaller and larger hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic substances. This traditional diffusion barrier concept of TJs has been challenged lately, owing to a better understanding of the components that are associated with TJs. It is now well-established that mutations in TJ proteins are associated with a range of human diseases and that a change in the membrane fluidity of neighbouring cells can open possibilities for therapeutics to cross intercellular junctions. Nanotechnological approaches, exploiting ultrasound or hyperosmotic agents and permeation enhancers, are the paradigm for achieving enhanced paracellular diffusion. The other widely used transport route of drugs is via transcellular transport, allowing the passage of a variety of pro-drugs and nanoparticle-encapsulated drugs via different mechanisms based on receptors and others. For a long time, there was an expectation that lipidic nanocarriers and polymeric nanostructures could revolutionize the field for the delivery of RNA and protein-based therapeutics across different biological barriers equipped with TJs (e.g., blood-brain barrier (BBB), retina-blood barrier (RBB), corneal TJs, etc.). However, only a limited increase in therapeutic efficiency has been reported for most systems until now. The purpose of this review is to explore the reasons behind the current failures and to examine the emergence of synthetic and cell-derived nanomaterials and nanotechnological approaches as potential game-changers in enhancing drug delivery to target locations both at and across TJs using innovative concepts. Specifically, we will focus on recent advancements in various nanotechnological strategies enabling the bypassing or temporally opening of TJs to the brain and to the retina, and discuss their advantages and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Khalil
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Alexandre Barras
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Ching-Li Tseng
- Taipei Medical University, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering (GIBMTE), New Taipei City 235603, Taiwan
- Taipei Medical University, International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering (IPBME), New Taipei City 235603, Taiwan
| | - David Devos
- University Lille, CHU-Lille, Inserm, U1172, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, LICEND, Lille, France
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Taipei Medical University, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering (GIBMTE), New Taipei City 235603, Taiwan
- Taipei Medical University, International PhD Program in Biomedical Engineering (IPBME), New Taipei City 235603, Taiwan
| | - Winfried Neuhaus
- AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center Health and Bioresources, Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Laboratory for Life Sciences and Technology (LiST), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Danube Private University, 3500 Krems, Austria
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Manikandan SK, Logan A, Cerrada-Gimenez M, Fitzhenry L, Coffey L, Kaja S, Rani S. Immune System, Inflammation and Autoantigens in Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Pathological Significance and Therapeutic Importance. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2236. [PMID: 38137838 PMCID: PMC10744676 DOI: 10.3390/life13122236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) is a chronic inflammation-associated neurodegenerative disease affecting the posterior part of the eye in the aging population. Aging results in the reduced functionality of cells and tissues, including the cells of the retina. Initiators of a chronic inflammatory and pathologic state in wAMD may be a result of the accumulation of inevitable metabolic injuries associated with the maintenance of tissue homeostasis from a young age to over 50. Apart from this, risk factors like smoking, genetic predisposition, and failure to repair the injuries that occur, alongside attempts to rescue the hypoxic outer retina may also contribute to the pathogenesis. Aging of the immune system (immunosenescence) and a compromised outer blood retinal barrier (BRB) result in the exposure of the privileged milieu of the retina to the systemic immune system, further increasing the severity of the disease. When immune-privileged sites like the retina are under pathological stress, certain age- and disease-related conditions may necessitate assistance from cells distant from the resident ones to help restore the functionality of the tissue. As a necessary part of tissue repair, inflammation is a major response to disease and recruits immune cells to the site of damage. We suspect that the specific reparative inflammatory responses are controlled by an autoantigen-T cell-mediated mechanism, a process that may be hindered in wAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreeraj Kuruppilakath Manikandan
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, South East Technological University, Waterford Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (S.K.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Ann Logan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7HL, UK;
| | | | - Laurence Fitzhenry
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, South East Technological University, Waterford Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (S.K.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Lee Coffey
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, South East Technological University, Waterford Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (S.K.M.); (L.F.)
| | - Simon Kaja
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Molecular Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Sweta Rani
- Ocular Therapeutics Research Group, Pharmaceutical and Molecular Biotechnology Research Centre, South East Technological University, Waterford Campus, X91 K0EK Waterford, Ireland; (S.K.M.); (L.F.)
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21
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Liu X, Meng J, Liao X, Liu Y, Zhou Q, Xu Z, Yin S, Cao Q, Su G, He S, Li W, Wang X, Wang G, Li D, Yang P, Hou S. A de novo missense mutation in MPP2 confers an increased risk of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease as shown by trio-based whole-exome sequencing. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:1379-1392. [PMID: 37828081 PMCID: PMC10616125 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease is a leading cause of blindness in young and middle-aged people. However, the etiology of VKH disease remains unclear. Here, we performed the first trio-based whole-exome sequencing study, which enrolled 25 VKH patients and 50 controls, followed by a study of 2081 VKH patients from a Han Chinese population to uncover detrimental mutations. A total of 15 de novo mutations in VKH patients were identified, with one of the most important being the membrane palmitoylated protein 2 (MPP2) p.K315N (MPP2-N315) mutation. The MPP2-N315 mutation was highly deleterious according to bioinformatic predictions. Additionally, this mutation appears rare, being absent from the 1000 Genome Project and Genome Aggregation Database, and it is highly conserved in 10 species, including humans and mice. Subsequent studies showed that pathological phenotypes and retinal vascular leakage were aggravated in MPP2-N315 mutation knock-in or MPP2-N315 adeno-associated virus-treated mice with experimental autoimmune uveitis (EAU). In vitro, we used clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR‒Cas9) gene editing technology to delete intrinsic MPP2 before overexpressing wild-type MPP2 or MPP2-N315. Levels of cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-17E, and vascular endothelial growth factor A, were increased, and barrier function was destroyed in the MPP2-N315 mutant ARPE19 cells. Mechanistically, the MPP2-N315 mutation had a stronger ability to directly bind to ANXA2 than MPP2-K315, as shown by LC‒MS/MS and Co-IP, and resulted in activation of the ERK3/IL-17E pathway. Overall, our results demonstrated that the MPP2-K315N mutation may increase susceptibility to VKH disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyang Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiayu Meng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Xingyun Liao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, China
| | - Yusen Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongren Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuming Yin
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qingfeng Cao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Guannan Su
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyuan He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Wanqian Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaotang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Peizeng Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.
| | - Shengping Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Eye Institute, Chongqing, China.
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Beijing, 100730, China.
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22
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Karg MM, Moorefield M, Hoffmann E, Philipose H, Krasniqi D, Hoppe C, Shu DY, Shirahama S, Ksander BR, Saint-Geniez M. Microglia preserve visual function loss in the aging retina by supporting retinal pigment epithelial health. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:53. [PMID: 37838654 PMCID: PMC10576380 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00358-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased age is a risk factor for the development and progression of retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Understanding the changes that occur in the eye due to aging is important in enhancing our understanding of AMD pathogenesis and the development of novel AMD therapies. Microglia, the resident brain and retinal immune cells are associated with both maintaining homeostasis and protection of neurons and loss of microglia homeostasis could be a significant player in age related neurodegeneration. One important characteristic of retinal aging is the migration of microglia from the inner to outer retina where they reside in the subretinal space (SRS) in contact with the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. The role of aged subretinal microglia is unknown. Here, we depleted microglia in aged C57/BL6 mice fed for 6 weeks with a chow containing PLX5622, a small molecule inhibitor of colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (Csf1r) required for microglial survival. RESULTS The subretinal P2RY12 + microglia in aged mice displayed a highly amoeboid and activated morphology and were filled with autofluorescence droplets reminiscent of lipofuscin. TEM indicates that subretinal microglia actively phagocytize shed photoreceptor outer segments, one of the main functions of retinal pigmented epithelial cells. PLX5622 treatment depleted up to 90% of the retinal microglia and was associated with significant loss in visual function. Mice on the microglia depletion diet showed reduced contrast sensitivity and significantly lower electroretinogram for the c-wave, a measurement of RPE functionality, compared to age-matched controls. The loss of c-wave coincided with a loss of RPE cells and increased RPE swelling in the absence of microglia. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that microglia preserve visual function in aged mice and support RPE cell function, by phagocytosing shed photoreceptor outer segments and lipids, therefore compensating for the known age-related decline of RPE phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete M Karg
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - May Moorefield
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Emma Hoffmann
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Hannah Philipose
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Drenushe Krasniqi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Cindy Hoppe
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daisy Y Shu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shintaro Shirahama
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce R Ksander
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Magali Saint-Geniez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Perez-Estrada JR, Tangeman JA, Proto-Newton M, Sanaka H, Smucker B, Del Rio-Tsonis K. DISTINCT METABOLIC STATES DIRECT RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM CELL FATE DECISIONS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.26.559631. [PMID: 37808829 PMCID: PMC10557760 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.26.559631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
During tissue regeneration, proliferation, dedifferentiation, and reprogramming are necessary to restore lost structures. However, it is not fully understood how metabolism intersects with these processes. Chicken embryos can regenerate their retina through retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) reprogramming when treated with fibroblast factor 2 (FGF2). Using transcriptome profiling, we uncovered extensive regulation of gene sets pertaining to proliferation, neurogenesis, and glycolysis throughout RPE-to-neural retina reprogramming. By manipulating cell media composition, we determined that glucose, glutamine, or pyruvate are sufficient to support RPE reprogramming identifying glycolysis as a requisite. Conversely, the induction of oxidative metabolism by activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase induces Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), while simultaneously blocking the activation of neural retina fate. We also identify that EMT is partially driven by an oxidative environment. Our findings provide evidence that metabolism controls RPE cell fate decisions and provide insights into the metabolic state of RPE cells, which are prone to fate changes in regeneration and pathologies, such as proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
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24
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Kaya MK, Arslan S. Exploring the Potential Link between Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy and Trimethylamine N-Oxide, Phoenixin, Spexin, and Alarin Molecules. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1459. [PMID: 37892139 PMCID: PMC10604309 DOI: 10.3390/biom13101459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute central serous chorioretinopathy (ACSCR) is a condition characterized by decreased visual acuity, macular thickening, and edema under the retinal layer. Although the underlying mechanisms of the disease are not fully understood, oxidative stress is considered to be a critical risk factor. The aim of this study was to shed light on the pathophysiology of ACSCR by investigating the levels of circulating trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), phoenixin (PNX), alarin (ALA), and spexin (SPX) molecules in ACSCR patients. METHODS The study included 30 ACSCR patients and 30 healthy individuals as controls. ACSCR was diagnosed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. Five mL blood samples were collected from all participants following overnight fasting. The levels of TMAO, PNX, ALA, and SPX in the blood samples were measured using the ELISA method. RESULTS Visual acuity was found to be significantly reduced in ACSCR patients compared to the control group (<0.05), while macular thickness was increased (<0.05). Furthermore, TMAO, PNX, and ALA levels were significantly higher in ACSCR patients (<0.05), while SPX levels were significantly lower compared to the control group (<0.05). In ACSCR patients, there was a positive correlation between macular thickness and TMAO, PNX, and ALA; there was, however, a negative correlation with SPX. Additionally, visual acuity was negatively correlated with TMAO, PNX, and ALA, while SPX levels decreased as visual acuity decreased. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate a correlation between the TMAO, PNX, ALA, and SPX levels of ACSCR patients and their visual acuity and macular thickness. Given the role of these molecules in ACSCR's pathophysiology, they hold promise as potential diagnostic, therapeutic, and follow-up markers in the future.
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25
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Silva Nieto R, Samaniego López C, Moretton MA, Lizarraga L, Chiappetta DA, Alaimo A, Pérez OE. Chitosan-Based Nanogels Designed for Betanin-Rich Beetroot Extract Transport: Physicochemical and Biological Aspects. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3875. [PMID: 37835924 PMCID: PMC10574865 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as a possible solution to improve phytochemicals' limitations. The objective of the present study was to encapsulate beetroot extract (BR Ext) within a chitosan (CS)-based nanogel (NG) designed via ionic crosslinking with tripolyphosphate (TPP) for betanin (Bet) delivery, mainly in the ophthalmic environment. BR Ext is rich in betanin (Bet) according to thin layer chromatography (TLC), UV-visible spectroscopy, and HPLC analysis. NG presented a monodisperse profile with a size of 166 ± 6 nm and low polydispersity (0.30 ± 0.03). ζ potential (ζ-Pot) of +28 ± 1 is indicative of a colloidally stable system. BR Ext encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 45 ± 3%. TEM, with the respective 3D-surface plots and AFM, showed spherical-elliptical-shaped NG. The BR Ext release profile was biphasic with a burst release followed by slow and sustained phase over 12 h. Mucoadhesion assay demonstrated interactions between NG with mucin. Moreover, NG provided photoprotection and pH stability to BR Ext. FRAP and ABTS assays confirmed that BR Ext maintained antioxidant activity into NG. Furthermore, in vitro assays using human retinal cells displayed absence of cytotoxicity as well as an efficient protection against injury agents (LPS and H2O2). NGs are a promising platform for BR Ext encapsulation, exerting controlled release for ophthalmological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Silva Nieto
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (R.S.N.); (A.A.)
| | - Cecilia Samaniego López
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina;
| | - Marcela A. Moretton
- Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (M.A.M.); (D.A.C.)
- Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Lizarraga
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBION-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina;
| | - Diego A. Chiappetta
- Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (M.A.M.); (D.A.C.)
- Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Agustina Alaimo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (R.S.N.); (A.A.)
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina;
| | - Oscar E. Pérez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (R.S.N.); (A.A.)
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina;
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26
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Liang H, Wu Q, Guo XV, Chan L, Mao T, Stella C, Guilbaud A, Camperi J. Comprehensive Analysis of Photoreceptor Outer Segments: Flow Cytometry Characterization and Stress-Driven Impact on Retinal Pigment Epithelium Phagocytosis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12889. [PMID: 37629070 PMCID: PMC10454439 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is one of the key functions of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells, which maintain photoreceptor health by removing photoreceptor outer segments (POSs) that are regularly shed. A deficiency in RPE function to phagocytose POSs may lead to vision loss in inherited retinal diseases and eventually to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) with geographic atrophy. Significant progress has been made in the field of cell replacement therapy for AMD using stem-cell-derived RPE. To test their function, RPE cells are incubated with purified bovine POSs for the demonstration of efficient binding, internalization, and digestion of POSs. Here, we present an image-based method to measure phagocytosis activity by using POSs labeled with a pH-sensitive fluorescent dye, which has low fluorescence at neutral pH outside of the cell and high fluorescence at low pH inside the phagosome. Further, we introduce a unique flow-cytometry-based method for the characterization of POSs by measuring specific markers for POSs such as rhodopsin and opsin. Using this method, we demonstrated a comparable quality of several bovine POS isolation batches and a reliable assessment of POS quality on RPE phagocytosis assay performance when subjected to different stress conditions. This work provides new tools to characterize POSs and insight into RPE phagocytosis assay development for the functional evaluation of RPE cells in the field of cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqian Liang
- Cell Therapy Engineering and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (H.L.); (Q.W.); (X.V.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Qiang Wu
- Cell Therapy Engineering and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (H.L.); (Q.W.); (X.V.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Xinzheng Victor Guo
- Cell Therapy Engineering and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (H.L.); (Q.W.); (X.V.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Linda Chan
- Cell Therapy Engineering and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (H.L.); (Q.W.); (X.V.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Tin Mao
- Cell Therapy Engineering and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (H.L.); (Q.W.); (X.V.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Axel Guilbaud
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA;
| | - Julien Camperi
- Cell Therapy Engineering and Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA; (H.L.); (Q.W.); (X.V.G.); (L.C.)
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27
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Rickabaugh E, Weatherston D, Harris TI, Jones JA, Vargis E. Engineering a Biomimetic In Vitro Model of Bruch's Membrane Using Hagfish Slime Intermediate Filament Proteins. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5051-5061. [PMID: 37458693 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Bruch's membrane resides in the subretinal tissue and regulates the flow of nutrients and waste between the retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) and vascular layers of the eye. With age, Bruch's membrane becomes thicker, stiffer, and less permeable, which impedes its function as a boundary layer in the subretina. These changes contribute to pathologies such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). To better understand how aging in Bruch's membrane affects surrounding tissues and to determine the relationship between aging and disease, an in vitro model of Bruch's membrane is needed. An accurate model of Bruch's membrane must be a proteinaceous, semipermeable, and nonporous biomaterial with similar mechanical properties to in vivo conditions. Additionally, this model must support RPE cell growth. While models of subretinal tissue exist, they typically differ from in vivo Bruch's membrane in one or more of these properties. This study evaluates the capability of membranes created from recombinant hagfish intermediate filament (rHIF) proteins to accurately replicate Bruch's membrane in an in vitro model of the subretinal tissue. The physical characteristics of these rHIF membranes were evaluated using mechanical testing, permeability assays, brightfield microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The capacity of the membranes to support RPE cell culture was determined using brightfield and fluorescent microscopy, as well as immunocytochemical staining. This study demonstrates that rHIF protein membranes are an appropriate biomaterial to accurately mimic both healthy and aged Bruch's membrane for in vitro modeling of the subretinal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilee Rickabaugh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-4105 United States
| | - Dillon Weatherston
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-4105 United States
| | - Thomas I Harris
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-5305, United States
| | - Justin A Jones
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, 5305 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-5305, United States
| | - Elizabeth Vargis
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah 84322-4105 United States
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Honisch C, Rodella U, Gatto C, Ruzza P, Tóthová JD. Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant-Based Interventional Medicine in Ophthalmology. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1146. [PMID: 37631061 PMCID: PMC10458870 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The different anatomical compartments of the eye are highly subjected to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation due to internal factors, such as metabolic high oxygen consumption, as well as environmental factors, including UV light. An antioxidant defense system is endowed in the eye tissues to regulate ROS quantity and activity. When this homeostatic system is overwhelmed, oxidative stress occurs, causing cellular damage, chronic inflammation, and tissue degeneration. It also plays a significant role in the development and progression of various ocular diseases. Understanding the mechanisms underlying oxidative stress in ocular conditions is thus crucial for the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies. To track marketed products based on antioxidant substances as active ingredients, the databases of the European Medicines Agency and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration were consulted. Only a limited number of items were identified, which were either used as therapeutic treatment or during ocular surgery, including antioxidants, synthetical derivatives, or pro-drugs designed to enhance tissue permeation and activity. This review aims to provide an overview of the primary ocular pathologies associated with oxidative stress and of the available pharmacological interventions centered around antioxidant molecules. Such insights are essential for advancing the development of effective prevention and novel treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Honisch
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR (ICB-CNR), Via F. Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Umberto Rodella
- Research and Development, AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L., Viale Austria, 14, 35020 Ponte San Nicolờ, Italy; (U.R.); (C.G.)
- Fondazione Banca degli Occhi del Veneto (FBOV), Via Paccagnella, 11, 30174 Zelarino, Italy
| | - Claudio Gatto
- Research and Development, AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L., Viale Austria, 14, 35020 Ponte San Nicolờ, Italy; (U.R.); (C.G.)
| | - Paolo Ruzza
- Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry of CNR (ICB-CNR), Via F. Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Jana D’Amato Tóthová
- Research and Development, AL.CHI.MI.A. S.R.L., Viale Austria, 14, 35020 Ponte San Nicolờ, Italy; (U.R.); (C.G.)
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Hang A, Feldman S, Amin AP, Ochoa JAR, Park SS. Intravitreal Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapies for Retinal Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1140. [PMID: 37631054 PMCID: PMC10458692 DOI: 10.3390/ph16081140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) are key mediator of retinal and choroidal neovascularization as well as retinal vascular leakage leading to macular edema. As such, VEGF plays an important role in mediating visually significant complications associated with common retinal disorders such as diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and age-related macular degeneration. Various drugs that inhibit vascular endothelial growth factors (anti-VEGF therapies) have been developed to minimize vision loss associated with these disorders. These drugs are injected into the vitreous cavity in a clinic setting at regular intervals. This article provides an overview of the various anti-VEGF drugs used in ophthalmology and the common retinal conditions that benefit from this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Hang
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Ernest E. Tschannen Eye Institute, University of California Davis Eye Center, 4860 Y Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Samuel Feldman
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Ernest E. Tschannen Eye Institute, University of California Davis Eye Center, 4860 Y Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.H.); (S.F.)
| | - Aana P. Amin
- School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.P.A.); (J.A.R.O.)
| | - Jorge A. Rivas Ochoa
- School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.P.A.); (J.A.R.O.)
| | - Susanna S. Park
- Department of Ophthalmology & Vision Science, Ernest E. Tschannen Eye Institute, University of California Davis Eye Center, 4860 Y Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (A.H.); (S.F.)
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Wasilewska I, Majewski Ł, Adamek-Urbańska D, Mondal SS, Baranykova S, Gupta RK, Bielecki D, Winata CL, Kuznicki J. Lack of Stim2 Affects Vision-Dependent Behavior and Sensitivity to Hypoxia. Zebrafish 2023; 20:146-159. [PMID: 37590563 DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2022.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Stromal interaction molecules (STIMs) are endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteins that regulate Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling by store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). The different properties and functions of STIM1 and STIM2 have been described mostly based on work in vitro. STIM2 knockout mice do not survive until adulthood. Therefore, we generated and characterized stim2a and stim2b double-knockout zebrafish. The (stim2a;stim2b)-/- zebrafish did not have any apparent morphological phenotype. However, RNA sequencing revealed 1424 differentially expressed genes. One of the most upregulated genes was annexin A3a, which is a marker of activated microglia. This corresponded well to an increase in Neutral Red staining in the in vivo imaging of the (stim2a;stim2b)-/- zebrafish brain. The lack of Stim2 decreased zebrafish survival under low oxygen conditions. Behavioral tests, such as the visual-motor response test and dark-light preference test, indicated that (stim2a;stim2b)-/- larvae might have problems with vision. This was consistent with the downregulation of many genes that are related to light perception. The periodic acid-Schiff staining of retina sections from adult zebrafish revealed alterations of the stratum pigmentosum, suggesting the involvement of a Stim2-dependent process in visual perception. Altogether, these data reveal new functions for Stim2 in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iga Wasilewska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Majewski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dobrochna Adamek-Urbańska
- Department of Ichthyology and Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Shamba S Mondal
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sofiia Baranykova
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Rishikesh K Gupta
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dominik Bielecki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cecilia L Winata
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Liu H, Cheng J, Zhuang X, Qi B, Li F, Zhang B. Genomic instability and eye diseases. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2023; 3:103-111. [PMID: 37846358 PMCID: PMC10577848 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Background Genetic information is stored in the bases of double-stranded DNA. However, the integrity of DNA molecules is constantly threatened by various mutagenic agents, including pollutants, ultraviolet light (UV), and medications. To counteract these environmental damages, cells have established multiple mechanisms, such as producing molecules to identify and eliminate damaged DNA, as well as reconstruct the original DNA structures. Failure or insufficiency of these mechanisms can cause genetic instability. However, the role of genome stability in eye diseases is still under-researched, despite extensive study in cancer biology. Main text As the eye is directly exposed to the external environment, the genetic materials of ocular cells are constantly under threat. Some of the proteins essential for DNA damage repair, such as pRb, p53, and RAD21, are also key during the ocular disease development. In this review, we discuss five ocular diseases that are associated with genomic instability. Retinoblastoma and pterygium are linked to abnormal cell cycles. Fuchs' corneal endothelial dystrophy and age-related macular degeneration are related to the accumulation of DNA damage caused by oxidative damage and UV. The mutation of the subunit of the cohesin complex during eye development is linked to sclerocornea. Conclusions Failure of DNA damage detection or repair leads to increased genomic instability. Deciphering the role of genomic instability in ocular diseases can lead to the development of new treatments and strategies, such as protecting vulnerable cells from risk factors or intensifying damage to unwanted cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Liu
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyun Zhuang
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University (Shandong Eye Hospital), Jinan, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Benxiang Qi
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China
| | - Fenfen Li
- The Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bining Zhang
- Eye Institute of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- School of Ophthalmology, Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Qingdao, China
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Zhang T, Zhu L, Sun Y, Yang L, Yi S, Zhong W. Novel Insights on 6:6 Perfluoroalkyl Phosphonic Acid-Induced Melanin Synthesis Disorders Leading to Pigmentation in Tadpoles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:11032-11042. [PMID: 37467139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
As alternatives to traditional per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, perfluoroalkyl phosphonic acids (PFPiAs) are widely present in aquatic environments and can potentially harm aquatic organisms. Pigmentation affects the probability of aquatic organisms being preyed on and serves as an important toxic endpoint of development, but little is known about the impacts of PFPiAs on the development of aquatic organisms. In this study, Xenopus laevis embryos were exposed to 6:6 PFPiA (1, 10, and 100 nM) for 14 days. The developed tadpoles exhibited evident pigmentation with increased melanin particle size and density on the skin. Pathological and behavioral experiments revealed that the retinal layers became thinner, reducing the photosensitivity and disturbing the circadian rhythm of the tadpoles. Compared to the control group, the exposed tadpoles showed higher levels but less changes of melanin throughout the light/dark cycle, as well as distinct oxidative damage. Consequently, the expression level of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a key factor inducing melanin synthesis, increased significantly. Molecular docking analysis suggested that 6:6 PFPiA forms strong interactions in the binding pocket of MITF, implying that it could activate MITF directly. The activation of MITF ultimately promotes melanin synthesis, resulting in pigmentation on tadpoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yumeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shujun Yi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenjue Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Velazquez-Soto H, Groman-Lupa S, Cruz-Aguilar M, Salazar AL, Zenteno JC, Jimenez-Martinez MC. Exogenous CFH Modulates Levels of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators to Prevent Oxidative Damage of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with the At-Risk CFH Y402H Variant. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1540. [PMID: 37627535 PMCID: PMC10451625 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex, progressive degenerative retinal disease. Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells play an important role in the immune defense of the eye and their dysfunction leads to the progressive irreversible degeneration of photoreceptors. Genetic factors, chronic inflammation, and oxidative stress have been implicated in AMD pathogenesis. Oxidative stress causes RPE injury, resulting in a chronic inflammatory response and cell death. The Y402H polymorphism in the complement factor H (CFH) protein is an important risk factor for AMD. However, the functional significance of CFH Y402H polymorphism remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of CFH in the pro-inflammatory response using an in vitro model of oxidative stress in the RPE with the at-risk CFH Y402H variant. ARPE-19 cells with the at-risk CFH Y402H variant were highly susceptible to damage caused by oxidative stress, with increased levels of inflammatory mediators and pro-apoptotic factors that lead to cell death. Pretreatment of the ARPE-19 cell cultures with exogenous CFH prior to the induction of oxidative stress prevented damage and cell death. This protective effect may be related to the negative regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines. CFH contributes to cell homeostasis and is required to modulate the pro-inflammatory cytokine response under oxidative stress in the ARPE-19 cells with the at-risk CFH Y402H variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Velazquez-Soto
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
| | - Sergio Groman-Lupa
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
| | - Marisa Cruz-Aguilar
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
| | - Alberto L. Salazar
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
| | - Juan C. Zenteno
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
| | - Maria C. Jimenez-Martinez
- Department of Immunology, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology “Conde de Valenciana Foundation”, Mexico City 06800, Mexico; (H.V.-S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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de Campos VS, Magalhães CF, da Rosa BG, dos Santos CM, Fragel-Madeira L, Figueiredo DP, Calaza KC, Adesse D. Maternal Toxoplasma gondii infection affects proliferation, differentiation and cell cycle regulation of retinal neural progenitor cells in mouse embryo. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1211446. [PMID: 37545879 PMCID: PMC10400775 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1211446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasmosis affects one third of the world population and has the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii as etiological agent. Congenital toxoplasmosis (CT) can cause severe damage to the fetus, including miscarriages, intracranial calcification, hydrocephalus and retinochoroiditis. Severity of CT depends on the gestational period in which infection occurs, and alterations at the cellular level during retinal development have been reported. In this study, we proposed a mouse CT model to investigate the impact of infection on retinal development. Methods Pregnant females of pigmented C57BL/6 strain mice were infected intragastrically with two T. gondii cysts (ME49 strain) at embryonic day 10 (E10), and the offspring were analyzed at E18. Results Infected embryos had significantly smaller body sizes and weights than the PBS-treated controls, indicating that embryonic development was affected. In the retina, a significant increase in the number of Ki-67-positive cells (marker of proliferating cells) was found in the apical region of the NBL of infected mice compared to the control. Supporting this, cell cycle proteins Cyclin D3, Cdk6 and pChK2 were significantly altered in infected retinas. Interestingly, the immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant increase in the population of β-III-tubulin-positive cells, one of the earliest markers of neuronal differentiation. Conclusions Our data suggests that CT affects cell cycle progression in retinal progenitor cells, possibly inducing the arrest of these cells at G2/M phase. Such alterations could influence the differentiation, anticipating/increasing neuronal maturation, and therefore leading to abnormal retinal formation. Our model mimics important events observed in ocular CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Souza de Campos
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Retina, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Camila Feitosa Magalhães
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Retina, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Barbara Gomes da Rosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Lucianne Fragel-Madeira
- Laboratório de Desenvolvimento e Regeneração Neural, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Danniel Pereira Figueiredo
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Retina, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Karin C. Calaza
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia da Retina, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Paterson C, Cannon J, Vargis E. The impact of early RPE cell junction loss on VEGF, Ang-2, and TIMP secretion in vitro. Mol Vis 2023; 29:87-101. [PMID: 37859808 PMCID: PMC10584031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is an important tissue for maintaining a healthy retina. Retinal pigment epithelial cells help regulate nutrient transport to photoreceptors and are heavily pigmented to prevent light scattering. These cells also have junction proteins to form monolayers. Monolayers are key players in pathologies such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of vision loss in older adults. During AMD, RPE cell detachment can occur, resulting in a loss of junctions. Losing junctions can increase the expression of pro-angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This overexpression can cause abnormal blood vessel growth or angiogenesis in the retina. Age-related macular degeneration treatments target VEGF to slow angiogenesis progression. However, other proteins, such as angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and the tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), may also play important roles, making them potential targets for treatment. Controlling RPE junction formation will help elucidate the relationship between RPE cell detachment and additional angiogenic factor secretion, lead to more therapeutics, and increase the efficacy of current treatments. Methods Micropatterning was used to control the spatial arrangement of primary porcine RPE cells using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stencils. Patterns were formed into PDMS stencils to mimic 10%, 25%, and 50% overall detachment of the RPE monolayer. Zonula-occludens-1 (ZO-1), Ang-2, and VEGF were visualized using immunocytochemical (ICC) staining. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to quantify extracellular Ang-2, VEGF, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 levels. A rod outer segment (OS) phagocytosis assay was performed to determine how RPE junction loss directly affects photoreceptor support. Results The growth of primary porcine RPE cells was successfully controlled using stencils. Morphological changes and a decrease in pigmentation were observed, showing a decline in barrier and light absorption functions as degeneration increased. One day after stencil removal, junction proteins were delocalized, and angiogenic factor secretions were correlated with increased levels of detachment. Secretion levels of Ang-2 and TIMP-1 were significantly increased, whereas VEGF and TIMP-2 concentrations were not as affected by varying levels of detachment. OS phagocytosis appeared lower in RPE cells when ZO-1 was affected. Conclusions These results suggest a correlation between loss of junctions, abnormal angiogenic protein secretion, and reduced OS phagocytosis. Furthermore, Ang-2 and TIMP-1 proteins might be beneficial targets for AMD treatments, and their roles in retinal diseases deserve further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase Paterson
- Utah State University, Biological Engineering, Logan, UT
| | - Jamen Cannon
- Utah State University, Biological Engineering, Logan, UT
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Puddu A, Maggi DC. Klotho: A new therapeutic target in diabetic retinopathy? World J Diabetes 2023; 14:1027-1036. [PMID: 37547589 PMCID: PMC10401458 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i7.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Klotho (Kl) is considered an antiaging gene, mainly for the inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling. Kl exists as full-length transmembrane, which acts as co-receptor for fibroblast growth factor receptor, and in soluble forms (sKl). The sKl may exert pleiotropic effects on organs and tissues by regulating several pathways involved in the pathogenesis of diseases associated with oxidative and inflammatory state. In diabetic Patients, serum levels of Kl are significantly decreased compared to healthy subjects, and are related to duration of diabetes. In diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the most common microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes, serum Kl levels are negatively correlated with progression of the disease. A lot of evidences showed that Kl regulates several mechanisms involved in maintaining homeostasis and functions of retinal cells, including phagocytosis, calcium signaling, secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), maintenance of redox status, and melanin biosynthesis. Experimental data have been shown that Kl exerts positive effects on several mechanisms involved in onset and progression of DR. In particular, treatment with Kl: (1) Prevents apoptosis induced by oxidative stress in human retinal endothelial cells and in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells; (2) reduces secretion of VEGF-A by RPE cells; and (3) decreases subretinal fibrosis and preserves autophagic activity. Therefore, Kl may become a novel biomarker and a good candidate for the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Puddu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy
| | - Davide Carlo Maggi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Genova, Genova 16132, Italy
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Markitantova Y, Simirskii V. Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation of Redox Homeostasis in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: An Updated Antioxidant Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10776. [PMID: 37445953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and antioxidant processes is the basis for maintaining RPE homeostasis and preventing retinal degenerative processes. Long-term stable changes in the redox balance under the influence of endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and the development of a number of retinal pathologies associated with RPE dysfunction, and can eventually lead to vision loss. Reparative autophagy, ubiquitin-proteasome utilization, the repair of damaged proteins, and the maintenance of their conformational structure are important interrelated mechanisms of the endogenous defense system that protects against oxidative damage. Antioxidant protection of RPE cells is realized as a result of the activity of specific transcription factors, a large group of enzymes, chaperone proteins, etc., which form many signaling pathways in the RPE and the retina. Here, we discuss the role of the key components of the antioxidant defense system (ADS) in the cellular response of the RPE against OS. Understanding the role and interactions of OS mediators and the components of the ADS contributes to the formation of ideas about the subtle mechanisms in the regulation of RPE cellular functions and prospects for experimental approaches to restore RPE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Markitantova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Simirskii
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Jang HY, Cho CS, Shin YM, Kwak J, Sung YH, Kang BC, Kim JH. Isolation and Characterization of the Primary Marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Cells 2023; 12:1644. [PMID: 37371114 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Marmosets have emerged as a valuable primate model in ophthalmic research due to their similarity to the human visual system and their potential for generating transgenic models to advance the development of therapies. In this study, we isolated and cultured primary retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from marmosets to investigate the mechanisms underlying RPE dysfunction in aging and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We confirmed that our culture conditions and materials supported the formation of RPE monolayers with functional tight junctions that closely resembled the in vivo RPE. Since serum has been shown to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in RPE cells, we compared the effects of fetal bovine serum (FBS) with serum-free supplements B27 on transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), cell proliferation, and morphological characteristics. Additionally, we assessed the age-related morphological changes of in vivo and primary RPE cells. Our results indicate that primary marmoset RPE cells exhibit in vivo-like characteristics, while cells obtained from an older donor show evidence of aging, including a failure to form a polarized monolayer, low TER, and delayed cell cycle. In conclusion, our primary marmoset RPE cells provide a reliable in vitro model for developing novel therapeutics for visual-threatening disorders such as AMD, which can be used before animal experiments using marmosets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Young Jang
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03082, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Sik Cho
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03082, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mi Shin
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03082, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Kwak
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hoon Sung
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Cheol Kang
- Graduate School of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Experimental Animal Research, Biomedical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03082, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine and Population, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
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39
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Duan H, Song W, Zhao J, Yan W. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs): Sources, Digestion, Absorption, Application and Their Potential Adjunctive Effects on Visual Fatigue. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112633. [PMID: 37299596 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
When the eyes are exposed to the environment, they are easily affected by strong light stimulation and harmful substances. At the same time, prolonged use of the eyes or incorrect eye habits can cause visual fatigue, which mainly manifests as eye dryness, soreness, blurred vision, and various discomforts. The main reason for this is a decline in the function of the eye, especially the cornea and retina on the surface of the eye, which have the greatest impact on the normal function of the eye. Research has found that supplementation with appropriate foods or nutrients can effectively strengthen the eye against external and internal stimuli, thereby alleviating or avoiding visual fatigue. Among these, supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids has been found to be effective at protecting eye health and relieving visual fatigue. This article summarizes the sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (including the main dietary sources and internal synthesis), the mechanisms of digestion and absorption of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the body and the safety of polyunsaturated fatty acid applications. It also reviews the mechanism of action of polyunsaturated fatty acids in aiding the relief of visual fatigue based on the mechanism of impaired function or structure of the ocular surface and fundus in the hope of providing some reference and insight into the development and application of polyunsaturated fatty acids in functional foods for the relief of visual fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Duan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Wei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Wenjie Yan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
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40
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Zhang J, Zhang T, Zeng S, Zhang X, Zhou F, Gillies MC, Zhu L. The Role of Nrf2/sMAF Signalling in Retina Ageing and Retinal Diseases. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1512. [PMID: 37371607 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related diseases, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and age-related macular disease, have become increasingly prominent as the population ages. Oxygen is essential for living organisms, but it may also cause disease when it is transformed into reactive oxygen species via biological processes in cells. Most of the production of ROS occurs in mitochondrial complexes I and III. The accumulation of ROS in cells causes oxidative stress, which plays a crucial role in human ageing and many diseases. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a key antioxidant transcription factor that plays a central role in many diseases and ageing in general. It regulates many downstream antioxidative enzymes when cells are exposed to oxidative stress. A basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, MAF, specifically the small MAF subfamily (sMAFs), forms heterodimers with Nrf2, which bind with Maf-recognition elements (MAREs) in response to oxidative stress. The role of this complex in the human retina remains unclear. This review summarises the current knowledge about Nrf2 and its downstream signalling, especially its cofactor-MAF, in ageing and diseases, with a focus on the retina. Since Nrf2 is the master regulator of redox homeostasis in cells, we hypothesise that targeting Nrf2 is a promising therapeutic approach for many age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ting Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shaoxue Zeng
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- Department of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Beijing Tongren Eye Centre, Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100073, China
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mark C Gillies
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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41
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Bakri SJ, Bektas M, Sharp D, Luo R, Sarda SP, Khan S. Geographic atrophy: Mechanism of disease, pathophysiology, and role of the complement system. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2023; 29:S2-S11. [PMID: 37125931 PMCID: PMC10408405 DOI: 10.18553/jmcp.2023.29.5-a.s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), characterized by atrophic lesions that first start in the outer retina and progressively expand to cover the macula and the fovea, the center of the macula, leading to irreversible loss of vision over time. GA is distinct from wet or neovascular AMD (nAMD), the other form of advanced AMD. Neovascular AMD is characterized by new invading leaky blood vessels in the macula that can lead to acute vision loss. GA and nAMD may coexist in the same eye. The underlying pathophysiology of GA is complex and thought to involve chronic inflammation due to overactivation of the complement system that leads to the loss of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and the underlying choriocapillaris. The disappearance of these structures appears as sharply demarcated atrophic lesions that are typical of GA. Researchers have reported about 1 million reported cases of GA in the United States, and about 160,000 cases occur per year. The most important risk factors for GA are increasing age and family history. Diagnosis of GA is usually made by using multimodal imaging techniques. Lesions associated with GA are highly heterogeneous, and the growth rate may differ from patient to patient. Despite the progressive nature of GA, the fovea may be spared until much later in the disease, thereby retaining central vision in patients. With time, atrophic lesions may progressively grow to involve the fovea, thereby severely impairing central vision. Vision loss can happen rapidly once the lesions reach the fovea. However, even without the involvement of the fovea, ongoing vision impairment impacting daily life may be present. Median time from GA not involving the center of the fovea (without subfoveal involvement) to GA with lesion boundary affecting the foveal center (subfoveal involvement) ranges from 1.4 to 2.5 years. GA can greatly impact patients' functioning and quality of life and limit their independence by interfering with activities of daily living, including difficulties with reading, driving, watching television, recognizing faces, and being unable to do household chores. No treatments have been available until intravitreal pegcetacoplan was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for GA secondary to AMD. DISCLOSURES: Dr Bakri serves as a consultant to Apellis Pharmaceuticals, as well as AbbVie, Adverum, Eyepoint, iLumen, Iveric Bio, Genentech, Novartis, Outlook Therapeutics, Pixium, Regeneron, Roche, and Regenxbio. Drs Sharp, Luo, and Sarda are employees of Apellis Pharmaceuticals. Dr Bektas and Ms Khan are employees of RTI Health Solutions. Apellis developed and led the concept design of this publication, review and interpretation, approval, and decision to publish. This research was developed under a research contract between RTI Health Solutions and Apellis Pharmaceuticals and was funded by Apellis Pharmaceuticals. This supplement is to describe the disease of geographic atrophy and was funded by Apellis. Apellis Pharmaceuticals has developed Syfovre (pegcetacoplan), the first and only treatment for geographic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shahnaz Khan
- RTI Health Solutions, Research Triangle Park, NC
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Lee D, Hong HS. Substance P Alleviates Retinal Pigment Epithelium Dysfunction Caused by High Glucose-Induced Stress. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051070. [PMID: 37240715 DOI: 10.3390/life13051070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
When the retina is constantly affected by high glucose (HG) due to diabetes, the barrier function of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is impaired, accompanied by unnecessary vascularization. This eventually leads to the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study investigated the recovery effect of substance P (SP) on RPE injured by HG. RPE was treated with HG for 24 h, and HG-induced cellular injuries were confirmed. SP was added to the dysfunctional RPE. Compared to RPE in low glucose (LG) conditions, HG-damaged RPE had large, fibrotic cell shapes, and its cellular viability decreased. HG treatment reduced tight junction protein expression levels and caused oxidative stress by interrupting the antioxidant system; this was followed by inflammatory factor intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and angiogenesis factor vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression. SP treatment contributed to RPE recovery by enhancing cell viability, tight junction protein expression, and RPE function under HG conditions, possibly by activating the Akt signaling pathway. Importantly, SP treatment reduced ICAM-1, MCP-1, and VEGF expression. Collectively, SP activated survival signals to suppress oxidative stress and improve retinal barrier function in RPE, accompanied by immune suppression. This suggests the possible application of SP to diabetic retinal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahyeon Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sook Hong
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- East-West Medical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Kyung Hee Institute of Regenerative Medicine (KIRM), Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Sripathi SR, Hu MW, Turaga RC, Mikeasky R, Satyanarayana G, Cheng J, Duan Y, Maruotti J, Wahlin KJ, Berlinicke CA, Qian J, Esumi N, Zack DJ. IKKβ Inhibition Attenuates Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition of Human Stem Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Cells 2023; 12:1155. [PMID: 37190063 PMCID: PMC10136838 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is well known for its role in embryonic development, malignant transformation, and tumor progression, has also been implicated in a variety of retinal diseases, including proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy. EMT of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), although important in the pathogenesis of these retinal conditions, is not well understood at the molecular level. We and others have shown that a variety of molecules, including the co-treatment of human stem cell-derived RPE monolayer cultures with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), can induce RPE-EMT; however, small molecule inhibitors of RPE-EMT have been less well studied. Here, we demonstrate that BAY651942, a small molecule inhibitor of nuclear factor kapa-B kinase subunit beta (IKKβ) that selectively targets NF-κB signaling, can modulate TGF-β/TNF-α-induced RPE-EMT. Next, we performed RNA-seq studies on BAY651942 treated hRPE monolayers to dissect altered biological pathways and signaling events. Further, we validated the effect of IKKβ inhibition on RPE-EMT-associated factors using a second IKKβ inhibitor, BMS345541, with RPE monolayers derived from an independent stem cell line. Our data highlights the fact that pharmacological inhibition of RPE-EMT restores RPE identity and may provide a promising approach for treating retinal diseases that involve RPE dedifferentiation and EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa R. Sripathi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Henderson Ocular Stem Cell Laboratory, Retina Foundation of the Southwest, Dallas, TX 75231, USA
| | - Ming-Wen Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ravi Chakra Turaga
- Caris Life Sciences, 350 W Washington St., Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
| | - Rebekah Mikeasky
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ganesh Satyanarayana
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
- Emory Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jie Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yukan Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Karl J. Wahlin
- Shiley Eye Institute, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Berlinicke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Noriko Esumi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Donald J. Zack
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Duan H, Song W, Guo J, Yan W. Taurine: A Source and Application for the Relief of Visual Fatigue. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081843. [PMID: 37111062 PMCID: PMC10142897 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
According to reports, supplementation with appropriate doses of taurine may help to reduce visual fatigue. Presently, some progress has been made in research related to taurine in eye health, but the lack of systematic summaries has led to the neglect of its application in the relief of visual fatigue. This paper, therefore, provides a systematic review of the sources of taurine, including the endogenous metabolic and exogenous dietary pathways, as well as a detailed review of the distribution and production of exogenous taurine. The physiological mechanisms underlying the production of visual fatigue are summarized and the research progress of taurine in relieving visual fatigue is reviewed, including the safety of consumption and the mechanism of action in relieving visual fatigue, in order to provide some reference basis and inspiration for the development and application of taurine in functional foods for relieving visual fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Duan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Wei Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Jinhong Guo
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
| | - Wenjie Yan
- College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Food, Beijing Union University, Beijing 100023, China
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45
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Dhingra A, Tobias JW, Philp NJ, Boesze-Battaglia K. Transcriptomic Changes Predict Metabolic Alterations in LC3 Associated Phagocytosis in Aged Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:6716. [PMID: 37047689 PMCID: PMC10095460 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
LC3b (Map1lc3b) plays an essential role in canonical autophagy and is one of several components of the autophagy machinery that mediates non-canonical autophagic functions. Phagosomes are often associated with lipidated LC3b to promote phagosome maturation in a process called LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). Specialized phagocytes, such as mammary epithelial cells, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, and sertoli cells, utilize LAP for optimal degradation of phagocytosed material, including debris. In the visual system, LAP is critical to maintain retinal function, lipid homeostasis, and neuroprotection. In a mouse model of retinal lipid steatosis-mice lacking LC3b (LC3b-/-), we observed increased lipid deposition, metabolic dysregulation, and enhanced inflammation. Herein, we present a non-biased approach to determine if loss of LAP mediated processes modulate the expression of various genes related to metabolic homeostasis, lipid handling, and inflammation. A comparison of the RPE transcriptome of WT and LC3b-/- mice revealed 1533 DEGs, with ~73% upregulated and 27% downregulated. Enriched gene ontology (GO) terms included inflammatory response (upregulated DEGs), fatty acid metabolism, and vascular transport (downregulated DEGs). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified 34 pathways; 28 were upregulated (dominated by inflammation/related pathways) and 6 were downregulated (dominated by metabolic pathways). Analysis of additional gene families identified significant differences for genes in the solute carrier family, RPE signature genes, and genes with a potential role in age-related macular degeneration. These data indicate that loss of LC3b induces robust changes in the RPE transcriptome contributing to lipid dysregulation and metabolic imbalance, RPE atrophy, inflammation, and disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Dhingra
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John W. Tobias
- Penn Genomics and Sequencing Core, Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy J. Philp
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Kathleen Boesze-Battaglia
- Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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46
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Dhingra A, Tobias JW, Philp NJ, Boesze-Battaglia K. Transcriptomic changes predict metabolic alterations in LC3 associated phagocytosis in aged mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.14.532586. [PMID: 36993501 PMCID: PMC10054970 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.14.532586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
LC3b ( Map1lc3b ) plays an essential role in canonical autophagy and is one of several components of the autophagy machinery that mediates non-canonical autophagic functions. Phagosomes are often associated with lipidated LC3b, to pro-mote phagosome maturation in a process called LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP). Specialized phagocytes such as mammary epithelial cells, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, and sertoli cells utilize LAP for optimal degradation of phagocytosed material, including debris. In the visual system, LAP is critical to maintain retinal function, lipid homeostasis and neuroprotection. In a mouse model of retinal lipid steatosis - mice lacking LC3b ( LC3b -/- ), we observed increased lipid deposition, metabolic dysregulation and enhanced inflammation. Herein we present a non-biased approach to determine if loss of LAP mediated processes modulate the expression of various genes related to metabolic homeostasis, lipid handling, and inflammation. A comparison of the RPE transcriptome of WT and LC3b -/- mice revealed 1533 DEGs, with ~73% upregulated and 27% down-regulated. Enriched gene ontology (GO) terms included inflammatory response (upregulated DEGs), fatty acid metabolism and vascular transport (downregulated DEGs). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) identified 34 pathways; 28 were upregulated (dominated by inflammation/related pathways) and 6 were downregulated (dominated by metabolic pathways). Analysis of additional gene families identified significant differences for genes in the solute carrier family, RPE signature genes, and genes with potential role in age-related macular degeneration. These data indicate that loss of LC3b induces robust changes in the RPE transcriptome contributing to lipid dysregulation and metabolic imbalance, RPE atrophy, inflammation, and disease pathophysiology.
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47
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Jeong S, Shin EC, Lee JH, Ha JH. Particulate Matter Elevates Ocular Inflammation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4766. [PMID: 36981676 PMCID: PMC10049273 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Because of their exposure to air, eyes can come into contact with air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM), which may cause severe ocular pathologies. Prolonged ocular PM exposure may increase inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in the retina. Herein, we investigated whether PM exposure induces ocular inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related cellular responses in human retinal epithelium-19 (ARPE-19) cells. To understand how PM promotes ocular inflammation, we monitored the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκB) axis and the expression of key inflammatory mRNAs. We also measured the upregulation of signature components for the ER-related unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, as well as intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) levels, as readouts for ER stress induction following PM exposure. Ocular PM exposure significantly elevated the expression of multiple cytokine mRNAs and increased phosphorylation levels of NFκB-MAPK axis in a PM dose-dependent manner. Moreover, incubation with PM significantly increased [Ca2+]i levels and the expression of UPR-related proteins, which indicated ER stress resulting from cell hypoxia, and upregulation of hypoxic adaptation mechanisms such as the ER-associated UPR pathways. Our study demonstrated that ocular PM exposure increased inflammation in ARPE-19 cells, by activating the MAPK/NFκB axis and cytokine mRNA expression, while also inducing ER stress and stress adaptation responses. These findings may provide helpful insight into clinical and non-clinical research examining the role of PM exposure in ocular pathophysiology and delineating its underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Jeong
- Bioanalytical and Pharmacokinetic Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Department of GreenBio Science/Food Science and Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52725, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwa Lee
- Bioanalytical and Pharmacokinetic Research Group, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Heun Ha
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Research Center for Industrialization of Natural Neutralization, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Republic of Korea
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48
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Paliwal H, Prajapati BG, Srichana T, Singh S, Patel RJ. Novel Approaches in the Drug Development and Delivery Systems for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020568. [PMID: 36836923 PMCID: PMC9960288 DOI: 10.3390/life13020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of patients with ocular disorders has increased due to contributing factors such as aging populations, environmental changes, smoking, genetic abnormalities, etc. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the common ocular disorders which may advance to loss of vision in severe cases. The advanced form of AMD is classified into two types, dry (non-exudative) and wet (exudative) AMD. Although several therapeutic approaches are explored for the management of AMD, no approved therapy can substantially slow down the progression of dry AMD into the later stages. The focus of researchers in recent times has been engaged in developing targeted therapeutic products to halt the progression and maintain or improve vision in individuals diagnosed with AMD. The delivery of anti-VEGF agents using intravitreal therapy has found some success in managing AMD, and novel formulation approaches have been introduced in various studies to potentiate the efficacy. Some of the novel approaches, such as hydrogel, microspheres, polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, implants, etc. have been discussed. Apart from this, subretinal, suprachoroidal, and port delivery systems have also been investigated for biologics and gene therapies. The unmet potential of approved therapeutic products has contributed to several patent applications in recent years. This review outlines the current treatment options, outcomes of recent research studies, and patent details around the novel drug delivery approach for the treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Paliwal
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana 384012, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhupendra Gopalbhai Prajapati
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, Mehsana 384012, Gujarat, India
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-9429225025
| | - Teerapol Srichana
- Drug Delivery System Excellence Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ravish J. Patel
- Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy (RPCP), Charotar University of Science and Technology, Anand 388421, Gujarat, India
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49
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MAPK Pathways in Ocular Pathophysiology: Potential Therapeutic Drugs and Challenges. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040617. [PMID: 36831285 PMCID: PMC9954064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous cellular signal transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Once activated through phosphorylation, these MAPKs in turn phosphorylate and activate transcription factors present either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus, leading to the expression of target genes and, as a consequence, they elicit various biological responses. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive review focusing on the roles of MAPK signaling pathways in ocular pathophysiology and the potential to influence these for the treatment of eye diseases. We summarize the current knowledge of identified MAPK-targeting compounds in the context of ocular diseases such as macular degeneration, cataract, glaucoma and keratopathy, but also in rare ocular diseases where the cell differentiation, proliferation or migration are defective. Potential therapeutic interventions are also discussed. Additionally, we discuss challenges in overcoming the reported eye toxicity of some MAPK inhibitors.
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Lycium barbarum Polysaccharides Regulating miR-181/Bcl-2 Decreased Autophagy of Retinal Pigment Epithelium with Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2023; 2023:9554457. [PMID: 36644575 PMCID: PMC9836813 DOI: 10.1155/2023/9554457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Disturbed structure and dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) lead to degenerative diseases of the retina. Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the RPE is thought to play an important role in RPE dysfunction and degeneration. Autophagy is a generally low-activity degradation process of cellular components that increases significantly when high levels of oxidative stress are present. Agents with antioxidant properties may decrease autophagy and provide protection against RPE dysfunction and damage caused by ROS. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) has been widely studied as an antioxidant and cell-protective agent. Therefore, we designed this study to investigate the effects of LBP, which inhibits miR-181, on autophagy in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo. In the current study, we found that the highly expressed miR-181 downregulated the expression of Bcl-2 in hydrogen peroxide- (H2O2-) induced ARPE-19 cells, resulting in an increase in ROS, apoptosis, and autophagy flux. LBP inhibited the expression of miR-181, decreased the levels of ROS, apoptosis, and autophagy flux, and increased cell viability in H2O2-induced ARPE-19 cells, suggesting that LBP provides protection against oxidative damage in ARPE-19 cells. We also found that LBP decreased RPE atrophy and autophagy flux in rd10 mice. Taken together, the results showed that LBP has a protective effect for RPE under oxidative stress by inhibiting miR-181 and affecting the Bcl-2/Beclin1 autophagy signaling pathway.
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