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Bhattacharya A, Chatterji U. Exosomal misfolded proteins released by cancer stem cells: dual functions in balancing protein homeostasis and orchestrating tumor progression. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:392. [PMID: 39215782 PMCID: PMC11365921 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), the master regulators of tumor heterogeneity and progression, exert profound influence on cancer metastasis, via various secretory vesicles. Emerging from CSCs, the exosomes serve as pivotal mediators of intercellular communication within the tumor microenvironment, modulating invasion, angiogenesis, and immune responses. Moreover, CSC-derived exosomes play a central role in sculpting a dynamic landscape, contributing to the malignant phenotype. Amidst several exosomal cargoes, misfolded proteins have recently gained attention for their dual functions in maintaining protein homeostasis and promoting tumor progression. Disrupting these communication pathways could potentially prevent the maintenance and expansion of CSCs, overcome treatment resistance, and inhibit the supportive environment created by the tumor microenvironment, thereby improving the effectiveness of cancer therapies and reducing the risk of tumor recurrence and metastasis. Additionally, exosomes have also shown potential therapeutic applications, such as in drug delivery or as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore, comprehending the biology of exosomes derived from CSCs is a multifaceted area of research with implications in both basic sciences and clinical applications. This review explores the intricate interplay between exosomal misfolded proteins released by CSCs, the potent contributor in tumor heterogeneity, and their impact on cellular processes, shedding light on their role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuran Bhattacharya
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India
| | - Urmi Chatterji
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700019, India.
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2
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Dainiak N. Biology of Exfoliation of Plasma Membrane-Derived Vesicles and the Radiation Response: Historical Background, Applications in Biodosimetry and Cell-Free Therapeutics, and Quantal Mechanisms for Their Release and Function with Implications for Space Travel. Radiat Res 2024; 202:328-354. [PMID: 38981604 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00078.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
This historical review of extracellular vesicles in the setting of exposure to ionizing radiation (IR) traces our understanding of how vesicles were initially examined and reported in the literature in the late 1970s (for secreted exosomes) and early 1980s (for plasma membrane-derived, exfoliated vesicles) to where we are now and where we may be headed in the next decade. An emphasis is placed on biophysical properties of extracellular vesicles, energy consumption and the role of vesiculation as an essential component of membrane turnover. The impact of intercellular signal trafficking by vesicle surface and intra-vesicular lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and metabolites is reviewed in the context of biomarkers for estimating individual radiation dose after exposure to radiation, pathogenesis of disease and development of cell-free therapeutics. Since vesicles express both growth stimulatory and inhibitory molecules, a hypothesis is proposed to consider superposition in a shared space and entanglement of molecules by energy sources that are external to human cells. Implications of this approach for travel in deep space are briefly discussed in the context of clinical disorders that have been observed after space travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Dainiak
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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3
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Ashique S, Kumar N, Mishra N, Muthu S, Rajendran RL, Chandrasekaran B, Obeng BF, Hong CM, Krishnan A, Ahn BC, Gangadaran P. Unveiling the role of exosomes as cellular messengers in neurodegenerative diseases and their potential therapeutic implications. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 260:155451. [PMID: 39002435 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles that function as transmitters, allowing cells to communicate more effectively with each other. However, exosomes may have both beneficial and harmful impacts on central nervous system disorders. Hence, the fundamental molecular mechanisms of the origin of illness and its progression are currently being investigated. The involvement of exosomes in the origin and propagation of neurodegenerative illness has been demonstrated recently. Exosomes provide a representation of the intracellular environment since they include various essential bioactive chemicals. The latest studies have demonstrated that exosomes transport several proteins. Additionally, these physiological vesicles are important in the regeneration of nervous tissue and the healing of neuronal lesions. They also offer a microenvironment to stimulate the conformational variation of concerning proteins for aggregation, resulting in neurodegenerative diseases. The biosynthesis, composition, and significance of exosomes as extracellular biomarkers in neurodegenerative disorders are discussed in this article, with a particular emphasis on their neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumel Ashique
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur, West Bengal 713212, India; Research Scholar, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Nitish Kumar
- SRM Modinagar College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University), Delhi-NCR Campus, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201204, India
| | - Neeraj Mishra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh (AUMP), Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh 474005, India
| | - Sathish Muthu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641045, India; Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu 641021, India
| | - Ramya Lakshmi Rajendran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea
| | | | - Brenya Francis Obeng
- Faculty of Science, College of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Cape Coast, PMB, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Chae Moon Hong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
| | - Byeong-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea.
| | - Prakash Gangadaran
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea; BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, the Republic of Korea.
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4
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Cheng FC, Wang LH, Lai YJ, Chiang CP. The utility of microbiome (microbiota) and exosomes in dentistry. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:1313-1319. [PMID: 39035305 PMCID: PMC11259687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2024.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The concept of the oral-systemic link is important in both basic and clinical dentistry. The microbiome (microbiota) and exosomes are two prevalent issues in the modern medical researches. The common advent of oral and general microbiological investigation originated from the initial observations of oral bacteria within the dental plaque known as oral microbiome. In addition to oral diseases related to oral microbiome, the disruption of the oral and intestinal microbiome could result in the onset of systemic diseases. In the past decade, the exosomes have emerged in the field of the medical researches as they play a role in regulating the transport of intracellular vesicles. However, with the rapid advancement of exosomes researches in recent years, oral tissues (such as dental pulp stem cells and salivary gland cells) are used as the research materials to further promote the development of regenerative medicine. This article emphasized the importance of the concept of the oral-systemic link through the examples of microbiome (microbiota) and exosomes. Through the researches related to microbiome (microbiota) and exosomes, many evidences showed that as the basic dentistry developed directly from the assistance of the basic medicine, indirectly the progress of the basic dentistry turns back to promote the development of the basic medicine, indicating the importance of the concept of the oral-systemic link. The understanding of the oral-systemic link is essential for both clinicians and medical researchers, regardless of their dental backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Chou Cheng
- Chia-Te Dental Clinic, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- School of Life Science, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Science Education Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ling-Hsia Wang
- Center for the Literature and Art, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Lai
- School of Life Science, College of Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pin Chiang
- Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
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Bhavsar SP, Morini M. The emerging role of the exosomal proteins in neuroblastoma. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1414063. [PMID: 38962276 PMCID: PMC11219817 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1414063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are a subclass of extracellular vesicles shown to promote the cancer growth and support metastatic progression. The proteomic analysis of neuroblastoma-derived exosomes has revealed proteins involved in cell migration, proliferation, metastasis, and in the modulation of tumor microenvironment - thus contributing to the tumor development and an aggressive metastatic phenotype. This review gives an overview of the current understanding of the exosomal proteins in neuroblastoma and of their potential as diagnostic/prognostic biomarker of disease and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil Parashram Bhavsar
- Pediatric Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Martina Morini
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapies in Oncology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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Afridi S, Sharma P, Choudhary F, Rizwan A, Nizam A, Parvez A, Farooqi H. Extracellular Vesicles: A New Approach to Study the Brain's Neural System and Its Diseases. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:521-534. [PMID: 38727784 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01271-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/25/2024]
Abstract
In normal and pathophysiological conditions our cells secrete vesicular bodies known as extracellular particles. Extracellular vesicles are lipid-bound extracellular particles. A majority of these extracellular vesicles are linked to cell-to-cell communication. Brain consists of tightly packed neural cells. Neural cell releases extracellular vesicles in cerebrospinal fluid. Extracellular vesicle mediated crosstalk maintains neural homeostasis in the central nervous system via transferring cargos between neural cells. In neurodegenerative diseases, small extracellular vesicle transfer misfolded proteins to healthy cells in the neural microenvironment. They can also cross blood-brain barrier (BBB) and stimulate peripheral immune response inside central nervous system. In today's world different approaches employ extracellular vesicle in various therapeutics. This review gives a brief knowledge about the biological relevance of extracellular vesicles in the central nervous system and relevant advances in the translational application of EV in brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Afridi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Pradakshina Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Furqan Choudhary
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Amber Rizwan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Anam Nizam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Adil Parvez
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Humaira Farooqi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi, 110062, India.
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7
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Su H, Masters CL, Bush AI, Barnham KJ, Reid GE, Vella LJ. Exploring the significance of lipids in Alzheimer's disease and the potential of extracellular vesicles. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300063. [PMID: 37654087 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipids play a significant role in maintaining central nervous system (CNS) structure and function, and the dysregulation of lipid metabolism is known to occur in many neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Here we review what is currently known about lipid dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer's disease. We propose that small extracellular vesicle (sEV) lipids may provide insight into the pathophysiology and progression of Alzheimer's disease. This stems from the recognition that sEV likely contributes to disease pathogenesis, but also an understanding that sEV can serve as a source of potential biomarkers. While the protein and RNA content of sEV in the CNS diseases have been studied extensively, our understanding of the lipidome of sEV in the CNS is still in its infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqi Su
- The Florey, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- The Florey, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kevin J Barnham
- The Florey, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin E Reid
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laura J Vella
- The Florey, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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8
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Ransom LS, Liu CS, Dunsmore E, Palmer CR, Nicodemus J, Ziomek D, Williams N, Chun J. Human brain small extracellular vesicles contain selectively packaged, full-length mRNA. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114061. [PMID: 38578831 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain cells release and take up small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) containing bioactive nucleic acids. sEV exchange is hypothesized to contribute to stereotyped spread of neuropathological changes in the diseased brain. We assess mRNA from sEVs of postmortem brain from non-diseased (ND) individuals and those with Alzheimer's disease (AD) using short- and long-read sequencing. sEV transcriptomes are distinct from those of bulk tissue, showing enrichment for genes including mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins and transposable elements such as human-specific LINE-1 (L1Hs). AD versus ND sEVs show enrichment of inflammation-related mRNAs and depletion of synaptic signaling mRNAs. sEV mRNAs from cultured murine primary neurons, astrocytes, or microglia show similarities to human brain sEVs and reveal cell-type-specific packaging. Approximately 80% of neural sEV transcripts sequenced using long-read sequencing are full length. Motif analyses of sEV-enriched isoforms elucidate RNA-binding proteins that may be associated with sEV loading. Collectively, we show that mRNA in brain sEVs is intact, selectively packaged, and altered in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea S Ransom
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine S Liu
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Emily Dunsmore
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carter R Palmer
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Juliet Nicodemus
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Derya Ziomek
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nyssa Williams
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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9
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Tam S, Wear D, Morrone CD, Yu WH. The complexity of extracellular vesicles: Bridging the gap between cellular communication and neuropathology. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38650384 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve a prominent role in maintaining homeostasis and contributing to pathology in health and disease. This review establishes a crucial link between physiological processes leading to EV biogenesis and their impacts on disease. EVs are involved in the clearance and transport of proteins and nucleic acids, responding to changes in cellular processes associated with neurodegeneration, including autophagic disruption, organellar dysfunction, aging, and other cell stresses. In neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, etc.), EVs contribute to the spread of pathological proteins like amyloid β, tau, ɑ-synuclein, prions, and TDP-43, exacerbating neurodegeneration and accelerating disease progression. Despite evidence for both neuropathological and neuroprotective effects of EVs, the mechanistic switch between their physiological and pathological functions remains elusive, warranting further research into their involvement in neurodegenerative disease. Moreover, owing to their innate ability to traverse the blood-brain barrier and their ubiquitous nature, EVs emerge as promising candidates for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. The review uniquely positions itself at the intersection of EV cell biology, neurophysiology, and neuropathology, offering insights into the diverse biological roles of EVs in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Tam
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darcy Wear
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher D Morrone
- Brain Health Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wai Haung Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Javed A, Kong N, Mathesh M, Duan W, Yang W. Nanoarchitectonics-based electrochemical aptasensors for highly efficient exosome detection. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2024; 25:2345041. [PMID: 38742153 PMCID: PMC11089931 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2024.2345041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Exosomes, a type of extracellular vesicles, have attracted considerable attention due to their ability to provide valuable insights into the pathophysiological microenvironment of the cells from which they originate. This characteristic implicates their potential use as diagnostic disease biomarkers clinically, including cancer, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Aptasensors, which are electrochemical aptamers based biosensing devices, have emerged as a new class of powerful detection technology to conventional methods like ELISA and Western analysis, primarily because of their capability for high-performance bioanalysis. This review covers the current research landscape on the detection of exosomes utilizing nanoarchitectonics strategy for the development of electrochemical aptasensors. Strategies involving signal amplification and biofouling prevention are discussed, with an emphasis on nanoarchitectonics-based bio-interfaces, showcasing their potential to enhance sensitivity and selectivity through optimal conduction and mass transport properties. The ongoing challenges to broaden the clinical applications of these biosensors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Javed
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Na Kong
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Motilal Mathesh
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Duan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Wenrong Yang
- School of Life and Environmental Science, Centre for Sustainable Bioproducts, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Basheer N, Buee L, Brion JP, Smolek T, Muhammadi MK, Hritz J, Hromadka T, Dewachter I, Wegmann S, Landrieu I, Novak P, Mudher A, Zilka N. Shaping the future of preclinical development of successful disease-modifying drugs against Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of tau propagation models. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2024; 12:52. [PMID: 38576010 PMCID: PMC10993623 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-024-01748-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The transcellular propagation of the aberrantly modified protein tau along the functional brain network is a key hallmark of Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. Inoculation-based tau propagation models can recapitulate the stereotypical spread of tau and reproduce various types of tau inclusions linked to specific tauopathy, albeit with varying degrees of fidelity. With this systematic review, we underscore the significance of judicious selection and meticulous functional, biochemical, and biophysical characterization of various tau inocula. Furthermore, we highlight the necessity of choosing suitable animal models and inoculation sites, along with the critical need for validation of fibrillary pathology using confirmatory staining, to accurately recapitulate disease-specific inclusions. As a practical guide, we put forth a framework for establishing a benchmark of inoculation-based tau propagation models that holds promise for use in preclinical testing of disease-modifying drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Basheer
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Luc Buee
- Inserm, CHU Lille, CNRS, LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, University of Lille, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Pierre Brion
- Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Histology, Alzheimer and Other Tauopathies Research Group (CP 620), ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tomas Smolek
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Muhammad Khalid Muhammadi
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jozef Hritz
- CEITEC Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hromadka
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ilse Dewachter
- Biomedical Research Institute, BIOMED, Hasselt University, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Susanne Wegmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabelle Landrieu
- CNRS EMR9002 - BSI - Integrative Structural Biology, 59000, Lille, France
- Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1167 - RID-AGE - Risk Factors and Molecular Determinants of Aging-Related Diseases, University of Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Petr Novak
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Amritpal Mudher
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Norbert Zilka
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia.
- AXON Neuroscience R&D Services SE, Dubravska Cesta 9, 845 10, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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12
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Melachroinou K, Divolis G, Tsafaras G, Karampetsou M, Fortis S, Stratoulias Y, Papadopoulou G, Kriebardis AG, Samiotaki M, Vekrellis K. Endogenous Alpha-Synuclein is Essential for the Transfer of Pathology by Exosome-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles, Following Inoculation with Preformed Fibrils in vivo. Aging Dis 2024; 15:869-892. [PMID: 37548944 PMCID: PMC10917543 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) and related synucleinopathies is the presence of intracellular proteinaceous aggregates, enriched in the presynaptic protein alpha-Synuclein (α-Syn). α-Syn association with exosomes has been previously documented both as a physiological process of secretion and as a pathological process of disease transmission, however, critical information about the mechanisms governing this interplay is still lacking. To address this, we utilized the α-Syn preformed fibril (PFF) mouse model of PD, as a source of brain-derived exosome-enriched extracellular vesicles (ExE-EVs) and assessed their pathogenic capacity following intrastriatal injections in host wild type (WT) mouse brain. We further investigated the impact of the fibrillar α-Syn on the exosomal cargo independent of the endogenous α-Syn, by isolating ExE-EVs from PFF-injected α-Syn knockout mice. Although PFF inoculation does not alter the morphology, size distribution, and quantity of brain-derived ExE-EVs, it triggers changes in the exosomal proteome related to synaptic and mitochondrial function, as well as metabolic processes. Importantly, we showed that the presence of the endogenous α-Syn is essential for the ExE-EVs to acquire a pathogenic capacity, allowing them to mediate disease transmission by inducing phosphorylated-α-Syn pathology. Notably, misfolded α-Syn containing ExE-EVs when injected in WT mice were able to induce astrogliosis and synaptic alterations in the host brain, at very early stages of α-Syn pathology, preceding the formation of the insoluble α-Syn accumulations. Collectively, our data suggest that exosomal cargo defines their ability to spread α-Syn pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Melachroinou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Georgios Divolis
- Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - George Tsafaras
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Mantia Karampetsou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sotirios Fortis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Welfare Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Egaleo, Greece.
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Center, Cancer Research Center, Saint Savas Cancer Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece.
| | - Yannis Stratoulias
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Gina Papadopoulou
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Anastasios G Kriebardis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Health & Welfare Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Egaleo, Greece.
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece.
| | - Kostas Vekrellis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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13
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Kim HR, Lee SY, You GE, Kim HO, Park CW, Chung BY. Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Exosomes Alleviate Psoriasis Serum Exosomes-Induced Inflammation by Regulating Autophagy and Redox Status in Keratinocytes. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2023; 16:3699-3711. [PMID: 38152151 PMCID: PMC10752035 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s439760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Exosomes play a key role in cell communication and are involved in both pathological and physiological processes. Autophagy dysfunction and oxidative stress are linked to immune-mediated inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis. Stem cell-derived exosomes exhibit immunomodulatory and antioxidant efficacy. Methods We aimed to investigate the impact of psoriasis serum-derived exosomes on inflammation, oxidative stress, and autophagy in keratinocytes. Additionally, we explored the therapeutic potential of adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) exosomes against inflammation induced by psoriasis serum exosomes. To validate psoriasis patient serum-derived exosomes and ADSC exosomes, we used nanoparticle tracking analysis, Western blotting, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence. qPCR was used to study changes in the gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers in HaCaT cells treated with psoriasis serum-derived exosomes or ADSC exosomes. The effects of these exosomes on autophagy in HaCaT cells were evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Result The treatment of HaCaT cells with psoriasis serum-derived exosomes increased proinflammatory cytokine production and oxidative stress-related factor (Nox2 and Nox4) expression and decreased Nrf2 expression via P65/NF-κB and P38/MAPK activation. Compared with healthy control serum-derived exosomes, psoriasis serum-derived exosomes decreased ATG5, P62, Beclin1, and LC3 expression and autophagosome production in HaCaT cells. Conversely, ADSC exosomes suppressed proinflammatory cytokine and oxidative stress production, and restored autophagy in HaCaT cells treated with psoriasis serum-derived exosomes. Discussion These findings suggest that ADSC exosomes exhibit a suppressive effect on psoriasis serum exosome-induced inflammation and oxidative stress by regulating autophagy in keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ran Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, 07441, Korea
| | - So Yeon Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, 07441, Korea
| | - Ga Eun You
- Research and Development Institute, Biosolution, Seoul Technopark, Seoul, 01811, Korea
| | - Hye One Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, 07441, Korea
| | - Chun Wook Park
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, 07441, Korea
| | - Bo Young Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Hallym University Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, 07441, Korea
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14
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Solana‐Balaguer J, Martín‐Flores N, Garcia‐Segura P, Campoy‐Campos G, Pérez‐Sisqués L, Chicote‐González A, Fernández‐Irigoyen J, Santamaría E, Pérez‐Navarro E, Alberch J, Malagelada C. RTP801 mediates transneuronal toxicity in culture via extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12378. [PMID: 37932242 PMCID: PMC10627824 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role in intercellular communication, participating in the paracrine trophic support or in the propagation of toxic molecules, including proteins. RTP801 is a stress-regulated protein, whose levels are elevated during neurodegeneration and induce neuron death. However, whether RTP801 toxicity is transferred trans-neuronally via EVs remains unknown. Hence, we overexpressed or silenced RTP801 protein in cultured cortical neurons, isolated their derived EVs (RTP801-EVs or shRTP801-EVs, respectively), and characterized EVs protein content by mass spectrometry (MS). RTP801-EVs toxicity was assessed by treating cultured neurons with these EVs and quantifying apoptotic neuron death and branching. We also tested shRTP801-EVs functionality in the pathologic in vitro model of 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Expression of RTP801 increased the number of EVs released by neurons. Moreover, RTP801 led to a distinct proteomic signature of neuron-derived EVs, containing more pro-apoptotic markers. Hence, we observed that RTP801-induced toxicity was transferred to neurons via EVs, activating apoptosis and impairing neuron morphology complexity. In contrast, shRTP801-EVs were able to increase the arborization in recipient neurons. The 6-OHDA neurotoxin elevated levels of RTP801 in EVs, and 6-OHDA-derived EVs lost the mTOR/Akt signalling activation via Akt and RPS6 downstream effectors. Interestingly, EVs derived from neurons where RTP801 was silenced prior to exposing them to 6-OHDA maintained Akt and RPS6 transactivation in recipient neurons. Taken together, these results suggest that RTP801-induced toxicity is transferred via EVs, and therefore, it could contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, in which RTP801 is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Solana‐Balaguer
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Neurociències (UBneuro)Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Núria Martín‐Flores
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Neurociències (UBneuro)Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Pol Garcia‐Segura
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Neurociències (UBneuro)Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Genís Campoy‐Campos
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Neurociències (UBneuro)Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Leticia Pérez‐Sisqués
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Neurociències (UBneuro)Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
| | - Almudena Chicote‐González
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Neurociències (UBneuro)Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Enrique Santamaría
- Proteored‐ISCIIIProteomics UnitNavarrabiomed, Departamento de SaludUPNAIdiSNAPamplonaSpain
| | - Esther Pérez‐Navarro
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Neurociències (UBneuro)Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)BarcelonaSpain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Jordi Alberch
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Neurociències (UBneuro)Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)BarcelonaSpain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Cristina Malagelada
- Department of Biomedical SciencesUniversitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut de Neurociències (UBneuro)Universitat de BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)BarcelonaSpain
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15
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Shi Q, Kang W, Liu Z, Zhu X. The role of exosomes in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20595. [PMID: 37928387 PMCID: PMC10622621 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by intracellular aggregation of misfolded α-synuclein as a major pathological hallmark. Exosomes are cell-derived lipid bilayer membrane vesicles with various components, including proteins, RNA, and lipids, that mediate intercellular communication. Currently, exosomes are found to be responsible for transporting misfolded proteins from unhealthy neurons to nearby cells, spreading the disease from cell to cell. Such exosomes can also be found in the cerebrospinal fluid and blood. Thus, exosomes may serve as a potential tool to detect the pathology of Parkinson's disease for clinical diagnosis. In this article, the role and challenges of exosomes in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Shi
- Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 300000, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Kang
- Beijing Conga Technology Co., LTD., Tianjin Branch, 300000, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Beijing Conga Technology Co., LTD., Tianjin Branch, 300000, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, 300000, Tianjin, China
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16
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Fiorillo A, Gallego JJ, Casanova-Ferrer F, Urios A, Ballester MP, San Miguel T, Megías J, Kosenko E, Tosca J, Rios MP, Escudero-García D, Montoliu C. Neurofilament Light Chain Protein in Plasma and Extracellular Vesicles Is Associated with Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy and Responses to Rifaximin Treatment in Cirrhotic Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14727. [PMID: 37834174 PMCID: PMC10572420 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofilament light chain protein (NfL) levels reflect neuronal damage in several neurological diseases and have been proposed as a possible biomarker. Plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs) could play an important role as mediators of the inflammatory changes associated with inducing minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in cirrhotic patients. This study investigated the association of NfL levels in plasma and EVs with the presence of MHE in cirrhotic patients, and with responses to rifaximin treatment. The NfL levels in plasma and EVs were assessed in 71 patients with liver cirrhosis (40 with MHE and 31 without MHE) and 26 controls. A total of 31 patients with MHE received rifaximin treatment. We examined changes in NfL levels in plasma and EVs before and after 6 months of rifaximin treatment. The NfL measures were correlated with cognitive alterations and plasma inflammatory cytokines. MHE patients showed increased plasma levels of NfL, which were reverted after rifaximin treatment in patients who responded to treatment. The NfL content in EVs also showed a reversal pattern in MHE patients treated with rifaximin. In multivariable analyses, NfL levels were independently associated with the presence of MHE. We also showed that patients with high levels of both ammonia and fractalkine had significantly higher NfL levels than patients with low levels of least one of these parameters. Rifaximin treatment in MHE patients showed promising results in improving axonal damage, suggesting that rifaximin may have therapeutic benefits against disease progression in MHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Fiorillo
- Fundación de Investigación, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.F.); (J.J.G.); (F.C.-F.); (A.U.)
| | - Juan José Gallego
- Fundación de Investigación, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.F.); (J.J.G.); (F.C.-F.); (A.U.)
| | - Franc Casanova-Ferrer
- Fundación de Investigación, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.F.); (J.J.G.); (F.C.-F.); (A.U.)
| | - Amparo Urios
- Fundación de Investigación, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.F.); (J.J.G.); (F.C.-F.); (A.U.)
| | - María-Pilar Ballester
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.-P.B.); (J.T.); (D.E.-G.)
| | - Teresa San Miguel
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.S.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Javier Megías
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.S.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Elena Kosenko
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Joan Tosca
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.-P.B.); (J.T.); (D.E.-G.)
| | - Maria-Pilar Rios
- Servicio de Digestivo, Hospital Arnau de Vilanova, 46015 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Desamparados Escudero-García
- Servicio de Medicina Digestiva, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.-P.B.); (J.T.); (D.E.-G.)
- Departamento de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmina Montoliu
- Fundación de Investigación, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (A.F.); (J.J.G.); (F.C.-F.); (A.U.)
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (T.S.M.); (J.M.)
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17
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van de Wakker SI, Meijers FM, Sluijter JPG, Vader P. Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity and Its Impact for Regenerative Medicine Applications. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:1043-1061. [PMID: 37280097 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-enclosed particles that are involved in physiologic and pathologic processes. EVs are increasingly being studied for therapeutic applications in the field of regenerative medicine. Therapeutic application of stem cell-derived EVs has shown great potential to stimulate tissue repair. However, the exact mechanisms through which they induce this effect have not been fully clarified. This may to a large extent be attributed to a lack of knowledge on EV heterogeneity. Recent studies suggest that EVs represent a heterogeneous population of vesicles with distinct functions. The heterogeneity of EVs can be attributed to differences in their biogenesis, and as such, they can be classified into distinct populations that can then be further subcategorized into various subpopulations. A better understanding of EV heterogeneity is crucial for elucidating their mechanisms of action in tissue regeneration. This review provides an overview of the latest insights on EV heterogeneity related to tissue repair, including the different characteristics that contribute to such heterogeneity and the functional differences among EV subtypes. It also sheds light on the challenges that hinder clinical translation of EVs. Additionally, innovative EV isolation techniques for studying EV heterogeneity are discussed. Improved knowledge of active EV subtypes would promote the development of tailored EV therapies and aid researchers in the translation of EV-based therapeutics to the clinic. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Within this review we discuss the differences in regenerative properties of extracellular vesicle (EV) subpopulations and implications of EV heterogeneity for development of EV-based therapeutics. We aim to provide new insights into which aspects are leading to heterogeneity in EV preparations and stress the importance of EV heterogeneity studies for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonides Immanuel van de Wakker
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| | - Fleur Michelle Meijers
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| | - Joost Petrus Gerardus Sluijter
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
| | - Pieter Vader
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, The Netherlands (S.I.V.D.W., F.M.M., J.P.G.S., P.V.) and CDL Research, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (P.V.)
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18
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Tian Y, Zhang T, Li J, Tao Y. Advances in development of exosomes for ophthalmic therapeutics. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114899. [PMID: 37236425 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes contain multiple bioactive molecules and maintain the connection between cells. Recent advances in exosome-based therapeutics have witnessed unprecedented opportunities in treating ophthalmic diseases, including traumatic diseases, autoimmune diseases, chorioretinal diseases and others. Utilization of exosomes as delivery vectors to encapsulate both drugs and therapeutic genes could yield higher efficacy and avoid the unnecessary immune responses. However, exosome-based therapies also come with some potential ocular risks. In this review, we first present a general introduction to exosomes. Then we provide an overview of available applications and discuss their potential risks. Moreover, we review recently reported exosomes as delivery vectors for ophthalmic diseases. Finally, we put forward future perspectives to grapple with its translation and underlying issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of DNA Damage Response, College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Yong Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, PR China.
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19
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Dos Santos BL, Dos Santos CC, Soares JRP, da Silva KC, de Oliveira JVR, Pereira GS, de Araújo FM, Costa MDFD, David JM, da Silva VDA, Butt AM, Costa SL. The Flavonoid Agathisflavone Directs Brain Microglia/Macrophages to a Neuroprotective Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant State via Regulation of NLRP3 Inflammasome. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051410. [PMID: 37242652 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Agathisflavone, purified from Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) has been shown to be neuroprotective in in vitro models of glutamate-induced excitotoxicity and inflammatory damage. However, the potential role of microglial regulation by agathisflavone in these neuroprotective effects is unclear. Here we investigated the effects of agathisflavone in microglia submitted to inflammatory stimulus in view of elucidating mechanisms of neuroprotection. Microglia isolated from cortices of newborn Wistar rats were exposed to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 µg/mL) and treated or not with agathisflavone (1 µM). Neuronal PC12 cells were exposed to a conditioned medium from microglia (MCM) treated or not with agathisflavone. We observed that LPS induced microglia to assume an activated inflammatory state (increased CD68, more rounded/amoeboid phenotype). However, most microglia exposed to LPS and agathisflavone, presented an anti-inflammatory profile (increased CD206 and branched-phenotype), associated with the reduction in NO, GSH mRNA for NRLP3 inflammasome, IL1-β, IL-6, IL-18, TNF, CCL5, and CCL2. Molecular docking also showed that agathisflavone bound at the NLRP3 NACTH inhibitory domain. Moreover, in PC12 cell cultures exposed to the MCM previously treated with the flavonoid most cells preserved neurites and increased expression of β-tubulin III. Thus, these data reinforce the anti-inflammatory activity and the neuroprotective effect of agathisflavone, effects associated with the control of NLRP3 inflammasome, standing out it as a promising molecule for the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balbino Lino Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
- College of Nursing, Federal University of Vale do São Francisco, Petrolina 56304-917, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Cleonice Creusa Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Janaina R P Soares
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Karina C da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Juciele Valeria R de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Gabriele S Pereira
- Group of Studies and Research for Health Development, University Salvador, Salvador 40140-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fillipe M de Araújo
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
- Group of Studies and Research for Health Development, University Salvador, Salvador 40140-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria de Fátima D Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jorge Mauricio David
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University Federal da Bahia, Salvador 40170-110, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Victor Diogenes A da Silva
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Arthur Morgan Butt
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2UP, UK
| | - Silvia Lima Costa
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Cellular Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Av. Reitor Miguel Calmon S/N, Salvador 40231-300, Bahia, Brazil
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20
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Aguilera C, Velásquez AE, Gutierrez-Reinoso MA, Wong YS, Melo-Baez B, Cabezas J, Caamaño D, Navarrete F, Rojas D, Riadi G, Castro FO, Rodriguez-Alvarez L. Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Pre-Hatching Bovine Embryos Produced In Vitro and In Vivo Alter the Expression of IFNtau-Stimulated Genes in Bovine Endometrial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087438. [PMID: 37108601 PMCID: PMC10138918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryo-maternal interaction occurs during the early stages of embryo development and is essential for the implantation and full-term development of the embryo. In bovines, the secretion of interferon Tau (IFNT) during elongation is the main signal for pregnancy recognition, but its expression starts around the blastocyst stage. Embryos release extracellular vesicles (EVs) as an alternative mechanism of embryo-maternal communication. The aim of the study was to determine whether EVs secreted by bovine embryos during blastulation (D5-D7) could induce transcriptomic modifications, activating IFNT signaling in endometrial cells. Additionally, it aims to assess whether the EVs secreted by embryos produced in vivo (EVs-IVV) or in vitro (EVs-IVP) have different effects on the transcriptomic profiles of the endometrial cells. In vitro- and in vivo-produced bovine morulae were selected and individually cultured for 48 h to collect embryonic EVs (E-EVs) secreted during blastulation. E-EVs stained with PKH67 were added to in vitro-cultured bovine endometrial cells to assess EV internalization. The effect of EVs on the transcriptomic profile of endometrial cells was determined by RNA sequencing. EVs from both types of embryos induced several classical and non-classical IFNT-stimulated genes (ISGs) and other pathways related to endometrial function in epithelial endometrial cells. Higher numbers of differentially expressed genes (3552) were induced by EVs released by IVP embryos compared to EVs from IVV (1838). Gene ontology analysis showed that EVs-IVP/IVV induced the upregulation of the extracellular exosome pathway, the cellular response to stimulus, and the protein modification processes. This work provides evidence regarding the effect of embryo origin (in vivo or in vitro) on the early embryo-maternal interaction mediated by extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Aguilera
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Alejandra Estela Velásquez
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Miguel Angel Gutierrez-Reinoso
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Yat Sen Wong
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Barbara Melo-Baez
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Joel Cabezas
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Diego Caamaño
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Felipe Navarrete
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Daniela Rojas
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Riadi
- ANID-Millennium Science Initiative Program Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Center for Bioinformatics, Simulation and Modeling, CBSM, Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Engineering, Campus Talca, University of Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile
| | - Fidel Ovidio Castro
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Llretny Rodriguez-Alvarez
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad de Concepción, Av. Vicente Mendez 595, Chillan 3780000, Chile
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21
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Palacio PL, Pleet ML, Reátegui E, Magaña SM. Emerging role of extracellular vesicles in multiple sclerosis: From cellular surrogates to pathogenic mediators and beyond. J Neuroimmunol 2023; 377:578064. [PMID: 36934525 PMCID: PMC10124134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2023.578064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) driven by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. While the therapeutic arsenal has expanded significantly for management of relapsing forms of MS, treatment of individuals with progressive MS is suboptimal. This treatment inequality is in part due to an incomplete understanding of pathomechanisms at different stages of the disease-underscoring the critical need for new biomarkers. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their bioactive cargo have emerged as endogenous nanoparticles with great theranostic potential-as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and ultimately as therapeutic candidates for precision nanotherapeutics. The goals of this review are to: 1) summarize the current data investigating the role of EVs and their bioactive cargo in MS pathogenesis, 2) provide a high level overview of advances and challenges in EV isolation and characterization for translational studies, and 3) conclude with future perspectives on this evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Loreto Palacio
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Michelle L Pleet
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Setty M Magaña
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA.
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22
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Iranpanah A, Kooshki L, Moradi SZ, Saso L, Fakhri S, Khan H. The Exosome-Mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway in Neurological Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15031006. [PMID: 36986865 PMCID: PMC10057486 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15031006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
As major public health concerns associated with a rapidly growing aging population, neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) and neurological diseases are important causes of disability and mortality. Neurological diseases affect millions of people worldwide. Recent studies have indicated that apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress are the main players of NDDs and have critical roles in neurodegenerative processes. During the aforementioned inflammatory/apoptotic/oxidative stress procedures, the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway plays a crucial role. Considering the functional and structural aspects of the blood-brain barrier, drug delivery to the central nervous system is relatively challenging. Exosomes are nanoscale membrane-bound carriers that can be secreted by cells and carry several cargoes, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites. Exosomes significantly take part in the intercellular communications due to their specific features including low immunogenicity, flexibility, and great tissue/cell penetration capabilities. Due to their ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, these nano-sized structures have been introduced as proper vehicles for central nervous system drug delivery by multiple studies. In the present systematic review, we highlight the potential therapeutic effects of exosomes in the context of NDDs and neurological diseases by targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Iranpanah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
- USERN Office, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6715847141, Iran
| | - Leila Kooshki
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6714415153, Iran
| | - Seyed Zachariah Moradi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sajad Fakhri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 6734667149, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
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23
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Whitehead M, Yusoff S, Ahmad S, Schmidt L, Mayr M, Madine J, Middleton D, Shanahan CM. Vascular smooth muscle cell senescence accelerates medin aggregation via small extracellular vesicle secretion and extracellular matrix reorganization. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13746. [PMID: 36433666 PMCID: PMC9924949 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular amyloidosis, caused when peptide monomers aggregate into insoluble amyloid, is a prevalent age-associated pathology. Aortic medial amyloid (AMA) is the most common human amyloid and is composed of medin, a 50-amino acid peptide. Emerging evidence has implicated extracellular vesicles (EVs) as mediators of pathological amyloid accumulation in the extracellular matrix (ECM). To determine the mechanisms of AMA formation with age, we explored the impact of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) senescence, EV secretion, and ECM remodeling on medin accumulation. Medin was detected in EVs secreted from primary VSMCs. Small, round medin aggregates colocalized with EV markers in decellularized ECM in vitro and medin was shown on the surface of EVs deposited in the ECM. Decreasing EV secretion with an inhibitor attenuated aggregation and deposition of medin in the ECM. Medin accumulation in the aortic wall of human subjects was strongly correlated with age and VSMC senescence increased EV secretion, increased EV medin loading and triggered deposition of fibril-like medin. Proteomic analysis showed VSMC senescence induced changes in EV cargo and ECM composition, which led to enhanced EV-ECM binding and accelerated medin aggregation. Abundance of the proteoglycan, HSPG2, was increased in the senescent ECM and colocalized with EVs and medin. Isolated EVs selectively bound to HSPG2 in the ECM and its knock-down decreased formation of fibril-like medin structures. These data identify VSMC-derived EVs and HSPG2 in the ECM as key mediators of medin accumulation, contributing to age-associated AMA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Whitehead
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Syabira Yusoff
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Sadia Ahmad
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Lukas Schmidt
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Manuel Mayr
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Jillian Madine
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative BiologyUniversity of LiverpoolLondonUK
| | | | - Catherine M. Shanahan
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & SciencesKing's College LondonLondonUK
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24
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Suthar J, Taub M, Carney RP, Williams GR, Guldin S. Recent developments in biosensing methods for extracellular vesicle protein characterization. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1839. [PMID: 35999185 PMCID: PMC10078591 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Research into extracellular vesicles (EVs) has grown significantly over the last few decades with EVs being widely regarded as a source of biomarkers for human health and disease with massive clinical potential. Secreted by every cell type in the body, EVs report on the internal cellular conditions across all tissue types. Their presence in readily accessible biofluids makes the potential of EV biosensing highly attractive as a noninvasive diagnostic platform via liquid biopsies. However, their small size (50-250 nm), inherent heterogeneity, and the complexity of the native biofluids introduce challenges for effective characterization, thus, limiting their clinical utility. This has led to a surge in the development of various novel EV biosensing techniques, with capabilities beyond those of conventional methods that have been directly transferred from cell biology. In this review, key detection principles used for EV biosensing are summarized, with a focus on some of the most recent and fundamental developments in the field over the last 5 years. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugal Suthar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK.,UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marissa Taub
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Randy P Carney
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | | | - Stefan Guldin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, UK
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25
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Chen L, Yang J, Xu G, Wu Y. Potential Value and Application of Liquid Biopsy in Tumor, Neurodegeneration, and Muscle Degenerative Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2695:317-335. [PMID: 37450129 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3346-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid biopsy provides a promising alternative for the detection of disease-specific markers due to its superior noninvasive and original tissue representativeness. Liquid biopsies have a wide range of health and disease applications involving components ranging from circulating cells to acellular nucleic acid molecules and other metabolites. Here, we review the different components of liquid biopsy and investigate the most advanced noninvasive methods for detecting these components as well as their existing problems and trends. In particular, we emphasize the importance of analyzing liquid biopsy data from extracellular vesicles and small nucleic acids in neurological and muscle degeneration, with the aim of using this technique to enhance personalized healthcare. Although previous reviews have focused on cancer, this review mainly emphasizes the potential application of extracellular vesicles and microRNAs in liquid biopsy in neurodegeneration and muscle degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- Jianghan University Library, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Xu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxiang Wu
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Shahverdi M, Darvish M. Exosomal microRNAs: A Diagnostic and Therapeutic Small Bio-molecule in Esophageal Cancer. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:312-323. [PMID: 35319366 DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666220321125134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the major causes of cancer-related death worldwide. EC is usually diagnosed at a late stage, and despite aggressive therapy, the five-year survival rate of patients remains poor. Exosomes play important roles in cancer biology. Indeed, exosomes are implicated in tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, and invasion. They contain bioactive molecules such as lipids, proteins, and non-coding RNAs. Exosome research has recently concentrated on microRNAs, which are tiny noncoding endogenous RNAs that can alter gene expression and are linked to nearly all physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. It is suggested that deregulation of miRNAs results in cancer progression and directly induces tumor initiation. In esophageal cancer, miRNA dysregulation plays an important role in cancer prognosis and patients' responsiveness to therapy, indicating that miRNAs are important in tumorigenesis. In this review, we summarize the impact of exosomal miRNAs on esophageal cancer pathogenesis and their potential applications for EC diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Shahverdi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Maryam Darvish
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
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27
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Mishra J, Bhatti GK, Sehrawat A, Singh C, Singh A, Reddy AP, Reddy PH, Bhatti JS. Modulating autophagy and mitophagy as a promising therapeutic approach in neurodegenerative disorders. Life Sci 2022; 311:121153. [PMID: 36343743 PMCID: PMC9712237 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases has become a major public health challenge and is associated with a tremendous burden on individuals, society and federal governments worldwide. Protein misfolding and aggregation are the major pathological hallmarks of several neurodegenerative disorders. The cells have evolved several regulatory mechanisms to deal with aberrant protein folding, namely the classical ubiquitin pathway, where ubiquitination of protein aggregates marks their degradation via lysosome and the novel autophagy or mitophagy pathways. Autophagy is a catabolic process in eukaryotic cells that allows the lysosome to recycle the cell's own contents, such as organelles and proteins, known as autophagic cargo. Their most significant role is to keep cells alive in distressed situations. Mitophagy is also crucial for reducing abnormal protein aggregation and increasing organelle clearance and partly accounts for maintaining cellular homeostasis. Furthermore, substantial data indicate that any disruption in these homeostatic mechanisms leads to the emergence of several age-associated metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. So, targeting autophagy and mitophagy might be a potential therapeutic strategy for a variety of health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayapriya Mishra
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Gurjit Kaur Bhatti
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, University Institute of Applied Health Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | - Abhishek Sehrawat
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - Charan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Arti Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Arubala P Reddy
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience and Garrison Institute on Aging, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA
| | - Jasvinder Singh Bhatti
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine and Nanotherapeutics, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India.
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28
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Yasuda T, Watanabe H, Hirosawa KM, Suzuki KGN, Suga K, Hanashima S. Fluorescence Spectroscopic Analysis of Lateral and Transbilayer Fluidity of Exosome Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14695-14703. [PMID: 36421004 PMCID: PMC9731264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) involved in distal cell-cell communication and cancer migration by transferring functional cargo molecules. Membrane domains similar to lipid rafts are assumed to occur in exosome membranes and are involved in interactions with target cells. However, the bilayer membrane properties of these small vesicles have not been fully investigated. Therefore, we examined the fluidity, lateral domain separation, and transbilayer asymmetry of exosome membranes using fluorescence spectroscopy. Although there were some differences between the exosomes, TMA-DPH anisotropy showing moderate lipid chain order indicated that ordered phases comprised a significant proportion of exosome membranes. Selective TEMPO quenching of the TMA-DPH fluorescence in the liquid-disordered phase indicated that 40-50% of the exosome membrane area belonged to the ordered phase based on a phase-separated model. Furthermore, NBD-PC in the outer leaflet showed longer fluorescence lifetimes than those in the inner leaflets. Therefore, the exosome membranes maintained transbilayer asymmetry with a topology similar to that of the plasma membranes. In addition, the lateral and transbilayer orders of exosome membranes obtained from different cell lines varied, probably depending on the different membrane lipid components and compositions partially derived from donor cells. As these higher membrane orders and asymmetric topologies are similar to those of cell membranes with lipid rafts, raft-like functional domains are possibly enriched on exosome membranes. These domains likely play key roles in the biological functions and cellular uptake of exosomes by facilitating selective membrane interactions with target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Yasuda
- Graduate
School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka560-0043, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Watanabe
- Graduate
School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka560-0043, Japan
| | - Koichiro M. Hirosawa
- Institute
for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu501-1193, Japan
| | - Kenichi G. N. Suzuki
- Institute
for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu501-1193, Japan
| | - Keishi Suga
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-07, Aoba, Aramaki-aza, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi980-8579, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Graduate
School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka560-0043, Japan
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29
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Fahlke C. Membrane physiology and biophysics-Another milestone. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1081004. [PMID: 36505083 PMCID: PMC9733666 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1081004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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30
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Khan NA, Asim M, El-Menyar A, Biswas KH, Rizoli S, Al-Thani H. The evolving role of extracellular vesicles (exosomes) as biomarkers in traumatic brain injury: Clinical perspectives and therapeutic implications. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:933434. [PMID: 36275010 PMCID: PMC9584168 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.933434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing effective disease-modifying therapies for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) requires reliable diagnostic, disease activity, and progression indicators. While desirable, identifying biomarkers for NDs can be difficult because of the complex cytoarchitecture of the brain and the distinct cell subsets seen in different parts of the central nervous system (CNS). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogeneous, cell-derived, membrane-bound vesicles involved in the intercellular communication and transport of cell-specific cargos, such as proteins, Ribonucleic acid (RNA), and lipids. The types of EVs include exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies based on their size and origin of biogenesis. A growing body of evidence suggests that intercellular communication mediated through EVs is responsible for disseminating important proteins implicated in the progression of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and other NDs. Some studies showed that TBI is a risk factor for different NDs. In terms of therapeutic potential, EVs outperform the alternative synthetic drug delivery methods because they can transverse the blood–brain barrier (BBB) without inducing immunogenicity, impacting neuroinflammation, immunological responses, and prolonged bio-distribution. Furthermore, EV production varies across different cell types and represents intracellular processes. Moreover, proteomic markers, which can represent a variety of pathological processes, such as cellular damage or neuroinflammation, have been frequently studied in neurotrauma research. However, proteomic blood-based biomarkers have short half-lives as they are easily susceptible to degradation. EV-based biomarkers for TBI may represent the complex genetic and neurometabolic abnormalities that occur post-TBI. These biomarkers are not caught by proteomics, less susceptible to degradation and hence more reflective of these modifications (cellular damage and neuroinflammation). In the current narrative and comprehensive review, we sought to discuss the contemporary knowledge and better understanding the EV-based research in TBI, and thus its applications in modern medicine. These applications include the utilization of circulating EVs as biomarkers for diagnosis, developments of EV-based therapies, and managing their associated challenges and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naushad Ahmad Khan
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Mohammad Asim
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- Clinical Research, Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Ayman El-Menyar
| | - Kabir H. Biswas
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sandro Rizoli
- Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Hassan Al-Thani
- Trauma Surgery Section, Department of Surgery, Hamad General Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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31
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An integrated lab-on-a-chip platform for pre-concentration and detection of colorectal cancer exosomes using anti-CD63 aptamer as a recognition element. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Brás IC, Khani MH, Riedel D, Parfentev I, Gerhardt E, van Riesen C, Urlaub H, Gollisch T, Outeiro TF. Ectosomes and exosomes modulate neuronal spontaneous activity. J Proteomics 2022; 269:104721. [PMID: 36089191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators in intercellular communication. However, understanding the biological origin and functional effects of EVs subtypes has been challenging due to the moderate differences in their physical properties and absence of reliable markers. Here, we characterize the proteomes of ectosomes and exosomes using an improved differential ultracentrifugation protocol and quantitative proteomics. Our analyses revealed singular proteomic profiles for ectosomes and exosomes that enabled us to establish specific protein markers that can be used for their biochemical distinction. Cytoskeleton and glycolytic proteins are distinctively present in ectosomes, while endosomal sorting complexes proteins and tetraspanins are enriched in exosomes. Furthermore, annexin-A2 was identified as a specific marker for ectosomes derived from cell media and human cerebrospinal fluid. Expression of EGFP as a cytosolic reporter leads to its incorporation in EVs and enables their imaging with higher resolution. Assessment of neuronal network activity using multi-electrode array recordings demonstrated that spontaneous neuronal activity can be modulated by EVs. Ectosomes and exosomes internalization in neuronal cells disrupted their regular synchronized bursting activity, resulting in overall lower and more disorganized spiking activity. Our findings suggest that EVs cargoes reflect core intracellular processes, and their functional properties might regulate basic biological and pathological processes. SIGNIFICANCE: This article presents novel approaches for studying the origin, composition, and biological effects in neuronal activity of ectosomes and exosomes. Our findings suggest that EVs cargoes reflect core intracellular processes, and their functional properties might regulate basic biological and pathological processes. Ultimately, our study also forms the foundation for future biomarker studies and for the understanding of the molecular basis of different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C Brás
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mohammad H Khani
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Riedel
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Iwan Parfentev
- Research Group Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Gerhardt
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christoph van Riesen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Research Group Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Bioanalytics, Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tim Gollisch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tiago F Outeiro
- Department of Experimental Neurodegeneration, Center for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, 37075 Göttingen, Germany; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE2 4HH, United Kingdom; Scientific employee with an honorary contract at German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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33
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Thellung S, Corsaro A, Dellacasagrande I, Nizzari M, Zambito M, Florio T. Proteostasis unbalance in prion diseases: Mechanisms of neurodegeneration and therapeutic targets. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:966019. [PMID: 36148145 PMCID: PMC9485628 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.966019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are progressive neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system that affect humans and animals as sporadic, inherited, and infectious forms. Similarly to Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, any attempt to reduce TSEs' lethality or increase the life expectancy of affected individuals has been unsuccessful. Typically, the onset of symptoms anticipates the fatal outcome of less than 1 year, although it is believed to be the consequence of a decades-long process of neuronal death. The duration of the symptoms-free period represents by itself a major obstacle to carry out effective neuroprotective therapies. Prions, the infectious entities of TSEs, are composed of a protease-resistant protein named prion protein scrapie (PrPSc) from the prototypical TSE form that afflicts ovines. PrPSc misfolding from its physiological counterpart, cellular prion protein (PrPC), is the unifying pathogenic trait of all TSEs. PrPSc is resistant to intracellular turnover and undergoes amyloid-like fibrillation passing through the formation of soluble dimers and oligomers, which are likely the effective neurotoxic entities. The failure of PrPSc removal is a key pathogenic event that defines TSEs as proteopathies, likewise other neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's disease, characterized by alteration of proteostasis. Under physiological conditions, protein quality control, led by the ubiquitin-proteasome system, and macroautophagy clears cytoplasm from improperly folded, redundant, or aggregation-prone proteins. There is evidence that both of these crucial homeostatic pathways are impaired during the development of TSEs, although it is still unclear whether proteostasis alteration facilitates prion protein misfolding or, rather, PrPSc protease resistance hampers cytoplasmic protein quality control. This review is aimed to critically analyze the most recent advancements in the cause-effect correlation between PrPC misfolding and proteostasis alterations and to discuss the possibility that pharmacological restoring of ubiquitin-proteasomal competence and stimulation of autophagy could reduce the intracellular burden of PrPSc and ameliorate the severity of prion-associated neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Thellung
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsaro
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Irene Dellacasagrande
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Mario Nizzari
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Martina Zambito
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Tullio Florio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine (DiMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- *Correspondence: Tullio Florio
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Emerging Role of Neuron-Glia in Neurological Disorders: At a Glance. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:3201644. [PMID: 36046684 PMCID: PMC9423989 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3201644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Based on the diverse physiological influence, the impact of glial cells has become much more evident on neurological illnesses, resulting in the origins of many diseases appearing to be more convoluted than previously happened. Since neurological disorders are often random and unknown, hence the construction of animal models is difficult to build, representing a small fraction of people with a gene mutation. As a result, an immediate necessity is grown to work within in vitro techniques for examining these illnesses. As the scientific community recognizes cell-autonomous contributions to a variety of central nervous system illnesses, therapeutic techniques involving stem cells for treating neurological diseases are gaining traction. The use of stem cells derived from a variety of sources is increasingly being used to replace both neuronal and glial tissue. The brain's energy demands necessitate the reliance of neurons on glial cells in order for it to function properly. Furthermore, glial cells have diverse functions in terms of regulating their own metabolic activities, as well as collaborating with neurons via secreted signaling or guidance molecules, forming a complex network of neuron-glial connections in health and sickness. Emerging data reveals that metabolic changes in glial cells can cause morphological and functional changes in conjunction with neuronal dysfunction under disease situations, highlighting the importance of neuron-glia interactions in the pathophysiology of neurological illnesses. In this context, it is required to improve our understanding of disease mechanisms and create potential novel therapeutics. According to research, synaptic malfunction is one of the features of various mental diseases, and glial cells are acting as key ingredients not only in synapse formation, growth, and plasticity but also in neuroinflammation and synaptic homeostasis which creates critical physiological capacity in the focused sensory system. The goal of this review article is to elaborate state-of-the-art information on a few glial cell types situated in the central nervous system (CNS) and highlight their role in the onset and progression of neurological disorders.
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Mavroeidi P, Vetsi M, Dionysopoulou D, Xilouri M. Exosomes in Alpha-Synucleinopathies: Propagators of Pathology or Potential Candidates for Nanotherapeutics? Biomolecules 2022; 12:957. [PMID: 35883513 PMCID: PMC9313025 DOI: 10.3390/biom12070957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathological accumulation of alpha-synuclein governs the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, and multiple system atrophy, collectively termed alpha-synucleinopathies. Alpha-synuclein can be released in the extracellular space, partly via exosomes, and this extracellular protein pool may contribute to disease progression by facilitating the spread of pathological alpha-synuclein or activating immune cells. The content of exosomes depends on their origin and includes specific proteins, lipids, functional mRNAs and various non-coding RNAs. Given their ability to mediate intercellular communication via the transport of multilevel information, exosomes are considered to be transporters of toxic agents. Beyond neurons, glial cells also release exosomes, which may contain inflammatory molecules and this glia-to-neuron or neuron-to-glia transmission of exosomal alpha-synuclein may contribute to the propagation of pathology and neuroinflammation throughout the brain. In addition, as their content varies as per their originating and recipient cells, these vesicles can be utilized as a diagnostic biomarker for early disease detection, whereas targeted exosomes may be used as scaffolds to deliver therapeutic agents into the brain. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role of exosomes in the progression of alpha-synuclein-related pathology and their potential use as biomarkers and nanotherapeutics in alpha-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (P.M.); (M.V.); (D.D.)
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Chen H, Sun T, Jiang C. Extracellular vesicle-based macromolecule delivery systems in cancer immunotherapy. J Control Release 2022; 348:572-589. [PMID: 35714733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Great attention has been paid to the impressive role the macromolecules played in cancer immunotherapy, however, the applications were largely limited by their poor circulation stability, low cellular uptake efficiency, and off-target effects. As an important messenger of intercellular communication, extracellular vesicles (EVs) exhibit unique advantages in macromolecule delivery compared to traditional synthetic carriers, offering new possibilities for modern drug delivery. These naturally derived carriers can achieve stable, efficient, and selective delivery of macromolecules and improve the efficacy and potentiality of macromolecular drugs in cancer immunotherapy. This review provides a brief overview of the unique features of EVs related to macromolecule delivery, the strategies and recent advances of using EVs as macromolecule delivery carriers in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Cantres-Rosario YM, Wojna V, Ruiz R, Diaz B, Matos M, Rodriguez-Benitez RJ, Rodriguez E, Skolasky RL, Gerena Y. Soluble Insulin Receptor Levels in Plasma, Exosomes, and Urine and Its Association With HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders. Front Neurol 2022; 13:809956. [PMID: 35720083 PMCID: PMC9202317 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.809956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are one of the HIV-associated comorbidities affecting 20-50% of the people with HIV (PWH) infection. We found that the soluble insulin receptor (sIR) levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were significantly higher in HIV-infected women. The mechanism of sIR release into the plasma remains unknown, but the detection of the sIR in exosomes may uncover novel mechanisms of sIR secretion from HIV-infected cells and its contribution to HIV disease progression and HAND development. Quantification of sIR in urine may represent a less invasive and more accessible diagnostic tool. Our objective was to quantify sIR levels in plasma, plasma-derived exosomes, and urine, and evaluate their association with HAND and renal function. Methods We measured full-length sIR in the plasma and urine of 38 controls and 76 HIV-infected women by ELISA, and sIR, HIV-1 Tat, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in exosomes by flow cytometry. Results Plasma and exosomes with sIR were significantly higher in HIV-infected women when compared with controls and HAND. Exosomal sIR positively correlated with exosomal ROS and exosomal HIV-1 Tat in HIV-infected women. Exosomal ROS was significantly higher in HIV-infected women with more symptomatic cognitive impairment. Plasma-derived exosomes exhibited significantly higher levels of astrocyte (GFAP) and neuronal (L1CAM) markers in HIV-infected women, confirming the presence of circulating CNS-derived exosomes in the blood of HIV-infected women. Urine sIR positively correlated with eGFR in controls, but not in HIV-infected women, regardless there was no significant difference in renal function as determined by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, p = 0.762). In HIV-infected women, higher plasma sIR correlated with lower urine sIR that could suggest sIR retention in blood or decreased renal filtration. Discussion Higher plasma sIR levels and their correlation with ROS in plasma-derived exosomes with HAND suggest a combined role of metabolic disturbances, oxidative stress, exosome release, and cognitive decline. Communication between CNS and periphery is compromised in PWH, thus plasma-derived exosomes may shed light on disrupted cellular mechanisms in the brain of PWH. High plasma and low urine sIR levels could suggest sIR retention in blood or decreased renal filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisel M. Cantres-Rosario
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Valerie Wojna
- Division of Neurology, Internal Medicine Department and NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Rafael Ruiz
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Bexaida Diaz
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Miriam Matos
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | | | - Elaine Rodriguez
- NeuroHIV Research Program, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
| | - Richard L. Skolasky
- Orthopaedic Surgery and Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Yamil Gerena
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, NeuroHIV Research Program, Pharmacology Department, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, United States
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Salvany S, Casanovas A, Piedrafita L, Gras S, Calderó J, Esquerda JE. Accumulation of misfolded SOD1 outlines distinct patterns of motor neuron pathology and death during disease progression in a SOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain Pathol 2022; 32:e13078. [PMID: 35584812 PMCID: PMC9616096 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Early misfolded superoxide dismutase 1 (mfSOD1) accumulation, motor neuron (MN) degeneration, and microgliosis are hallmark pathological features in SOD1G93A amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mice. Because of the different vulnerabilities of distinct MN subtypes, degenerating and surviving MNs coexist in different proportions during disease progression. By examining the expression of misfolded conformers of SOD1 using specific antibodies, we defined distinct MN phenotypes that were evaluated during disease progression and the local neuroinflammatory reaction. The most severe phenotype corresponded to somata of fast‐twitch subtype MNs, which exhibited highly positive mfSOD1 immunostaining and an extreme degree of vacuolar degeneration. Vacuoles, which are of mitochondrial origin, contain mfSOD1 in conjunction with nonmitochondrial proteins, such as chromogranin, CD81, and flotillin. The fusion of ER‐derived vesicles enriched in mfSOD1 with outer mitochondrial membranes is thought to be the primary mechanism for vacuole formation. In addition, the ulterior coalescence of enlarged mitochondria may lead to the formation of giant vacuoles. Vacuolar degeneration is a transient degenerative process occurring early during the presymptomatic stages of the disease in ALS mice. Some vacuolated MNs are also positive for pMLKL, the effector protein of necroptosis. This indicates a newly described mechanism in which extracellular vesicles derived from damaged MNs, via cellular secretion or necroptotic disruption, may be the triggers for initiating neuroinflammation, glial‐mediated neurotoxicity, and disease spreading. Furthermore, as MN degeneration in mutant SOD1 mice is noncell autonomous, the effects of experimentally increasing or decreasing the microglial response on the expression of MN phenotypes were also evaluated, demonstrating bidirectional cross talk signaling between the degree of expression of mfSOD1 and local neuroinflammation. More detailed knowledge regarding these processes occurring long before the end stages of the disease is necessary to identify novel molecular targets for future preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salvany
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Casanovas
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lídia Piedrafita
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Gras
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Calderó
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep E Esquerda
- Patologia Neuromuscular Experimental, Departament de Medicina Experimental, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Lleida and Institut de Recerca Biomèdica de Lleida (IRBLleida), Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
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Sivanantham A, Jin Y. Impact of Storage Conditions on EV Integrity/Surface Markers and Cargos. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050697. [PMID: 35629364 PMCID: PMC9146501 DOI: 10.3390/life12050697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small biological particles released into biofluids by every cell. Based on their size, they are classified into small EVs (<100 nm or <200 nm) and medium or large EVs (>200 nm). In recent years, EVs have garnered interest for their potential medical applications, including disease diagnosis, cell-based biotherapies, targeted drug delivery systems, and others. Currently, the long-term and short-term storage temperatures for biofluids and EVs are −80 °C and 4 °C, respectively. The storage capacity of EVs can depend on their number, size, function, temperature, duration, and freeze−thaw cycles. While these parameters are increasingly studied, the effects of preservation and storage conditions of EVs on their integrity remain to be understood. Knowledge gaps in these areas may ultimately impede the widespread applicability of EVs. Therefore, this review summarizes the current knowledge on the effect of storage conditions on EVs and their stability and critically explores prospective ways for improving long-term storage conditions to ensure EV stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Jin
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-617-358-1356
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Liu Y, Cheng L, Zhan H, Li H, Li X, Huang Y, Li Y. The Roles of Noncoding RNAs in Systemic Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:856036. [PMID: 35464474 PMCID: PMC9024074 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.856036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) constitute more than 90% of the RNAs in the human genome. In the past decades, studies have changed our perception of ncRNAs from “junk” transcriptional products to functional regulatory molecules that mediate critical processes, including chromosomal modifications, mRNA splicing and stability, and translation, as well as key signaling pathways. Emerging evidence suggests that ncRNAs are abnormally expressed in not only cancer but also autoimmune diseases, such as systemic sclerosis (SSc), and may serve as novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets for the diagnosis and treatment of SSc. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of ncRNAs in SSc remain incompletely understood. In this review, we discuss the current findings on the biogenetic processes and functions of ncRNAs, including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs, as well as explore emerging ncRNA-based diagnostics and therapies for SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Cheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haoting Zhan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haolong Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Department of Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yongzhe Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Complex, Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yongzhe Li,
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Yang L, Patel KD, Rathnam C, Thangam R, Hou Y, Kang H, Lee KB. Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles for Biomedical Applications Using Multifunctional Magnetic Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104783. [PMID: 35132796 PMCID: PMC9344859 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (e.g., exosomes) carrying various biomolecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) have rapidly emerged as promising platforms for many biomedical applications. Despite their enormous potential, their heterogeneity in surfaces and sizes, the high complexity of cargo biomolecules, and the inefficient uptake by recipient cells remain critical barriers for their theranostic applications. To address these critical issues, multifunctional nanomaterials, such as magnetic nanomaterials, with their tunable physical, chemical, and biological properties, may play crucial roles in next-generation extracellular vesicles (EV)-based disease diagnosis, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. As such, one aims to provide cutting-edge knowledge pertaining to magnetic nanomaterials-facilitated isolation, detection, and delivery of extracellular vesicles and their associated biomolecules. By engaging the fields of extracellular vesicles and magnetic nanomaterials, it is envisioned that their properties can be effectively combined for optimal outcomes in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letao Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kapil D. Patel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher Rathnam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ramar Thangam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yannan Hou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Bum Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers-the State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Pis cataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Han X, Wang C, Song L, Wang X, Tang S, Hou T, Liu C, Liang X, Qiu C, Wang Y, Du Y. KIBRA regulates amyloid β metabolism by controlling extracellular vesicles secretion. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103980. [PMID: 35367771 PMCID: PMC8983338 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous research has revealed that KIBRA controls secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) by inhibiting the proteasomal degradation of Rab27a and EVs play an important role in amyloid β (Aβ) metabolism and transmission during Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. Here, we further test the hypothesis that KIBRA regulates Aβ metabolism via the endosomal-lysosomal system. Methods We generated KIBRA knockout mice on a 5XFAD background and KIBRA knockdown cells in murine HT22 cells with stably overexpressing APP. Various forms of Aβ and quantification of EVs were analyzed by biochemical methods and nanoparticle tracking analysis, respectively. Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) were visualized by electron microscopy and confocal fluorescent microscopy. In a population-based cohort (n = 1419), KIBRA genotypes and plasma Aβ levels were analyzed using multiple-PCR amplification and Simoa, respectively. Findings Multiple forms of Aβ were dramatically attenuated in KIBRA knockout mouse brain, including monomers, oligomers, and extracellular deposition, but KIBRA knockout had no effect on intraneuronal APP C-terminal fragment β (APP-CTFβ)/Aβ levels. KIBRA depletion also decreased APP-CTFβ/Aβ-associated EVs secretion and subsequently enhanced MVBs number. Furthermore, we found that excessive accumulation of MVBs harboring APP-CTFβ/Aβ promoted the MVBs-lysosome fusion for degradation and inhibition of lysosomal function rescued secretion of APP-CTFβ/Aβ-associated EVs. More importantly, whole exon sequencing of KIBRA in a large population-based cohort identified the association of KIBRA rs28421695 polymorphism with plasma Aβ levels. Interpretation These results demonstrate that KIBRA regulates Aβ metabolism via controlling the secretion of APP-CTFβ/Aβ-associated EVs. Funding National Key R&D Program of China, and National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Han
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Chaoqun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Lin Song
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Shi Tang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Tingting Hou
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Liang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China
| | - Chengxuan Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Aging Research Center and Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet-Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yongxiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Yifeng Du
- Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, No. 324 Jingwuweiqi Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, PR China; Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, PR China; Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Jinan, Shandong, PR China.
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43
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Exosomal mediated signal transduction through artificial microRNA (amiRNA): A potential target for inhibition of SARS-CoV-2. Cell Signal 2022; 95:110334. [PMID: 35461900 PMCID: PMC9022400 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exosome trans-membrane signals provide cellular communication between the cells through transport and/or receiving the signal by molecule, change the functional metabolism, and stimulate and/or inhibit receptor signal complexes. COVID19 genetic transformations are varied in different geographic positions, and single nucleotide polymorphic lineages were reported in the second waves due to the fast mutational rate and adaptation. Several vaccines were developed and in treatment practice, but effective control has yet to reach in cent presence. It was initially a narrow immune-modulating protein target. Controlling these diverse viral strains may inhibit their transuding mechanisms primarily to target RNA genes responsible for COVID19 transcription. Exosomal miRNAs are the main sources of transmembrane signals, and trans-located miRNAs can directly target COVID19 mRNA transcription. This review discussed targeted viral transcription by delivering the artificial miRNA (amiRNA) mediated exosomes in the infected cells and significant resources of exosome and their efficacy.
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44
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Sailliet N, Ullah M, Dupuy A, Silva AKA, Gazeau F, Le Mai H, Brouard S. Extracellular Vesicles in Transplantation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:800018. [PMID: 35185891 PMCID: PMC8851566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.800018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been extensively studied in the last two decades. It is now well documented that they can actively participate in the activation or regulation of immune system functions through different mechanisms, the most studied of which include protein–protein interactions and miRNA transfers. The functional diversity of EV-secreting cells makes EVs potential targets for immunotherapies through immune cell-derived EV functions. They are also a potential source of biomarkers of graft rejection through donor cells or graft environment-derived EV content modification. This review focuses on preclinical studies that describe the role of EVs from different cell types in immune suppression and graft tolerance and on the search for biomarkers of rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Sailliet
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Centeer for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Matti Ullah
- MSC-med, INSERM U7057, Universite de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Amandine Dupuy
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Centeer for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Hoa Le Mai
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Centeer for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Nantes Université, INSERM, Centeer for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France.,Labex IGO, Nantes, France
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45
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Tian Y, Wang TS, Bu H, Shao G, Zhang W, Zhang L. Role of Exosomal miR-223 in Chronic Skeletal Muscle Inflammation. Orthop Surg 2022; 14:644-651. [PMID: 35293669 PMCID: PMC9002075 DOI: 10.1111/os.13232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As skeletal muscle is one of the largest organs in the body, its damage can directly reflect a decline in somatic function, thus, further affecting daily life and health. Inflammation is a prerequisite for the repair of injured skeletal muscles. Chronic inflammation induced by inadequate repair in skeletal muscle aggravates tissue injury. Exosomes regulate inflammatory responses to facilitate the repair of skeletal muscle injury. Moreover, exosomal miR‐223 with high specificity is the most abundant miRNA in peripheral blood and regarded as biomarkers for inflammation post skeletal muscle injury, which warrants further investigation. Available studies have demonstrated that exosomal miR‐223 negatively correlates with TNF‐α levels in serum and regulates the canonical inflammatory NF‐κB signaling pathway. miR‐223 is a negative feedback regulator with great potential for adjusting inflammatory imbalance and promoting skeletal muscle repair. The research on the regulation of negative feedback factors in the inflammatory signaling pathway is essential in biology and medicine. Therefore, this review mainly elaborates the formation, heterogeneity and markers of exosomes and points out exosomal miR‐223 as a beneficial role in chronic skeletal muscle inflammation and can be expected to be a potential therapeutic target for skeletal muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Tie-Shan Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - He Bu
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Guo Shao
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Third People's Hospital of Longgang District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Baotou Medical College, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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46
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Nafar S, Nouri N, Alipour M, Fallahi J, Zare F, Tabei SMB. Exosome as a target for cancer treatment. J Investig Med 2022; 70:1212-1218. [PMID: 35210328 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2021-002194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are small vesicles covered by a lipid bilayer, ranging in size from 50 nm to 90 nm, secreted by different cell types in the body under normal and pathological conditions. They are surrounded by cell-segregated membrane complexes and play a role in the pathological and physiological environments of target cells by transfer of different molecules such as microRNA (miRNA). Exosomes have been detected in many body fluids, such as in the amniotic fluid, urine, breast milk, blood, saliva, ascites, semen, and bile. They include proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids such as DNA, RNA, and miRNA, which have many functions in target cells under pathological and physiological conditions. They participate in pathological processes such as tumor growth and survival, autoimmunity, neurodegenerative disorders, infectious diseases, inflammation conditions, and others. Biomarkers in exosomes isolated from body fluids have allowed for a more precise and consistent diagnostic method than previous approaches. Exosomes can be used in a variety of intracellular functions, and with advances in molecular techniques they can be used in the treatment and diagnosis of many diseases, including cancer. These vesicles play a significant role in various stages of cancer. Tumor-derived exosomes have an important role in tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. In contrast, the use of stem cells in cancer treatment is a relatively new scientific area. We hope to address targeted use of miRNA-carrying exosomes in cancer therapy in this review paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Nafar
- Department of Genetics, Shiraz University of Medical Science, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Nouri
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Science, Yazd, Iran
| | - Maedeh Alipour
- MSc of Hematology and Blood Bank, Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Jafar Fallahi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fateme Zare
- Reproductive Immunology Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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47
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Ragni E, Perucca Orfei C, Viganò M, Valli F, de Girolamo L. Endogenous Controls for the Evaluation of Osteoarthritis-Related miRNAs in Extracellular Vesicles from Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and the Impact of Osteoarthritis Synovial Fluid. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020316. [PMID: 35204816 PMCID: PMC8869367 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs) have emerged as promising therapeutic option for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) due to their tissue regenerative and anti-inflammatory features. BMSCs’ clinical potential is mainly ascribed to their released factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs), whose therapeutic portfolio may be modulated by the environment in vivo or specific priming in vitro. Within the array of molecules shaping EVs’ power, miRNAs are considered privileged players. In this frame, a correct EV-miRNA detection and quantification is mandatory to understand and possibly boost BMSCs potential, either when envisioned as cell therapeutics or when proposed as producer of cell-free and clinical grade EVs. The aim of this study is to identify reliable reference genes (RGs) to study miRNAs in BMSC-EVs cultivated under standard or OA synovial fluid (OA-SF). miR-23a-3p and miR-221-3p emerged as the best candidates, respectively. Moreover, when both conditions were analyzed together, miR-24-3p resulted the most stable RGs, allowing for a sharper comparison of EVs content, further validated on the OA-related miRNA-193b-5p. The different RG stability ranking depending on the culturing conditions, as well as its divergence with respect to adipose (ASCs) and amniotic (hAMSCs) MSCs, confirm that miRNA RG selection in EVs is a mandatory step and that the identification of the most reliable candidate is greatly depending on the cell type and culturing/environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ragni
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy; (E.R.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.)
| | - Carlotta Perucca Orfei
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy; (E.R.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.)
| | - Marco Viganò
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy; (E.R.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.)
| | - Federico Valli
- Chirurgia Articolare Sostitutiva e Chirurgia Ortopedica (CASCO), IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy;
| | - Laura de Girolamo
- Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via R. Galeazzi 4, I-20161 Milan, Italy; (E.R.); (C.P.O.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-66214059
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48
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Li KL, Huang HY, Ren H, Yang XL. Role of exosomes in the pathogenesis of inflammation in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1898-1906. [PMID: 35142665 PMCID: PMC8848593 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory responses, including glial cell activation and peripheral immune cell infiltration, are involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). These inflammatory responses appear to be closely related to the release of extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes. However, the relationships among different forms of glial cell activation, synuclein dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and exosomes are complicated. This review discusses the multiple roles played by exosomes in PD-associated inflammation and concludes that exosomes can transport toxic α-synuclein oligomers to immature neurons and into the extracellular environment, inducing the oligomerization of α-synuclein in normal neurons. Misfolded α-synuclein causes microglia and astrocytes to activate and secrete exosomes. Glial cell-derived exosomes participate in communications between glial cells and neurons, triggering anti-stress and anti-inflammatory responses, in addition to axon growth. The production and release of mitochondrial vesicles and exosomes establish a new mechanism for linking mitochondrial dysfunction to systemic inflammation associated with PD. Given the relevance of exosomes as mediators of neuron-glia communication in neuroinflammation and neuropathogenesis, new targeted treatment strategies are currently being developed that use these types of extracellular vesicles as drug carriers. Exosome-mediated inflammation may be a promising target for intervention in PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Lu Li
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Yan Huang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xing-Long Yang
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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49
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Suthar J, Prieto-Simon B, Williams GR, Guldin S. Dual-Mode and Label-Free Detection of Exosomes from Plasma Using an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring. Anal Chem 2022. [PMID: 35072456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04282/suppl_file/ac1c04282_si_001.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The biomolecular contents of extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes, have been shown to be crucial in intercellular communication and disease propagation. As a result, there has been a recent surge in the exploration of novel biosensing platforms that can sensitively and specifically detect exosomal content such as proteins and nucleic acids, with a view toward application in diagnostic assays. Here, we demonstrate dual-mode and label-free detection of plasma exosomes using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM-D). The platform adopts a direct immunosensing approach to effectively capture exosomes via their surface protein expression of CD63. By combining QCM-D with a tandem in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement, we are able to demonstrate relationships between mass, viscoelasticity and impedance inducing properties of each functional layer and analyte. In addition to lowering the limit of detection (by a factor of 2-4) to 6.71 × 107 exosome-sized particles (ESP) per mL in 25% v/v serum, the synergy between dissipation and impedance response introduces improved sensing specificity by offering further distinction between soft and rigid analytes, thereby promoting EQCM-D as an important technique for exosome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugal Suthar
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Prieto-Simon
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gareth R Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Guldin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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50
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Suthar J, Prieto-Simon B, Williams GR, Guldin S. Dual-Mode and Label-Free Detection of Exosomes from Plasma Using an Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2465-2475. [PMID: 35072456 PMCID: PMC9096790 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
biomolecular contents of extracellular vesicles, such as exosomes,
have been shown to be crucial in intercellular communication and disease
propagation. As a result, there has been a recent surge in the exploration
of novel biosensing platforms that can sensitively and specifically
detect exosomal content such as proteins and nucleic acids, with a
view toward application in diagnostic assays. Here, we demonstrate
dual-mode and label-free detection of plasma exosomes using an electrochemical
quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (EQCM-D).
The platform adopts a direct immunosensing approach to effectively
capture exosomes via their surface protein expression of CD63. By
combining QCM-D with a tandem in situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
measurement, we are able to demonstrate relationships between mass,
viscoelasticity and impedance inducing properties of each functional
layer and analyte. In addition to lowering the limit of detection
(by a factor of 2–4) to 6.71 × 107 exosome-sized
particles (ESP) per mL in 25% v/v serum, the synergy between dissipation
and impedance response introduces improved sensing specificity by
offering further distinction between soft and rigid analytes, thereby
promoting EQCM-D as an important technique for exosome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugal Suthar
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Beatriz Prieto-Simon
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gareth R. Williams
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Guldin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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