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Kumari R, Ponte ME, Franczak E, Prom JC, O'Neil MF, Sardiu ME, Lutkewitte AJ, Christenson LK, Shankar K, Morris EM, Thyfault JP. VCD-induced menopause mouse model reveals reprogramming of hepatic metabolism. Mol Metab 2024; 82:101908. [PMID: 38432400 PMCID: PMC10944007 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.101908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Menopause adversely impacts systemic energy metabolism and increases the risk of metabolic disease(s) including hepatic steatosis, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. Dosing female mice with vinyl cyclohexene dioxide (VCD) selectively causes follicular atresia in ovaries, leading to a murine menopause-like phenotype. METHODS In this study, we treated female C57BL6/J mice with VCD (160 mg/kg i.p. for 20 consecutive days followed by verification of the lack of estrous cycling) to investigate changes in body composition, energy expenditure (EE), hepatic mitochondrial function, and hepatic steatosis across different dietary conditions. RESULTS VCD treatment induced ovarian follicular loss and increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in female mice, mimicking a menopause-like phenotype. VCD treatment did not affect body composition, or EE in mice on a low-fat diet (LFD) or in response to a short-term (1-week) high-fat, high sucrose diet (HFHS). However, the transition to a HFHS lowered cage activity in VCD mice. A chronic HFHS diet (16 weeks) significantly increased weight gain, fat mass, and hepatic steatosis in VCD-treated mice compared to HFHS-fed controls. In the liver, VCD mice showed suppressed hepatic mitochondrial respiration on LFD, while chronic HFHS resulted in compensatory increases in hepatic mitochondrial respiration. Also, liver RNA sequencing revealed that VCD promoted global upregulation of hepatic lipid/cholesterol synthesis pathways. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the VCD-induced menopause model compromises hepatic mitochondrial function and lipid/cholesterol homeostasis that sets the stage for HFHS diet-induced steatosis while also increasing susceptibility to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Kumari
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA; KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Michael E Ponte
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Edziu Franczak
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA; KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - John C Prom
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Maura F O'Neil
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Mihaela E Sardiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Andrew J Lutkewitte
- KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Lane K Christenson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Kartik Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - E Matthew Morris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA; KU Diabetes Institute and Kansas Center for Metabolism and Obesity, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; Center for Children's Healthy Lifestyles and Nutrition, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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Van Soom T, Tjalma W, Van Daele U, Gebruers N, van Breda E. Resting energy expenditure, body composition, and metabolic alterations in breast cancer survivors vs. healthy controls: a cross-sectional study. BMC Womens Health 2024; 24:117. [PMID: 38347441 PMCID: PMC10863378 DOI: 10.1186/s12905-024-02900-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the difference in absolute and fat free mass (FFM)-adjusted resting energy expenditure (mREE) and body composition (body weight, fat mass (FM), FFM) between breast cancer survivors (BCs) and controls. Correlations with body composition were analyzed. We examined if survival year, or being metabolically dysfunctional were predictive variables. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 32 BCs ≤5 years post treatment and 36 healthy controls. Indirect calorimetry measured absolute mREE. Body composition was determined by BOD POD. FFM-adjusted mREE was calculated (mREE/FFM). The Harris-Benedict equation was used to predict REE and determine hyper-/hypometabolism (mREE/pREE). The database of the multidisciplinary breast clinic of the University Hospital of Antwerp was consulted for survival year and metabolic dysfunctions. RESULTS BCs have similar absolute mREE and greater FFM-adjusted mREE compared to controls. Absolute mREE and body composition between BCs differed; adjusted mREE was similar. FFM correlated significantly with absolute mREE in BCs. A significant interaction term was found between survival year and FM for absolute mREE. CONCLUSION BCs have similar absolute mREE, but higher FFM-adjusted mREE. Differences in body composition between BCs are suggested to cause inter-individual variations. We suggest that increased FFM-adjusted mREE is caused by metabolic stress related to cancer/treatment. Accurate measurement of REE and body composition is advised when adapting nutritional strategies, especially in patients at risk for developing metabolic dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timia Van Soom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Physiotherapy, Research group MOVANT, Multi-disciplinary Metabolic Research Unit (M2RUN), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wiebren Tjalma
- Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Multidisciplinary Breast Clinic, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
- Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Multidisciplinary Edema Clinic, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
- Department of Medicine of University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Van Daele
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Physiotherapy, Research group MOVANT, Multi-disciplinary Metabolic Research Unit (M2RUN), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- OSCARE, Organization for Burns, Scar Aftercare and Research, Van Roiestraat 18, 2170, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Nick Gebruers
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Physiotherapy, Research group MOVANT, Multi-disciplinary Metabolic Research Unit (M2RUN), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Antwerp University Hospital (UZA), Multidisciplinary Edema Clinic, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Eric van Breda
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences & Physiotherapy, Research group MOVANT, Multi-disciplinary Metabolic Research Unit (M2RUN), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Kumari R, Ponte ME, Franczak E, Prom JC, O'Neil MF, Sardiu ME, Lutkewitte AJ, Shankar K, Morris EM, Thyfault JP. VCD-induced menopause mouse model reveals reprogramming of hepatic metabolism. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.14.571644. [PMID: 38168213 PMCID: PMC10760158 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.14.571644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Menopause adversely impacts systemic energy metabolism and increases the risk of metabolic disease(s) including hepatic steatosis, but the mechanisms are largely unknown. Dosing female mice with vinyl cyclohexene dioxide (VCD) selectively causes follicular atresia in ovaries, leading to a murine menopause-like phenotype. In this study, we treated female C57BL6/J mice with VCD (160mg/kg i.p. for 20 consecutive days followed by verification of the lack of estrous cycling) to investigate changes in body composition, energy expenditure (EE), hepatic mitochondrial function, and hepatic steatosis across different dietary conditions. VCD treatment induced ovarian follicular loss and increased follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in female mice, mimicking a menopause-like phenotype. VCD treatment did not affect body composition, or EE in mice on a low-fat diet or in response to a short-term (1-week) high-fat, high sucrose diet (HFHS). However, the transition to a HFHS lowered cage activity in VCD mice. A chronic HFHS diet (16 weeks) significantly increased weight gain, fat mass, and hepatic steatosis in VCD-treated mice compared to HFHS-fed controls. In the liver, VCD mice showed suppressed hepatic mitochondrial respiration on LFD, while chronic HFHS diet resulted in compensatory increases in hepatic mitochondrial respiration. Also, liver RNA sequencing revealed that VCD promoted global upregulation of hepatic lipid/cholesterol synthesis pathways. Our findings suggest that the VCD- induced menopause model compromises hepatic mitochondrial function and lipid/cholesterol homeostasis that sets the stage for HFHS diet-induced steatosis while also increasing susceptibility to obesity.
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Frick JM, Eller OC, Foright RM, Levasseur BM, Yang X, Wang R, Winter MK, O'Neil MF, Morris EM, Thyfault JP, Christianson JA. High-fat/high-sucrose diet worsens metabolic outcomes and widespread hypersensitivity following early-life stress exposure in female mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R353-R367. [PMID: 36693166 PMCID: PMC9970659 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00216.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to stress early in life has been associated with adult-onset comorbidities such as chronic pain, metabolic dysregulation, obesity, and inactivity. We have established an early-life stress model using neonatal maternal separation (NMS) in mice, which displays evidence of increased body weight and adiposity, widespread mechanical allodynia, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation in male mice. Early-life stress and consumption of a Western-style diet contribute to the development of obesity; however, relatively few preclinical studies have been performed in female rodents, which are known to be protected against diet-induced obesity and metabolic dysfunction. In this study, we gave naïve and NMS female mice access to a high-fat/high-sucrose (HFS) diet beginning at 4 wk of age. Robust increases in body weight and fat were observed in HFS-fed NMS mice during the first 10 wk on the diet, driven partly by increased food intake. Female NMS mice on an HFS diet showed widespread mechanical hypersensitivity compared with either naïve mice on an HFS diet or NMS mice on a control diet. HFS diet-fed NMS mice also had impaired glucose tolerance and fasting hyperinsulinemia. Strikingly, female NMS mice on an HFS diet showed evidence of hepatic steatosis with increased triglyceride levels and altered glucocorticoid receptor levels and phosphorylation state. They also exhibited increased energy expenditure as observed via indirect calorimetry and expression of proinflammatory markers in perigonadal adipose. Altogether, our data suggest that early-life stress exposure increased the susceptibility of female mice to develop diet-induced metabolic dysfunction and pain-like behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Frick
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Olivia C Eller
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Rebecca M Foright
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Brittni M Levasseur
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Xiaofang Yang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Ruipeng Wang
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Michelle K Winter
- Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Association, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Maura F O'Neil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - E Matthew Morris
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
- Research Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
| | - Julie A Christianson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States
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Volpe S, Lisco G, Racaniello D, Fanelli M, Colaianni V, Vozza A, Triggiani V, Sabbà C, Tortorella C, De Pergola G, Piazzolla G. Once-Weekly Semaglutide Induces an Early Improvement in Body Composition in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A 26-Week Prospective Real-Life Study. Nutrients 2022; 14:2414. [PMID: 35745144 PMCID: PMC9227575 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body weight (BW) loss is an essential therapeutic goal in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists are effective in reducing BW, but their effect on body composition has not yet been fully explored. The study aim was to assess the impact of Semaglutide on body composition in patients with T2D. METHODS Forty patients with T2D were treated with subcutaneous Semaglutide and evaluated at the baseline (T0) and after three (T3) and six (T6) months. Body composition was assessed by a phase-sensitive bioimpedance analyzer. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) thickness was also measured with an ultrasonographic method (US-VAT). Anthropometric variables, muscular strength, and laboratory tests were analyzed and compared. RESULTS A significant decrease in VAT, the fat mass index (FMI), and BW loss was observed at all observation times. US-VAT, the skeletal mass index (SMI), the fat-free mass index (FFMI), waist circumferences, and glycated hemoglobin had lessened after three months and remained stable at T6. No variations in muscle strength, the muscle quality index, and body water were found. DISCUSSION In a real-life setting, Semaglutide provided significant weight loss mainly due to a reduction in the FMI and VAT, with non-clinically relevant changes in the SMI, the FFMI, and muscle strength. Most importantly, the results were obtained after three months of treatment and persisted thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Volpe
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.V.); (G.L.); (D.R.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (V.T.); (C.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Giuseppe Lisco
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.V.); (G.L.); (D.R.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (V.T.); (C.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Davide Racaniello
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.V.); (G.L.); (D.R.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (V.T.); (C.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Margherita Fanelli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.V.); (G.L.); (D.R.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (V.T.); (C.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Valentina Colaianni
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.V.); (G.L.); (D.R.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (V.T.); (C.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Alfredo Vozza
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.V.); (G.L.); (D.R.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (V.T.); (C.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Vincenzo Triggiani
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.V.); (G.L.); (D.R.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (V.T.); (C.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Carlo Sabbà
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.V.); (G.L.); (D.R.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (V.T.); (C.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Cosimo Tortorella
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.V.); (G.L.); (D.R.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (V.T.); (C.S.); (C.T.)
| | - Giovanni De Pergola
- Unit of Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “Saverio de Bellis” Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Via Turi 27, 70013 Bari, Italy;
| | - Giuseppina Piazzolla
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (S.V.); (G.L.); (D.R.); (M.F.); (V.C.); (A.V.); (V.T.); (C.S.); (C.T.)
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Case Study: Improving Energy Status in a Wheelchair Athlete With Suppressed Resting Energy Expenditure. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1151-1154. [PMID: 35606095 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Wheelchair athletes experience a reduction in fat-free mass due to the underlying condition and/or muscle disuse. This leads to a lower resting energy expenditure (REE), as well as a lower energy expenditure during exercise or daily activities. Traditional markers of low energy availability (LEA), including amenorrhea and low bone mineral density, are often inconclusive in wheelchair athletes. This case study provides data from a professional female wheelchair badminton player with multiple sclerosis who presented with a reduced measured-to-predicted REE ratio (REEratio), a common indicator of LEA in able-bodied athletes. Furthermore, a nutrition and exercise intervention was conducted to restore REE. METHODS REE and body composition were measured using indirect calorimetry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, respectively. The predicted REE of the REEratio was calculated using 2 separate approaches. An REEratio <0.9 was considered an indicator for LEA. A nutrition and exercise intervention was implemented to normalize REE and induce weight loss through increased meal frequency, a 200- to 400-kcal/d increase in energy intake, and added endurance exercise. RESULTS The athlete (33 y, 78 kg, 154 cm) initiallly showed an REEratio of 0.65 to 0.70, which increased to 1.00 to 1.09 after 1 year. The athlete lost 11.8 kg, almost exclusively (11 kg) in the form of fat mass. The athlete reported reduced fatigue and higher perceived fitness. CONCLUSION The nutrition and exercise intervention successfully restored energy status, induced sustainable weight loss, and reduced fatigue in a wheelchair athlete with multiple sclerosis with presumed LEA. Methods to assess LEA in this population require further validation.
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Maury-Sintjago E, Rodríguez-Fernández A, Parra-Flores J, Ruíz-De la Fuente M. Obese Women Have a High Carbohydrate Intake without Changes in the Resting Metabolic Rate in the Luteal Phase. Nutrients 2022; 14:1997. [PMID: 35631136 PMCID: PMC9147294 DOI: 10.3390/nu14101997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormonal changes are caused by the menstrual cycle phases, which influence resting metabolic rate and eating behavior. The aim of the study was to determine resting metabolic rate (RMR) and its association with dietary intake according to the menstrual cycle phase in lean and obese Chilean women. This cross-sectional analytical study included 30 adult women (15 lean and 15 with obesity). Body composition was measured with a tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance meter. Nutritional status was determined by adiposity. A 24-h recall of three nonconsecutive days verifies dietary intake. The RMR was measured by indirect calorimetry. All measurements were performed in both the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Statistical analyses were performed with STATA software at a significance level, which was α = 0.05. The RMR (β = 121.6 kcal/d), temperature (β = 0.36 °C), calorie intake (β = 317.1 kcal/d), and intake of lipids (β = 13.8 g/d) were associated with the luteal phase in lean women. Only extracellular water (β = 1.11%) and carbohydrate consumption (β = 45.2 g/d) were associated in women with obesity. Lean women showed increased RMR, caloric intake, and lipid intake during the luteal phase. For women with obesity, carbohydrate intake increased but not RMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Maury-Sintjago
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-F.); (J.P.-F.)
- GABO Grupo de Investigación en Auxología, Bioantropología y Ontogenia, FACSA, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rodríguez-Fernández
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-F.); (J.P.-F.)
- GABO Grupo de Investigación en Auxología, Bioantropología y Ontogenia, FACSA, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Julio Parra-Flores
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-F.); (J.P.-F.)
- GABO Grupo de Investigación en Auxología, Bioantropología y Ontogenia, FACSA, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile
| | - Marcela Ruíz-De la Fuente
- Department of Nutrition and Public Health, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile; (E.M.-S.); (A.R.-F.); (J.P.-F.)
- GABO Grupo de Investigación en Auxología, Bioantropología y Ontogenia, FACSA, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillan 3780000, Chile
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Metabolic rate and substrate oxidation of young males with obesity at the different sleep stages. Obes Res Clin Pract 2022; 16:17-22. [PMID: 34992002 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2021.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insufficient and poor-quality sleep among young adults is closely related to obesity and may impact metabolic processes. The mobilization and use of endogenous substrates during sleep, especially fat oxidation, is essential for energy metabolism. This study investigated whether there are differences in sleep structure, metabolic rate, substrate oxidation, and the respiratory quotient (RQ) between young males with normal weight and obesity according to sleep stages and overnight sleep. METHODS Fifteen young males with normal weight and fifteen with obesity posited electrodes of polysomnography (PSG) and slept in the metabolic chamber for estimation of sleep structure, sleep metabolic rate (SMR), carbohydrate oxidation (CHOO), fat oxidation (FATO), and RQ. Fat-free mass (FFM) was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. RESULTS The sleep period time (p = 0.038) and total sleep time (p = 0.032) were significantly shorter in the obesity group than in the normal-weight group. The obesity group also had a longer sleep latency (p = 0.034) and more sleep-turning events (p = 0.018). CHOO/FFM and the RQ were higher in the obesity group while FATO/FFM was significantly higher in the normal-weight group. FATO/FFM was also higher in the normal-weight group in each sleep stage whereas the RQ was higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Young males with obesity showed lower fat oxidation and more dominant carbohydrate-derived fuel oxidation than normal-weight during sleep and experienced shorter sleep periods and total sleep time.
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Martin A, Fox D, Murphy CA, Hofmann H, Koehler K. Tissue losses and metabolic adaptations both contribute to the reduction in resting metabolic rate following weight loss. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:1168-1175. [PMID: 35181758 PMCID: PMC9151388 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-022-01090-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the contributions of the loss of energy-expending tissues and metabolic adaptations to the reduction in resting metabolic rate (RMR) following weight loss. METHODS A secondary analysis was conducted on data from the Comprehensive Assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy study. Changes in RMR, body composition, and metabolic hormones were examined over 12 months of calorie restriction in 109 individuals. The contribution of tissue losses to the decline in RMR was determined by weighing changes in the size of energy-expending tissues and organs (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, bone, brain, inner organs, residual mass) assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with their tissue-specific metabolic rates. Metabolic adaptations were quantified as the remaining reduction in RMR. RESULTS RMR was reduced by 101 ± 12 kcal/d as participants lost 7.3 ± 0.2 kg (both p < 0.001). On average, 60% of the total reduction in RMR were explained by energy-expending tissues losses, while 40% were attributed to metabolic adaptations. The loss of skeletal muscle mass (1.0 ± 0.7 kg) was not significantly related to RMR changes (r = 0.14, p = 0.16), whereas adipose tissue losses (7.2 ± 3.0 kg) were positively associated with the reduction in RMR (r = 0.42, p < 0.001) and metabolic adaptations (r = 0.31, p < 0.001). Metabolic adaptations were correlated with declines in leptin (r = 0.27, p < 0.01), triiodothyronine (r = 0.19, p < 0.05), and insulin (r = 0.25, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS During weight loss, tissue loss and metabolic adaptations both contribute to the reduction in RMR, albeit variably. Contrary to popularly belief, it is not skeletal muscle, but rather adipose tissue losses that seem to drive RMR reductions following weight loss. Future research should target personalized strategies addressing the predominant cause of RMR reduction for weight maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martin
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Darius Fox
- grid.24434.350000 0004 1937 0060Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE USA
| | - Chaise A. Murphy
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hande Hofmann
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karsten Koehler
- grid.6936.a0000000123222966Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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10
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Adaptive thermogenesis after moderate weight loss: magnitude and methodological issues. Eur J Nutr 2021; 61:1405-1416. [PMID: 34839398 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02742-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was (1) to assess AT through 13 different mathematical approaches and to compare their results; and (2) to understand if AT occurs after moderate WL. METHODS Ninety-four participants [mean (SD); BMI, 31.1 (4.3) kg/m2; age, 43.0 (9.4) years; 34% females] underwent a 1-year lifestyle intervention (clinicaltrials.gov ID: NCT03031951) and were randomized to intervention (IG, n = 49) or control groups (CG, n = 45), and all measurements were made at baseline and after 4 months. Fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and REE by indirect calorimetry. AT was assessed through 13 different approaches, varying in how REE was predicted and/or how AT was assessed. RESULTS IG underwent a mean negative energy balance (EB) of 270 (289) kcal/day, p < 0.001), resulting in a WL of - 4.8 (4.9)% and an FM loss of - 11.3 (10.8)%. Regardless of approach, AT occurred in the IG, ranging from ~ - 65 to ~ - 230 kcal/day and three approaches showed significant AT in the CG. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of approach, AT occurred after moderate WL in the IG. AT assessment should be standardized and comparisons among studies with different methodologies to assess AT must be avoided.
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11
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Müller MJ, Heymsfield SB, Bosy-Westphal A. Are metabolic adaptations to weight changes an artefact? Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1386-1395. [PMID: 34134143 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive thermogenesis (AT) is currently defined as the fat-free mass (FFM)-independent change in resting energy expenditure (REE) in response to caloric restriction (CR) or overfeeding (OF). So far, the impact of changes in the anatomical and molecular composition of FFM on AT has not been addressed. OBJECTIVES To assess the impact of changes in FFM composition on AT. METHODS FFM was assessed in 32 healthy young men during controlled 21-d CR and 14 d of subsequent OF. Anatomical (i.e., the organ/tissue level) and molecular (i.e., water, mineral, and protein content and thus body density) composition of FFM were characterized. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS With CR, body weight and REE decreased by 4.2 ± 0.9 kg and 173 ± 107 kcal/d, respectively, with corresponding increases of 3.5 ± 1.2 kg and 194 ± 110 kcal/d during OF (P < 0.001 for all changes). Changes in FFM explained 56.7% and 66.7% of weight loss and weight gain, respectively. Weight changes were associated with changes in various anatomical (i.e., masses of skeletal muscle, liver, kidneys, and brain) and molecular components (total body water, protein, and bone minerals) of FFM. After adjustments for changes in FFM only, AT was 116 ± 127 (P < 0.001) and 27 ± 115 kcal/d (NS) with CR and OF, respectively. Adjustments for FFM and its anatomical and molecular composition reduced AT in response to CR to 83 ± 116 and 122 ± 123 kcal/d (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) whereas during OF, AT became significant at 87 ± 146 kcal/d (anatomical; P < 0.05) and 86 ± 118 kcal/d (molecular; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Adjusting changes in REE with under- and overfeeding for the corresponding changes in the anatomical and molecular composition of FFM decreased AT after CR and increased AT after OF, but overall adjusted AT was likely not large enough in magnitude to be able to prevent weight loss or resist weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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12
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Ravussin E, Smith SR, Ferrante AW. Physiology of Energy Expenditure in the Weight-Reduced State. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29 Suppl 1:S31-S38. [PMID: 33759394 PMCID: PMC8988211 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Although many individuals achieve weight loss of 10% or more, the ability to maintain a reduced body mass over months and years is much rarer. Unfortunately, our understanding of the adverse consequences of having overweight and obesity argues that long-term maintenance of a reduced weight provides the greatest health benefit. However, to achieve long-term weight reduction requires overcoming neuroendocrine systems that favor restoration of one's initial weight. Identifying and characterizing the components of these systems will be important if we are to develop therapies and strategies to reduce the rates of obesity and its complications in our modern society. During this session, Eric Ravussin and Steven R. Smith, respectively, discussed the physiology of the weight-reduced state that favors weight regain and a molecular component that contributes to this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Ravussin
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Anthony W. Ferrante
- Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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13
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Abstract
Adaptive thermogenesis (AT) has been proposed to be a compensatory response that may resist weight loss (WL) and promote weight regain. This systematic review examined the existence of AT in adults after a period of negative energy balance (EB) with or without a weight stabilisation phase. Studies published until 15 May 2020 were identified from PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, SCOPUS and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria included statistically significant WL, observational with follow-up or experimental studies, age > 18y, sample size ≥10 participants, intervention period ≥ 1week, published in English, objective measures of total daily energy expenditure (EE) (TDEE), resting EE (REE) and sleeping EE(SEE). The systematic review was registered at PROSPERO (2020 CRD42020165348). A total of thirty-three studies comprising 2528 participants were included. AT was observed in twenty-seven studies. Twenty-three studies showed significant values for AT for REE (82·8 %), four for TDEE (80·0 %) and two for SEE (100 %). A large heterogeneity in the methods used to quantify AT and between subjects and among studies regarding the magnitude of WL and/or of AT was reported. Well-designed studies reported lower or non-significant values for AT. These findings suggest that although WL may lead to AT in some of the EE components, these values may be small or non-statistically significant when higher-quality methodological designs are used. Furthermore, AT seems to be attenuated, or non-existent, after periods of weight stabilisation/neutral EB. More high-quality studies are warranted not only to disclose the existence of AT but also to understand its clinical implications on weight management outcomes.
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14
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Frings-Meuthen P, Henkel S, Boschmann M, Chilibeck PD, Alvero Cruz JR, Hoffmann F, Möstl S, Mittag U, Mulder E, Rittweger N, Sies W, Tanaka H, Rittweger J. Resting Energy Expenditure of Master Athletes: Accuracy of Predictive Equations and Primary Determinants. Front Physiol 2021; 12:641455. [PMID: 33828487 PMCID: PMC8020034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.641455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting energy expenditure (REE) is determined mainly by fat-free mass (FFM). FFM depends also on daily physical activity. REE normally decreases with increased age due to decreases in FFM and physical activity. Measuring REE is essential for estimating total energy expenditure. As such, there are a number of different equations in use to predict REE. In recent years, an increasing number of older adults continue to participate in competitive sports creating the surge of master athletes. It is currently unclear if these equations developed primarily for the general population are also valid for highly active, older master athletes. Therefore, we tested the validity of six commonly-used equations for predicting REE in master athletes. In conjunction with the World Masters Athletic Championship in Malaga, Spain, we measured REE in 113 master athletes by indirect calorimetry. The most commonly used equations to predict REE [Harris & Benedict (H&B), World Health Organization (WHO), Müller (MÜL), Müller-FFM (MÜL-FFM), Cunningham (CUN), and De Lorenzo (LOR)] were tested for their accuracies. The influences of age, sex, height, body weight, FFM, training hours per week, phase angle, ambient temperature, and athletic specialization on REE were determined. All estimated REEs for the general population differed significantly from the measured ones (H&B, WHO, MÜL, MÜL-FFM, CUN, all p < 0.005). The equation put forward by De Lorenzo provided the most accurate prediction of REE for master athletes, closely followed by FFM-based Cunningham’s equation. The accuracy of the remaining commonly-used prediction equations to estimate REE in master athletes are less accurate. Body weight (p < 0.001), FFM (p < 0.001), FM (p = 0.007), sex (p = 0.045) and interestingly temperature (p = 0.004) are the significant predictors of REE. We conclude that REE in master athletes is primarily determined by body composition and ambient temperature. Our study provides a first estimate of energy requirements for master athletes in order to cover adequately athletes’ energy and nutrient requirements to maintain their health status and physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Frings-Meuthen
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara Henkel
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Boschmann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center - a joint co-operation between Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - José Ramón Alvero Cruz
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fabian Hoffmann
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Möstl
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Mittag
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Edwin Mulder
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natia Rittweger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sies
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolsecent Medicine, Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Hattersley J, Wilson AJ, Gifford R, Facer-Childs J, Stoten O, Cobb R, Thake CD, Reynolds RM, Woods D, Imray C. A comparison of the metabolic effects of sustained strenuous activity in polar environments on men and women. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13912. [PMID: 32807833 PMCID: PMC7431584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70296-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates differences in pre- to post-expedition energy expenditure, substrate utilisation and body composition, between the all-male Spear17 (SP-17) and all-female Ice Maiden (IM) transantarctic expeditions (IM: N = 6, 61 days, 1700 km; SP-17: N = 5, 67 days, 1750 km). Energy expenditure and substrate utilisation were measured by a standardised 36 h calorimetry protocol; body composition was determined using air displacement plethysmography. Energy balance calculation were used to assess the physical challenge. There was difference in the daily energy expenditure (IM: 4,939 kcal day−1; SP-17: 6,461 kcal day−1, p = 0.004); differences related to physical activity were small, but statistically significant (IM = 2,282 kcal day−1; SP-17 = 3,174 kcal day−1; p = 0.004). Bodyweight loss was modest (IM = 7.8%, SP-17 = 6.5%; p > 0.05) as was fat loss (IM = 30.4%, SP-17 = 40.4%; p > 0.05). Lean tissue weight change was statistically significant (IM = − 2.5%, SP-17 = + 1.0%; p = 0.05). No difference was found in resting or sleeping energy expenditure, normalised to lean tissue weight (p > 0.05); nor in energy expenditure when exercising at 80, 100 and 120 steps min−1, normalised to body weight (p > 0.05). Similarly, no difference was found in the change in normalised substrate utilisation for any of the activities (p > 0.05). Analysis suggested that higher daily energy expenditures for the men in Spear-17 was the result of higher physical demands resulting in a reduced demand for energy to thermoregulate compared to the women in Ice Maiden. The lack of differences between men and women in the change in energy expenditure and substrate utilisation, suggests no sex difference in response to exposure to extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hattersley
- Coventry NIHR CRF Human Metabolic Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK. .,School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, USA. .,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.
| | - Adrian J Wilson
- Coventry NIHR CRF Human Metabolic Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.,Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Rob Gifford
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jamie Facer-Childs
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Oliver Stoten
- Emergency Department, Royal Bournemouth Hospital, Bournemouth, BH7 7DW, UK
| | - Rinn Cobb
- Performance, Nutrition and Dietetic Consulting, pnd consulting.co.uk, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - C Doug Thake
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- University/British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David Woods
- Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Birmingham, UK.,Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Northumbria and Newcastle NHS Trusts, Wansbeck General and Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle, UK
| | - Chris Imray
- Coventry NIHR CRF Human Metabolic Research Unit, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry, UK.,Department of Vascular and Renal Transplant Surgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, CV2 2DX, UK
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16
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Development of quantification software for evaluating body composition contents and its clinical application in sarcopenic obesity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10452. [PMID: 32591563 PMCID: PMC7320181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67461-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In sarcopenic obesity, the importance of evaluating muscle and fat mass is unquestionable. There exist diverse quantification methods for assessing muscle and fat mass by imaging techniques; thus these methods must be standardized for clinical practice. This study developed a quantification software for the body composition imaging using abdominal magnetic resonance (MR) images and compared the difference between sarcopenic obesity and healthy controls for clinical application. Thirty patients with sarcopenic obesity and 30 healthy controls participated. The quantification software was developed based on an ImageJ multiplatform and the processing steps are as follows: execution, setting, confirmation, and extraction. The variation in the muscle area (MA), subcutaneous fat area (SA), and visceral fat area (VA) was analyzed with an independent two sample T-test. There were significant differences in SA (p < 0.001) and VA (p = 0.011), whereas there was no difference in MA (p = 0.421). Regarding the ratios, there were significant differences in MA/SA (p < 0.001), MA/VA (p = 0.002), and MA/(SA + VA) (p < 0.001). Overall, intraclass correlation coefficients were higher than 0.9, indicating excellent reliability. This study developed customized sarcopenia-software for assessing body composition using abdominal MR images. The clinical findings demonstrate that the quantitative body composition areas and ratios can assist in the differential diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity or sarcopenia.
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17
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Bedogni G, Bertoli S, De Amicis R, Foppiani A, De Col A, Tringali G, Marazzi N, De Cosmi V, Agostoni C, Battezzati A, Sartorio A. External Validation of Equations to Estimate Resting Energy Expenditure in 2037 Children and Adolescents with and 389 without Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1421. [PMID: 32423020 PMCID: PMC7285137 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed an external cross-validation study of 10 equations to estimate resting energy expenditure (REE) in 2037 children with and 389 without obesity. Inclusion criteria were Caucasian ethnicity, age ≤ 18 years, and availability of REE. REE was measured using indirect calorimetry. The correct classification fraction (CCF) of an equation was defined as the fraction of subjects whose estimated REE was within 10% of measured REE. The Molnár equation was the most accurate REE prediction equation with CCFs of 0.70 (95% CI 0.65 to 0.76) in girls without obesity, 0.64 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.66) in girls with obesity, 0.76 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.83) in boys without obesity, and 0.66 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.69) in boys with obesity. The Mifflin equation was the second most accurate equation with CCFs of 0.67 (95% CI 0.61 to 0.73) in girls without obesity, 0.61 (95% CI 0.58 to 0.64) in girls with obesity, 0.75 (95% CI 0.66 to 0.82) in boys without obesity, and 0.66 (95% CI 0.63 to 0.69) in boys with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Bedogni
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Liver Research Center, Building Q, AREA Science Park, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, Basovizza, 34012 Trieste, Italy
| | - Simona Bertoli
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (R.D.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Laboratory of Nutrition and Obesity Research, 20145 Milan, Italy
| | - Ramona De Amicis
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (R.D.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrea Foppiani
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (R.D.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandra De Col
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, 20145 Milan and 28921 Verbania, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.T.); (N.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Gabriella Tringali
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, 20145 Milan and 28921 Verbania, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.T.); (N.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Nicoletta Marazzi
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, 20145 Milan and 28921 Verbania, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.T.); (N.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Valentina De Cosmi
- Pediatric Medium Intensity Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.D.C.); (C.A.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Agostoni
- Pediatric Medium Intensity Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy; (V.D.C.); (C.A.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health (DISCCO), University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Battezzati
- International Center for the Assessment of Nutritional Status (ICANS), University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.B.); (R.D.A.); (A.F.); (A.B.)
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, 20145 Milan and 28921 Verbania, Italy; (A.D.C.); (G.T.); (N.M.); (A.S.)
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Division of Auxology, 28921 Verbania, Italy
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18
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Thom G, Dombrowski SU, Brosnahan N, Algindan YY, Rosario Lopez-Gonzalez M, Roditi G, Lean MEJ, Malkova D. The role of appetite-related hormones, adaptive thermogenesis, perceived hunger and stress in long-term weight-loss maintenance: a mixed-methods study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2020; 74:622-632. [PMID: 32020057 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-020-0568-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Weight-loss maintenance is challenging, and few succeed in the long term. This study aimed to explain how appetite-related hormones, adaptive thermogenesis, perceived hunger and stress influence weight-loss maintenance. SUBJECTS/METHODS Fifteen adult women (age, 46.3 ± 9.5 years; BMI, 39.4 ± 4.3 kg/m2) participated in a 24-month intervention, which included 3-5 months total diet replacement (825-853 kcal/d). Body weight and composition (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), resting metabolic rate (indirect calorimetry), and fasting plasma concentration of leptin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide YY (PYY), and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) were measured at baseline and after weight loss, around 6 months. Perceptions relating to weight-loss maintenance were explored using qualitative interviews. RESULTS Mean (SD) changes in body weight (-13.8 ± 6.3 kg) and total adipose tissue (-11.5 ± 4.9 kg) were significant (P < 0.001). Weight loss was associated with a significant reduction in resting metabolic rate (-291 ± 226 kcal/day, P < 0.001) and adaptive thermogenesis (-150 ± 162 kcal/day, P = 0.003), reduction in leptin (P < 0.001) and GLP-1 (P = 0.015), an increase in ghrelin (P < 0.001), and no changes in PYY and GDF-15. Weight regain between 6 and 24 months (6.1 ± 6.3 kg, P < 0.05) was negatively correlated with GLP-1 at baseline (r = −0.7, P = 0.003) and after weight loss (r = -0.7, P = 0.005). Participants did not report increased hunger after weight loss, and stress-related/emotional eating was perceived as the main reason for regain. CONCLUSIONS Weight regain is more likely with lower fasting GLP-1 at baseline and following weight loss, but psychological aspects of eating behaviour appear as important in attenuating weight-loss maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Thom
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Naomi Brosnahan
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Yasmin Y Algindan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Giles Roditi
- Department of Radiology, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michael E J Lean
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK
| | - Dalia Malkova
- Human Nutrition, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Glasgow, UK.
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19
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Pereira LCR, Elliott SA, McCargar LJ, Bell RC, Vu K, Bell G, Robson PJ, Prado CM. The influence of energy metabolism on postpartum weight retention. Am J Clin Nutr 2019; 109:1588-1599. [PMID: 31075789 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Profiling postpartum energy metabolism may assist in optimizing weight management following childbirth. OBJECTIVES The aims of this study were to profile total energy expenditure (TEE), resting energy expenditure (REE), exercise energy expenditure, sleep energy expenditure, and respiratory quotient in women at 3 and 9 mo postpartum (3M-PP, 9M-PP, respectively), and to examine the association between energy metabolism and postpartum weight retention (PPWR). METHODS In this cohort study, 1-h REE (measured in a whole body calorimetry unit, WBCU) and body composition (BC, measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) were measured at 3M-PP and 9M-PP (n = 49). Cardiorespiratory fitness [measured by the predicted maximal volume of oxygen consumption (p$\dot{V}$O2 max), n = 47] and 24-h TEE (WBCU, n = 43) were assessed only at 9M-PP. Women were stratified as high (>4.8 kg) or low (≤ 4.8 kg) weight retainers. Two-way mixed repeated-measures ANOVA and longitudinal regression models were applied. Linear regression was used to generate an equation at 3M-PP from the BC data, to predict the REE at 9M-PP. RESULTS The fat mass at 3M-PP was positively associated with PPWR at 3M-PP (mean ± SE β: 0.09 ± 0.03; P = 0.005) and 9M-PP (β: 0.11 ± 0.04; P = 0.008), and negatively associated with REE at 3M-PP (β: -0.16 ± 0.02; P < 0.001) and TEE at 9M-PP (β: -0.15 ± 0.03; P < 0.001). REE was negatively associated with PPWR (β: -0.74; 95% CI: -1.29, -0.19; P = 0.0087). REE was 2 kcal/kg higher in low- vs. high-retainers at 3M-PP, and REE and TEE were both 4 kcal/kg higher in low- vs. high-retainers at 9M-PP. Low-retainers demonstrated an increase in REE greater than expected for changes in BC. PPWR was negatively associated with TEE (β: -0.08 ± 0.02; P = 0.0009) and p$\dot{V}$O2 max (β: -0.02 ± 0.01; P = 0.047); p$\dot{V}$O2 max was 7 mL · kg-1 · min-1 higher in low- vs. high-retainers (P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS Energy metabolism, BC, and cardiorespiratory fitness may be associated with weight regulation and its trajectory during the postpartum period. This provides the foundation for future strategies to promote appropriate postpartum weight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia C R Pereira
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta
| | - Sarah A Elliott
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta
| | - Linda J McCargar
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta
| | - Rhonda C Bell
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta
| | - Khanh Vu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta
| | - Gordon Bell
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, University of Alberta
| | - Paula J Robson
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta.,CancerControl Alberta, Alberta Health Services
| | - Carla M Prado
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta
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Sandoval DA. Mechanisms for the metabolic success of bariatric surgery. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12708. [PMID: 30882956 PMCID: PMC9205614 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To date, bariatric surgery remains the most effective strategy for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. However, given the enormity of the obesity epidemic, and sometimes variable results, it is not a feasible strategy for the treatment of all obese patients. A simple PubMed search for 'bariatric surgery' reveals over 28 000 papers that have been published since the 1940s when the first bariatric surgeries were performed. However, there is still an incomplete understanding of the mechanisms for the weight loss and metabolic success of surgery. An understanding of the mechanisms is important because it may lead to greater understanding of the pathophysiology of obesity and thus surgery-alternative strategies for the treatment of all obese patients. In this review, the potential mechanisms that underlie the success of surgery are discussed, with a focus on the potential endocrine, neural and other circulatory factors (eg, bile acids) that have been proposed to play a role.
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Marzullo P, Minocci A, Mele C, Fessehatsion R, Tagliaferri M, Pagano L, Scacchi M, Aimaretti G, Sartorio A. The relationship between resting energy expenditure and thyroid hormones in response to short-term weight loss in severe obesity. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205293. [PMID: 30339686 PMCID: PMC6195261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regulating thermogenesis is a major task of thyroid hormones (THs), and involves TH-responsive energetic processes at the central and peripheral level. In severe obesity, little is known on the relationship between THs and resting energy expenditure (REE) before and after weight loss. Methods We enrolled 100 euthyroid subjects with severe obesity who were equally distributed between genders. Each was examined before and after completion of a 4-wk inpatient multidisciplinary dieting program and subjected to measurement of thyroid function, REE, fat-free mass (FFM, kg) and percent fat mass (FM). Results Baseline REE was lower than predicted in 70 obese patients, and overall associated with BMI, FFM and FM but not thyroid-related parameters. By the study end, both BMI and REE decreased (5.5% and 4.1%, p<0.001 vs. baseline) and their percent changes were significantly associated (p<0.05), while no association related percent changes of REE and FFM or FM. Individually, REE decreased in 66 and increased in 34 patients irrespective of gender, BMI and body composition. Weight loss significantly impacted TSH (-6.3%), FT3 (-3.3%) and FT4 levels (3.9%; p<0.001 for all). By the study end, a significant correlation became evident between REE and FT4 (r = 0.42, p<0.001) as well as FT3 (r = 0.24, p<0.05). In stepwise multivariable regression analysis, however, neither THs nor body composition entered the regression equation for REE response to weight loss. Conclusions In severe obesity, short-term weight loss discloses a positive relationship between REE and THs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Marzullo
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Division of General Medicine, Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
- Università del Piemonte Orientale, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Alessandro Minocci
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | - Chiara Mele
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Division of General Medicine, Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
- Università del Piemonte Orientale, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara, Italy
| | - Rezene Fessehatsion
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
| | | | - Loredana Pagano
- University of Turin, Department of Medical Sciences, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Scacchi
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Division of General Medicine, Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
- University of Milan, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Aimaretti
- Università del Piemonte Orientale, Department of Translational Medicine, Novara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sartorio
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
- IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Experimental Laboratory for Auxo-Endocrinological Research, Piancavallo, Verbania, Italy
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Müller MJ, Geisler C, Hübers M, Pourhassan M, Bosy-Westphal A. Body composition-related functions: a problem-oriented approach to phenotyping. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 73:179-186. [PMID: 30323173 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0340-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM The objective of this study is to generate metabolic phenotypes based on structure-function relationships. METHODS In 459 healthy adults (54% females, 18 and 40 years old), we analyzed body composition by air-displacement densitometry (to assess fat mass, (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM)) and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (to assess skeletal muscle mass (SMM) and masses of brain, heart, liver, kidneys, and subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT)), resting energy expenditure (REE) by indirect calorimetry, and plasma concentrations of insulin (Ins) and leptin (Lep). RESULTS Three "functional body composition-derived phenotypes" (FBCPs) were derived: (1) REE on FFM-FBCP, (2) Lep on FM-FBCP, and (3) Ins on VAT-FBCP. Assuming that being within the ± 5% range of the respective regression lines reflects a "normal" structure-function relationship, three "normal" FBCPs were generated with prevalences of 9.0%, 5.1%, and 6.8%, respectively, of the study population. The three "FBCPs" did not overlap and were independent from each other. When compared with the two other FBCPs, the "Lep on FM-FBCP" was leanest, whereas the "REE on FFM-FBCP" had the highest BMI and SAT. Taking into account FFM composition, a hierarchical multi-level model is proposed with brain at level 1, the liver at level 2, and SMM and FM at level 3 with insulin coordinating the interplay between level 1 and 2, whereas variance in plasma insulin levels impacts energy and substrate metabolism in SMM and AT. CONCLUSION Structure-function relationships can be used to generate FBCPs. Different FBCPs reflect different dimensions of normality (or health). This is evidence for the idea that there is no across the board "normal" state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Corinna Geisler
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Mark Hübers
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | - Maryam Pourhassan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Marien Hospital Herne, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
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Normalizing resting energy expenditure across the life course in humans: challenges and hopes. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 72:628-637. [PMID: 29748655 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0151-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Whole-body daily energy expenditure is primarily due to resting energy expenditure (REE). Since there is a high inter-individual variance in REE, a quantitative and predictive framework is needed to normalize the data. Complementing the assessment of REE with data normalization makes individuals of different sizes, age, and sex comparable. REE is closely correlated with body mass suggesting its near constancy for a given mass and, thus, a linearity of this association. Since body mass and its metabolic active components are the major determinants of REE, they have been implemented into allometric modeling to normalize REE for quantitative differences in body weight and/or body composition. Up to now, various size and allometric scale laws are used to adjust REE for body mass. In addition, the impact of the anatomical and physical properties of individual body components on REE has been quantified in large populations and for different age groups. More than 80% of the inter-individual variance in REE is explained by FFM and its composition. There is evidence that the impact of individual organs on REE varies between age groups with a higher contribution of brain and visceral organs in children/adolescents compared with adults where skeletal muscle mass contribution is greater than in children/adolescents. However, explaining REE variations by FFM and its composition has its own limitations (inter-correlations of organs/tissues). In future, this could be overcome by re-describing the organ-to-organ variation using principal components analysis and then using the scores on the components as predictors in a multiple regression analysis.
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Browning MG, Franco RL, Cyrus JC, Celi F, Evans RK. Changes in Resting Energy Expenditure in Relation to Body Weight and Composition Following Gastric Restriction: A Systematic Review. Obes Surg 2017; 26:1607-15. [PMID: 27103027 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In comparison to gastric bypass surgery, gastric restriction without malabsorption more closely simulates dietary adherence while still producing durable weight loss. The latter is achieved despite considerable reductions in resting energy expenditure (REE), and whether REE is adjusted for body weight/composition using ratio- or regression-based methods could influence understanding of how these procedures affect energy balance. This systematic review identified studies that reported REE before and after gastric restriction in order to compare changes using each method. Ratio assessments revealed increases and decreases when REE was expressed per kilogram of body weight and per kilogram of fat-free mass, respectively. In comparison, measured REE tended to be less than predicted from linear regression after surgery. Explanations for these seemingly disparate findings and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Browning
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 500 Academic Centre, 1020 West Grace St, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA.
| | - Robert L Franco
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 500 Academic Centre, 1020 West Grace St, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
| | - John C Cyrus
- Tompkins-McCaw Library for the Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Francesco Celi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Ronald K Evans
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, 500 Academic Centre, 1020 West Grace St, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
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Venturini ACR, Abdalla PP, Santos APD, Borges FG, Alves TC, Machado DRL. Estimate of Resting Energy Expenditure by DXA in Boys of Different Nutritional Statuses. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574201700si0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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26
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Müller MJ, Geisler C. From the past to future: from energy expenditure to energy intake to energy expenditure. Eur J Clin Nutr 2017; 71:358-364. [PMID: 27901032 PMCID: PMC5518173 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2016.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although most recent research on energy balance focusses on energy intake (EI) there is still need to think about both sides of the energy balance. Current research on energy expenditure (EE) relates to metabolic adaptation to negative energy balance, mitochondrial metabolism associated with aging, obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the role of EE in hunger and appetite control, non-shivering thermogenesis and brown adipose tissue activity, cellular bioenergetics as a target of obesity treatment and the evolutionary and ecological determinants of EE in humans and other primates. As far as regulation of energy balance is concerned there is recent evidence that EE rather than body weight is under tight control. Biologically, EE is maintained within a narrow physiological range. An EE-set point has been proposed as the width between the upper and lower boundaries of the individual EE range. Regulation of EE may fail in very obese patients with an EI above their upper boundary and after drastic weight loss when patients may go far below their lower EE boundary and thus are loosing control. In population studies, fat-free mass (FFM) and its composition (that is, the proportion of high to low metabolic rate organs) are major determinants of EE. It is tempting to speculate that tight biologic control of EE is related to brain energy need, which is preserved at the cost of peripheral metabolism. There is a moderate heritability of EE, which is independent of the heritability of FFM. In future, metabolic phenotyping should focus on the EE-FFM relationship rather than on EE-values alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Müller
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - C Geisler
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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27
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Ten Haaf T, Verreijen AM, Memelink RG, Tieland M, Weijs PJM. Reduction in energy expenditure during weight loss is higher than predicted based on fat free mass and fat mass in older adults. Clin Nutr 2016; 37:250-253. [PMID: 28062083 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM The aim of this study was to describe a decrease in resting energy expenditure during weight loss that is larger than expected based on changes in body composition, called adaptive thermogenesis (AT), in overweight and obese older adults. METHODS Multiple studies were combined to assess AT in younger and older subjects. Body composition and resting energy expenditure (REE) were measured before and after weight loss. Baseline values were used to predict fat free mass and fat mass adjusted REE after weight loss. AT was defined as the difference between predicted and measured REE after weight loss. The median age of 55 y was used as a cutoff to compare older with younger subjects. The relation between AT and age was investigated using linear regression analysis. RESULTS In this study 254 (M = 88, F = 166) overweight and obese subjects were included (BMI: 31.7 ± 4.4 kg/m2, age: 51 ± 14 y). The AT was only significant for older subjects (64 ± 185 kcal/d, 95% CI [32, 96]), but not for younger subjects (19 ± 152 kcal/d, 95% CI [-9, 46]). The size of the AT was significantly higher for older compared to younger adults (β = 47, p = 0.048), independent of gender and type and duration of the weight loss program. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that adaptive thermogenesis is present only in older subjects, which might have implications for weight management in older adults. A reduced energy intake is advised to counteract the adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twan Ten Haaf
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Dr. Meurerlaan 8, 1067SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amely M Verreijen
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Dr. Meurerlaan 8, 1067SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert G Memelink
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Dr. Meurerlaan 8, 1067SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Tieland
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Dr. Meurerlaan 8, 1067SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J M Weijs
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Dr. Meurerlaan 8, 1067SM, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Internal Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Metabolic adaptation to weight changes relates to body weight control, obesity and malnutrition. Adaptive thermogenesis (AT) refers to changes in resting and non-resting energy expenditure (REE and nREE) which are independent from changes in fat-free mass (FFM) and FFM composition. AT differs in response to changes in energy balance. With negative energy balance, AT is directed towards energy sparing. It relates to a reset of biological defence of body weight and mainly refers to REE. After weight loss, AT of nREE adds to weight maintenance. During overfeeding, energy dissipation is explained by AT of the nREE component only. As to body weight regulation during weight loss, AT relates to two different set points with a settling between them. During early weight loss, the first set is related to depleted glycogen stores associated with the fall in insulin secretion where AT adds to meet brain's energy needs. During maintenance of reduced weight, the second set is related to low leptin levels keeping energy expenditure low to prevent triglyceride stores getting too low which is a risk for some basic biological functions (e.g., reproduction). Innovative topics of AT in humans are on its definition and assessment, its dynamics related to weight loss and its constitutional and neuro-endocrine determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Janna Enderle
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 17, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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29
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Blunting of adaptive thermogenesis as a potential additional mechanism to promote weight loss after gastric bypass. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 13:669-673. [PMID: 28159559 DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive thermogenesis (AT) is described as a change in resting metabolic rate (RMR) that is greater than would be predicted from changes in lean body mass (LBM) and fat mass (FM) alone during periods of energy imbalance. Whereas an AT-related downregulation of RMR has been implicated in suboptimal weight loss and weight regain after nonsurgical weight loss, defense against AT may underpin the durable weight loss after laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) and other bariatric surgeries. However, methodological differences across the few studies that have evaluated postoperative AT limit interpretation as to the effects of these procedures on RMR. OBJECTIVE To quantify AT 6 months after LRYGB and laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). SETTING The study was conducted in a large university hospital in the United States. METHODS Changes in body composition and RMR were assessed in 13 severely obese adults 6 months after LRYGB (n = 8) and LAGB (n = 5). AT was calculated as the difference between measured RMR and RMR predicted from LBM, FM, age, and sex before and after surgery. RESULTS RMR significantly decreased after LRYGB (-270±96 kcal/d, P<.01) but not after LAGB. Despite significantly greater reductions in weight, FM, and LBM with LRYGB than LAGB, AT responses after LRYGB (15±110 kcal/d, P = .7) and LAGB (42±97 kcal/d, P = .4) were similar (P = .7). CONCLUSION Despite significant weight and body composition changes, AT was minimal after LRYGB. A blunting of AT may be an additional mechanism that favors sustainable weight loss with LRYGB.
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Flack KD, Siders WA, Johnson L, Roemmich JN. Cross-Validation of Resting Metabolic Rate Prediction Equations. J Acad Nutr Diet 2016; 116:1413-1422. [PMID: 27138231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resting metabolic rate (RMR) measurement is time consuming and requires specialized equipment. Prediction equations provide an easy method to estimate RMR; however, their accuracy likely varies across individuals. Understanding the factors that influence the accuracy of RMR predictions will help to revise existing, or develop new and improved, equations. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to test the validity of RMR predicted in healthy adults by the Harris-Benedict, World Health Organization, Mifflin-St Jeor, Nelson, Wang equations, and three meta-equations of Sabounchi. DESIGN Predicted RMR was tested for agreement with indirect calorimetry. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING Men and women (n=30) age 18 to 65 years from Grand Forks, ND, were recruited and included for analysis during spring/summer 2014. Participants were nonobese or obese (body mass index range=19 to 39) and primarly white. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Agreement between measured (indirect calorimetry) and predicted RMR was measured. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The methods of Bland and Altman were employed to determine mean bias (predicted minus measured RMR, kcal/day) and limits of agreement between predicted and measured RMR. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to test for bias in RMR predicted from each equation vs the measured RMR. RESULTS Bias (mean±2 standard deviations) was lowest for the Harris-Benedict (-14±378 kcal/24 h) and World Health Organization (-25±394 kcal/24 h) equations. These equations also predicted RMR that were not different from measured. Mean RMR predictions from all other equations significantly differed from indirect calorimetry. The 2 standard deviation limits of agreement were moderate or large for all equations tested, ranging from 314 to 445 kcal/24 h. Prediction bias was inversely associated with the magnitude of RMR and with fat-free mass. CONCLUSIONS At the group level, the traditional Harris-Benedict and World Health Organization equations were the most accurate. However, these equations did not perform well at the individual level. As fat-free mass increased, the prediction equations further underestimated RMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred James Müller
- From the Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany (MJM, e-mail: ), and the Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (AB-W)
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- From the Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany (MJM, e-mail: ), and the Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (AB-W)
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Madden AM, Mulrooney HM, Shah S. Estimation of energy expenditure using prediction equations in overweight and obese adults: a systematic review. J Hum Nutr Diet 2016; 29:458-76. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Madden
- School of Life and Medical Sciences; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
| | - H. M. Mulrooney
- School of Life Sciences; Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, University of Kingston; Kingston Upon Thames UK
| | - S. Shah
- School of Life and Medical Sciences; University of Hertfordshire; Hatfield UK
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33
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Galgani JE, Santos JL. Insights about weight loss-induced metabolic adaptation. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:277-8. [PMID: 26813520 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose E Galgani
- Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- UDA-Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Nutrición y Dietética, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose L Santos
- Departamento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Stroeve JHM, Saccenti E, Bouwman J, Dane A, Strassburg K, Vervoort J, Hankemeier T, Astrup A, Smilde AK, van Ommen B, Saris WHM. Weight loss predictability by plasma metabolic signatures in adults with obesity and morbid obesity of the DiOGenes study. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24:379-88. [PMID: 26813527 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim is to predict successful weight loss by metabolic signatures at baseline and to identify which differences in metabolic status may underlie variations in weight loss success. METHODS In DiOGenes, a randomized, controlled trial, weight loss was induced using a low-calorie diet (800 kcal) for 8 weeks. Men (N = 236) and women (N = 431) as well as groups with overweight/obesity and morbid obesity were studied separately. The relation between the metabolic status before weight loss and weight loss was assessed by stepwise regression on multiple data sets, including anthropometric parameters, NMR-based plasma metabolites, and LC-MS-based plasma lipid species. RESULTS Maximally, 57% of the variation in weight loss success can be predicted by baseline parameters. The most powerful predictive models were obtained in subjects with morbid obesity. In these models, the metabolites most predictive for weight loss were acetoacetate, triacylglycerols, phosphatidylcholines, specific amino acids, and creatine and creatinine. This metabolic profile suggests that high energy metabolism activity results in higher amounts of weight loss. CONCLUSIONS Possible predictive (pre-diet) markers were found for amount of weight loss for specific subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna H M Stroeve
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jildau Bouwman
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adrie Dane
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Strassburg
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arne Astrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Age K Smilde
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben van Ommen
- Department of Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, Zeist, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H M Saris
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- DSM Food Specialties Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Müller MJ, Enderle J, Pourhassan M, Braun W, Eggeling B, Lagerpusch M, Glüer CC, Kehayias JJ, Kiosz D, Bosy-Westphal A. Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refeeding: the Minnesota Starvation Experiment revisited. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:807-19. [PMID: 26399868 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.109173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive thermogenesis (AT) is the fat-free mass (FFM)-independent reduction of resting energy expenditure (REE) to caloric restriction (CR). AT attenuates weight loss and favors weight regain. Its variance, dynamics, and control remain obscure. OBJECTIVES Our aims were to address the variance and kinetics of AT, its associations with body composition in the context of endocrine determinants, and its effect on weight regain. DESIGN Thirty-two nonobese men underwent sequential overfeeding (1 wk at +50% of energy needs), CR (3 wk at -50% of energy needs), and refeeding (2 wk at +50% of energy needs). AT and its determinants were measured together with body composition as assessed with the use of quantitative magnetic resonance, whole-body MRI, isotope dilution, and nitrogen and fluid balances. RESULTS Changes in body weight were +1.8 kg (overfeeding), -6.0 kg (CR), and +3.5 kg (refeeding). CR reduced fat mass and FFM by 114 and 159 g/d, respectively. Within FFM, skeletal muscle (-5%), liver (-13%), and kidneys (-8%) decreased. CR also led to reductions in REE (-266 kcal/d), respiratory quotient (-15%), heart rate (-14%), blood pressure (-7%), creatinine clearance (-12%), energy cost of walking (-22%), activity of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (-38%), and plasma leptin (-44%), insulin (-54%), adiponectin (-49%), 3,5,3'-tri-iodo-thyronine (T3) (-39%), and testosterone (-11%). AT was 108 kcal/d or 48% of the decrease in REE. Changes in FFM composition explained 36 kcal, which left 72 kcal/d for true AT. The decrease in AT became significant at ≤3 d of CR and was related to decreases in insulin secretion (r = 0.92, P < 0.001), heart rate (r = 0.60, P < 0.05), creatinine clearance (r = 0.79, P < 0.05), negative fluid balance (r = 0.51, P < 0.01), and the free water clearance rate (r = -0.90, P < 0.002). SNS activity and plasma leptin, ghrelin, and T3 and their changes with CR were not related to AT. CONCLUSION During early weight loss, AT is associated with a fall in insulin secretion and body fluid balance. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01737034.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wiebke Braun
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science and
| | | | | | - Claus-Christian Glüer
- Clinic of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Centre, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Joseph J Kehayias
- the Body Composition Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA; and
| | - Dieter Kiosz
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science and
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Lean and obese dietary phenotypes: differences in energy and substrate metabolism and appetite. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1724-33. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study aimed to characterise lean and obese phenotypes according to diet and body composition, and to compare fasting and postprandial appetite and metabolic profiles following a high-fat test meal. A total of ten lean (BMI<25 kg/m2) high-fat (LHF), ten lean low-fat (LLF; >40 and <30 % energy from fat) and ten obese (BMI>30 kg/m2) high-fat consumers (OHF; >40 % energy from fat) were recruited. Before and following the test meal (4727 kJ (1130 kcal), 77 % fat, 20 % carbohydrate (CHO) and 3 % protein), fasting plasma glucose, insulin, leptin, ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), RER, RMR and subjective appetite ratings (AR) were measured for 6 h. Thereafter, subjects consumed a self-selected portion of a standardised post-test meal (40 % fat, 45 % CHO and 15 % protein) and reported AR. Fasting (P=0·01) and postprandial (P<0·001) fat oxidation was significantly higher in LHF than in LLF but was not different between LHF and OHF. Although similar between the lean groups, fasting and postprandial energy expenditures were significantly higher in OHF compared with LHF (P<0·01). Despite similar AR across groups, LLF consumed a relatively greater quantity of the post-test meal than did LHF (7·87 (sd 2·96) v. 7·23 (sd 2·67) g/kg, P=0·013). The lean groups showed appropriate changes in plasma ghrelin and PYY following the test meal, whereas the OHF group showed a blunted response. In conclusion, the LHF phenotype had a greater capacity for fat oxidation, which may be protective against weight gain. OHF individuals had a blunted appetite hormone response to the high-fat test meal, which may subsequently increase energy intake, driving further weight gain.
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Langeveld M, DeVries JH. The long-term effect of energy restricted diets for treating obesity. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2015; 23:1529-38. [PMID: 26179364 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To quantify the effectiveness of diet interventions by systematic review of the long-term effects of energy restricted diets in individuals with overweight and obesity. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted for all clinical trials studying the effect of energy restricted diets on body weight in individuals with a BMI>25 kg/m(2) with a follow-up of at least 3 years and a minimum of 50 participants. Weight change from baseline and rates of loss to follow-up at the longest follow-up were extracted and analyzed using random-effects models. RESULTS Weighted mean weight loss after 3 years follow-up was 3.5% (95% CI 0.2-6.8%) (n = 6,163) and after 4 years follow-up 4.5% (95% CI 4.3-4.8%) (n = 5,696). Energy restricted diets (n = 1,433) resulted in an average 2.9% (95% CI -3.8 to -2.1%) greater weight loss compared to untreated control groups (n = 1,361). Weight regain was observed in the majority of individuals in all studies. Interpretation of the data is limited by high rates of loss to follow-up and lack of truly untreated control groups. CONCLUSIONS On average, the long-term effect of diets on body weight in individuals with obesity is modest, and the response is highly heterogeneous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Langeveld
- Division of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Hans DeVries
- Department of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Dulloo AG, Schutz Y. Adaptive Thermogenesis in Resistance to Obesity Therapies: Issues in Quantifying Thrifty Energy Expenditure Phenotypes in Humans. Curr Obes Rep 2015; 4:230-40. [PMID: 26627218 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-015-0156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dieting and exercise are likely to remain the core approaches in the management of obesity in the foreseeable future despite their well-documented failures for achieving long-term weight loss. Explanations for such poor prognosis are centered on patient's self-regulatory failure and lack of compliance to the prescribed diet or exercise regimen. While a role for physiological adaptations leading to diminished rates of heat production has also been advocated, there are considerable uncertainties about the quantitative importance of such regulated heat production (i.e., adaptive thermogenesis) to the less-than-expected weight loss and ease for weight regain. This paper first reviews the most compelling evidence of what is often considered as weight loss-induced adaptive thermogenesis in various compartments of daily energy expenditure. It then discusses the major limitations and issues in quantifying such thrifty energy expenditure phenotypes and underscores the plausibility of diminished core temperature as a thrifty metabolic trait in resistance to weight loss. Although an accurate quantification of adaptive thermogenesis will have to await the applications of deep body composition phenotyping and better discrimination of physical activity energy expenditures, the magnitude of diminished energy expenditure in response to weight loss in certain individuals is large enough to support the concept that adaptive thermogenesis contribute importantly to their resistance to obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul G Dulloo
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Yves Schutz
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Bosy-Westphal A, Kahlhöfer J, Lagerpusch M, Skurk T, Müller MJ. Deep body composition phenotyping during weight cycling: relevance to metabolic efficiency and metabolic risk. Obes Rev 2015; 16 Suppl 1:36-44. [PMID: 25614202 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Weight cycling may lead to adverse effects on metabolic efficiency (i.e. adaptive thermogenesis or 'metabolic slowing') and metabolic risks (e.g. increased risk for insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome). In order to investigate these topics, the partitioning of fat and lean mass (i.e. the change in the proportion of both compartments) needs to be extended to the organ and tissue level because metabolic risk differs between adipose tissue depots and lean mass is metabolically heterogeneous being composed of organs and tissues differing in metabolic rate. Contrary to data obtained with severe weight loss and regain in lean people, weight cycling most likely has no adverse effects on fat distribution and metabolic risk in obese patients. There is even evidence for an increased ability of fat storage in subcutaneous fat depots (at the trunk in men and at the limbs in women) with weight cycling that may provide a certain protection from ectopic lipid deposition and thus explain the preservation of a favourable metabolic profile despite weight regain. On the other hand, the mass-specific metabolic rate of lean mass may increase with weight gain and decrease with weight loss mainly because of an increase and respective decrease in the proportion (and/or activity) of metabolically active organ mass. Obese people could therefore have a higher slope of the regression line between resting energy expenditure (REE) and fat-free mass that leads to an overestimation of metabolic efficiency when applied to normalize REE data after weight loss. Furthermore, in addressing the impact of macronutrient composition of the diet on partitioning of lean and fat mass, and the old controversy about whether a calorie is a calorie, we discuss recent evidence in support of a low glycaemic weight maintenance diet in countering weight regain and challenge this concept for weight loss by proposing the opposite.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bosy-Westphal
- Institut für Ernährungsmedizin, Universität Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany; Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Bosy-Westphal A, Müller MJ. Measuring the impact of weight cycling on body composition: a methodological challenge. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2014; 17:396-400. [PMID: 25010545 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The impact of weight cycling on body composition and metabolic risk remains controversial. Very few studies, however, meet the methodological requirements to analyze and normalize changes in body composition with weight loss and regain. RECENT FINDINGS Methodological drawbacks that limit the interpretation of results are as follows:first, a small and only partial weight regain, second, the choice of an obese study population who experiences only small changes in fat-free mass, third, a lack of adjustment for the age-related decline in fat-free mass when examining elderly people and fourth, a lack of validity and precision of the body composition method that are important in a nonstable condition of weight loss and for measuring small changes in body composition. Normalization of changes in fat and lean mass for baseline body composition and measurement of fat and lean tissue distribution lead to further insights into the etiology and consequences of weight cycling. SUMMARY Current evidence does not support an adverse effect of weight cycling on body composition. By contrast, severe weight loss in normal-weight people that comprises a large loss of lean mass may shift the partitioning toward a transient higher regain in total and abdominal fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bosy-Westphal
- aInstitute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart bInstitute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Keil, Germany
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41
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Assessment and definition of lean body mass deficiency in the elderly. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014; 68:1220-7. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2014.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Müller MJ, Baracos V, Bosy-Westphal A, Dulloo AG, Eckel J, Fearon KCH, Hall KD, Pietrobelli A, Sørensen TIA, Speakman J, Trayhurn P, Visser M, Heymsfield SB. Functional body composition and related aspects in research on obesity and cachexia: report on the 12th Stock Conference held on 6 and 7 September 2013 in Hamburg, Germany. Obes Rev 2014; 15:640-56. [PMID: 24835453 PMCID: PMC4107095 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The 12th Stock Conference addressed body composition and related functions in two extreme situations, obesity and cancer cachexia. The concept of 'functional body composition' integrates body components into regulatory systems relating the mass of organs and tissues to corresponding in vivo functions and metabolic processes. This concept adds to an understanding of organ/tissue mass and function in the context of metabolic adaptations to weight change and disease. During weight gain and loss, there are associated changes in individual body components while the relationships between organ and tissue mass are fixed. Thus an understanding of body weight regulation involves an examination of the relationships between organs and tissues rather than individual organ and tissue masses only. The between organ/tissue mass relationships are associated with and explained by crosstalks between organs and tissues mediated by cytokines, hormones and metabolites that are coupled with changes in body weight, composition and function as observed in obesity and cancer cachexia. In addition to established roles in intermediary metabolism, cell function and inflammation, organ-tissue crosstalk mediators are determinants of body composition and its change with weight gain and loss. The 12th Stock Conference supported Michael Stocks' concept of gaining new insights by integrating research ideas from obesity and cancer cachexia. The conference presentations provide an in-depth understanding of body composition and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Müller
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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Mathematical model for the contribution of individual organs to non-zero y-intercepts in single and multi-compartment linear models of whole-body energy expenditure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103301. [PMID: 25068692 PMCID: PMC4113365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mathematical models for the dependence of energy expenditure (EE) on body mass and composition are essential tools in metabolic phenotyping. EE scales over broad ranges of body mass as a non-linear allometric function. When considered within restricted ranges of body mass, however, allometric EE curves exhibit ‘local linearity.’ Indeed, modern EE analysis makes extensive use of linear models. Such models typically involve one or two body mass compartments (e.g., fat free mass and fat mass). Importantly, linear EE models typically involve a non-zero (usually positive) y-intercept term of uncertain origin, a recurring theme in discussions of EE analysis and a source of confounding in traditional ratio-based EE normalization. Emerging linear model approaches quantify whole-body resting EE (REE) in terms of individual organ masses (e.g., liver, kidneys, heart, brain). Proponents of individual organ REE modeling hypothesize that multi-organ linear models may eliminate non-zero y-intercepts. This could have advantages in adjusting REE for body mass and composition. Studies reveal that individual organ REE is an allometric function of total body mass. I exploit first-order Taylor linearization of individual organ REEs to model the manner in which individual organs contribute to whole-body REE and to the non-zero y-intercept in linear REE models. The model predicts that REE analysis at the individual organ-tissue level will not eliminate intercept terms. I demonstrate that the parameters of a linear EE equation can be transformed into the parameters of the underlying ‘latent’ allometric equation. This permits estimates of the allometric scaling of EE in a diverse variety of physiological states that are not represented in the allometric EE literature but are well represented by published linear EE analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Müller
- Institut für Humanernährung und Lebensmittelkunde, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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Pourhassan M, Bosy-Westphal A, Schautz B, Braun W, Glüer CC, Müller MJ. Impact of body composition during weight change on resting energy expenditure and homeostasis model assessment index in overweight nonsmoking adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:779-91. [PMID: 24500156 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weight change affects resting energy expenditure (REE) and metabolic risk factors. The impact of changes in individual body components on metabolism is unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated changes in detailed body composition to assess their impacts on REE and insulin resistance. DESIGN Eighty-three healthy subjects [body mass index (BMI; in kg/m²) range: 20.2-46.8; 50% obese] were investigated at 2 occasions with weight changes between -11.2 and +6.5 kg (follow-up periods between 23.5 and 43.5 mo). Detailed body composition was measured by using the 4-component model and whole-body magnetic resonance imaging. REE, plasma thyroid hormone concentrations, and insulin resistance were measured by using standard methods. RESULTS Weight loss was associated with decreases in fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) by 72.0% and 28.0%, respectively. A total of 87.9% of weight gain was attributed to FM. With weight loss, sizes of skeletal muscle, kidneys, heart, and all fat depots decreased. With weight gain, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney masses, and several adipose tissue depots increased except for visceral adipose tissue (VAT). After adjustments for FM and FFM, REE decreased with weight loss (by 0.22 MJ/d) and increased with weight gain (by 0.11 MJ/d). In a multiple stepwise regression analysis, changes in skeletal muscle, plasma triiodothyronine, and kidney masses explained 34.9%, 5.3%, and 4.5%, respectively, of the variance in changes in REE. A reduction in subcutaneous adipose tissue rather than VAT was associated with the improvement of insulin sensitivity with weight loss. Weight gain had no effect on insulin resistance. CONCLUSION Beyond a 2-compartment model, detailed changes in organ and tissue masses further add to explain changes in REE and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhassan
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany (MP, AB-W, BS, WB, and MJM); the Klinik für Diagnostische Radiologie, Sektion Biomedizinische Bildgebung, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center CC, Universitätsklinikum (University Medical Center) Schleswig Holstein, Kiel, Germany (C-CG); and the Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany (AB-W)
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Even PC. Body size, spontaneous activity and thermogenesis effects on energy expenditure: an introduction to a topic on energy metabolism. Front Physiol 2013; 4:301. [PMID: 24146654 PMCID: PMC3797956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Even
- UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, AgroParisTech INRA, Paris, France
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Resting energy expenditure and adiposity accretion among children with Down syndrome: a 3-year prospective study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013; 67:1087-91. [PMID: 23900244 PMCID: PMC3790863 DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2013.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Children with Down syndrome (DS) have a higher prevalence of obesity than other children. Whether this increased risk for obesity is due to a lower resting energy expenditure (REE) is controversial. Our study assessed whether 1) the REE of children with DS adjusted for fat free mass (FFM) was lower than that of sibling controls and 2) the changes in fat mass (FM) over three years were associated with FFM-adjusted baseline REE. Methods This study used cross-sectional and prospective cohort designs. Four annual measurement visits were conducted with 28 children with DS and 35 sibling controls aged 3–10y. REE and serum thyroxine (T4) were measured at baseline. Anthropometry, skinfold thicknesses measures, and, in a subsample, dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were used at each visit to calculate FM. Results Children with DS had significantly lower REE adjusted for FFM (−78 kcal/day, 95% CI: −133 to −27, p=0.003). The difference remained significant after adjustment for FM, sex, and African ancestry (−49 kcal/day, 95% CI: −94 to −4, p=0.03). In the longitudinal analysis, the baseline REE adjusted for baseline FFM was not predictive of FM accretion over time (p=0.8). Conclusion Children with DS have lower REE than sibling controls, but REE was not associated with changes in FM over time. The results suggest that the lower REE of children with DS does not explain their increased risk for obesity.
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