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Archer E, Hill JO. Body and Fat mass are not Regulated, Controlled, or Defended: An introduction to the Invisible Hand' and 'Competition' Models of Metabolism. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2023; 79:56-64. [PMID: 36283496 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents two inter-dependent frameworks for understanding the etiology of obesity and the regain of body and fat mass after weight loss. The 'Invisible Hand of Metabolism' illustrates how physiologic states such as body and fat mass and blood glucose levels arise from the unregulated, uncontrolled, yet competitive behavior of trillions of semi-autonomous cells. The 'Competition Model of Metabolism' is an explanatory (mechanistic) framework that details how organismal and cell-specific behaviors generate the apparent stability of physiologic states despite metabolic perturbations (e.g., weight-loss and exercise). Together, these frameworks show that body and fat mass and blood glucose levels are not regulated, controlled, or defended but emerge from the complexity and functional plasticity of competitive cellular relations. Therefore, we argue that the use of abstract constructs such as 'regulation', 'control', 'glucostats', 'adipostats', and 'set-/settling-points' hinders the understanding of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases in human and nonhuman mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James O Hill
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Archer E, Lavie CJ, Dobersek U, Hill JO. Metabolic Inheritance and the Competition for Calories between Mother and Fetus. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040545. [PMID: 37110203 PMCID: PMC10146335 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the prenatal period, maternal and fetal cells compete for calories and nutrients. To ensure the survival of the mother and development of the fetus, the prenatal hormonal milieu alters the competitive environment via metabolic perturbations (e.g., insulin resistance). These perturbations increase maternal caloric consumption and engender increments in both maternal fat mass and the number of calories captured by the fetus. However, a mother's metabolic and behavioral phenotypes (e.g., physical activity levels) and her external environment (e.g., food availability) can asymmetrically impact the competitive milieu, leading to irreversible changes in pre- and post-natal development-as exhibited by stunting and obesity. Therefore, the interaction of maternal metabolism, behavior, and environment impact the competition for calories-which in turn creates a continuum of health trajectories in offspring. In sum, the inheritance of metabolic phenotypes offers a comprehensive and consilient explanation for much of the increase in obesity and T2DM over the past 50 years in human and non-human mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart & Vascular Institute Ochsner Clinical School-The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA
| | - Urska Dobersek
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, IN 47712, USA
| | - James O Hill
- Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Hafida S, Apovian C. Physiology of the Weight-Reduced State and Its Impact on Weight Regain. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2022; 51:795-815. [PMID: 36244694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease characterized by long duration, slow progression, and periods of remission and relapses. Despite the development of effective medical and surgical interventions and millions of people conducting tremendous personal efforts to manage their weight every year, recidivism remains a significant barrier to attaining long-term weight maintenance. This review aimed to explain the underlying physiology of the weight-reduced state including changes in energy balance, adipose tissue, genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors that may predispose individuals to weight regain following weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar Hafida
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition and Weight Management, 72 East, Concord Street C3 (Room 321 A), Collamore Building, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | - Caroline Apovian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Center for Weight Management and Wellness, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Suite RFB-2, Brigham and Women's at 221 Longwood, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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5
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Dietary dilemmas. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2022; 74:9-10. [PMID: 36089009 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Competing paradigms of obesity pathogenesis: energy balance versus carbohydrate-insulin models. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022; 76:1209-1221. [PMID: 35896818 PMCID: PMC9436778 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-022-01179-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The obesity pandemic continues unabated despite a persistent public health campaign to decrease energy intake (“eat less”) and increase energy expenditure (“move more”). One explanation for this failure is that the current approach, based on the notion of energy balance, has not been adequately embraced by the public. Another possibility is that this approach rests on an erroneous paradigm. A new formulation of the energy balance model (EBM), like prior versions, considers overeating (energy intake > expenditure) the primary cause of obesity, incorporating an emphasis on “complex endocrine, metabolic, and nervous system signals” that control food intake below conscious level. This model attributes rising obesity prevalence to inexpensive, convenient, energy-dense, “ultra-processed” foods high in fat and sugar. An alternative view, the carbohydrate-insulin model (CIM), proposes that hormonal responses to highly processed carbohydrates shift energy partitioning toward deposition in adipose tissue, leaving fewer calories available for the body’s metabolic needs. Thus, increasing adiposity causes overeating to compensate for the sequestered calories. Here, we highlight robust contrasts in how the EBM and CIM view obesity pathophysiology and consider deficiencies in the EBM that impede paradigm testing and refinement. Rectifying these deficiencies should assume priority, as a constructive paradigm clash is needed to resolve long-standing scientific controversies and inform the design of new models to guide prevention and treatment. Nevertheless, public health action need not await resolution of this debate, as both models target processed carbohydrates as major drivers of obesity.
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Obesity Subtyping: The Etiology, Prevention, and Management of Acquired versus Inherited Obese Phenotypes. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112286. [PMID: 35684086 PMCID: PMC9183045 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of obesity is complex and idiosyncratic-with inherited, behavioral, and environmental factors determining the age and rate at which excessive adiposity develops. Moreover, the etiologic status of an obese phenotype (how and when it developed initially) strongly influences both the short-term response to intervention and long-term health trajectories. Nevertheless, current management strategies tend to be 'one-size-fits-all' protocols that fail to anticipate the heterogeneity of response generated by the etiologic status of each individual's phenotype. As a result, the efficacy of current lifestyle approaches varies from ineffective and potentially detrimental, to clinically successful; therefore, we posit that effective management strategies necessitate a personalized approach that incorporates the subtyping of obese phenotypes. Research shows that there are two broad etiologic subtypes: 'acquired' and 'inherited'. Acquired obesity denotes the development of excessive adiposity after puberty-and because the genesis of this subtype is behavioral, it is amenable to interventions based on diet and exercise. Conversely, inherited obesity subsumes all forms of excessive adiposity that are present at birth and develop prior to pubescence (pediatric and childhood). As the inherited phenotype is engendered in utero, this subtype has irreversible structural (anatomic) and physiologic (metabolic) perturbations that are not susceptible to intervention. As such, the most realizable outcome for many individuals with an inherited subtype will be a 'fit but fat' phenotype. Given that etiologic subtype strongly influences the effects of intervention and successful health management, the purpose of this 'perspective' article is to provide a concise overview of the differential development of acquired versus inherited obesity and offer insight into subtype-specific management.
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Abstract
AbstractThe received wisdom on how activity affects energy expenditure is that the more activity is undertaken, the more calories will have been burned by the end of the day. Yet traditional hunter-gatherers, who lead physically hard lives, burn no more calories each day than Western populations living in labor-saving environments. Indeed, there is now a wealth of data, both for humans and other animals, demonstrating that long-term lifestyle changes involving increases in exercise or other physical activities do not result in commensurate increases in daily energy expenditure (DEE). This is because humans and other animals exhibit a degree of energy compensation at the organismal level, ameliorating some of the increases in DEE that would occur from the increased activity by decreasing the energy expended on other biological processes. And energy compensation can be sizable, reaching many hundreds of calories in humans. But the processes that are downregulated in the long-term to achieve energy compensation are far from clear, particularly in humans-we do not know how energy compensation is achieved. My review here of the literature on relevant exercise intervention studies, for both humans and other species, indicates conflict regarding the role, if any, of basal metabolic rate (BMR) or low-level activity such as fidgeting play, particularly once changes in body composition are factored out. In situations where BMR and low-level activity are not major components of energy compensation, what then drives it? I discuss how changes in mitochondrial efficiency and changes in circadian fluctuations in BMR may contribute to our understanding of energy management. Currently unexplored, these mechanisms and others may provide important insights into the mystery of how energy compensation is achieved.
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Nychyk O, Barton W, Rudolf AM, Boscaini S, Walsh A, Bastiaanssen TFS, Giblin L, Cormican P, Chen L, Piotrowicz Y, Derous D, Fanning Á, Yin X, Grant J, Melgar S, Brennan L, Mitchell SE, Cryan JF, Wang J, Cotter PD, Speakman JR, Nilaweera KN. Protein quality and quantity influence the effect of dietary fat on weight gain and tissue partitioning via host-microbiota changes. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109093. [PMID: 33979605 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated how protein quantity (10%-30%) and quality (casein and whey) interact with dietary fat (20%-55%) to affect metabolic health in adult mice. Although dietary fat was the main driver of body weight gain and individual tissue weight, high (30%) casein intake accentuated and high whey intake reduced the negative metabolic aspects of high fat. Jejunum and liver transcriptomics revealed increased intestinal permeability, low-grade inflammation, altered lipid metabolism, and liver dysfunction in casein-fed but not whey-fed animals. These differential effects were accompanied by altered gut size and microbial functions related to amino acid degradation and lipid metabolism. Fecal microbiota transfer confirmed that the casein microbiota increases and the whey microbiota impedes weight gain. These data show that the effects of dietary fat on weight gain and tissue partitioning are further influenced by the quantity and quality of the associated protein, primarily via effects on the microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Nychyk
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Wiley Barton
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Agata M Rudolf
- Key State Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Serena Boscaini
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Aaron Walsh
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Thomaz F S Bastiaanssen
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Linda Giblin
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland
| | - Paul Cormican
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Grange, Dunsany, County Meath, Ireland
| | - Liang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yolanda Piotrowicz
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Davina Derous
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - Áine Fanning
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Xiaofei Yin
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jim Grant
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; School of Agriculture and Food Science, Institute of Food and Health and Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sharon E Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK
| | - John F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Jun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Paul D Cotter
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - John R Speakman
- Key State Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, UK; CAS Center of Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China; Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Kanishka N Nilaweera
- Food Biosciences Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland; VistaMilk Research Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork P61 C996, Ireland.
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Chudtong M, Gaetano AD. A mathematical model of food intake. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2021; 18:1238-1279. [PMID: 33757185 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2021067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic, hormonal and psychological determinants of the feeding behavior in humans are numerous and complex. A plausible model of the initiation, continuation and cessation of meals taking into account the most relevant such determinants would be very useful in simulating food intake over hours to days, thus providing input into existing models of nutrient absorption and metabolism. In the present work, a meal model is proposed, incorporating stomach distension, glycemic variations, ghrelin dynamics, cultural habits and influences on the initiation and continuation of meals, reflecting a combination of hedonic and appetite components. Given a set of parameter values (portraying a single subject), the timing and size of meals are stochastic. The model parameters are calibrated so as to reflect established medical knowledge on data of food intake from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database during years 2015 and 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mantana Chudtong
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Mathematics, the Commission on Higher Education, Si Ayutthaya Rd., Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Andrea De Gaetano
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Ricerca e l'Innovazione Biomedica (CNR-IRIB), Palermo, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "A. Ruberti" (CNR-IASI), Rome, Italy
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Archer E, Arjmandi B. Falsehoods and facts about dietary sugars: a call for evidence-based policy. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:3725-3739. [PMID: 32799555 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1804320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sugar, tobacco, and alcohol have been demonized since the seventeenth century. Yet unlike tobacco and alcohol, there is indisputable scientific evidence that dietary sugars were essential for human evolution and are essential for human health and development. Therefore, the purpose of this analytic review and commentary is to demonstrate that anti-sugar rhetoric is divorced from established scientific facts and has led to politically expedient but ill-informed policies reminiscent of those enacted about alcohol a century ago in the United States. Herein, we present a large body of interdisciplinary research to illuminate several misconceptions, falsehoods, and facts about dietary sugars. We argue that anti-sugar policies and recommendations are not merely unscientific but are regressive and unjust because they harm the most vulnerable members of our society while providing no personal or public health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bahram Arjmandi
- Department of Nutrition, Food, and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.,Center for Advancing Exercise and Nutrition Research on Aging, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Dobersek U, Wy G, Adkins J, Altmeyer S, Krout K, Lavie CJ, Archer E. Meat and mental health: a systematic review of meat abstention and depression, anxiety, and related phenomena. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:622-635. [PMID: 32308009 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1741505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the relation between the consumption or avoidance of meat and psychological health and well-being.Methods: A systematic search of online databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL Plus, Medline, and Cochrane Library) was conducted for primary research examining psychological health in meat-consumers and meat-abstainers. Inclusion criteria were the provision of a clear distinction between meat-consumers and meat-abstainers, and data on factors related to psychological health. Studies examining meat consumption as a continuous or multi-level variable were excluded. Summary data were compiled, and qualitative analyses of methodologic rigor were conducted. The main outcome was the disparity in the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and related conditions in meat-consumers versus meat-abstainers. Secondary outcomes included mood and self-harm behaviors.Results: Eighteen studies met the inclusion/exclusion criteria; representing 160,257 participants (85,843 females and 73,232 males) with 149,559 meat-consumers and 8584 meat-abstainers (11 to 96 years) from multiple geographic regions. Analysis of methodologic rigor revealed that the studies ranged from low to severe risk of bias with high to very low confidence in results. Eleven of the 18 studies demonstrated that meat-abstention was associated with poorer psychological health, four studies were equivocal, and three showed that meat-abstainers had better outcomes. The most rigorous studies demonstrated that the prevalence or risk of depression and/or anxiety were significantly greater in participants who avoided meat consumption.Conclusion: Studies examining the relation between the consumption or avoidance of meat and psychological health varied substantially in methodologic rigor, validity of interpretation, and confidence in results. The majority of studies, and especially the higher quality studies, showed that those who avoided meat consumption had significantly higher rates or risk of depression, anxiety, and/or self-harm behaviors. There was mixed evidence for temporal relations, but study designs and a lack of rigor precluded inferences of causal relations. Our study does not support meat avoidance as a strategy to benefit psychological health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urska Dobersek
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Gabrielle Wy
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua Adkins
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Sydney Altmeyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Kaitlin Krout
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Indiana, Evansville, Indiana, USA
| | - Carl J Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Edward Archer
- Research and Development, EvolvingFX, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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Franzago M, Santurbano D, Vitacolonna E, Stuppia L. Genes and Diet in the Prevention of Chronic Diseases in Future Generations. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072633. [PMID: 32290086 PMCID: PMC7178197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is a modifiable key factor that is able to interact with both the genome and epigenome to influence human health and fertility. In particular, specific genetic variants can influence the response to dietary components and nutrient requirements, and conversely, the diet itself is able to modulate gene expression. In this context and the era of precision medicine, nutrigenetic and nutrigenomic studies offer significant opportunities to improve the prevention of metabolic disturbances, such as Type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases, even with transgenerational effects. The present review takes into account the interactions between diet, genes and human health, and provides an overview of the role of nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenetics in the prevention of non-communicable diseases. Moreover, we focus our attention on the mechanism of intergenerational or transgenerational transmission of the susceptibility to metabolic disturbances, and underline that the reversibility of epigenetic modifications through dietary intervention could counteract perturbations induced by lifestyle and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marica Franzago
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | | | - Ester Vitacolonna
- Department of Medicine and Aging, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Liborio Stuppia
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, ‘G. d’Annunzio’ University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Lopez-Minguez J, Gómez-Abellán P, Garaulet M. Timing of Breakfast, Lunch, and Dinner. Effects on Obesity and Metabolic Risk. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2624. [PMID: 31684003 PMCID: PMC6893547 DOI: 10.3390/nu11112624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Eating is fundamental to survival. Animals choose when to eat depending on food availability. The timing of eating can synchronize different organs and tissues that are related to food digestion, absorption, or metabolism, such as the stomach, gut, liver, pancreas, or adipose tissue. Studies performed in experimental animal models suggest that food intake is a major external synchronizer of peripheral clocks. Therefore, the timing of eating may be decisive in fat accumulation and mobilization and affect the effectiveness of weight loss treatments. (2) Results: We will review multiple studies about the timing of the three main meals of the day, breakfast, lunch and dinner, and its potential impact on metabolism, glucose tolerance, and obesity-related factors. We will also delve into several mechanisms that may be implicated in the obesogenic effect of eating late. Conclusion: Unusual eating time can produce a disruption in the circadian system that might lead to unhealthy consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Lopez-Minguez
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia; Spain.
- IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | | | - Marta Garaulet
- Department of Physiology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia; Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
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Ozemek C, Lavie CJ, Rognmo Ø. Global physical activity levels - Need for intervention. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 62:102-107. [PMID: 30802461 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Substantial evidence shows that physical inactivity (PI) and sedentary behavior (SB) increases the risk of many chronic diseases and shortens life expectancy. We describe evidence that certain domains of physical activity (PA) in the United States (US) population have declined substantially over 5 decades. The prevalence of PI is very high worldwide, which has contributed to 6%-10% of the burden of many chronic diseases and premature mortality. Reduction or elimination of PI would likely produce substantial increases in life expectancy of the world's population. Great efforts are needed to reduce PI and SB and increase levels of PA in the US and worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemal Ozemek
- Department of Physical Therapy and Integrated Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Carl J Lavie
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School -the University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Øivind Rognmo
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, NTNU-Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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Archer E, Lavie CJ, Hill JO. The Failure to Measure Dietary Intake Engendered a Fictional Discourse on Diet-Disease Relations. Front Nutr 2018; 5:105. [PMID: 30483510 PMCID: PMC6243202 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Controversies regarding the putative health effects of dietary sugar, salt, fat, and cholesterol are not driven by legitimate differences in scientific inference from valid evidence, but by a fictional discourse on diet-disease relations driven by decades of deeply flawed and demonstrably misleading epidemiologic research. Over the past 60 years, epidemiologists published tens of thousands of reports asserting that dietary intake was a major contributing factor to chronic non-communicable diseases despite the fact that epidemiologic methods do not measure dietary intake. In lieu of measuring actual dietary intake, epidemiologists collected millions of unverified verbal and textual reports of memories of perceptions of dietary intake. Given that actual dietary intake and reported memories of perceptions of intake are not in the same ontological category, epidemiologists committed the logical fallacy of "Misplaced Concreteness." This error was exacerbated when the anecdotal (self-reported) data were impermissibly transformed (i.e., pseudo-quantified) into proxy-estimates of nutrient and caloric consumption via the assignment of "reference" values from databases of questionable validity and comprehensiveness. These errors were further compounded when statistical analyses of diet-disease relations were performed using the pseudo-quantified anecdotal data. These fatal measurement, analytic, and inferential flaws were obscured when epidemiologists failed to cite decades of research demonstrating that the proxy-estimates they created were often physiologically implausible (i.e., meaningless) and had no verifiable quantitative relation to the actual nutrient or caloric consumption of participants. In this critical analysis, we present substantial evidence to support our contention that current controversies and public confusion regarding diet-disease relations were generated by tens of thousands of deeply flawed, demonstrably misleading, and pseudoscientific epidemiologic reports. We challenge the field of nutrition to regain lost credibility by acknowledging the empirical and theoretical refutations of their memory-based methods and ensure that rigorous (objective) scientific methods are used to study the role of diet in chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carl J. Lavie
- John Ochsner Heart and Vascular Institute, Ochsner Clinical School, The University of Queensland School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - James O. Hill
- Center for Human Nutrition at the University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
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Controversy and Debate: Memory Based Methods Paper 3: Nutrition's 'Black Swans': Our reply. J Clin Epidemiol 2018; 104:130-135. [PMID: 30063955 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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