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Andrzejewska M, Wróblewski T, Cygan S, Ozimek M, Petelczyc M. From physiological complexity to data interactions-A case study of recordings from exercise monitoring. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2024; 34:043136. [PMID: 38619248 DOI: 10.1063/5.0178750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The popularity of nonlinear analysis has been growing simultaneously with the technology of effort monitoring. Therefore, considering the simple methods of physiological data collection and the approaches from the information domain, we proposed integrating univariate and bivariate analysis for the rest and effort comparison. Two sessions separated by an intensive training program were studied. Nine subjects participated in the first session (S1) and seven in the second session (S2). The protocol included baseline (BAS), exercise, and recovery phase. During all phases, electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded. For the analysis, we selected corresponding data lengths of BAS and exercise usually lasting less than 5 min. We found the utility of the differences between original data and their surrogates for sample entropy Sdiff and Kullback-Leibler divergence KLDdiff. Sdiff of heart rate variability was negative in BAS and exercise but its sensitivity for phases discrimination was not satisfactory. We studied the bivariate analysis of RR intervals and corresponding QT peaks by Interlayer Mutual Information (IMI) and average edge overlap (AVO) markers. While the IMI parameter decreases in exercise conditions, AVO increased in effort compared to BAS. These findings conclude that researchers should consider a bivariate analysis of extracted RR intervals and corresponding QT datasets, when only ECG is recorded during tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomasz Wróblewski
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Szymon Cygan
- Institute of Metrology and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechatronics, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-525 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Ozimek
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Petelczyc
- Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
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Ibrahim AH, Beaumont CT, Strohacker K. Implementing Meta-Session Autoregulation Strategies for Exercise - A Scoping Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2024; 17:382-404. [PMID: 38665139 PMCID: PMC11042849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Meta-session autoregulation, a person-adaptive form of exercise prescription that adjusts training variables according to daily fluctuations in performance considering an individual's daily fitness, fatigue, and readiness-to-exercise is commonly used in sports-related training and may be beneficial for non-athlete populations to promote exercise adherence. To guide refinement of meta-session autoregulation, it is crucial to examine the existing literature and synthesize how these procedures have been practically implemented. Following PRIMSA guidelines a scoping review of two databases was conducted from August 2021 to September 2021 to identify and summarize the selected measures of readiness-to-exercise and decision-making processes used to match workload to participants in meta-session autoregulatory strategies, while also evaluating the methodological quality of existing study designs using a validated checklist. Eleven studies reported utilizing a form of meta-session autoregulation for exercise. Primary findings include: (i) readiness-to-exercise measures have been divided into either objective or subjective measures, (ii) measures of subjective readiness measures lacked evidence of validity, and (iii) fidelity to autoregulatory strategies was not reported. Results of the risk of bias assessment indicated that 45% of the studies had a poor-quality score. Existing implementations of meta-session autoregulation are not directly translatable for use in health promotion and disease prevention settings. Considerable refinement research is required to optimize this person-adaptive strategy prior to estimating effects related to exercise adherence and/or health and fitness outcomes. Based on the methodological deficits uncovered, researchers implementing autoregulation strategies would benefit reviewing existing models and frameworks created to guide behavioral intervention development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam H Ibrahim
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Cory T Beaumont
- College of Education and Health Sciences, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH, USA
| | - Kelley Strohacker
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
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Saccà M, Bondi D, Balducci F, Petri C, Mazza G. Intra- and Inter-Seasonal Fitness and Training Load Variations of Elite U20 Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:940-947. [PMID: 35612959 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2074951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Inherent physical and anthropometric traits of elite soccer players, influenced by nature and nurture, account for the emergence of performances across time. Purpose: The present study aimed to evaluate inter- and intraseasonal differences and the influence of playing position on training and fitness metrics in talented young soccer players. Methods: A total of 74 male players from U20 teams of a single elite club were tested both at beginning, during, and at the end of three consecutive competitive seasons. Players under went anthropometric measurement and were tested for aerobic, jumping, and sprinting performances; the GPS-derived measures of metabolic power (MP) and equivalent distance index (ED) of every athlete were analyzed. Results: Difference between teams emerged in Mognoni's test, while it did not in countermovement jump and anthropometrics. ED was different across seasons. The model selection criteria revealed that the Bosco-Vittori test achieved the best fit. BMI and countermovement jump (CMJ) increased, and fat mass decreased, during season; different intraseasonal trends for CMJ. MP was slightly greater in midfielder. Conclusion: Network approaches in modeling performance metrics in sports team could unveil original interconnections between performance factors. In addition, the authors support multiparametric longitudinal assessments and a huge database of sports data for facilitating talent identification.
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Van Hooren B, Mennen B, Gronwald T, Bongers BC, Rogers B. Correlation properties of heart rate variability to assess the first ventilatory threshold and fatigue in runners. J Sports Sci 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37916488 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2277034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The short-term scaling exponent alpha1 of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA-a1) of heart rate variability (HRV) has shown potential to delineate the first ventilatory threshold (VT1). The aims of this study were to investigate the accuracy of this method for VT1 determination in runners using a consumer grade chest belt and to explore the effects of acute fatigue. METHODS We compared oxygen uptake (V̇O2) and heart rate (HR) at gas exchange VT1 to V̇O2 and HR at a DFA-a1 value of 0.75. Gas exchange and HRV data were obtained from 14 individuals during a treadmill run involving two incremental ramps. Agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis and linear regression. RESULTS Bland-Altman analysis between gas exchange and HRV V̇O2 and HR at VT1 during the first ramp showed a mean (95% limits of agreement) bias of -0.5 (-6.8 to 5.8) ml∙kg-1∙min-1, and -0.9 (-12.2 to 10.5) beats∙min-1, with R2 of 0.83 and 0.56, respectively. During the second ramp, the differences were -7.3 (-18.1 to 3.5) ml∙kg-1∙min-1 and -12.3 (-30.4 to 5.9) beats∙min-1, with R2 of 0.62 and 0.43, respectively. CONCLUSION A chest-belt derived DFA-a1 of 0.75 is closely related to gas exchange VT1, with the variability in accuracy at an individual level being similar to gas exchange methods. This suggests this to be a useful method for exercise intensity demarcation. The altered relationship during the second ramp indicates that DFA-a1 is only able to accurately demarcate exercise intensity thresholds in a non-fatigued state, but also opens opportunities for fatigue-based training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Mennen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- MSH Medical School Hamburg, Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bart C Bongers
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Surgery, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bruce Rogers
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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Hristovski R, Balagué N, Stevanovski M. Long-term exercise adaptation. Physical aging phenomena in biological networks. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1243736. [PMID: 37860814 PMCID: PMC10582263 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1243736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hristovski
- Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d’Educació Fisica de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marko Stevanovski
- Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, University “Ss. Cyril and Methodius”, Skopje, North Macedonia
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Rizzo R, Wang JWJL, DePold Hohler A, Holsapple JW, Vaou OE, Ivanov PC. Dynamic networks of cortico-muscular interactions in sleep and neurodegenerative disorders. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1168677. [PMID: 37744179 PMCID: PMC10512188 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1168677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The brain plays central role in regulating physiological systems, including the skeleto-muscular and locomotor system. Studies of cortico-muscular coordination have primarily focused on associations between movement tasks and dynamics of specific brain waves. However, the brain-muscle functional networks of synchronous coordination among brain waves and muscle activity rhythms that underlie locomotor control remain unknown. Here we address the following fundamental questions: what are the structure and dynamics of cortico-muscular networks; whether specific brain waves are main network mediators in locomotor control; how the hierarchical network organization relates to distinct physiological states under autonomic regulation such as wake, sleep, sleep stages; and how network dynamics are altered with neurodegenerative disorders. We study the interactions between all physiologically relevant brain waves across cortical locations with distinct rhythms in leg and chin muscle activity in healthy and Parkinson's disease (PD) subjects. Utilizing Network Physiology framework and time delay stability approach, we find that 1) each physiological state is characterized by a unique network of cortico-muscular interactions with specific hierarchical organization and profile of links strength; 2) particular brain waves play role as main mediators in cortico-muscular interactions during each state; 3) PD leads to muscle-specific breakdown of cortico-muscular networks, altering the sleep-stage stratification pattern in network connectivity and links strength. In healthy subjects cortico-muscular networks exhibit a pronounced stratification with stronger links during wake and light sleep, and weaker links during REM and deep sleep. In contrast, network interactions reorganize in PD with decline in connectivity and links strength during wake and non-REM sleep, and increase during REM, leading to markedly different stratification with gradual decline in network links strength from wake to REM, light and deep sleep. Further, we find that wake and sleep stages are characterized by specific links strength profiles, which are altered with PD, indicating disruption in the synchronous activity and network communication among brain waves and muscle rhythms. Our findings demonstrate the presence of previously unrecognized functional networks and basic principles of brain control of locomotion, with potential clinical implications for novel network-based biomarkers for early detection of Parkinson's and neurodegenerative disorders, movement, and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Rizzo
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Jilin W. J. L. Wang
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anna DePold Hohler
- Department of Neurology, Steward St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - James W. Holsapple
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Okeanis E. Vaou
- Department of Neurology, Steward St. Elizabeth’s Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Plamen Ch. Ivanov
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Garcia-Retortillo S, Romero-Gómez C, Ivanov PC. Network of muscle fibers activation facilitates inter-muscular coordination, adapts to fatigue and reflects muscle function. Commun Biol 2023; 6:891. [PMID: 37648791 PMCID: PMC10468525 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fundamental movement patterns require continuous skeletal muscle coordination, where muscle fibers with different timing of activation synchronize their dynamics across muscles with distinct functions. It is unknown how muscle fibers integrate as a network to generate and fine tune movements. We investigate how distinct muscle fiber types synchronize across arm and chest muscles, and respond to fatigue during maximal push-up exercise. We uncover that a complex inter-muscular network of muscle fiber cross-frequency interactions underlies push-up movements. The network exhibits hierarchical organization (sub-networks/modules) with specific links strength stratification profile, reflecting distinct functions of muscles involved in push-up movements. We find network reorganization with fatigue where network modules follow distinct phase-space trajectories reflecting their functional role and adaptation to fatigue. Consistent with earlier observations for squat movements under same protocol, our findings point to general principles of inter-muscular coordination for fundamental movements, and open a new area of research, Network Physiology of Exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 27190, USA
- Complex Systems in Sport, INEFC University of Barcelona, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Romero-Gómez
- Complex Systems in Sport, INEFC University of Barcelona, 08038, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Plamen Ch Ivanov
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. Block 21, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria.
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Fleitas‐Paniagua PR, de Almeida Azevedo R, Trpcic M, Murias JM, Rogers B. Effect of ramp slope on intensity thresholds based on correlation properties of heart rate variability during cycling. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15782. [PMID: 37549966 PMCID: PMC10406567 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
An index of heart rate variability (HRV), detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA a1) has gathered interest as a surrogate marker of exercise intensity boundaries. The aim of this report was to examine heart rate variability threshold (HRVT) behavior across different ramp incremental (RI) slopes. Seventeen participants completed a series of three RI (15, 30, and 45 W · min-1 slopes) with monitoring of gas exchange parameters, heart rate (HR) and HRV. HRVT1 was defined as the V̇O2 or HR at which DFA a1 reached 0.75 and the HRVT2 at which these values reached 0.5. HRVTs were compared by Pearson's r, Bland-Altman analysis, ICC3,1 , ANOVA, and paired t-testing. An excellent degree of reliability was seen across all three ramps, with an ICC3,1 of 0.93 and 0.88 for the HRVT1 V̇O2 and HR, respectively, and 0.90 and 0.92 for the HRVT2 V̇O2 and HR, respectively. Correlations between HRVT1/2 of the individual ramps were high with r values 0.84-0.95 for both HR and V̇O2 . Bland-Altman differences ranged between -1.4 and 1.2 mL · kg-1 · min-1 and -2 and +2 bpm. Paired t-testing showed no mean differences between any HRVT1/2 ramp comparisons. Cycling ramp slope does not appear to affect either HRVT1 or HRVT2 in terms of HR or V̇O2 .
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael de Almeida Azevedo
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group ‐ Center of Lifestyle Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSPUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | | | - Juan M. Murias
- Faculty of KinesiologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
- College of Health and Life SciencesHamad Bin Khalifa UniversityDohaQatar
| | - Bruce Rogers
- College of MedicineUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFloridaUSA
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Kaufmann S, Gronwald T, Herold F, Hoos O. Heart Rate Variability-Derived Thresholds for Exercise Intensity Prescription in Endurance Sports: A Systematic Review of Interrelations and Agreement with Different Ventilatory and Blood Lactate Thresholds. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:59. [PMID: 37462761 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00607-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise intensities are prescribed using specific intensity zones (moderate, heavy, and severe) determined by a 'lower' and a 'higher' threshold. Typically, ventilatory (VT) or blood lactate thresholds (LT), and critical power/speed concepts (CP/CS) are used. Various heart rate variability-derived thresholds (HRVTs) using different HRV indices may constitute applicable alternatives, but a systematic review of the proximity of HRVTs to established threshold concepts is lacking. OBJECTIVE This systematic review aims to provide an overview of studies that determined HRVTs during endurance exercise in healthy adults in comparison with a reference VT and/or LT concept. METHODS A systematic literature search for studies determining HRVTs in healthy individuals during endurance exercise and comparing them with VTs or LTs was conducted in Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science (until January 2022). Studies claiming to describe similar physiological boundaries to delineate moderate from heavy (HRVTlow vs. VTlow and/or LTlow), and heavy from severe intensity zone (HRVThigh vs. VThigh and/or LThigh) were grouped and their results synthesized. RESULTS Twenty-seven included studies (461 participants) showed a mean difference in relative HR between HRVTlow and VTlow of - 0.6%bpm in weighted means and 0.02%bpm between HRVTlow and LTlow. Bias between HR at HRVTlow and VTlow was 1 bpm (limits of agreement (LoA): - 10.9 to 12.8 bpm) and 2.7 bpm (LoA: - 20.4 to 25.8 bpm) between HRVTlow and LTlow. Mean difference in HR between HRVThigh and VThigh was 0.3%bpm in weighted means and 2.9%bpm between HRVThigh and LThigh while bias between HR at HRVThigh and VThigh was - 4 bpm (LoA: - 17.9 to 9.9 bpm) and 2.5 bpm (LoA: - 12.1 to 17.1 bpm) between HRVThigh and LThigh. CONCLUSION HRVTlow seems to be a promising approach for the determination of a 'lower' threshold comparable to VTlow and potentially for HRVThigh compared to VThigh, although the latter needs further empirical evaluation. LoA for both intensity zone boundaries indicates bias of HRVTs on an individual level. Taken together, HRVTs can be a promising alternative for prescribing exercise intensity in healthy, male athletes undertaking endurance activities but due to the heterogeneity of study design, threshold concepts, standardization, and lack of female participants, further research is necessary to draw more robust and nuanced conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Kaufmann
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland/Sports Center, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Diseases, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Faculty of Human Sciences, Julius-Maximilians-University Wuerzburg, Am Hubland/Sports Center, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Hill Y, Den Hartigh RJR. Resilience in sports through the lens of dynamic network structures. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1190355. [PMID: 37275962 PMCID: PMC10235604 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1190355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Hill
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute of Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Lyda Hill Institute for Human Resilience, Colorado Springs, CO, United States
| | - Ruud J. R. Den Hartigh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Rogers B, Schaffarczyk M, Gronwald T. Improved Estimation of Exercise Intensity Thresholds by Combining Dual Non-Invasive Biomarker Concepts: Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability and Respiratory Frequency. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1973. [PMID: 36850571 PMCID: PMC9967516 DOI: 10.3390/s23041973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Identifying exercise intensity boundaries has been shown to be important during endurance training for performance enhancement and rehabilitation. Unfortunately, even though surrogate markers show promise when assessed on a group level, substantial deviation from gold standards can be present in each individual. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether combining two surrogate intensity markers improved this agreement. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and gas exchange data were obtained from 21 participants who performed an incremental cycling ramp to exhaustion and evaluated for first (VT1) and second (VT2) ventilatory thresholds, heart rate (HR) variability (HRV), and ECG derived respiratory frequency (EDR). HRV thresholds (HRVT) were based on the non-linear index a1 of a Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA a1) and EDR thresholds (EDRT) upon the second derivative of the sixth-order polynomial of EDR over time. The average of HRVT and EDRT HR was set as the combined threshold (Combo). Mean VT1 was reached at a HR of 141 ± 15, HRVT1 at 152 ± 14 (p < 0.001), EDRT1 at 133 ± 12 (p < 0.001), and Combo1 at 140 ± 13 (p = 0.36) bpm with Pearson's r of 0.83, 0.78, and 0.84, respectively, for comparisons to VT1. A Bland-Altman analysis showed mean biases of 8.3 ± 7.9, -8.3 ± 9.5, and -1.7 ± 8.3 bpm, respectively. A mean VT2 was reached at a HR of 165 ± 13, HRVT2 at 167 ± 10 (p = 0.89), EDRT2 at 164 ± 14 (p = 0.36), and Combo2 at 164 ± 13 (p = 0.59) bpm with Pearson's r of 0.58, 0.95, and 0.94, respectively, for comparisons to VT2. A Bland-Altman analysis showed mean biases of -0.3 ± 8.9, -1.0 ± 4.6, and -0.6 ± 4.6 bpm, respectively. Both the DFA a1 and EDR intensity thresholds based on HR taken individually had moderate agreement to targets derived through gas exchange measurements. By combining both non-invasive approaches, there was improved correlation, reduced bias, and limits of agreement to the respective corresponding HRs at VT1 and VT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Rogers
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32827-7408, USA
| | - Marcelle Schaffarczyk
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
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Schaffarczyk M, Rogers B, Reer R, Gronwald T. Validation of a non-linear index of heart rate variability to determine aerobic and anaerobic thresholds during incremental cycling exercise in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:299-309. [PMID: 36269394 PMCID: PMC9894976 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05050-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies highlight the usage of non-linear time series analysis of heart rate variability (HRV) using the short-term scaling exponent alpha1 of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA-alpha1) during exercise to determine aerobic and anaerobic thresholds. The present study aims to further verify this approach in women. Gas exchange and HRV data were collected from 26 female participants with different activity levels. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and heart rate (HR) at first (VT1) and second ventilatory thresholds (VT2) were compared with DFA-alpha1-based thresholds 0.75 (HRVT1) and 0.50 (HRVT2). Results: VO2 at VT1 and VT2 were 25.2 ml/kg/min (± 2.8) and 31.5 ml/kg/min (± 3.6) compared with 26.5 ml/kg/min (± 4.0) and 31.9 ml/kg/min (± 4.5) for HRVT1 and HRVT2, respectively (ICC3,1 = 0.77, 0.84; r = 0.81, 0.86, p < 0.001). The mean HR at VT1 was 147 bpm (± 15.6) and 167 bpm (± 12.7) for VT2, compared with 152 bpm (± 15.5) and 166 bpm (± 13.2) for HRVT1 and HRVT2, respectively (ICC3,1 = 0.87, 0.90; r = 0.87, 0.90, p < 0.001). Bland-Altman analysis for VT1 vs. HRVT1 showed a mean difference of - 1.3 ml/kg/min (± 2.4; LoA: 3.3, - 6.0 ml/kg/min) for VO2 and of - 4.7 bpm (± 7.8; LoA: 10.6, - 20.0 bpm) for HR. VT2 vs. HRVT2 showed a mean difference of - 0.4 ml/kg/min (± 2.3; LoA: 4.1, - 4.9 ml/kg/min) for VO2 and 0.5 bpm (± 5.7; LoA: 11.8, - 10.8 bpm) for HR. DFA-alpha1-based thresholds showed good agreement with traditionally used thresholds and could be used as an alternative approach for marking organismic transition zones for intensity distribution in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle Schaffarczyk
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Bruce Rogers
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Boston, USA
| | - Rüdiger Reer
- Department Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
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Montull L, Borrallo A, Almarcha M, Balagué N. Assessing proprioception through time-variability properties of acceleration. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1112902. [PMID: 36744030 PMCID: PMC9895821 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1112902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Proprioception is a crucial property for movement stability and balance, but its current assessment, based on clinical testing, lacks precision and adequacy in real contexts. This study proposes assessing proprioception and its sensitivity to training effects through acceleration time series recorded during two slackline experiments. In the first experiment, slackliners of different expertise (highly and poorly trained) had to walk on a slackline for 30 s. In the second, twelve beginners had to balance up on the slackline for at least 11 s before and after a training process. Acceleration time series were recorded in body components (legs and centre of mass) and the slackline. The acceleration fluctuations were analysed through Detrended Fluctuation Analysis. The obtained Hurst (H)-exponents were compared between both groups (first experiment) and before and after training (second experiment) using Whitney and Wilcoxon tests, respectively. The values of H-exponents were lower in the highly trained group (Z = -2.15, p = 0.03) (first experiment), and in the post-training conditions (Z = -2.35, p = 0.02) (second experiment). These results suggest better motor and proprioceptive control with training status. Hence, the time-variability structure of acceleration in real contexts, like slackline tasks, is proposed as an objective measure of proprioception and its training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluc Montull
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain
| | - Alex Borrallo
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maricarmen Almarcha
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, National Institute of Physical Education of Catalonia (INEFC), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Tikhonova IV, Tankanag AV, Guseva IE, Grinevich AA. Analysis of interactions between cardiovascular oscillations for discrimination of early vascular disorders in arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Biomed Signal Process Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.104222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Stamatis A, Garcia-Retortillo S, Morgan GB, Sanchez-Moreno A. Case report: Cortico-ocular interaction networks in NBA2K. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 3:1151832. [PMID: 37113746 PMCID: PMC10126506 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2023.1151832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The sport industry has never seen growth such as eSports'. Using synchronized monitoring of two biological processes on a 25-year-old gamer, we investigated how his brain (via EEG) and eyes (via pupil dilation) interacted dynamically over time as an integrated network during NBA2K playing time. After the spectral decomposition of the different Brain and Eye signals into seven frequency bands, we calculated the bivariate equal-time Pearson's cross-correlation between each pair of EEG/Eye spectral power time series. On average, our results show a reorganization of the cortico-muscular network across three sessions (e.g., new interactions, hemispheric asymmetry). These preliminary findings highlight the potential need for individualized, specific, adaptive, and periodized interventions and encourage the continuation of this line of research for the creation of general theories of networks in eSports gaming. Future studies should recruit larger samples, investigate different games, and explore cross-frequency coordination among other key organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Stamatis
- Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, State University of New York, Plattsburgh, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Andreas Stamatis,
| | | | - Grant B. Morgan
- Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
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16
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Schaffarczyk M, Rogers B, Reer R, Gronwald T. Fractal correlation properties of HRV as a noninvasive biomarker to assess the physiological status of triathletes during simulated warm-up sessions at low exercise intensity: a pilot study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:203. [PMID: 36457040 PMCID: PMC9713969 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00596-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The non-linear index alpha 1 of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA a1) of heart rate variability, has been shown to be a marker of fatigue during endurance exercise. This report aims to explore its ability to assess the physiological status as a surrogate metric for "readiness to train" while performing simulated warm-up sessions the day after two different exercise sessions. METHODS 11 triathletes were recruited to determine the first ventilatory threshold (VT1) during a baseline assessment and to perform 10-min of cycling at 90% of VT1 (simulating a warm-up bout) before (PRE) and within 36 h after (POST) light and heavy running exercise. RR intervals were recorded for DFA a1 analysis along with neuromuscular testing to verify the effects of the performed exercise sessions. In addition to common statistical methods, magnitude-based inferences (MBI) were applied to assess the changes in true score and thus also the practical relevance of the magnitude. RESULTS Rating of perceived exertion for the heavy exercise session showed a significant higher rating as opposed to the light exercise session (p < 0.001, d = 0.89). In regard of MBIs, PRE versus POST comparisons revealed a significant reduced DFA a1 with large effect size after the heavy exercise session (p = 0.001, d = - 1.44) and a 99% chance that this negative change was clinically relevant. CONCLUSIONS Despite inter-individual differences, DFA a1 offers potential to assess physiological status and guide athletes in their training as an easy-to-apply monitoring procedure during a standardized warm-up. A regular assessment including individual data history and statistical references for identification of response is recommended. Further data are necessary to confirm the results in a larger and more homogeneous population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle Schaffarczyk
- grid.11500.350000 0000 8919 8412Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruce Rogers
- grid.170430.10000 0001 2159 2859Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, USA
| | - Rüdiger Reer
- grid.9026.d0000 0001 2287 2617Department Sports and Exercise Medicine, Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- grid.11500.350000 0000 8919 8412Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Kiefer AW, Martin DT. Phenomics in sport: Can emerging methodology drive advanced insights? FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:1060858. [PMID: 36926080 PMCID: PMC10012997 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.1060858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Methodologies in applied sport science have predominantly driven a reductionist grounding to component-specific mechanisms to drive athlete training and care. While linear mechanistic approaches provide useful insights, they have impeded progress in the development of more complex network physiology models that consider the temporal and spatial interactions of multiple factors within and across systems and subsystems. For this, a more sophisticated approach is needed and the development of such a methodological framework can be considered a Sport Grand Challenge. Specifically, a transdisciplinary phenomics-based scientific and modeling framework has merit. Phenomics is a relatively new area in human precision medicine, but it is also a developed area of research in the plant and evolutionary biology sciences. The convergence of innovative precision medicine, portable non-destructive measurement technologies, and advancements in modeling complex human behavior are central for the integration of phenomics into sport science. The approach enables application of concepts such as phenotypic fitness, plasticity, dose-response dynamics, critical windows, and multi-dimensional network models of behavior. In addition, profiles are grounded in indices of change, and models consider the athlete's performance or recovery trajectory as a function of their dynamic environment. This new framework is introduced across several example sport science domains for potential integration. Specific factors of emphasis are provided as potential candidate fitness variables and example profiles provide a generalizable modeling approach for precision training and care. Finally, considerations for the future are discussed, including scaling from individual athletes to teams and additional factors necessary for the successful implementation of phenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. Kiefer
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - David T. Martin
- Apeiron Life, Menlo Park, CA, United States
- School of Behavioral and Health Sciences, Australia Catholic University, Melbourne, NSW, Australia
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18
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Garcia-Retortillo S, Ivanov PC. Inter-muscular networks of synchronous muscle fiber activation. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:1059793. [PMID: 36926057 PMCID: PMC10012969 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.1059793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles continuously coordinate to facilitate a wide range of movements. Muscle fiber composition and timing of activation account for distinct muscle functions and dynamics necessary to fine tune muscle coordination and generate movements. Here we address the fundamental question of how distinct muscle fiber types dynamically synchronize and integrate as a network across muscles with different functions. We uncover that physiological states are characterized by unique inter-muscular network of muscle fiber cross-frequency interactions with hierarchical organization of distinct sub-networks and modules, and a stratification profile of links strength specific for each state. We establish how this network reorganizes with transition from rest to exercise and fatigue-a complex process where network modules follow distinct phase-space trajectories reflecting their functional role in movements and adaptation to fatigue. This opens a new area of research, Network Physiology of Exercise, leading to novel network-based biomarkers of health, fitness and clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Complex Systems in Sport INEFC University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Plamen Ch. Ivanov
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
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19
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Papadakis Z, Etchebaster M, Garcia-Retortillo S. Cardiorespiratory Coordination in Collegiate Rowing: A Network Approach to Cardiorespiratory Exercise Testing. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13250. [PMID: 36293862 PMCID: PMC9603738 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Collegiate rowing performance is often assessed by a cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET). Rowers' on-water performance involves non-linear dynamic interactions and synergetic reconfigurations of the cardiorespiratory system. Cardiorespiratory coordination (CRC) method measures the co-variation among cardiorespiratory variables. Novice (n = 9) vs. Intermediate (n = 9) rowers' CRC (H0: Novice CRC = Intermediate CRC; HA: Novice CRC < Intermediate CRC) was evaluated through principal components analysis (PCA). A female NCAA Division II team (N = 18) grouped based on their off-water performance on 6000 m time trial. Rowers completed a customized CPET to exhaustion and a variety of cardiorespiratory values were recorded. The number of principal components (PCs) and respective PC eigenvalues per group were computed on SPSS vs28. Intermediate (77%) and Novice (33%) groups showed one PC1. Novice group formed an added PC2 due to the shift of expired fraction of oxygen or, alternatively, heart rate/ventilation, from the PC1 cluster of examined variables. Intermediate rowers presented a higher degree of CRC, possible due to their increased ability to utilize the bicarbonate buffering system during the CPET. CRC may be an alternative measure to assess aerobic fitness providing insights to the complex cardiorespiratory interactions involved in rowing during a CPET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Papadakis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health Promotion and Clinical Practice, College of Health and Wellness, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA
| | - Michelle Etchebaster
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health Promotion and Clinical Practice, College of Health and Wellness, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL 33161, USA
| | - Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC) University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
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20
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Balagué N, Hristovski R, Almarcha M, Garcia-Retortillo S, Ivanov PC. Network Physiology of Exercise: Beyond Molecular and Omics Perspectives. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:119. [PMID: 36138329 PMCID: PMC9500136 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular Exercise Physiology and Omics approaches represent an important step toward synthesis and integration, the original essence of Physiology. Despite the significant progress they have introduced in Exercise Physiology (EP), some of their theoretical and methodological assumptions are still limiting the understanding of the complexity of sport-related phenomena. Based on general principles of biological evolution and supported by complex network science, this paper aims to contrast theoretical and methodological aspects of molecular and network-based approaches to EP. After explaining the main EP challenges and why sport-related phenomena cannot be understood if reduced to the molecular level, the paper proposes some methodological research advances related to the type of studied variables and measures, the data acquisition techniques, the type of data analysis and the assumed relations among physiological levels. Inspired by Network Physiology, Network Physiology of Exercise provides a new paradigm and formalism to quantify cross-communication among diverse systems across levels and time scales to improve our understanding of exercise-related phenomena and opens new horizons for exercise testing in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Fisica de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, 1000, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
| | - Maricarmen Almarcha
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Fisica de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Fisica de Catalunya (INEFC), University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, 21709, USA
| | - Plamen Ch Ivanov
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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21
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Almarcha M, González I, Balagué N, Javierre C. Prescribing or co-designing exercise in healthy adults? Effects on mental health and interoceptive awareness. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:944193. [PMID: 35967899 PMCID: PMC9366851 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.944193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Universal exercise recommendations for adults neglect individual preferences, changing constraints, and their potential impact on associated health benefits. A recent proposal suggests replacing the standardized World Health Organisation (WHO) exercise recommendations for healthy adults by co-designed interventions where individuals participate actively in the decisions about the selected physical activities and the effort regulation. This study contrasts the effects on mental health and interoceptive awareness of a co-designed and co-adapted exercise intervention with an exercise program based on the WHO recommendations for healthy adults. Twenty healthy adults (10 men and 10 women, 40–55 y.o.) participated voluntarily in the research. They were randomly assigned to a co-designed exercise intervention (CoD group) and a prescribed exercise program (WHO group). Supervised online by specialized personal trainers, both programs lasted 9 weeks and were equivalent in volume and intensity. The effects of the exercise intervention were tested through personal interviews, questionnaires (DASS-21 and MAIA) and a cardiorespiratory exercise test. Intragroup differences (pre-post) were assessed using the Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test and intergroup differences through Student’s t-tests. Effect sizes were calculated through Cohen’s d. Interviews were analyzed through thematic analysis. Eleven participants completed the intervention (CoD = 8, WHO = 5). Both groups improved, but non significantly, their cardiorespiratory testing results, and no differences were found between them post-intervention. Mental health was only enhanced in the CoD group (p < 0.001), and interoceptive awareness improved in seven of the eight scales in the CoD group (p < 0.001) and only in 3 scales in the WHO group (p < 0.01). In conclusion, the co-designed intervention was more effective for developing mental health, interoceptive awareness, autonomy, and exercise self-regulation than the WHO-based exercise program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricarmen Almarcha
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio González
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Natàlia Balagué,
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Huston P. A Sedentary and Unhealthy Lifestyle Fuels Chronic Disease Progression by Changing Interstitial Cell Behaviour: A Network Analysis. Front Physiol 2022; 13:904107. [PMID: 35874511 PMCID: PMC9304814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.904107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing chronic diseases, such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, chronic lung disease and Alzheimer’s disease, account for a large proportion of health care spending, yet they remain in the top causes of premature mortality and are preventable. It is currently accepted that an unhealthy lifestyle fosters a state of chronic low-grade inflammation that is linked to chronic disease progression. Although this is known to be related to inflammatory cytokines, how an unhealthy lifestyle causes cytokine release and how that in turn leads to chronic disease progression are not well known. This article presents a theory that an unhealthy lifestyle fosters chronic disease by changing interstitial cell behavior and is supported by a six-level hierarchical network analysis. The top three networks include the macroenvironment, social and cultural factors, and lifestyle itself. The fourth network includes the immune, autonomic and neuroendocrine systems and how they interact with lifestyle factors and with each other. The fifth network identifies the effects these systems have on the microenvironment and two types of interstitial cells: macrophages and fibroblasts. Depending on their behaviour, these cells can either help maintain and restore normal function or foster chronic disease progression. When macrophages and fibroblasts dysregulate, it leads to chronic low-grade inflammation, fibrosis, and eventually damage to parenchymal (organ-specific) cells. The sixth network considers how macrophages change phenotype. Thus, a pathway is identified through this hierarchical network to reveal how external factors and lifestyle affect interstitial cell behaviour. This theory can be tested and it needs to be tested because, if correct, it has profound implications. Not only does this theory explain how chronic low-grade inflammation causes chronic disease progression, it also provides insight into salutogenesis, or the process by which health is maintained and restored. Understanding low-grade inflammation as a stalled healing process offers a new strategy for chronic disease management. Rather than treating each chronic disease separately by a focus on parenchymal pathology, a salutogenic strategy of optimizing interstitial health could prevent and mitigate multiple chronic diseases simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huston
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort (Research), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Patricia Huston, , orcid.org/0000-0002-2927-1176
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23
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Manchado-Gobatto FB, Torres RS, Marostegan AB, Rasteiro FM, Hartz CS, Moreno MA, Pinto AS, Gobatto CA. Complex Network Model Reveals the Impact of Inspiratory Muscle Pre-Activation on Interactions among Physiological Responses and Muscle Oxygenation during Running and Passive Recovery. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11070963. [PMID: 36101345 PMCID: PMC9311794 DOI: 10.3390/biology11070963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Different warm-ups can be used to improve physical and sports performance. Among these strategies, we can include the pre-activation of the inspiratory muscles. Our study aimed to investigate this pre-activation model in high-intensity running performance and recovery using an integrative computational analysis called a complex network. The participants in this study underwent four sessions. The first and second sessions were performed to explain the procedures, characterize them and determine the individualized pre-activation intensity (40% of the maximum inspiratory pressure). Subsequently, on different days, the subjects were submitted to high-intensity tethered runs on a non-motorized treadmill with monitoring of the physiological responses during and after this effort. To understand the impacts of the pre-activation of inspiratory muscles on the organism, we studied the centrality metrics obtained by complex networks, which help in the interpretation of data in a more integrated way. Our results revealed that the graphs generated by this analysis were altered when inspiratory muscle pre-activation was applied, emphasizing muscle oxygenation responses in the leg and arm. Blood lactate also played an important role, especially after our inspiratory muscle strategy. Our findings confirm that the pre-activation of inspiratory muscles promotes modulations in the organism, better integrating physiological responses, which could increase performance and improve recovery. Abstract Although several studies have focused on the adaptations provided by inspiratory muscle (IM) training on physical demands, the warm-up or pre-activation (PA) of these muscles alone appears to generate positive effects on physiological responses and performance. This study aimed to understand the effects of inspiratory muscle pre-activation (IMPA) on high-intensity running and passive recovery, as applied to active subjects. In an original and innovative investigation of the impacts of IMPA on high-intensity running, we proposed the identification of the interactions among physical characteristics, physiological responses and muscle oxygenation in more and less active muscle to a running exercise using a complex network model. For this, fifteen male subjects were submitted to all-out 30 s tethered running efforts preceded or not preceded by IMPA, composed of 2 × 15 repetitions (1 min interval between them) at 40% of the maximum individual inspiratory pressure using a respiratory exercise device. During running and recovery, we monitored the physiological responses (heart rate, blood lactate, oxygen saturation) and muscle oxygenation (in vastus lateralis and biceps brachii) by wearable near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Thus, we investigated four scenarios: two in the tethered running exercise (with or without IMPA) and two built into the recovery process (after the all-out 30 s), under the same conditions. Undirected weighted graphs were constructed, and four centrality metrics were analyzed (Degree, Betweenness, Eigenvector, and Pagerank). The IMPA (40% of the maximum inspiratory pressure) was effective in increasing the peak and mean relative running power, and the analysis of the complex networks advanced the interpretation of the effects of physiological adjustments related to the IMPA on exercise and recovery. Centrality metrics highlighted the nodes related to muscle oxygenation responses (in more and less active muscles) as significant to all scenarios, and systemic physiological responses mediated this impact, especially after IMPA application. Our results suggest that this respiratory strategy enhances exercise, recovery and the multidimensional approach to understanding the effects of physiological adjustments on these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fúlvia Barros Manchado-Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (F.M.R.); (C.A.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ricardo Silva Torres
- Department of ICT and Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 6009 Ålesund, Norway;
| | - Anita Brum Marostegan
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (F.M.R.); (C.A.G.)
| | - Felipe Marroni Rasteiro
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (F.M.R.); (C.A.G.)
| | - Charlini Simoni Hartz
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba 13400-000, Brazil; (C.S.H.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Marlene Aparecida Moreno
- Postgraduate Program in Human Movement Sciences, Methodist University of Piracicaba, Piracicaba 13400-000, Brazil; (C.S.H.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Allan Silva Pinto
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-851, Brazil;
- Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
- Laboratory of Applied Sport Physiology, School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas, Limeira 13484-350, Brazil; (A.B.M.); (F.M.R.); (C.A.G.)
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24
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Rizzo R, Garcia-Retortillo S, Ivanov PC. Dynamic networks of physiologic interactions of brain waves and rhythms in muscle activity. Hum Mov Sci 2022; 84:102971. [PMID: 35724499 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2022.102971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The brain plays a central role in facilitating vital body functions and in regulating physiological and organ systems, including the skeleto-muscular and locomotor system. While neural control is essential to synchronize and coordinate activation of various muscle groups and muscle fibers within muscle groups in relation to body movements and distinct physiologic states, the dynamic networks of brain-muscle interactions have not been explored and the complex regulatory mechanism of brain-muscle control remains unknown. Here we present a first study of network interactions between brain waves at different cortical locations and peripheral muscle activity across key physiologic states - wake, sleep and distinct sleep stages. Utilizing a novel approach based on the Network Physiology framework and the concept of time delay stability, we find that for each physiologic state the network of cortico-muscular interactions is characterized by a specific hierarchical organization of network topology and network links strength, where particular brain waves are main mediators of interaction and control of muscular activity. Further, we uncover that with transition from one physiological state to another, the brain-muscle interaction network undergoes marked reorganization in the profile of network links strength, indicating a direct association between network structure and physiological state and function. The pronounced stratification in brain-muscle network characteristics across sleep stages is consistent for chin and leg muscle groups and persists across subjects, indicating a remarkable universality and a previously unrecognized basic physiologic mechanism that regulates muscle activity even during rest and in the absence targeted direct movement. Our findings demonstrate previously unrecognized coordination between brain waves and activation of different muscle fiber types within muscle groups, laws of brain-muscle cross-communication and principles of network integration and control. These investigations demonstrate the potential of network-based biomarkers for classification of distinct physiological states and conditions, for the diagnosis and prognosis of neurodegenerative, movement and sleep disorders, and for developing efficient treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Rizzo
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Plamen Ch Ivanov
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Gu Z, Zarubin VC, Mickley Steinmetz KR, Martsberger C. Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Subjects During Monitored, Short-Term Stress Followed by 24-hour Cardiac Monitoring. Front Physiol 2022; 13:897284. [PMID: 35770191 PMCID: PMC9234740 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.897284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) can be a useful metric to capture meaningful information about heart function. One of the non-linear indices used to analyze HRV, Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), finds short and long-term correlations in RR intervals to capture quantitative information about variability. This study focuses on the impact of visual and mental stimulation on HRV as expressed via DFA within healthy adults. Visual stimulation can activate the automatic nervous system to directly impact physiological behavior such as heart rate. In this investigation of HRV, 70 participants (21 males) viewed images on a screen followed by a math and recall task. Each viewing segment lasted 2 min and 18 s. The math and memory recall task segment lasted 4 min total. This process was repeated 9 times during which the participants' electrocardiogram was recorded. 37 participants (12 males) opted in for an additional 24-h Holter recording after the viewing and task segments of the study were complete. Participants were randomly assigned to either a pure (organized image presentation) or mixed (random image presentation) image regime for the viewing portion of the study to investigate the impact of the external environment on HRV. DFA α1 was extracted from the RR intervals. Our findings suggest that DFA α1 can differentiate between the viewing [DFA α1 range from 0.96 (SD = 0.25) to 1.08 (SD = 0.22)] and the task segments [DFA α1 range from 1.17 (SD = 0.21) to 1.26 (SD = 0.25)], p < 0.0006 for all comparisons. However, DFA α1 was not able to distinguish between the two image regimes. During the 24-hour follow up, participants had an average DFA α1 = 1.09 (SD = 0.14). In conclusion, our findings suggest a graded response in DFA during short term stimulation and a responsiveness in participants to adjust physiologically to their external environment expressed through the DFA exponent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifan Gu
- Department of Physics, Wofford College, Spartanburg, SC, United States
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Vanessa C. Zarubin
- Psychology Department, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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Grinevich AA, Gharamyan BG, Chemeris NK. Localization of Mechanisms of Amplitude–Frequency Modulation of Pulse Blood Perfusion of the Soft Tissue Microvasculature. Pilot Study. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2022; 504:118-122. [DOI: 10.1134/s1607672922030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Thomas GA. Using a Network Physiology Approach to Prescribe Exercise for Exercise Oncology. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:877676. [PMID: 36926069 PMCID: PMC10013036 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.877676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Current American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) exercise guidelines for exercise oncology survivors are generic one-size fits all recommendations, which assume ideal or prototypic health and fitness state in order to prescribe. Individualization is based on the objective evaluation of the patient's baseline physiological status based on a linear dose response relationship of endpoints. This is only a partial snapshot of both the acute and chronic responses exercise can provide. Each acute exercise session represents a unique challenge to whole-body homeostasis and complex acute and adaptive responses occur at the cellular and systemic levels. Additionally, external factors must be considered when prescribing exercise. Network physiology views the human organism in terms of physiological and organ systems, each with structural organization and functional complexity. This organizational approach leads to complex, transient, fluctuating and nonlinear output dynamics which should be utilized in exercise prescription across health states. Targeting health outcomes requires a multi-system approach as change doesn't happen in only one system at a time or in one direction Utilizing a multi-system or person-centered approach, allows for targeting and personalization and understands and targets non-linear dynamics of change. Therefore, the aims of this review are to propose a paradigm shift towards a Network Physiology approach for exercise prescription for cancer survivors. Cancer treatment affects multiple systems that interact to create symptoms and disruptions across these and therefore, prescribing exercise utilizing both external daily factors and internal physiological networks is of the highest order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn A. Thomas
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Rogers B, Gronwald T. Fractal Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability as a Biomarker for Intensity Distribution and Training Prescription in Endurance Exercise: An Update. Front Physiol 2022; 13:879071. [PMID: 35615679 PMCID: PMC9124938 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.879071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
While established methods for determining physiologic exercise thresholds and intensity distribution such as gas exchange or lactate testing are appropriate for the laboratory setting, they are not easily obtainable for most participants. Data over the past two years has indicated that the short-term scaling exponent alpha1 of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA a1), a heart rate variability (HRV) index representing the degree of fractal correlation properties of the cardiac beat sequence, shows promise as an alternative for exercise load assessment. Unlike conventional HRV indexes, it possesses a dynamic range throughout all intensity zones and does not require prior calibration with an incremental exercise test. A DFA a1 value of 0.75, reflecting values midway between well correlated fractal patterns and uncorrelated behavior, has been shown to be associated with the aerobic threshold in elite, recreational and cardiac disease populations and termed the heart rate variability threshold (HRVT). Further loss of fractal correlation properties indicative of random beat patterns, signifying an autonomic state of unsustainability (DFA a1 of 0.5), may be associated with that of the anaerobic threshold. There is minimal bias in DFA a1 induced by common artifact correction methods at levels below 3% and negligible change in HRVT even at levels of 6%. DFA a1 has also shown value for exercise load management in situations where standard intensity targets can be skewed such as eccentric cycling. Currently, several web sites and smartphone apps have been developed to track DFA a1 in retrospect or in real-time, making field assessment of physiologic exercise thresholds and internal load assessment practical. Although of value when viewed in isolation, DFA a1 tracking in combination with non-autonomic markers such as power/pace, open intriguing possibilities regarding athlete durability, identification of endurance exercise fatigue and optimization of daily training guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Rogers
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: Bruce Rogers,
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Effects of Crawling before Walking: Network Interactions and Longitudinal Associations in 7-Year-Old Children. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19095561. [PMID: 35564955 PMCID: PMC9100207 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19095561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To study the impact of crawling before walking (CBW) on network interactions among body composition, the cardiovascular system, lung function, motor competence and physical fitness, at age 7, and to assess the longitudinal association between CBW and body composition, the cardiovascular system, lung function, motor competence, physical fitness and physical activity parameters, at age 7. METHOD CBW, body composition, cardiovascular system, lung function, motor competence, physical fitness and physical activity were assessed in seventy-seven healthy Caucasian children. RESULTS Network analyses revealed that the crawling group had a greater number of links among all the studied variables compared with the non-crawling group. In the longitudinal study, using multiple regression analyses, crawling was independently associated with fat mass (%), fat-to-muscle ratio and systolic blood pressure, with models explaining up to 56.3%, 56.7% and 29.9% of their variance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS CBW during child's development is a possible modulator in the network interactions between body systems and it could influence future metabolic and cardiovascular health.
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Papadakis Z, Garcia-Retortillo S, Koutakis P. Effects of Acute Partial Sleep Deprivation and High-Intensity Interval Exercise on Postprandial Network Interactions. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:869787. [PMID: 36926086 PMCID: PMC10013041 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.869787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: High-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is deemed effective for cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system (ANS) health-related benefits, while ANS disturbance increases the risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Postprandial lipemia and acute-partial sleep deprivation (APSD) are considered as CVD risk factors due to their respective changes in ANS. Exercising in the morning hours after APSD and have a high-fat breakfast afterwards may alter the interactions of the cardiovascular, autonomic regulation, and postprandial lipemic systems threatening individuals' health. This study examined postprandial network interactions between autonomic regulation through heart rate variability (HRV) and lipemia via low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in response to APSD and HIIE. Methods: Fifteen apparently healthy and habitually good sleepers (age 31 ± 5.2 SD yrs) completed an acute bout of an isocaloric HIIE (in form of 3:2 work-to-rest ratio at 90 and 40% of VO2 reserve) after both a reference sleep (RSX) and 3-3.5 h of acute-partial sleep deprivation (SSX) conditions. HRV time and frequency domains and LDL were evaluated in six and seven time points surrounding sleep and exercise, respectively. To identify postprandial network interactions, we constructed one correlation analysis and one physiological network for each experimental condition. To quantify the interactions within the physiological networks, we also computed the number of links (i.e., number of significant correlations). Results: We observed an irruption of negative links (i.e., negative correlations) between HRV and LDL in the SSX physiological network compared to RSX. Discussion: We recognize that a correlation analysis does not constitute a true network analysis due to the absence of analysis of a time series of the original examined physiological variables. Nonetheless, the presence of negative links in SSX reflected the impact of sleep deprivation on the autonomic regulation and lipemia and, thus, revealed the inability of HIIE to remain cardioprotective under APSD. These findings underlie the need to further investigate the effects of APSD and HIIE on the interactions among physiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Papadakis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Barry University, Miami Shores, FL, United States
| | - Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Panagiotis Koutakis
- Clinical Muscle Biology Laboratory, Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States
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Montull L, Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė A, Kiely J, Hristovski R, Balagué N. Integrative Proposals of Sports Monitoring: Subjective Outperforms Objective Monitoring. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:41. [PMID: 35348932 PMCID: PMC8964908 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00432-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Current trends in sports monitoring are characterized by the massive collection of tech-based biomechanical, physiological and performance data, integrated through mathematical algorithms. However, the application of algorithms, predicated on mechanistic assumptions of how athletes operate, cannot capture, assess and adequately promote athletes' health and performance. The objective of this paper is to reorient the current integrative proposals of sports monitoring by re-conceptualizing athletes as complex adaptive systems (CAS). CAS contain higher-order perceptual units that provide continuous and multilevel integrated information about performer-environment interactions. Such integrative properties offer exceptional possibilities of subjective monitoring for outperforming any objective monitoring system. Future research should investigate how to enhance this human potential to contribute further to athletes' health and performance. This line of argument is not intended to advocate for the elimination of objective assessments, but to highlight the integrative possibilities of subjective monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lluc Montull
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- University School of Health and Sport, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Agne Slapšinskaitė-Dackevičienė
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Sports Medicine, Faculty of Nursing and Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - John Kiely
- Institute of Coaching and Performance, School of Sport and Wellbeing, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Robert Hristovski
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education, Sport and Health, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Pérez-Gosalvez A, García-Muro San José F, Carrión-Otero O, Pérez-Fernández T, Fernández-Rosa L. Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Responses to an Isokinetic Testing Protocol in Professional Soccer Players. J Clin Med 2022; 11:1539. [PMID: 35329865 PMCID: PMC8952197 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11061539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) responses triggered during an isokinetic testing protocol in professional soccer players and compare cardiovascular parameters at completion of this isokinetic protocol with those during a treadmill test. Using purposive sampling, 63 professional soccer players were recruited. Cardiovascular responses were measured noninvasively during a bilateral testing protocol of knee flexion and extension. Treadmill ergospirometry following an incremental speed protocol was performed to analyze the same cardiovascular parameters at rest and at completion of this test. There were significant differences in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and HR according to field position. The parameters presented high homogeneity at both competitive levels. Systolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, HR, and rate pressure product at completion of the treadmill test were significantly higher than those at completion of the isokinetic protocol. Intermittent isokinetic testing protocol of the knee triggers normal and safe BP and HR responses in healthy professional soccer players. The HR of the defenders was higher than those of the forwards and midfielders but was independent of the competitive level. The values of cardiovascular parameters at isokinetic protocol completion were lower than those during the treadmill test.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco García-Muro San José
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Urbanización Montepríncipe, Boadilla del Monte, Boadilla, 28660 Madrid, Spain; (A.P.-G.); (O.C.-O.); (T.P.-F.); (L.F.-R.)
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Levichkina E, Pigareva ML, Limanskaya A, Pigarev IN. Somatovisceral Convergence in Sleep-Wake Cycle: Transmitting Different Types of Information via the Same Pathway. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:840565. [PMID: 36926092 PMCID: PMC10013007 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.840565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Convergence of somatic and visceral inputs occurs at the levels of nervous system ranging from spinal cord to cerebral cortex. This anatomical organization gave explanation to a referred pain phenomenon. However, it also presents a problem: How does the brain know what information is coming for processing-somatic or visceral - if both are transferred by the same spinal cord fibers by means of the standard neuronal spikes? Recent studies provided evidence for cortical processing of interoceptive information largely occurring in sleep, when somatosensation is suppressed, and for the corresponding functional brain networks rearrangement. We suggest that convergent units of the spinal cord would be able to collectively provide mainly somatosensory information in wakefulness and mainly visceral in sleep, solving the puzzle of somatovisceral convergence. We recorded spiking activity from the spinal cord lemniscus pathway during multiple sleep-wake cycles in freely behaving rabbits. In wakefulness high increased spiking corresponded to movements. When animals stopped moving this activity ceased, the fibers remained silent during passive wakefulness. However, upon transition to sleep fibers began firing again. Analysis of spiking patterns of individual fibers revealed that in the majority of them spiking rates recovered in slow wave sleep. Thus, despite cessation of motion and a corresponding decrease of somatic component of the convergent signal, considerable ascending signaling occurs during sleep, that is likely to be visceral. We also recorded evoked responses of the lemniscus pathway to innocuous electrostimulation of the abdominal viscera, and uncovered the existence of two groups of responses depending upon the state of vigilance. Response from an individual fiber could be detected either during wakefulness or in sleep, but not in both states. Wakefulness-responsive group had lower spiking rates in wakefulness and almost stopped spiking in sleep. Sleep-responsive retained substantial spiking during sleep. These groups also differed in spike amplitudes, indicative of fiber diameter differences; however, both had somatic responses during wakefulness. We suggest a mechanism that utilizes differences in somatic and visceral activities to extract both types of information by varying transmission thresholds, and discuss the implications of this mechanism on functional networks under normal and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Levichkina
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina L. Pigareva
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandra Limanskaya
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan N. Pigarev
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems (Kharkevich Institute), Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Chen B, Ciria LF, Hu C, Ivanov PC. Ensemble of coupling forms and networks among brain rhythms as function of states and cognition. Commun Biol 2022; 5:82. [PMID: 35064204 PMCID: PMC8782865 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The current paradigm in brain research focuses on individual brain rhythms, their spatiotemporal organization, and specific pairwise interactions in association with physiological states, cognitive functions, and pathological conditions. Here we propose a conceptually different approach to understanding physiologic function as emerging behavior from communications among distinct brain rhythms. We hypothesize that all brain rhythms coordinate as a network to generate states and facilitate functions. We analyze healthy subjects during rest, exercise, and cognitive tasks and show that synchronous modulation in the micro-architecture of brain rhythms mediates their cross-communications. We discover that brain rhythms interact through an ensemble of coupling forms, universally observed across cortical areas, uniquely defining each physiological state. We demonstrate that a dynamic network regulates the collective behavior of brain rhythms and that network topology and links strength hierarchically reorganize with transitions across states, indicating that brain-rhythm interactions play an essential role in generating physiological states and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolun Chen
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Luis F Ciria
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Mind, Brain and Behaviour Research Center, Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Granada, Campus de la Cartuja, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Congtai Hu
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Plamen Ch Ivanov
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str. Block 21, Sofia, 1113, Bulgaria.
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Armstrong LE, Bergeron MF, Lee EC, Mershon JE, Armstrong EM. Overtraining Syndrome as a Complex Systems Phenomenon. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 1:794392. [PMID: 36925581 PMCID: PMC10013019 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2021.794392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The phenomenon of reduced athletic performance following sustained, intense training (Overtraining Syndrome, and OTS) was first recognized more than 90 years ago. Although hundreds of scientific publications have focused on OTS, a definitive diagnosis, reliable biomarkers, and effective treatments remain unknown. The present review considers existing models of OTS, acknowledges the individualized and sport-specific nature of signs/symptoms, describes potential interacting predisposing factors, and proposes that OTS will be most effectively characterized and evaluated via the underlying complex biological systems. Complex systems in nature are not aptly characterized or successfully analyzed using the classic scientific method (i.e., simplifying complex problems into single variables in a search for cause-and-effect) because they result from myriad (often non-linear) concomitant interactions of multiple determinants. Thus, this review 1) proposes that OTS be viewed from the perspectives of complex systems and network physiology, 2) advocates for and recommends that techniques such as trans-omic analyses and machine learning be widely employed, and 3) proposes evidence-based areas for future OTS investigations, including concomitant multi-domain analyses incorporating brain neural networks, dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to training stress, the intestinal microbiota, immune factors, and low energy availability. Such an inclusive and modern approach will measurably help in prevention and management of OTS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael F. Bergeron
- Sport Sciences and Medicine and Performance Health, WTA Women’s Tennis Association, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
| | - Elaine C. Lee
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, United States
| | - James E. Mershon
- Department of Energy and Renewables, Heriot-Watt University, Stromness, United Kingdom
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Kerkman JN, Zandvoort CS, Daffertshofer A, Dominici N. Body Weight Control Is a Key Element of Motor Control for Toddlers' Walking. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:844607. [PMID: 36926099 PMCID: PMC10013000 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.844607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
New-borns can step when supported for about 70-80% of their own body weight. Gravity-related sensorimotor information might be an important factor in developing the ability to walk independently. We explored how body weight support alters motor control in toddlers during the first independent steps and in toddlers with about half a year of walking experience. Sixteen different typically developing children were assessed during (un)supported walking on a running treadmill. Electromyography of 18-24 bilateral leg and back muscles and vertical ground reaction forces were recorded. Strides were grouped into four levels of body weight support ranging from no (<10%), low (10-35%), medium (35-55%), and high (55-95%) support. We constructed muscle synergies and muscle networks and assessed differences between levels of support and between groups. In both groups, muscle activities could be described by four synergies. As expected, the mean activity decreased with body weight support around foot strikes. The younger first-steps group showed changes in the temporal pattern of the synergies when supported for more than 35% of their body weight. In this group, the muscle network was dense with several interlimb connections. Apparently, the ability to process gravity-related information is not fully developed at the onset of independent walking causing motor control to be fairly disperse. Synergy-specific sensitivity for unloading implies distinct neural mechanisms underlying (the emergence of) these synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer N Kerkman
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Science Institute (AMS) and Institute for Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam (iBBA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Coen S Zandvoort
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Science Institute (AMS) and Institute for Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam (iBBA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andreas Daffertshofer
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Science Institute (AMS) and Institute for Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam (iBBA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nadia Dominici
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Science Institute (AMS) and Institute for Brain and Behaviour Amsterdam (iBBA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Oliver LS, Sullivan JP, Russell S, Peake JM, Nicholson M, McNulty C, Kelly VG. Effects of Nutritional Interventions on Accuracy and Reaction Time with Relevance to Mental Fatigue in Sporting, Military, and Aerospace Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 19:307. [PMID: 35010566 PMCID: PMC8744602 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Background: Research in sport, military, and aerospace populations has shown that mental fatigue may impair cognitive performance. The effect of nutritional interventions that may mitigate such negative effects has been investigated. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to quantify the effects of nutritional interventions on cognitive domains often measured in mental fatigue research. Methods: A systematic search for articles was conducted using key terms relevant to mental fatigue in sport, military, and aerospace populations. Two reviewers screened 11,495 abstracts and 125 full texts. A meta-analysis was conducted whereby effect sizes were calculated using subgroups for nutritional intervention and cognitive domains. Results: Fourteen studies were included in the meta-analysis. The consumption of energy drinks was found to have a small positive effect on reaction time, whilst the use of beta-alanine, carbohydrate, and caffeine had no effect. Carbohydrate and caffeine use had no effect on accuracy. Conclusions: The results of this meta-analysis suggest that consuming energy drinks may improve reaction time. The lack of effect observed for other nutritional interventions is likely due to differences in the type, timing, dosage, and form of administration. More rigorous randomized controlled trials related to the effect of nutrition interventions before, during, and after induced mental fatigue are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam S. Oliver
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.S.O.); (J.M.P.); (M.N.); (C.M.)
| | | | - Suzanna Russell
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD 4014, Australia;
| | - Jonathan M. Peake
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.S.O.); (J.M.P.); (M.N.); (C.M.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
| | - Mitchell Nicholson
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.S.O.); (J.M.P.); (M.N.); (C.M.)
| | - Craig McNulty
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.S.O.); (J.M.P.); (M.N.); (C.M.)
| | - Vincent G. Kelly
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia; (L.S.O.); (J.M.P.); (M.N.); (C.M.)
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4059, Australia
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Gronwald T, Rogers B, Hottenrott L, Hoos O, Hottenrott K. Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability during a Marathon Race in Recreational Runners: Potential Biomarker of Complex Regulation during Endurance Exercise. J Sports Sci Med 2021; 20:557-563. [PMID: 35321146 PMCID: PMC8488837 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There is only very limited data examining cardiovascular responses in real-world endurance training/competition. The present study examines the influence of a marathon race on non-linear dynamics of heart rate (HR) variability (HRV). Eleven male recreational runners performed a self-paced marathon road race on an almost flat profile. During the race, heart rate and beat-to-beat (RR) intervals were recorded continuously. Besides HRV time-domain measurements, fractal correlation properties using short-term scaling exponent alpha1 of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA-alpha1) were calculated. The mean finishing time was 3:10:22 ± 0:17:56 h:min:s with a blood lactate concentration of 4.04 ± 1.12 mmol/L at the end of the race. Comparing the beginning to the end segment of the marathon race (Begin vs. End) significant increases could be found for km split time (p < .001, d = .934) and for HR (p = .010, d = .804). Significant decreases could be found for meanRR (p = .013, d = .798) and DFA-alpha1 (p = .003, d = 1.132). DFA-alpha1 showed an appropriate dynamic range throughout the race consisting of both uncorrelated and anti-correlated values. Lactate was consistent with sustained high intensity exercise when measured at the end of the event. Despite the runners slowing after halfway, DFA-alpha1 continued to fall to values seen in the highest intensity domain during incremental exercise testing in agreement with lactate assessment. Therefore, the discrepancy between the reduced running pace with that of the decline of DFA-alpha1, demonstrate the benefit of using this dimensionless HRV index as a biomarker of internal load during exercise over the course of a marathon race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruce Rogers
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, Florida, 32827-7408, USA
| | - Laura Hottenrott
- Institute of performance diagnostics and health promotion, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Kuno Hottenrott
- Institute of Sports Science, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Fang B, Kim Y, Choi M. Effect of Cycle-Based High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Adolescent Soccer Players. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9121628. [PMID: 34946354 PMCID: PMC8701016 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9121628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness, anaerobic power, and lower extremity strength are essential for soccer players at all levels. An effective program should be developed to improve physical strength for adolescent soccer players who need to combine academic and technical training. This study analyzed the impact of short-term high intensity interval training (HIIT) training and traditional moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) on adolescent soccer players. Participants included 56 adolescent soccer players who were divided into HIIT and MICT groups. The training program was conducted 3 times a week for 4 weeks using cycle ergometer. Each session included the same resistance training program, and the characteristics of HIIT and MICT were applied to improve cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power. Body composition analysis, graded exercise test for peak oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), Wingate anaerobic power test, and isokinetic knee strength test were performed. VO2 peak was improved in HIIT and MICT, but anaerobic threshold and heart rate recovery significantly improved in the HIIT group. Wingate anaerobic peak power had increased significantly in sets 1, 2, and 3 in the HIIT group, but showed significant improvement only in set 1 in the MICT group. The isokinetic strength improved significantly in the HIIT group at 60°/s and in the MICT group at 240°/s. There was no significant change in body composition in either group. In conclusion, short-term HIIT administered to adolescent soccer players effectively improved cardiorespiratory fitness in HIIT and MICT groups. While HIIT increased anaerobic threshold and power, MICT effectively improved muscle endurance. Short-term intensive training can be considered a time-efficient training strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Fang
- College of Physical Education, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, China;
| | - Yonghwan Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea;
| | - Moonyoung Choi
- Department of Sports Science Convergence, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2260-8741; Fax: +82-2-2260-3741
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Rogers B, Gronwald T, Mourot L. Analysis of Fractal Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability during an Initial Session of Eccentric Cycling. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10426. [PMID: 34639723 PMCID: PMC8508542 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Eccentric cycling (ECC) has attracted attention as a method to improve muscle strength and aerobic fitness in populations unable to tolerate conventional methods. However, agreement on exercise prescription targets have been problematic. The current report is an initial exploration of a potentially useful tool, a nonlinear heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) index based on the short-term scaling exponent alpha1 of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA a1), which has been previously shown to correspond to exercise intensity. Eleven male volunteers performed 45 min of concentric (CON) cycling and ECC separated by 1 month. Work rates were matched for HR (~50% of the maximal HR) during the first 5 min and remained stable thereafter. HRV, HR, oxygen consumption (VO2), and cycling power were monitored and evaluated at elapsed times of 10 (T10) and 45 (T45) minutes duration. HR significantly increased between ECC T10 and ECC T45 (p = 0.003, d = 1.485), while DFA a1 significantly decreased (p = 0.004, d = 1.087). During CON, HR significantly increased (p < 0.001 d = 1.570) without significant DFA a1 change (p = 0.48, d = 0.22). Significantly higher HR was observed at T45 in ECC than in CON (p = 0.047, d = 1.059). A session of unaccustomed ECC lead to decreased values of DFA a1 at T45 in comparison to that seen with CON at similar VO2. ECC lead to altered autonomic nervous system balance as reflected by the loss of correlation properties compared to CON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Rogers
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32827-7408, USA
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
- Division for Physical Education, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634040 Tomsk, Russia
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Oviedo GR, Garcia-Retortillo S, Carbó-Carreté M, Guerra-Balic M, Balagué N, Javierre C, Guàrdia-Olmos J. Cardiorespiratory Coordination During Exercise in Adults With Down Syndrome. Front Physiol 2021; 12:704062. [PMID: 34566677 PMCID: PMC8455928 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.704062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Down syndrome (DS) is a chromosomal disorder affecting simultaneously cardiovascular and respiratory systems. There is no research studying the coupling between these systems during cardiorespiratory exercise testing in a population with DS. Cardiorespiratory coordination (CRC), evaluated through principal component analysis (PCA), measures the covariation of cardiorespiratory variables during exercise. Objective: To investigate and compare CRC in adults with and without DS during maximal cardiorespiratory exercise testing. Methods: Fifteen adults with DS and 15 adults without disabilities performed a maximal cardiorespiratory exercise test on a treadmill. First, the slope, and afterward the velocity was increased regularly until participants reached exhaustion. The time series of six selected cardiorespiratory variables [ventilation per minute, an expired fraction of O2, the expired fraction of CO2, heart rate, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP)] were extracted for the analysis. The number of principal components (PCs), the first PC eigenvalues (PC1), and the information entropy were computed for each group (non-DS and DS) and compared using a t-test or a Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Two PCs in the non-DS group and three PCs in the DS group captured the variance of the studied cardiorespiratory variables. The formation of an additional PC in the DS group was the result of the shift of SBP and DBP from the PC1 cluster of variables. Eigenvalues of PC1 were higher in the non-DS (U = 30; p = 0.02; d = 1.47) than in the DS group, and the entropy measure was higher in the DS compared with the non-DS group (U = 37.5; p = 0.008; d = 0.70). Conclusion: Adults with Down syndrome showed higher CRC dimensionality and a higher entropy measure than participants without disabilities. Both findings point toward a lower efficiency of the cardiorespiratory function during exercise in participants with DS. CRC appears as an alternative measure to investigate the cardiorespiratory function and its response to exercise in the DS population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo R Oviedo
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Health Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Garcia-Retortillo
- Keck Laboratory for Network Physiology, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States.,School of Health and Sport Sciences (EUSES), Universitat de Girona, Salt, Spain.,Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC) University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Carbó-Carreté
- Serra Hunter Fellow, Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Myriam Guerra-Balic
- Faculty of Psychology, Education and Sport Science Blanquerna, University Ramon Llull, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Natàlia Balagué
- Complex Systems in Sport Research Group, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC) University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Casimiro Javierre
- Department Physiological Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Guàrdia-Olmos
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona Institute of Complex Systems, Barcelona, Spain
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Aerobic Threshold Identification in a Cardiac Disease Population Based on Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10184075. [PMID: 34575188 PMCID: PMC8465546 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10184075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An index of heart rate (HR) variability correlation properties, the short-term scaling exponent alpha1 of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA a1) has shown potential to delineate the first ventilatory threshold (VT1). This study aims to extend this concept to a group of participants with cardiac disease. Sixteen volunteers with stable coronary disease or heart failure performed an incremental cycling ramp to exhaustion PRE and POST a 3-week training intervention. Oxygen uptake (VO2) and HR at VT1 were obtained from a metabolic cart. An ECG was processed for DFA a1 and HR. The HR variability threshold (HRVT) was defined as the VO2, HR or power where DFA a1 reached a value of 0.75. Mean VT1 was reached at 16.82 ± 5.72 mL/kg/min, HR of 91.3 ± 11.9 bpm and power of 67.8 ± 17.9 watts compared to HRVT at 18.02 ± 7.74 mL/kg/min, HR of 94.7 ± 14.2 bpm and power of 73.2 ± 25.0 watts. Linear relationships were seen between modalities, with Pearson’s r of 0.95 (VO2), 0.86 (HR) and 0.87 (power). Bland–Altman assessment showed mean differences of 1.20 mL/kg/min, 3.4 bpm and 5.4 watts. Mean peak VO2 and VT1 did not change after training intervention. However, the correlation between PRE to POST change in VO2 at VT1 with the change in VO2 at HRVT was significant (r = 0.84, p < 0.001). Reaching a DFA a1 of 0.75 was associated with the VT1 in a population with cardiac disease. VT1 change after training intervention followed that of the HRVT, confirming the relationship between these parameters.
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Margaritelis NV, Chatzinikolaou PN, Chatzinikolaou AN, Paschalis V, Theodorou AA, Vrabas IS, Kyparos A, Nikolaidis MG. The redox signal: A physiological perspective. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:29-40. [PMID: 34477294 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A signal in biology is any kind of coded message sent from one place in an organism to another place. Biology is rich in claims that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species transmit signals. Therefore, we define a "redox signal as an increase/decrease in the level of reactive species". First, as in most biology disciplines, to analyze a redox signal you need first to deconstruct it. The essential components that constitute a redox signal and should be characterized are: (i) the reactivity of the specific reactive species, (ii) the magnitude of change, (iii) the temporal pattern of change, and (iv) the antioxidant condition. Second, to be able to translate the physiological fate of a redox signal you need to apply novel and bioplausible methodological strategies. Important considerations that should be taken into account when designing an experiment is to (i) assure that redox and physiological measurements are at the same or similar level of biological organization and (ii) focus on molecules that are at the highest level of the redox hierarchy. Third, to reconstruct the redox signal and make sense of the chaotic nature of redox processes, it is essential to apply mathematical and computational modeling. The aim of the present study was to collectively present, for the first time, those elements that essentially affect the redox signal as well as to emphasize that the deconstructing, decoding and reconstructing of a redox signal should be acknowledged as central to design better studies and to advance our understanding on its physiological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.,Dialysis Unit, 424 General Military Training Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasios A Theodorou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Comparison of Aerobic Capacity Changes as a Result of a Polarized or Block Training Program among Trained Mountain Bike Cyclists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18168865. [PMID: 34444612 PMCID: PMC8393863 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18168865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effectiveness of a block training program and a polarized training program in developing aerobic capacity in twenty trained mountain bike cyclists. The cyclists were divided into two groups: the block training program group (BT) and the polarized training program group (PT). The experiment lasted 8 weeks. During the experiment, the BT group alternated between 17-day blocks consisting of dominant low-intensity training (LIT) and 11-day blocks consisting of sprint interval training (SIT), and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), while the PT group performed SIT, HIIT, and LIT simultaneously. Before and after the experiment, the cyclists performed incremental tests during which maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal aerobic power (Pmax), power achieved at the first ventilatory threshold (PVT1), and at the second ventilatory threshold (PVT2) were measured. VO2max increased in BT group (from 3.75 ± 0.67 to 4.00 ± 0.75 L∙min-1) and PT group (from 3.66 ± 0.73 to 4.20 ± 0.89 L∙min-1). In addition, Pmax, PVT1, and PVT2 increased in both groups to a similar extent. In conclusion, the polarized training program was more effective in developing the VO2max compared to the block program. In terms of developing other parameters characterizing the cyclists' aerobic capacity, the block and polarized program induced similar results.
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45
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Rogers B, Mourot L, Doucende G, Gronwald T. Fractal correlation properties of heart rate variability as a biomarker of endurance exercise fatigue in ultramarathon runners. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e14956. [PMID: 34291602 PMCID: PMC8295593 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although heart rate variability (HRV) indexes have been helpful for monitoring the fatigued state while resting, little data indicate that there is comparable potential during exercise. Since an index of HRV based on fractal correlation properties, alpha 1 of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA a1) displays overall organismic demands, alteration during exertion may provide insight into physiologic changes accompanying fatigue. Two weeks after collecting baseline demographic and gas exchange data, 11 experienced ultramarathon runners were divided into two groups. Seven runners performed a simulated ultramarathon for 6 h (Fatigue group, FG) and four runners performed daily activity over a similar period (Control group, CG). Before (Pre) and after (Post) the ultramarathon or daily activity, DFA a1, heart rate (HR), running economy (RE) and countermovement jumps (CMJ) were measured while running on a treadmill at 3 m/s. In Pre versus Post comparisons, data showed a decline with large effect size in DFA a1 post intervention only for FG (Pre: 0.71, Post: 0.32; d = 1.34), with minor differences and small effect sizes in HR (d = 0.02) and RE (d = 0.21). CG showed only minor differences with small effect sizes in DFA a1 (d = 0.19), HR (d = 0.15), and RE (d = 0.31). CMJ vertical peak force showed fatigue-induced decreases with large effect size in FG (d = 0.82) compared to CG (d = 0.02). At the completion of an ultramarathon, DFA a1 decreased with large effect size while running at low intensity compared to pre-race values. DFA a1 may offer an opportunity for real-time tracking of physiologic status in terms of monitoring for fatigue and possibly as an early warning signal of systemic perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Rogers
- College of MedicineUniversity of Central FloridaOrlandoFLUSA
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular PathologiesExercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) platform, University of Bourgogne Franche‐ComtéBesançonFrance
- National Research Tomsk Polytechnic UniversityTomsk OblastRussia
| | - Gregory Doucende
- Université de Perpignan Via DomitiaLaboratoire Européen Performance Santé Altitude (LEPSA)BesançonFrance
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Faculty of Health SciencesDepartment of Performance, NeuroscienceTherapy and HealthMSH Medical School HamburgUniversity of Applied Sciences and Medical UniversityHamburgGermany
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Gronwald T, Berk S, Altini M, Mourot L, Hoos O, Rogers B. Real-Time Estimation of Aerobic Threshold and Exercise Intensity Distribution Using Fractal Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability: A Single-Case Field Application in a Former Olympic Triathlete. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:668812. [PMID: 34124661 PMCID: PMC8193503 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.668812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A non-linear heart rate variability (HRV) index based on fractal correlation properties called alpha1 of Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA-alpha1), has been shown to change with endurance exercise intensity. Its unique advantage is that it provides information about current absolute exercise intensity without prior lactate or gas exchange testing. Therefore, real-time assessment of this metric during field conditions using a wearable monitoring device could directly provide a valuable exercise intensity distribution without prior laboratory testing for different applied field settings in endurance sports. Until of late no mobile based product could display DFA-alpha1 in real-time using off the shelf consumer products. Recently an app designed for iOS and Android devices, HRV Logger, was updated to assess DFA-alpha1 in real-time. This brief research report illustrates the potential merits of real-time monitoring of this metric for the purposes of aerobic threshold (AT) estimation and exercise intensity demarcation between low (zone 1) and moderate (zone 2) in a former Olympic triathlete. In a single-case feasibility study, three practically relevant scenarios were successfully evaluated in cycling, (1) estimation of a HRV threshold (HRVT) as an adequate proxy for AT using Kubios HRV software via a typical cycling stage test, (2) estimation of the HRVT during real-time monitoring using a cycling 6 min stage test, (3) a simulated 1 h training ride with enforcement of low intensity boundaries and real-time HRVT confirmation. This single-case field evaluation illustrates the potential of an easy-to-use and low cost real-time estimation of the aerobic threshold and exercise intensity distribution using fractal correlation properties of HRV. Furthermore, this approach may enhance the translation of science into endurance sports practice for future real-world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gronwald
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sander Berk
- Dutch Triathlon Federation, Arnhem, Netherlands
| | - Marco Altini
- Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Division for Physical Education, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Olaf Hoos
- Center for Sports and Physical Education, Julius-Maximilians-University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bruce Rogers
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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47
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Gultyaeva VV, Uryumtsev DY, Zinchenko MI, Melnikov VN, Balioz NV, Krivoschekov SG. Cardiorespiratory Coordination in Hypercapnic Test Before and After High-Altitude Expedition. Front Physiol 2021; 12:673570. [PMID: 34108888 PMCID: PMC8181754 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.673570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordination of cardiovascular and respiratory systems enables a wide range of human adaptation and depends upon the functional state of an individual organism. Hypoxia is known to elicit changes in oxygen and carbon dioxide sensitivity, while training alters cardiorespiratory coordination (CRC). The delayed effect of high altitude (HA) acclimatization on CRC in mountaineers remains unknown. The objective of this study was to compare CRC in acute hypercapnia in mountaineers before and after a HA expedition. Nine trained male mountaineers were investigated at sea level before (Pre-HA) and after a 20-day sojourn at altitudes of 4,000–7,000 m (Post-HA) in three states (Baseline, Hypercapnic Rebreathing, and Recovery). A principal component (PC) analysis was performed to evaluate the CRC. The number of mountaineers with one PC increased Post-HA (nine out of nine), compared to Pre-HA (five out of nine) [Chi-square (df = 1) = 5.14, P = 0.023]; the percentage of total variance explained by PC1 increased [Pre-HA median 65.6 (Q1 64.9/Q3 74.9), Post-HA 75.6 (73.3/77.9), P = 0.028]. Post-HA, the loadings of the expired fraction of O2, CO2, and ventilation onto PC1 did not change, and the loading of heart rate increased [Pre-HA 0.64 (0.45/0.68) and Post-HA 0.76 (0.65/0.82), P = 0.038]. During the Recovery, the percentage of total variance explained by PC1 was higher than during the Baseline. Post-HA, there was a high correlation between the Exercise addiction scores and the eigenvalues of PC1 (r = 0.9, P = 0.001). Thus, acute hypercapnic exposure reveals the Post-HA increase in cardiorespiratory coordination, which is highly related to the level of exercise addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina V Gultyaeva
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitriy Y Uryumtsev
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Margarita I Zinchenko
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Melnikov
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalia V Balioz
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Sergey G Krivoschekov
- Laboratory of Functional Reserves of Human Organism, Scientific Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
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48
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Rogers B, Giles D, Draper N, Mourot L, Gronwald T. Detection of the Anaerobic Threshold in Endurance Sports: Validation of a New Method Using Correlation Properties of Heart Rate Variability. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6020038. [PMID: 33925974 PMCID: PMC8167649 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Past attempts to define an anaerobic threshold (AnT) have relied upon gas exchange kinetics, lactate testing and field-based evaluations. DFA a1, an index of heart rate (HR) variability (HRV) fractal correlation properties, has been shown to decrease with exercise intensity. The intent of this study is to investigate whether the AnT derived from gas exchange is associated with the transition from a correlated to uncorrelated random HRV pattern signified by a DFA a1 value of 0.5. HRV and gas exchange data were obtained from 15 participants during an incremental treadmill run. Comparison of the HR reached at the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was made to the HR reached at a DFA a1 value of 0.5 (HRVT2). Based on Bland-Altman analysis and linear regression, there was strong agreement between VT2 and HRVT2 measured by HR (r = 0.78, p < 0.001). Mean VT2 was reached at a HR of 174 (±12) bpm compared to mean HRVT2 at a HR of 171 (±16) bpm. In summary, the HR associated with a DFA a1 value of 0.5 on an incremental treadmill ramp was closely related to that of the HR at the VT2 derived from gas exchange analysis. A distinct numerical value of DFA a1 representing an uncorrelated, random interbeat pattern appears to be associated with the VT2 and shows potential as a noninvasive marker for training intensity distribution and performance status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce Rogers
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Boulevard, Orlando, FL 32827-7408, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - David Giles
- Lattice Training Ltd., Chesterfield S41 9AT, UK;
| | - Nick Draper
- School of Health Sciences, College of Education, Health and Human Development, University of Canterbury, 8041 Christchurch, New Zealand;
| | - Laurent Mourot
- EA3920 Prognostic Factors and Regulatory Factors of Cardiac and Vascular Pathologies, Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France;
- Division for Physical Education, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin Ave, 30, 634050 Tomsk Oblast, Russia
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, University of Applied Sciences and Medical University, Am Kaiserkai 1, 20457 Hamburg, Germany;
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Flow dynamics during incremental velocity running. JOURNAL OF COMPLEXITY IN HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.21595/chs.2021.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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50
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Sturmberg JP. Health and Disease Are Dynamic Complex-Adaptive States Implications for Practice and Research. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:595124. [PMID: 33854446 PMCID: PMC8039389 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.595124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interoception, the ability to convey one's overall physiological state, allows people to describe their health along an experiential continuum, from excellent, very good, good, fair to poor. Each health state reflects a distinct pattern of one's overall function. This assay provides a new frame of understanding health and disease as complex-adaptive system states of the person as-a-whole. It firstly describes how complex patterns can emerge from simple equations. It then discusses how clinical medicine in certain domains has started to explore the pattern characteristics resulting in the heterogeneity of disease, and how this better understanding has improved patient management. The experiential state of health can be surprising to the observer-some are in good health with disabling disease, others are in poor health without the evidence of any. The main part of the assay describes the underlying complexity principles that contribute to health, and synthesizes available evidence from various research perspectives to support the philosophic/theoretical proposition of the complex-adaptive nature of health. It shows how health states arise from complex-adaptive system dynamics amongst the variables of a hierarchically layered system comprising the domains of a person's macro-level external environment to his nano-level biological blueprint. The final part suggests that the frame of health as a dynamic complex-adaptive state defines a new paradigm, and outlines ways of translating these expanded understandings to clinical practice, future research, and health system design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim P. Sturmberg
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- International Society for Systems and Complexity Sciences for Health, Waitsfield, VT, United States
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