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Liu YK, Li JJ, Xue QQ, Zhang SJ, Xie M, Cheng T, Wang HL, Liu CM, Chu JF, Pei YS, Jia BQ, Li J, Tian LJ, Fu AG, Hao YQ, Su H. Actin-bundling protein fimbrin serves as a new auxin biosynthesis orchestrator in Arabidopsis root tips. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024. [PMID: 39044442 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Plants delicately regulate endogenous auxin levels through the coordination of transport, biosynthesis, and inactivation, which is crucial for growth and development. While it is well-established that the actin cytoskeleton can regulate auxin levels by affecting polar transport, its potential role in auxin biosynthesis has remained largely unexplored. Using LC-MS/MS-based methods combined with fluorescent auxin marker detection, we observed a significant increase in root auxin levels upon deletion of the actin bundling proteins AtFIM4 and AtFIM5. Fluorescent observation, immunoblotting analysis, and biochemical approaches revealed that AtFIM4 and AtFIM5 affect the protein abundance of the key auxin synthesis enzyme YUC8 in roots. AtFIM4 and AtFIM5 regulate the auxin synthesis enzyme YUC8 at the protein level, with its degradation mediated by the 26S proteasome. This regulation modulates auxin synthesis and endogenous auxin levels in roots, consequently impacting root development. Based on these findings, we propose a molecular pathway centered on the 'actin cytoskeleton-26S proteasome-YUC8-auxin' axis that controls auxin levels. Our findings shed light on a new pathway through which plants regulate auxin synthesis. Moreover, this study illuminates a newfound role of the actin cytoskeleton in regulating plant growth and development, particularly through its involvement in maintaining protein homeostasis via the 26S proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qiao-Qiao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Min Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ting Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Hong-Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Cui-Mei Liu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jin-Fang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yu-Sha Pei
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Bing-Qian Jia
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Li-Jun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ai-Gen Fu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Ya-Qi Hao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Hui Su
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
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2
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Gao X, Yang B, Zhang J, Wang C, Ren H, Fu Y, Yang Z. PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORY LOCUS1 maintains actin microfilament integrity to regulate pavement cell morphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:356-369. [PMID: 38227494 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Actin dynamics are critical for plant cell morphogenesis, but the underlying signaling mechanisms regulating these dynamics are not well understood. Here, we established that PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORY LOCUS1 (PRL1) modulates leaf pavement cell (PC) morphogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) by maintaining the dynamic homeostasis of actin microfilaments (MF). Our previous studies indicated that PC shape was determined by antagonistic RHO-RELATED GTPase FROM PLANTS 2 (ROP2) and RHO-RELATED GTPase FROM PLANTS 6 (ROP6) signaling pathways that promote cortical MF and microtubule organization, respectively. Our genetic screen for additional components in ROP6-mediated signaling identified prl1 alleles. Genetic analysis confirmed that PRL1 plays a key role in PC morphogenesis. Mutations in PRL1 caused cortical MF depolymerization, resulting in defective PC morphogenesis. Further genetic analysis revealed that PRL1 is epistatic to ROP2 and ROP6 in PC morphogenesis. Mutations in PRL1 enhanced the effects of ROP2 and ROP6 in PC morphogenesis, leading to a synergistic phenotype in the PCs of ROP2 prl1 and ROP6 prl1. Furthermore, the activities of ROP2 and ROP6 were differentially altered in prl1 mutants, suggesting that ROP2 and ROP6 function downstream of PRL1. Additionally, cortical MF depolymerization in prl1 mutants occurred independently of ROP2 and ROP6, implying that these proteins impact PC morphogenesis in the prl1 mutant through other cellular processes. Our research indicates that PRL1 preserves the structural integrity of actin and facilitates pavement cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Gao
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bo Yang
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chi Wang
- College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Huibo Ren
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ying Fu
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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3
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Du X, Gao Y, Zhang H, Xu X, Li Y, Zhao L, Luo M, Wang H. HDA6 modulates Arabidopsis pavement cell morphogenesis through epigenetic suppression of ROP6 GTPase expression and signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2523-2539. [PMID: 38214469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of Rho-related GTPase from plants (ROPs), which determine cell polarity formation and maintenance during plant development, still remains enigmatic. In this study, we elucidated the epigenetic mechanism of histone deacetylase HDA6 in transcriptional repression of ROP6 and its impact on cell polarity and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis leaf epidermal pavement cells (PCs). We found that the hda6 mutant axe1-4 exhibited impaired jigsaw-shaped PCs and convoluted leaves. This correlated with disruptions in the spatial organizations of cortical microtubules and filamentous actin, which is integral to PC indentation and lobe formation. Further transcriptional analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that HDA6 specifically represses ROP6 expression through histone H3K9K14 deacetylation. Importantly, overexpression of dominant negative-rop6 in axe1-4 restored interdigitated cell morphology. Our study unveils HDA6 as a key regulator in Arabidopsis PC morphogenesis through epigenetic suppression of ROP6. It reveals the pivotal role of HDA6 in the transcriptional regulation of ROP6 and provides compelling evidence for the functional interplay between histone deacetylation and ROP6-mediated cytoskeletal arrangement in the development of interdigitated PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Du
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingmiao Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lifeng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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4
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Amos BK, Pook V, Prates E, Stork J, Shah M, Jacobson DA, DeBolt S. Discovery and Characterization of Fluopipamine, a Putative Cellulose Synthase 1 Antagonist within Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:3171-3179. [PMID: 38291808 PMCID: PMC10870765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Herbicide-resistant weeds are increasingly a problem in crop fields when exposed to similar chemistry over time. To avoid future yield losses, identifying herbicidal chemistry needs to be accelerated. We screened 50,000 small molecules using a liquid-handling robot and light microscopy focusing on pre-emergent herbicides in the family of cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors. Through phenotypic, chemical, genetic, and in silico methods we uncovered 6-{[4-(2-fluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl}-N-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (fluopipamine). Symptomologies support fluopipamine as a putative antagonist of cellulose synthase enzyme 1 (CESA1) from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Ectopic lignification, inhibition of etiolation, phenotypes including loss of anisotropic cellular expansion, swollen roots, and live cell imaging link fluopipamine to cellulose biosynthesis inhibition. Radiolabeled glucose incorporation of cellulose decreased in short-duration experiments when seedlings were incubated in fluopipamine. To elucidate the mechanism, ethylmethanesulfonate mutagenized M2 seedlings were screened for fluopipamine resistance. Two loci of genetic resistance were linked to CESA1. In silico docking of fluopipamine, quinoxyphen, and flupoxam against various CESA1 mutations suggests that an alternative binding site at the interface between CESA proteins is necessary to preserve cellulose polymerization in compound presence. These data uncovered potential fundamental mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis in plants along with feasible leads for herbicidal uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Kirtley Amos
- Electrical
and Computer Engineering, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- N.C.
Plant Sciences Initiative, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Victoria Pook
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Erica Prates
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Center
for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Jozsef Stork
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
| | - Manesh Shah
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Center
for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Daniel A. Jacobson
- Biosciences
Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Center
for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Seth DeBolt
- Department
of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40546, United States
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5
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Moser M, Groves NR, Meier I. Plant KASH proteins SINE1 and SINE2 have synergistic and antagonistic interactions with actin-branching and actin-bundling factors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:73-87. [PMID: 37819623 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complexes consist of outer nuclear membrane KASH proteins, interacting in the nuclear envelope lumen with inner nuclear membrane SUN proteins and connecting the nucleus and cytoskeleton. The paralogous Arabidopsis KASH proteins SINE1 and SINE2 function during stomatal dynamics induced by light-dark transitions and abscisic acid (ABA), which requires F-actin reorganization. SINE2 influences actin depolymerization and SINE1 actin repolymerization. The actin-related protein 2/3 (ARP2/3) complex, an actin nucleator, and the plant actin-bundling and -stabilizing factor SCAB1 are involved in stomatal aperture control. Here, we have tested the genetic interaction of SINE1 and SINE2 with SCAB1 and the ARP2/3 complex. We show that SINE1 and the ARP2/3 complex function in the same pathway during ABA-induced stomatal closure, while SINE2 and the ARP2/3 complex play opposing roles. The actin repolymerization defect observed in sine1-1 is partially rescued in scab1-2 sine1-1, while SINE2 is epistatic to SCAB1. In addition, SINE1 and ARP2/3 act synergistically in lateral root development. The absence of SINE2 renders trichome development independent of the ARP2/3 complex. Together, these data reveal complex and differential interactions of the two KASH proteins with the actin-remodeling apparatus and add evidence to the proposed differential role of SINE1 and SINE2 in actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Moser
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Norman R Groves
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Iris Meier
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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6
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Martinek J, Cifrová P, Vosolsobě S, García-González J, Malínská K, Mauerová Z, Jelínková B, Krtková J, Sikorová L, Leaves I, Sparkes I, Schwarzerová K. ARP2/3 complex associates with peroxisomes to participate in pexophagy in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1874-1889. [PMID: 37845336 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01542-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Actin-related protein (ARP2/3) complex is a heteroheptameric protein complex, evolutionary conserved in all eukaryotic organisms. Its conserved role is based on the induction of actin polymerization at the interface between membranes and the cytoplasm. Plant ARP2/3 has been reported to participate in actin reorganization at the plasma membrane during polarized growth of trichomes and at the plasma membrane-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites. Here we demonstrate that individual plant subunits of ARP2/3 fused to fluorescent proteins form motile spot-like structures in the cytoplasm that are associated with peroxisomes in Arabidopsis and tobacco. ARP2/3 is found at the peroxisome periphery and contains the assembled ARP2/3 complex and the WAVE/SCAR complex subunit NAP1. This ARP2/3-positive peroxisomal domain colocalizes with the autophagosome and, under conditions that affect the autophagy, colocalization between ARP2/3 and the autophagosome increases. ARP2/3 subunits co-immunoprecipitate with ATG8f and peroxisome-associated ARP2/3 interact in vivo with the ATG8f marker. Since mutants lacking functional ARP2/3 complex have more peroxisomes than wild type, we suggest that ARP2/3 has a novel role in the process of peroxisome degradation by autophagy, called pexophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Martinek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Vosolsobě
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Imaging Facility of Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Mauerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Jelínková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Krtková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Sikorová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ian Leaves
- Biosciences, CLES, Exeter University, Exeter, UK
| | - Imogen Sparkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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7
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Sidhu JS, Ajmera I, Arya S, Lynch JP. RootSlice-A novel functional-structural model for root anatomical phenotypes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:1671-1690. [PMID: 36708192 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Root anatomy is an important determinant of root metabolic costs, soil exploration, and soil resource capture. Root anatomy varies substantially within and among plant species. RootSlice is a multicellular functional-structural model of root anatomy developed to facilitate the analysis and understanding of root anatomical phenotypes. RootSlice can capture phenotypically accurate root anatomy in three dimensions of different root classes and developmental zones, of both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species. Several case studies are presented illustrating the capabilities of the model. For maize nodal roots, the model illustrated the role of vacuole expansion in cell elongation; and confirmed the individual and synergistic role of increasing root cortical aerenchyma and reducing the number of cortical cell files in reducing root metabolic costs. Integration of RootSlice for different root zones as the temporal properties of the nodal roots in the whole-plant and soil model OpenSimRoot/maize enabled the multiscale evaluation of root anatomical phenotypes, highlighting the role of aerenchyma formation in enhancing the utility of cortical cell files for improving plant performance over varying soil nitrogen supply. Such integrative in silico approaches present avenues for exploring the fitness landscape of root anatomical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagdeep Singh Sidhu
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ishan Ajmera
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sankalp Arya
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lynch
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
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8
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Chan C. SPR1 connects microtubule disassembly to ABA-induced stomatal closure. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:8-9. [PMID: 36323283 PMCID: PMC9806625 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching Chan
- Assistant Features Editor, The Plant Cell, American Society of Plant Biologists, USA
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
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9
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Treado JD, Roddy AB, Théroux-Rancourt G, Zhang L, Ambrose C, Brodersen CR, Shattuck MD, O’Hern CS. Localized growth and remodelling drives spongy mesophyll morphogenesis. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220602. [PMID: 36475391 PMCID: PMC9727661 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spongy mesophyll is a complex, porous tissue found in plant leaves that enables carbon capture and provides mechanical stability. Unlike many other biological tissues, which remain confluent throughout development, the spongy mesophyll must develop from an initially confluent tissue into a tortuous network of cells with a large proportion of intercellular airspace. How the airspace in the spongy mesophyll develops while the tissue remains mechanically stable is unknown. Here, we use computer simulations of deformable polygons to develop a purely mechanical model for the development of the spongy mesophyll tissue. By stipulating that cell wall growth and remodelling occurs only near void space, our computational model is able to recapitulate spongy mesophyll development observed in Arabidopsis thaliana leaves. We find that robust generation of pore space in the spongy mesophyll requires a balance of cell growth, adhesion, stiffness and tissue pressure to ensure cell networks become porous yet maintain mechanical stability. The success of this mechanical model of morphogenesis suggests that simple physical principles can coordinate and drive the development of complex plant tissues like the spongy mesophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D. Treado
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science and Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adam B. Roddy
- Institute of Environment, Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Guillaume Théroux-Rancourt
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, Institute of Botany, 1180 Vienna, Austria
| | - Liyong Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E2
| | - Chris Ambrose
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7N 5E2
| | | | - Mark D. Shattuck
- Department of Physics and Benjamin Levich Institute, City College of New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Corey S. O’Hern
- Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA,Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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10
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Xiong C, Pei H, Zhang Y, Ren W, Ma Z, Tang Y, Huang J. Integrative analysis of transcriptome and miRNAome reveals molecular mechanisms regulating pericarp thickness in sweet corn during kernel development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:945379. [PMID: 35958194 PMCID: PMC9361504 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.945379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pericarp thickness affects the edible quality of sweet corn (Zea mays L. saccharata Sturt.). Therefore, breeding varieties with a thin pericarp is important for the quality breeding of sweet corn. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the pericarp development remain largely unclear. We performed an integrative analysis of mRNA and miRNA sequencing to elucidate the genetic mechanism regulating pericarp thickness during kernel development (at 15 days, 19 days, and 23 days after pollination) of two sweet corn inbred lines with different pericarp thicknesses (M03, with a thinner pericarp and M08, with a thicker pericarp). A total of 2,443 and 1,409 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in M03 and M08, respectively. Our results indicate that phytohormone-mediated programmed cell death (PCD) may play a critical role in determining pericarp thickness in sweet corn. Auxin (AUX), gibberellin (GA), and brassinosteroid (BR) signal transduction may indirectly mediate PCD to regulate pericarp thickness in M03 (the thin pericarp variety). In contrast, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CK), and ethylene (ETH) signaling may be the key regulators of pericarp PCD in M08 (the thick pericarp variety). Furthermore, 110 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEMIs) and 478 differentially expressed target genes were identified. miRNA164-, miRNA167-, and miRNA156-mediated miRNA-mRNA pairs may participate in regulating pericarp thickness. The expression results of DEGs were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms regulating pericarp thickness and propose the objective of breeding sweet corn varieties with a thin pericarp.
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11
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Dong M, Xue S, Bartholomew ES, Zhai X, Sun L, Xu S, Zhang Y, Yin S, Ma W, Chen S, Feng Z, Geng C, Li X, Liu X, Ren H. Transcriptomic and functional analysis provides molecular insights into multicellular trichome development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 189:301-314. [PMID: 35171294 PMCID: PMC9070826 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes, the hair-like structures located on aerial parts of most vascular plants, are associated with a wide array of biological processes and affect the economic value of certain species. The processes involved in unicellular trichome formation have been well-studied in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). However, our understanding of the morphological changes and the underlying molecular processes involved in multicellular trichome development is limited. Here, we studied the dynamic developmental processes involved in glandular and nonglandular multicellular trichome formation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and divided these processes into five sequential stages. To gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of multicellular trichome formation, we performed a time-course transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing analysis. A total of 711 multicellular trichome-related genes were screened and a model for multicellular trichome formation was developed. The transcriptome and co-expression datasets were validated by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. In addition, virus-induced gene silencing analysis revealed that CsHOMEOBOX3 (CsHOX3) and CsbHLH1 are involved in nonglandular trichome elongation and glandular trichome formation, respectively, which corresponds with the transcriptome data. This study presents a transcriptome atlas that provides insights into the molecular processes involved in multicellular trichome formation in cucumber and can be an important resource for future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Dong
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shudan Xue
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ezra S Bartholomew
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuling Zhai
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuai Yin
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wenyue Ma
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuying Chen
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhongxuan Feng
- Department of Vegetable Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chao Geng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
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12
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Scholz P, Pejchar P, Fernkorn M, Škrabálková E, Pleskot R, Blersch K, Munnik T, Potocký M, Ischebeck T. DIACYLGLYCEROL KINASE 5 regulates polar tip growth of tobacco pollen tubes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2185-2202. [PMID: 34931304 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pollen tubes require a tightly regulated pectin secretion machinery to sustain the cell wall plasticity required for polar tip growth. Involved in this regulation at the apical plasma membrane are proteins and signaling molecules, including phosphoinositides and phosphatidic acid (PA). However, the contribution of diacylglycerol kinases (DGKs) is not clear. We transiently expressed tobacco DGKs in pollen tubes to identify a plasma membrane (PM)-localized isoform, and then to study its effect on pollen tube growth, pectin secretion and lipid signaling. In order to potentially downregulate DGK5 function, we overexpressed an inactive variant. Only one of eight DGKs displayed a confined localization at the apical PM. We could demonstrate its enzymatic activity and that a kinase-dead variant was inactive. Overexpression of either variant led to differential perturbations including misregulation of pectin secretion. One mode of regulation could be that DGK5-formed PA regulates phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinases, as overexpression of the inactive DGK5 variant not only led to a reduction of PA but also of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate levels and suppressed related growth phenotypes. We conclude that DGK5 is an additional player of polar tip growth that regulates pectin secretion probably in a common pathway with PI4P 5-kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Scholz
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Přemysl Pejchar
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Max Fernkorn
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
| | - Eliška Škrabálková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University, Prague, 12844, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Katharina Blersch
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Green Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Münster, 48143, Germany
| | - Teun Munnik
- Plant Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, 1000 BE, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Potocký
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Till Ischebeck
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences and Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, 37077, Germany
- Green Biotechnology, Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Münster, 48143, Germany
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13
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Ishida K, Yokoyama R. Reconsidering the function of the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase family. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2022; 135:145-156. [PMID: 35000024 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-021-01361-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess an outer cell layer called the cell wall. This matrix comprises various molecules, such as polysaccharides and proteins, and serves a wide array of physiologically important functions. This structure is not static but rather flexible in response to the environment. One of the factors responsible for this plasticity is the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family, which cleaves and reconnects xyloglucan molecules. Since xyloglucan molecules have been hypothesised to tether cellulose microfibrils forming the main load-bearing network in the primary cell wall, XTHs have been thought to play a central role in cell wall loosening for plant cell expansion. However, multiple lines of recent evidence have questioned this classic model. Nevertheless, reverse genetic analyses have proven the biological importance of XTHs; therefore, a major challenge at present is to reconsider the role of XTHs in planta. Recent advances in analytical techniques have allowed for gathering rich information on the structure of the primary cell wall. Thus, the integration of accumulated knowledge in current XTH studies may offer a turning point for unveiling the precise functions of XTHs. In the present review, we redefine the biological function of the XTH family based on the recent architectural model of the cell wall. We highlight three key findings regarding this enzyme family: (1) XTHs are not strictly required for cell wall loosening during plant cell expansion but play vital roles in response to specific biotic or abiotic stresses; (2) in addition to their transglycosylase activity, the hydrolase activity of XTHs is involved in physiological benefits; and (3) XTHs can recognise a wide range of polysaccharides other than xyloglucans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QE, UK
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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14
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Comparison of Quantitative Morphology of Layered and Arbitrary Patterns: Contrary to Visual Perception, Binary Arbitrary Patterns Are Layered from a Structural Point of View. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11146300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Patterns found among both living systems, such as fish scales, bones, and tree rings, and non-living systems, such as terrestrial and extraterrestrial dunes, microstructures of alloys, and geological seismic profiles, are comprised of anisotropic layers of different thicknesses and lengths. These layered patterns form a record of internal and external factors that regulate pattern formation in their various systems, making it potentially possible to recognize events in the formation history of these systems. In our previous work, we developed an empirical model (EM) of anisotropic layered patterns using an N-partite graph, denoted as G(N), and a Boolean function to formalize the layer structure. The concept of isotropic and anisotropic layers was presented and described in terms of the G(N) and Boolean function. The central element of the present work is the justification that arbitrary binary patterns are made up of such layers. It has been shown that within the frame of the proposed model, it is the isotropic and anisotropic layers themselves that are the building blocks of binary layered and arbitrary patterns; pixels play no role. This is why the EM can be used to describe the morphological characteristics of such patterns. We present the parameters disorder of layer structure, disorder of layer size, and pattern complexity to describe the degree of deviation of the structure and size of an arbitrary anisotropic pattern being studied from the structure and size of a layered isotropic analog. Experiments with arbitrary patterns, such as regular geometric figures, convex and concave polygons, contour maps, the shape of island coastlines, river meanders, historic texts, and artistic drawings are presented to illustrate the spectrum of problems that it may be possible to solve by applying the EM. The differences and similarities between the proposed and existing morphological characteristics of patterns has been discussed, as well as the pros and cons of the suggested method.
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15
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Krasylenko Y, Komis G, Hlynska S, Vavrdová T, Ovečka M, Pospíšil T, Šamaj J. GR24, A Synthetic Strigolactone Analog, and Light Affect the Organization of Cortical Microtubules in Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Cells. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:675981. [PMID: 34305975 PMCID: PMC8293678 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.675981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones are plant hormones regulating cytoskeleton-mediated developmental events in roots, such as lateral root formation and elongation of root hairs and hypocotyls. The latter process was addressed herein by the exogenous application of a synthetic strigolactone, GR24, and an inhibitor of strigolactone biosynthesis, TIS108, on hypocotyls of wild-type Arabidopsis and a strigolactone signaling mutant max2-1 (more axillary growth 2-1). Owing to the interdependence between light and strigolactone signaling, the present work was extended to seedlings grown under a standard light/dark regime, or under continuous darkness. Given the essential role of the cortical microtubules in cell elongation, their organization and dynamics were characterized under the conditions of altered strigolactone signaling using fluorescence microscopy methods with different spatiotemporal capacities, such as confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM). It was found that GR24-dependent inhibition of hypocotyl elongation correlated with changes in cortical microtubule organization and dynamics, observed in living wild-type and max2-1 seedlings stably expressing genetically encoded fluorescent molecular markers for microtubules. Quantitative assessment of microscopic datasets revealed that chemical and/or genetic manipulation of strigolactone signaling affected microtubule remodeling, especially under light conditions. The application of GR24 in dark conditions partially alleviated cytoskeletal rearrangement, suggesting a new mechanistic connection between cytoskeletal behavior and the light-dependence of strigolactone signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Krasylenko
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - George Komis
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Sofiia Hlynska
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tereza Vavrdová
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Pospíšil
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Cell Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czechia
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16
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Eder M, Schäffner W, Burgert I, Fratzl P. Wood and the Activity of Dead Tissue. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2001412. [PMID: 32748985 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Wood is a prototypical biological material, which adapts to mechanical requirements. The microarchitecture of cellulose fibrils determines the mechanical properties of woody materials, as well as their actuation properties, based on absorption and desorption of water. Herein it is argued that cellulose fiber orientation corresponds to an analog code that determines the response of wood to humidity as an active material. Examples for the harvesting of wood activity, as well as bioinspiration, are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Eder
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schäffner
- Institute of Cultural History and Theory, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, 10117, Germany
| | - Ingo Burgert
- ETH Zürich, Wood Materials Science, Zürich, 8093, Switzerland
- Empa, Cellulose & Wood Materials Laboratory, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, Potsdam, 14476, Germany
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17
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Liu S, Jobert F, Rahneshan Z, Doyle SM, Robert S. Solving the Puzzle of Shape Regulation in Plant Epidermal Pavement Cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:525-550. [PMID: 34143651 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-081920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis serves many essential functions, including interactions with the environment, protection, mechanical strength, and regulation of tissue and organ growth. To achieve these functions, specialized epidermal cells develop into particular shapes. These include the intriguing interdigitated jigsaw puzzle shape of cotyledon and leaf pavement cells seen in many species, the precise functions of which remain rather obscure. Although pavement cell shape regulation is complex and still a long way from being fully understood, the roles of the cell wall, mechanical stresses, cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal regulatory proteins, and phytohormones are becoming clearer. Here, we provide a review of this current knowledge of pavement cell morphogenesis, generated from a wealth of experimental evidence and assisted by computational modeling approaches. We also discuss the evolution and potential functions of pavement cell interdigitation. Throughout the review, we highlight some of the thought-provoking controversies and creative theories surrounding the formation of the curious puzzle shape of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - François Jobert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Zahra Rahneshan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Siamsa M Doyle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
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18
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The Arabidopsis RLCK VI_A2 Kinase Controls Seedling and Plant Growth in Parallel with Gibberellin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197266. [PMID: 33019674 PMCID: PMC7582978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant-specific receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) form a large, poorly characterized family. Members of the RLCK VI_A class of dicots have a unique characteristic: their activity is regulated by Rho-of-plants (ROP) GTPases. The biological function of one of these kinases was investigated using a T-DNA insertion mutant and RNA interference. Loss of RLCK VI_A2 function resulted in restricted cell expansion and seedling growth. Although these phenotypes could be rescued by exogenous gibberellin, the mutant did not exhibit lower levels of active gibberellins nor decreased gibberellin sensitivity. Transcriptome analysis confirmed that gibberellin is not the direct target of the kinase; its absence rather affected the metabolism and signalling of other hormones such as auxin. It is hypothesized that gibberellins and the RLCK VI_A2 kinase act in parallel to regulate cell expansion and plant growth. Gene expression studies also indicated that the kinase might have an overlapping role with the transcription factor circuit (PIF4-BZR1-ARF6) controlling skotomorphogenesis-related hypocotyl/cotyledon elongation. Furthermore, the transcriptomic changes revealed that the loss of RLCK VI_A2 function alters cellular processes that are associated with cell membranes, take place at the cell periphery or in the apoplast, and are related to cellular transport and/or cell wall reorganisation.
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19
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Takatsuka H, Ito M. Cytoskeletal Control of Planar Polarity in Root Hair Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:580935. [PMID: 33014003 PMCID: PMC7496891 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.580935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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20
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Golinejad S, Mirjalili MH. Fast and cost-effective preparation of plant cells for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. Anal Biochem 2020; 609:113920. [PMID: 32827464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of plant cell structure provides valuable information about its morphological, physiological, and biochemical characteristics. Nowadays, scanning electron microscope (SEM) is widely used to provide high-resolution images at the surface of biological samples. However, biological specimens require preparation, including dehydration and coating with conductive materials for imaging by SEM. There are several techniques for providing images with maximum maintenance of cell structure and minimum cellular damage, but each requires the use of expensive and hazardous materials, which can be damaging to the cell in many cases. Therefore, the provision of new and effective preparation methods based on maintaining cell structure for imaging can be very practical. In the present study, a fast and cost-effective protocol was first performed for chemical fixation and preparation of the plant cells for imaging by SEM. Taxus baccata and Zhumeria majdae cells were chemically fixed using glutaraldehyde and then successfully dried with different percentages of ethanol including 70, 80, 90, and 100%. In addition, SEM was performed for imaging the cell surface in different micro-scales. This protocol can be used by plant cell biologists and biotechnologists who are interested in studying structural and biochemical responses of treated or stressed plant cells by SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Golinejad
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili
- Department of Agriculture, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, G. C., Tehran, Iran.
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21
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Bidhendi AJ, Altartouri B, Gosselin FP, Geitmann A. Mechanical Stress Initiates and Sustains the Morphogenesis of Wavy Leaf Epidermal Cells. Cell Rep 2020; 28:1237-1250.e6. [PMID: 31365867 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pavement cells form wavy interlocking patterns in the leaf epidermis of many plants. We use computational mechanics to simulate the morphogenetic process based on microtubule organization and cell wall chemistry. Based on the in silico simulations and experimental evidence, we suggest that a multistep process underlies the morphogenesis of pavement cells. The in silico model predicts alternatingly located, feedback-augmented mechanical heterogeneity of the periclinal and anticlinal walls. It suggests that the emergence of waves is created by a stiffening of the emerging indented sides, an effect that matches cellulose and de-esterified pectin patterns in the cell wall. Further, conceptual evidence for mechanical buckling of the cell walls is provided, a mechanism that has the potential to initiate wavy patterns de novo and may precede chemical and geometrical symmetry breaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir J Bidhendi
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Bara Altartouri
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada
| | - Frédérick P Gosselin
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Multi-échelles, Département de Génie Mécanique, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P. 6079, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Anja Geitmann
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, 21111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3V9, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H1X 2B2, Canada.
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22
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Park S, Ding SY. The N-terminal zinc finger of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE6 is critical in defining its functional properties by determining the level of homodimerization in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 103:1826-1838. [PMID: 32524705 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Primary cell wall cellulose is synthesized by the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) containing CELLULOSE SYNTHASE1 (CESA1), CESA3 and one of four CESA6-like proteins in Arabidopsis. It has been proposed that the CESA6-like proteins occupy the same position in the CSC, but their underlying selection mechanism remains unclear. We produced a chimeric CESA5 by replacing its N-terminal zinc finger with its CESA6 counterpart to investigate the consequences for its homodimerization, a crucial step in forming higher-order structures during assembly of the CSC. We found that the mutant phenotypes of prc1-1, a cesa6 null mutant, were rescued by the chimeric CESA5, and became comparable to the wild type (WT) and prc1-1 complemented by WT CESA6 in regard to plant growth, cellulose content, cellulose microfibril organization, CSC dynamics and subcellular localization. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays were employed to evaluate pairwise interactions between the N-terminal regions of CESA1, CESA3, CESA5, CESA6 and the chimeric CESA5. We verified that the chimeric CESA5 explicitly interacted with all the other CESA partners, comparable to CESA6, whereas interaction between CESA5 with itself was significantly weaker than that of all other CESA pairs. Our findings suggest that the homodimerization of CESA6 through its N-terminal zinc finger is critical in defining its functional properties, and possibly determines its intrinsic roles in facilitating higher-order structures in CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjin Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shi-You Ding
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, 612 Wilson Road, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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23
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Protoplast Isolation and Manipulation in the Unicellular Model Plant Penium margaritaceum. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2149:111-124. [PMID: 32617932 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0621-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular freshwater green alga Penium margaritaceum has become a novel and valuable model organism for elucidating cell wall dynamics in plants. We describe a rapid and simple means for isolating protoplasts using commercial enzymes in a mannitol-based buffer. Protoplasts can be cultured and cell wall recovery can be monitored in sequentially diluted mannitol-based medium. We also describe an optimized protocol to prepare highly pure, organelle-free nuclei fractions from protoplasts using sucrose gradients. This technology provides a new and effective tool in Penium biology that can be used for analysis of cell wall polymer deposition, organelle isolation and characterization, and molecular research including genetic transformation and somatic hybridization.
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24
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Zhang X, Wu J, Yu Q, Liu R, Wang ZY, Sun Y. AtOFPs regulate cell elongation by modulating microtubule orientation via direct interaction with TONNEAU2. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110405. [PMID: 32005401 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As a group of plant-specific proteins, OVATE family protein (OFP) members have been shown to function as transcriptional repressors and involve in plant growth regulation in Arabidopsis and rice. It has also been shown that OFPs can interact with TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif (TRM) proteins to regulate tomato fruit shape. In this study, we show that mutant plants with knock-down expression of OFP1, OFP2, OFP3, and OFP5 exhibit longer hypocotyls and cotyledons due to enhanced cell elongation. Overexpression of OFPs disturb the arrangement of cortical microtubule arrays in pavement cells and promote abnormal pavement cell expansion perpendicular to the direction of petiole growth, resulting in the kidney-shaped cotyledons in transgenic plants. OFP2 and OFP5 interact directly with the microtubule regulating protein TONNEAU2 (TON2), and genetic analysis suggests TON2 is required for the function of OFPs. We also show that altering the expression of OFPs affects light and BR regulated microtubule reorientation. BR treatment reduce the protein accumulation of OFP2, suggesting OFP2 mediates BR regulated microtubule reorientation. Taken together, our study provides evidences showing that OFP family proteins negatively regulate cell expansion by modulating microtubule reorganization, which requires the function of TON2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jiali Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ruiyan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Yu Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, 050024, Shijiazhuang, China.
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25
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Cifrová P, Oulehlová D, Kollárová E, Martinek J, Rosero A, Žárský V, Schwarzerová K, Cvrčková F. Division of Labor Between Two Actin Nucleators-the Formin FH1 and the ARP2/3 Complex-in Arabidopsis Epidermal Cell Morphogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:148. [PMID: 32194585 PMCID: PMC7061858 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The ARP2/3 complex and formins are the only known plant actin nucleators. Besides their actin-related functions, both systems also modulate microtubule organization and dynamics. Loss of the main housekeeping Arabidopsis thaliana Class I membrane-targeted formin FH1 (At3g25500) is known to increase cotyledon pavement cell lobing, while mutations affecting ARP2/3 subunits exhibit an opposite effect. Here we examine the role of FH1 and the ARP2/3 complex subunit ARPC5 (At4g01710) in epidermal cell morphogenesis with focus on pavement cells and trichomes using a model system of single fh1 and arpc5, as well as double fh1 arpc5 mutants. While cotyledon pavement cell shape in double mutants mostly resembled single arpc5 mutants, analysis of true leaf epidermal morphology, as well as actin and microtubule organization and dynamics, revealed a more complex relationship between the two systems and similar, rather than antagonistic, effects on some parameters. Both fh1 and arpc5 mutations increased actin network density and increased cell shape complexity in pavement cells and trichomes of first true leaves, in contrast to cotyledons. Thus, while the two actin nucleation systems have complementary roles in some aspects of cell morphogenesis in cotyledon pavement cells, they may act in parallel in other cell types and developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Cifrová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Denisa Oulehlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Eva Kollárová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Martinek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Amparo Rosero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- *Correspondence: Fatima Cvrčková,
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26
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Baldazzi V, Valsesia P, Génard M, Bertin N. Organ-wide and ploidy-dependent regulation both contribute to cell-size determination: evidence from a computational model of tomato fruit. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6215-6228. [PMID: 31504751 PMCID: PMC6859726 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of a new organ is the result of coordinated events of cell division and expansion, in strong interaction with each other. This study presents a dynamic model of tomato fruit development that includes cell division, endoreduplication, and expansion processes. The model is used to investigate the potential interactions among these developmental processes within the context of the neo-cellular theory. In particular, different control schemes (either cell-autonomous or organ-controlled) are tested and compared to experimental data from two contrasting genotypes. The model shows that a pure cell-autonomous control fails to reproduce the observed cell-size distribution, and that an organ-wide control is required in order to get realistic cell-size variations. The model also supports the role of endoreduplication as an important determinant of the final cell size and suggests that a direct effect of endoreduplication on cell expansion is needed in order to obtain a significant correlation between size and ploidy, as observed in real data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Baldazzi
- INRA, PSH, 228 route de l'Aerodrome, Avignon, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRA, CNRS, ISA, 400 route des Chappes, Sophia-Antipolis, France
- Université Côte d'Azur, Inria, INRA, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, BIOCORE, 2004 route des Lucioles, Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | | | - Michel Génard
- INRA, PSH, 228 route de l'Aerodrome, Avignon, France
| | - Nadia Bertin
- INRA, PSH, 228 route de l'Aerodrome, Avignon, France
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27
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Fanalista F, Birnie A, Maan R, Burla F, Charles K, Pawlik G, Deshpande S, Koenderink GH, Dogterom M, Dekker C. Shape and Size Control of Artificial Cells for Bottom-Up Biology. ACS NANO 2019; 13:5439-5450. [PMID: 31074603 PMCID: PMC6543616 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up biology is an expanding research field that aims to understand the mechanisms underlying biological processes via in vitro assembly of their essential components in synthetic cells. As encapsulation and controlled manipulation of these elements is a crucial step in the recreation of such cell-like objects, microfluidics is increasingly used for the production of minimal artificial containers such as single-emulsion droplets, double-emulsion droplets, and liposomes. Despite the importance of cell morphology on cellular dynamics, current synthetic-cell studies mainly use spherical containers, and methods to actively shape manipulate these have been lacking. In this paper, we describe a microfluidic platform to deform the shape of artificial cells into a variety of shapes (rods and discs) with adjustable cell-like dimensions below 5 μm, thereby mimicking realistic cell morphologies. To illustrate the potential of our method, we reconstitute three biologically relevant protein systems (FtsZ, microtubules, collagen) inside rod-shaped containers and study the arrangement of the protein networks inside these synthetic containers with physiologically relevant morphologies resembling those found in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Fanalista
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Birnie
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Renu Maan
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Burla
- Department
of Living Matter, Biological Soft Matter Group, AMOLF, Science Park
104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Charles
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Grzegorz Pawlik
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Siddharth Deshpande
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H. Koenderink
- Department
of Living Matter, Biological Soft Matter Group, AMOLF, Science Park
104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department
of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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28
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Liang S, Yang X, Deng M, Zhao J, Shao J, Qi Y, Liu X, Yu F, An L. A New Allele of the SPIKE1 Locus Reveals Distinct Regulation of Trichome and Pavement Cell Development and Plant Growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:16. [PMID: 30733726 PMCID: PMC6353857 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The single-celled trichomes of Arabidopsis thaliana have long served as an elegant model for elucidating the mechanisms of cell differentiation and morphogenesis due to their unique growth patterns. To identify new components in the genetic network that governs trichome development, we carried out exhaustive screens for additional Arabidopsis mutants with altered trichome morphology. Here, we report one mutant, aberrantly branched trichome1-1 (abt1-1), with a reduced trichome branching phenotype. After positional cloning, a point mutation in the SPIKE1 (SPK1) gene was identified in abt1-1. Further genetic complementation experiments confirmed that abt1-1 is a new allele of SPK1, so abt1-1 was renamed as spk1-7 according to the literatures. spk1-7 and two other spk1 mutant alleles, covering a spectrum of phenotypic severity, highlighted the distinct responses of developmental programs to different SPK1 mutations. Although null spk1 mutants are lethal and show defects in plant stature, trichome and epidermal pavement cell development, only trichome branching is affected in spk1-7. Surprisingly, we found that SPK1 is involved in the positioning of nuclei in the trichome cells. Lastly, through double mutant analysis, we found the coordinated regulation of trichome branching between SPK1 and two other trichome branching regulators, ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) and ZWICHEL (ZWI). SPK1 might serve for the precise positioning of trichome nuclei, while AN and ZWI contribute to the formation of branch points through governing the cMTs dynamics. In summary, this study presented a fully viable new mutant allele of SPK1 and shed new light on the regulation of trichome branching and other developmental processes by SPK1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fei Yu
- *Correspondence: Fei Yu, Lijun An,
| | - Lijun An
- *Correspondence: Fei Yu, Lijun An,
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29
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Mitra D, Klemm S, Kumari P, Quegwer J, Möller B, Poeschl Y, Pflug P, Stamm G, Abel S, Bürstenbinder K. Microtubule-associated protein IQ67 DOMAIN5 regulates morphogenesis of leaf pavement cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:529-543. [PMID: 30407556 PMCID: PMC6322583 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant microtubules form a highly dynamic intracellular network with important roles for regulating cell division, cell proliferation, and cell morphology. Their organization and dynamics are co-ordinated by various microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that integrate environmental and developmental stimuli to fine-tune and adjust cytoskeletal arrays. IQ67 DOMAIN (IQD) proteins recently emerged as a class of plant-specific MAPs with largely unknown functions. Here, using a reverse genetics approach, we characterize Arabidopsis IQD5 in terms of its expression domains, subcellular localization, and biological functions. We show that IQD5 is expressed mostly in vegetative tissues, where it localizes to cortical microtubule arrays. Our phenotypic analysis of iqd5 loss-of-function lines reveals functions of IQD5 in pavement cell (PC) shape morphogenesis. Histochemical analysis of cell wall composition further suggests reduced rates of cellulose deposition in anticlinal cell walls, which correlate with reduced anisotropic expansion. Lastly, we demonstrate IQD5-dependent recruitment of calmodulin calcium sensors to cortical microtubule arrays and provide first evidence for important roles for calcium in regulation of PC morphogenesis. Our work identifies IQD5 as a novel player in PC shape regulation and, for the first time, links calcium signaling to developmental processes that regulate anisotropic growth in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipannita Mitra
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sandra Klemm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jakob Quegwer
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Birgit Möller
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- iDiv, German Integrative Research Center for Biodiversity, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Pflug
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gina Stamm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
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30
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Mitra D, Klemm S, Kumari P, Quegwer J, Möller B, Poeschl Y, Pflug P, Stamm G, Abel S, Bürstenbinder K. Microtubule-associated protein IQ67 DOMAIN5 regulates morphogenesis of leaf pavement cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:529-543. [PMID: 30407556 DOI: 10.1101/268466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant microtubules form a highly dynamic intracellular network with important roles for regulating cell division, cell proliferation, and cell morphology. Their organization and dynamics are co-ordinated by various microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) that integrate environmental and developmental stimuli to fine-tune and adjust cytoskeletal arrays. IQ67 DOMAIN (IQD) proteins recently emerged as a class of plant-specific MAPs with largely unknown functions. Here, using a reverse genetics approach, we characterize Arabidopsis IQD5 in terms of its expression domains, subcellular localization, and biological functions. We show that IQD5 is expressed mostly in vegetative tissues, where it localizes to cortical microtubule arrays. Our phenotypic analysis of iqd5 loss-of-function lines reveals functions of IQD5 in pavement cell (PC) shape morphogenesis. Histochemical analysis of cell wall composition further suggests reduced rates of cellulose deposition in anticlinal cell walls, which correlate with reduced anisotropic expansion. Lastly, we demonstrate IQD5-dependent recruitment of calmodulin calcium sensors to cortical microtubule arrays and provide first evidence for important roles for calcium in regulation of PC morphogenesis. Our work identifies IQD5 as a novel player in PC shape regulation and, for the first time, links calcium signaling to developmental processes that regulate anisotropic growth in PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipannita Mitra
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Sandra Klemm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pratibha Kumari
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jakob Quegwer
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Birgit Möller
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- iDiv, German Integrative Research Center for Biodiversity, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Paul Pflug
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Gina Stamm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB),Halle (Saale), Germany
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31
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Vőfély RV, Gallagher J, Pisano GD, Bartlett M, Braybrook SA. Of puzzles and pavements: a quantitative exploration of leaf epidermal cell shape. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:540-552. [PMID: 30281798 PMCID: PMC6585845 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal cells of leaves are diverse: tabular pavement cells, trichomes, and stomatal complexes. Pavement cells from the monocot Zea mays (maize) and the eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) have highly undulate anticlinal walls. The molecular basis for generating these undulating margins has been extensively investigated in these species. This has led to two assumptions: first, that particular plant lineages are characterized by particular pavement cell shapes; and second, that undulatory cell shapes are common enough to be model shapes. To test these assumptions, we quantified pavement cell shape in epidermides from the leaves of 278 vascular plant taxa. We found that monocot pavement cells tended to have weakly undulating margins, fern cells had strongly undulating margins, and eudicot cells showed no particular undulation degree. Cells with highly undulating margins, like those of Arabidopsis and maize, were in the minority. We also found a trend towards more undulating cell margins on abaxial leaf surfaces; and that highly elongated leaves in ferns, monocots and gymnosperms tended to have highly elongated cells. Our results reveal the diversity of pavement cell shapes, and lays the quantitative groundwork for testing hypotheses about pavement cell form and function within a phylogenetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róza V. Vőfély
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeBateman StreetCambridgeCB1 2LRUK
| | - Joseph Gallagher
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts611 North Pleasant StreetAmherstMA01003‐9297USA
| | - Grace D. Pisano
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts611 North Pleasant StreetAmherstMA01003‐9297USA
| | - Madelaine Bartlett
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Massachusetts611 North Pleasant StreetAmherstMA01003‐9297USA
| | - Siobhan A. Braybrook
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeBateman StreetCambridgeCB1 2LRUK
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California at Los Angeles610 Charles E Young Dr. SouthLos AngelesCA90095USA
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California at Los Angeles611 Charles E. Young Drive EastLos AngelesCA90095‐1570USA
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32
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Abstract
Morphological analysis of cell shapes requires segmentation of cell contours from input images and subsequent extraction of meaningful shape descriptors that provide the basis for qualitative and quantitative assessment of shape characteristics. Here, we describe the publicly available ImageJ plugin PaCeQuant and its associated R package PaCeQuantAna, which provides a pipeline for fully automatic segmentation, feature extraction, statistical analysis, and graphical visualization of cell shape properties. PaCeQuant is specifically well suited for analysis of jigsaw puzzle-like leaf epidermis pavement cells from 2D input images and supports the quantification of global, contour-based, skeleton-based, and pavement cell-specific shape descriptors.
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33
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Vőfély RV, Gallagher J, Pisano GD, Bartlett M, Braybrook SA. Of puzzles and pavements: a quantitative exploration of leaf epidermal cell shape. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019. [PMID: 30281798 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.g4q6pv3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal cells of leaves are diverse: tabular pavement cells, trichomes, and stomatal complexes. Pavement cells from the monocot Zea mays (maize) and the eudicot Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) have highly undulate anticlinal walls. The molecular basis for generating these undulating margins has been extensively investigated in these species. This has led to two assumptions: first, that particular plant lineages are characterized by particular pavement cell shapes; and second, that undulatory cell shapes are common enough to be model shapes. To test these assumptions, we quantified pavement cell shape in epidermides from the leaves of 278 vascular plant taxa. We found that monocot pavement cells tended to have weakly undulating margins, fern cells had strongly undulating margins, and eudicot cells showed no particular undulation degree. Cells with highly undulating margins, like those of Arabidopsis and maize, were in the minority. We also found a trend towards more undulating cell margins on abaxial leaf surfaces; and that highly elongated leaves in ferns, monocots and gymnosperms tended to have highly elongated cells. Our results reveal the diversity of pavement cell shapes, and lays the quantitative groundwork for testing hypotheses about pavement cell form and function within a phylogenetic context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Róza V Vőfély
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB1 2LR, UK
| | - Joseph Gallagher
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003-9297, USA
| | - Grace D Pisano
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003-9297, USA
| | - Madelaine Bartlett
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, 611 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003-9297, USA
| | - Siobhan A Braybrook
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Bateman Street, Cambridge, CB1 2LR, UK
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, 610 Charles E Young Dr. South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1570, USA
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34
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Lazzaro MD, Wu S, Snouffer A, Wang Y, van der Knaap E. Plant Organ Shapes Are Regulated by Protein Interactions and Associations With Microtubules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1766. [PMID: 30619384 PMCID: PMC6300067 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant organ shape is determined by the spatial-temporal expression of genes that control the direction and rate of cell division and expansion, as well as the mechanical constraints provided by the rigid cell walls and surrounding cells. Despite the importance of organ morphology during the plant life cycle, the interplay of patterning genes with these mechanical constraints and the cytoskeleton is poorly understood. Shapes of harvestable plant organs such as fruits, leaves, seeds and tubers vary dramatically among, and within crop plants. Years of selection have led to the accumulation of mutations in genes regulating organ shapes, allowing us to identify new genetic and molecular components controlling morphology as well as the interactions among the proteins. Using tomato as a model, we discuss the interaction of Ovate Family Proteins (OFPs) with a subset of TONNEAU1-recruiting motif family of proteins (TRMs) as a part of the protein network that appears to be required for interactions with the microtubules leading to coordinated multicellular growth in plants. In addition, SUN and other members of the IQD family also exert their effects on organ shape by interacting with microtubules. In this review, we aim to illuminate the probable mechanistic aspects of organ growth mediated by OFP-TRM and SUN/IQD via their interactions with the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Lazzaro
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, United States
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Shan Wu
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Ashley Snouffer
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Yanping Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Vegetables, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Esther van der Knaap
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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35
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Ojangu EL, Ilau B, Tanner K, Talts K, Ihoma E, Dolja VV, Paves H, Truve E. Class XI Myosins Contribute to Auxin Response and Senescence-Induced Cell Death in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1570. [PMID: 30538710 PMCID: PMC6277483 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The integrity and dynamics of actin cytoskeleton is necessary not only for plant cell architecture but also for membrane trafficking-mediated processes such as polar auxin transport, senescence, and cell death. In Arabidopsis, the inactivation of actin-based molecular motors, class XI myosins, affects the membrane trafficking and integrity of actin cytoskeleton, and thus causes defective plant growth and morphology, altered lifespan and reduced fertility. To evaluate the potential contribution of class XI myosins to the auxin response, senescence and cell death, we followed the flower and leaf development in the triple gene knockout mutant xi1 xi2 xik (3KO) and in rescued line stably expressing myosin XI-K:YFP (3KOR). Assessing the development of primary inflorescence shoots we found that the 3KO plants produced more axillary branches. Exploiting the auxin-dependent reporters DR5::GUS and IAA2::GUS, a significant reduction in auxin responsiveness was found throughout the development of the 3KO plants. Examination of the flower development of the plants stably expressing the auxin transporter PIN1::PIN1-GFP revealed partial loss of PIN1 polarization in developing 3KO pistils. Surprisingly, the stable expression of PIN1::PIN1-GFP significantly enhanced the semi-sterile phenotype of the 3KO plants. Further we investigated the localization of myosin XI-K:YFP in the 3KOR floral organs and revealed its expression pattern in floral primordia, developing pistils, and anther filaments. Interestingly, the XI-K:YFP and PIN1::PIN1-GFP shared partially overlapping but distinct expression patterns throughout floral development. Assessing the foliar development of the 3KO plants revealed increased rosette leaf production with signs of premature yellowing. Symptoms of the premature senescence correlated with massive loss of chlorophyll, increased cell death, early plasmolysis of epidermal cells, and strong up-regulation of the stress-inducible senescence-associated gene SAG13 in 3KO plants. Simultaneously, the reduced auxin responsiveness and premature leaf senescence were accompanied by significant anthocyanin accumulation in 3KO tissues. Collectively, our results provide genetic evidences that Arabidopsis class XI myosins arrange the flower morphogenesis and leaf longevity via contributing to auxin responses, leaf senescence, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eve-Ly Ojangu
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Birger Ilau
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Krista Tanner
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Kristiina Talts
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Eliis Ihoma
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Valerian V. Dolja
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Heiti Paves
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Erkki Truve
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia
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36
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Liang H, Zhang Y, Martinez P, Rasmussen CG, Xu T, Yang Z. The Microtubule-Associated Protein IQ67 DOMAIN5 Modulates Microtubule Dynamics and Pavement Cell Shape. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 177:1555-1568. [PMID: 29976837 PMCID: PMC6084666 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic arrangement of cortical microtubules (MTs) plays a pivotal role in controlling cell growth and shape formation in plants, but the mechanisms by which cortical MTs are organized to regulate these processes are not well characterized. In particular, the dynamic behavior of cortical MTs is critical for their spatial organization, yet the molecular mechanisms controlling MT dynamics remain poorly understood. In this study, we used the puzzle piece-shaped pavement cells of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves as a model system in which to study cortical MT organization. We isolated an ethyl methanesulfonate mutant with reduced interdigitation of pavement cells in cotyledons. This line carried a mutation in IQ67 DOMAIN5 (IQD5), which encodes a member of the plant-specific IQ motif protein family. Live-cell imaging and biochemical analyses demonstrated that IQD5 binds to MTs and promotes MT assembly. MT-depolymerizing drug treatment and in vivo MT dynamics assays suggested that IQD5 functions to stabilize MTs. Hence, our findings provide genetic, cell biological, and biochemical evidence that IQD5 regulates MT dynamics that affect MT organization and subsequent cell shape formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, People's Republic of China
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, People's Republic of China
| | - Pablo Martinez
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Carolyn G Rasmussen
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Tongda Xu
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201602, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521
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Sánchez-Corrales YE, Hartley M, van Rooij J, Marée AFM, Grieneisen VA. Morphometrics of complex cell shapes: lobe contribution elliptic Fourier analysis (LOCO-EFA). Development 2018; 145:dev.156778. [PMID: 29444894 PMCID: PMC5897594 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying cell morphology is fundamental to the statistical study of cell populations, and can help unravel mechanisms underlying cell and tissue morphogenesis. Current methods, however, require extensive human intervention, are highly parameter sensitive, or produce metrics that are difficult to interpret biologically. We therefore developed a method, lobe contribution elliptical Fourier analysis (LOCO-EFA), which generates from digitalised two-dimensional cell outlines meaningful descriptors that can be directly matched to morphological features. This is shown by studying well-defined geometric shapes as well as actual biological cells from plant and animal tissues. LOCO-EFA provides a tool to phenotype efficiently and objectively populations of cells, here demonstrated by applying it to the complex shaped pavement cells of Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and speechless leaves, and Drosophila amnioserosa cells. To validate our method's applicability to large populations, we analysed computer-generated tissues. By controlling in silico cell shape, we explored the potential impact of cell packing on individual cell shape, quantifying through LOCO-EFA deviations between the specified shape of single cells in isolation and the resultant shape when they interact within a confluent tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Hartley
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jop van Rooij
- Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK.,Theoretical Biology/Bioinformatics, Dept. of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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38
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Yu Q, Ren JJ, Kong LJ, Wang XL. Actin filaments regulate the adhesion between the plasma membrane and the cell wall of tobacco guard cells. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:235-245. [PMID: 28803402 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
During the opening and closing of stomata, guard cells undergo rapid and reversible changes in their volume and shape, which affects the adhesion of the plasma membrane (PM) to the cell wall (CW). The dynamics of actin filaments in guard cells are involved in stomatal movement by regulating structural changes and intracellular signaling. However, it is unclear whether actin dynamics regulate the adhesion of the PM to the CW. In this study, we investigated the relationship between actin dynamics and PM-CW adhesion by the hyperosmotic-induced plasmolysis of tobacco guard cells. We found that actin filaments in guard cells were depolymerized during mannitol-induced plasmolysis. The inhibition of actin dynamics by treatment with latrunculin B or jasplakinolide and the disruption of the adhesion between the PM and the CW by treatment with RGDS peptide (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) enhanced guard cell plasmolysis. However, treatment with latrunculin B alleviated the RGDS peptide-induced plasmolysis and endocytosis. Our results reveal that the actin depolymerization is involved in the regulation of the PW-CW adhesion during hyperosmotic-induced plasmolysis in tobacco guard cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Jing-Jing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Lan-Jing Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Xiu-Ling Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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Möller B, Poeschl Y, Plötner R, Bürstenbinder K. PaCeQuant: A Tool for High-Throughput Quantification of Pavement Cell Shape Characteristics. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:998-1017. [PMID: 28931626 PMCID: PMC5664455 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Pavement cells (PCs) are the most frequently occurring cell type in the leaf epidermis and play important roles in leaf growth and function. In many plant species, PCs form highly complex jigsaw-puzzle-shaped cells with interlocking lobes. Understanding of their development is of high interest for plant science research because of their importance for leaf growth and hence for plant fitness and crop yield. Studies of PC development, however, are limited, because robust methods are lacking that enable automatic segmentation and quantification of PC shape parameters suitable to reflect their cellular complexity. Here, we present our new ImageJ-based tool, PaCeQuant, which provides a fully automatic image analysis workflow for PC shape quantification. PaCeQuant automatically detects cell boundaries of PCs from confocal input images and enables manual correction of automatic segmentation results or direct import of manually segmented cells. PaCeQuant simultaneously extracts 27 shape features that include global, contour-based, skeleton-based, and PC-specific object descriptors. In addition, we included a method for classification and analysis of lobes at two-cell junctions and three-cell junctions, respectively. We provide an R script for graphical visualization and statistical analysis. We validated PaCeQuant by extensive comparative analysis to manual segmentation and existing quantification tools and demonstrated its usability to analyze PC shape characteristics during development and between different genotypes. PaCeQuant thus provides a platform for robust, efficient, and reproducible quantitative analysis of PC shape characteristics that can easily be applied to study PC development in large data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Möller
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Yvonne Poeschl
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- German Integrative Research Center for Biodiversity (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Romina Plötner
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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40
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Goldman RP, Jozefkowicz C, Canessa Fortuna A, Sutka M, Alleva K, Ozu M. Tonoplast (BvTIP1;2) and plasma membrane (BvPIP2;1) aquaporins show different mechanosensitive properties. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1555-1565. [PMID: 28486763 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous works proposed that aquaporins behave as mechanosensitive channels. However, principal issues about mechanosensitivity of aquaporins are not known. In this work, we characterized the mechanosensitive properties of the water channels BvTIP1;2 (TIP1) and BvPIP2;1 (PIP2) from red beet (Beta vulgaris). We simultaneously measured the mechanical behavior and the water transport rates during the osmotic response of emptied-out oocytes expressing TIP1 or PIP2. Our results indicate that TIP1 is a mechanosensitive aquaporin, whereas PIP2 is not. We found that a single exponential function between the osmotic permeability coefficient and the volumetric elastic modulus governs the mechanosensitivity of TIP1. Finally, homology modeling analysis indicates that putative residues involved in mechanosensitivity show different quantity and distribution in TIP1 and PIP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro P Goldman
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO Houssay), Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cintia Jozefkowicz
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Fisicomatemática, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Canessa Fortuna
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Fisicomatemática, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Moira Sutka
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina Alleva
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB), Departamento de Fisicomatemática, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Ozu
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica (IFIBIO Houssay), Laboratorio de Biomembranas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada (IBBEA), Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bürstenbinder K, Möller B, Plötner R, Stamm G, Hause G, Mitra D, Abel S. The IQD Family of Calmodulin-Binding Proteins Links Calcium Signaling to Microtubules, Membrane Subdomains, and the Nucleus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 173:1692-1708. [PMID: 28115582 PMCID: PMC5338658 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling and dynamic reorganization of the cytoskeleton are essential processes for the coordination and control of plant cell shape and cell growth. Calmodulin (CaM) and closely related calmodulin-like (CML) polypeptides are principal sensors of Ca2+ signals. CaM/CMLs decode and relay information encrypted by the second messenger via differential interactions with a wide spectrum of targets to modulate their diverse biochemical activities. The plant-specific IQ67 DOMAIN (IQD) family emerged as possibly the largest class of CaM-interacting proteins with undefined molecular functions and biological roles. Here, we show that the 33 members of the IQD family in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) differentially localize, using green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged proteins, to multiple and distinct subcellular sites, including microtubule (MT) arrays, plasma membrane subdomains, and nuclear compartments. Intriguingly, the various IQD-specific localization patterns coincide with the subcellular patterns of IQD-dependent recruitment of CaM, suggesting that the diverse IQD members sequester Ca2+-CaM signaling modules to specific subcellular sites for precise regulation of Ca2+-dependent processes. Because MT localization is a hallmark of most IQD family members, we quantitatively analyzed GFP-labeled MT arrays in Nicotiana benthamiana cells transiently expressing GFP-IQD fusions and observed IQD-specific MT patterns, which point to a role of IQDs in MT organization and dynamics. Indeed, stable overexpression of select IQD proteins in Arabidopsis altered cellular MT orientation, cell shape, and organ morphology. Because IQDs share biochemical properties with scaffold proteins, we propose that IQD families provide an assortment of platform proteins for integrating CaM-dependent Ca2+ signaling at multiple cellular sites to regulate cell function, shape, and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Bürstenbinder
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (K.B., R.P., G.S., D.M., S.A.);
- Institute of Computer Science (B.M.), Biocenter (G.H.), and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (S.A.), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (S.A.)
| | - Birgit Möller
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (K.B., R.P., G.S., D.M., S.A.)
- Institute of Computer Science (B.M.), Biocenter (G.H.), and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (S.A.), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (S.A.)
| | - Romina Plötner
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (K.B., R.P., G.S., D.M., S.A.)
- Institute of Computer Science (B.M.), Biocenter (G.H.), and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (S.A.), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (S.A.)
| | - Gina Stamm
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (K.B., R.P., G.S., D.M., S.A.)
- Institute of Computer Science (B.M.), Biocenter (G.H.), and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (S.A.), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (S.A.)
| | - Gerd Hause
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (K.B., R.P., G.S., D.M., S.A.)
- Institute of Computer Science (B.M.), Biocenter (G.H.), and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (S.A.), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (S.A.)
| | - Dipannita Mitra
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (K.B., R.P., G.S., D.M., S.A.)
- Institute of Computer Science (B.M.), Biocenter (G.H.), and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (S.A.), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (S.A.)
| | - Steffen Abel
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany (K.B., R.P., G.S., D.M., S.A.)
- Institute of Computer Science (B.M.), Biocenter (G.H.), and Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (S.A.), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; and
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616 (S.A.)
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42
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Amanda D, Doblin MS, Galletti R, Bacic A, Ingram GC, Johnson KL. DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) Regulates Cell Walls in the Leaf Epidermis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2204-2218. [PMID: 27756823 PMCID: PMC5129726 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis is crucial to survival, regulating interactions with the environment and controlling plant growth. The phytocalpain DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1) is a master regulator of epidermal differentiation and maintenance, acting upstream of epidermis-specific transcription factors, and is required for correct cell adhesion. It is currently unclear how changes in DEK1 lead to cellular defects in the epidermis and the pathways through which DEK1 acts. We have combined growth kinematic studies, cell wall analysis, and transcriptional analysis of genes downstream of DEK1 to determine the cause of phenotypic changes observed in DEK1-modulated lines of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We reveal a novel role for DEK1 in the regulation of leaf epidermal cell wall structure. Lines with altered DEK1 activity have epidermis-specific changes in the thickness and polysaccharide composition of cell walls that likely underlie the loss of adhesion between epidermal cells in plants with reduced levels of DEK1 and changes in leaf shape and size in plants constitutively overexpressing the active CALPAIN domain of DEK1. Calpain-overexpressing plants also have increased levels of cellulose and pectins in epidermal cell walls, and this is correlated with the expression of several cell wall-related genes, linking transcriptional regulation downstream of DEK1 with cellular effects. These findings significantly advance our understanding of the role of the epidermal cell walls in growth regulation and establish a new role for DEK1 in pathways regulating epidermal cell wall deposition and remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhika Amanda
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Monika S Doblin
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Roberta Galletti
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Antony Bacic
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Gwyneth C Ingram
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
| | - Kim L Johnson
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (D.A., M.S.D., A.B., K.L.J.); and
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 5667, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique Unité Mixte de Recherche 0879, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon F-69342, France (R.G., G.C.I.)
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C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase links Rho GTPase signaling to Pol II CTD phosphorylation in Arabidopsis and yeast. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E8197-E8206. [PMID: 27911772 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1605871113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases, including the Rho, Cdc42, Rac, and ROP subfamilies, act as pivotal signaling switches in various growth and developmental processes. Compared with the well-defined role of cytoskeletal organization in Rho signaling, much less is known regarding transcriptional regulation. In a mutant screen for phenotypic enhancers of transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing a constitutively active form of ROP2 (designated CA1-1), we identified RNA polymerase II (Pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD) phosphatase-like 1 (CPL1) as a transcriptional regulator of ROP2 signaling. We show that ROP2 activation inhibits CPL1 activity by promoting its degradation, leading to an increase in CTD Ser5 and Ser2 phosphorylation. We also observed similar modulation of CTD phosphorylation by yeast Cdc42 GTPase and enhanced degradation of the yeast CTD phosphatase Fcp1 by activated ROP2 signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that modulation of the Pol II CTD code by Rho GTPase signaling represents an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes.
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44
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Chen L, Peng Y, Tian J, Wang X, Kong Z, Mao T, Yuan M, Li Y. TCS1, a Microtubule-Binding Protein, Interacts with KCBP/ZWICHEL to Regulate Trichome Cell Shape in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006266. [PMID: 27768706 PMCID: PMC5074588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How cell shape is controlled is a fundamental question in developmental biology, but the genetic and molecular mechanisms that determine cell shape are largely unknown. Arabidopsis trichomes have been used as a good model system to investigate cell shape at the single-cell level. Here we describe the trichome cell shape 1 (tcs1) mutants with the reduced trichome branch number in Arabidopsis. TCS1 encodes a coiled-coil domain-containing protein. Pharmacological analyses and observations of microtubule dynamics show that TCS1 influences the stability of microtubules. Biochemical analyses and live-cell imaging indicate that TCS1 binds to microtubules and promotes the assembly of microtubules. Further results reveal that TCS1 physically associates with KCBP/ZWICHEL, a microtubule motor involved in the regulation of trichome branch number. Genetic analyses indicate that kcbp/zwi is epistatic to tcs1 with respect to trichome branch number. Thus, our findings define a novel genetic and molecular mechanism by which TCS1 interacts with KCBP to regulate trichome cell shape by influencing the stability of microtubules. The particular shape of plant cells is not only crucial for their biological functions but also affects the overall shape of organs. How cell shape is controlled is a fundamental question in developmental biology, and the study of plant cell shape regulation is an interesting part of plant biology. Arabidopsis trichomes have been used as a good model system to investigate cell shape at the single-cell level. In this study, we use Arabidopsis trichomes as a model to identify the trichome cell shape 1 (tcs1) mutants with the reduced trichome branch number. TCS1 encodes a microtubule binding protein, which is required for the stability of microtubules. We further find that TCS1 physically interacts with a microtubule motor involved in the regulation of trichome branch number. TCS1 acts genetically with this microtubule motor to control trichome branch number. Thus, our findings provide important insights into how the microtubule cytoskeleton determines cell shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yuancheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- School of Life Science, Anhui Agricultural University, China
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Tonglin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Ming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, China
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
- * E-mail:
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45
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Brulé V, Rafsanjani A, Pasini D, Western TL. Hierarchies of plant stiffness. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 250:79-96. [PMID: 27457986 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants must meet mechanical as well as physiological and reproductive requirements for survival. Management of internal and external stresses is achieved through their unique hierarchical architecture. Stiffness is determined by a combination of morphological (geometrical) and compositional variables that vary across multiple length scales ranging from the whole plant to organ, tissue, cell and cell wall levels. These parameters include, among others, organ diameter, tissue organization, cell size, density and turgor pressure, and the thickness and composition of cell walls. These structural parameters and their consequences on plant stiffness are reviewed in the context of work on stems of the genetic reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), and the suitability of Arabidopsis as a model system for consistent investigation of factors controlling plant stiffness is put forward. Moving beyond Arabidopsis, the presence of morphological parameters causing stiffness gradients across length-scales leads to beneficial emergent properties such as increased load-bearing capacity and reversible actuation. Tailoring of plant stiffness for old and new purposes in agriculture and forestry can be achieved through bioengineering based on the knowledge of the morphological and compositional parameters of plant stiffness in combination with gene identification through the use of genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Brulé
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield Ave., Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Ahmad Rafsanjani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A OC3, Canada.
| | - Damiano Pasini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC, H3A OC3, Canada.
| | - Tamara L Western
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield Ave., Montreal, QC, H3A 1B1, Canada.
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Cvrčková F, Oulehlová D, Žárský V. On growth and formins. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1155017. [PMID: 26910482 PMCID: PMC4883901 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1155017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of the plant aerial organs epidermis involves a complex interplay of cytoskeletal rearrangements, membrane trafficking-dependent cell surface expansion, and intra- and intercellular signaling, resulting in a pattern of perfectly interlocking pavement cells. While recent detailed in vivo observations convincingly identify microtubules rather than actin as key players at the early stages of development of pavement cell lobes in Arabidopsis, mutations affecting the actin-nucleating ARP2/3 complex are long known to reduce pavement cell lobing, suggesting a central role for actin. We have now shown that functional impairment of the Arabidopsis formin FH1 enhances both microtubule dynamics and pavement cell lobing. While formins are best known for their ability to nucleate actin, many members of this old gene family now emerge as direct or indirect regulators of the microtubule cytoskeleton, and our findings suggest that they might co-ordinate action of the two cytoskeletal systems during pavement cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Cvrčková
- a Department of Experimental Plant Biology , Faculty of Sciences, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Oulehlová
- a Department of Experimental Plant Biology , Faculty of Sciences, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- a Department of Experimental Plant Biology , Faculty of Sciences, Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
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Celler K, Fujita M, Kawamura E, Ambrose C, Herburger K, Holzinger A, Wasteneys GO. Microtubules in Plant Cells: Strategies and Methods for Immunofluorescence, Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Live Cell Imaging. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1365:155-84. [PMID: 26498784 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3124-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are required throughout plant development for a wide variety of processes, and different strategies have evolved to visualize and analyze them. This chapter provides specific methods that can be used to analyze microtubule organization and dynamic properties in plant systems and summarizes the advantages and limitations for each technique. We outline basic methods for preparing samples for immunofluorescence labeling, including an enzyme-based permeabilization method, and a freeze-shattering method, which generates microfractures in the cell wall to provide antibodies access to cells in cuticle-laden aerial organs such as leaves. We discuss current options for live cell imaging of MTs with fluorescently tagged proteins (FPs), and provide chemical fixation, high-pressure freezing/freeze substitution, and post-fixation staining protocols for preserving MTs for transmission electron microscopy and tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Celler
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Miki Fujita
- Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eiko Kawamura
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Chris Ambrose
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Klaus Herburger
- Functional Plant Biology, Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Holzinger
- Functional Plant Biology, Institute of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Sternwartestraße 15, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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48
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Pielot R, Kohl S, Manz B, Rutten T, Weier D, Tarkowská D, Rolčík J, Strnad M, Volke F, Weber H, Weschke W. Hormone-mediated growth dynamics of the barley pericarp as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging and transcript profiling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6927-43. [PMID: 26276866 PMCID: PMC4623697 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The shape of the maternal pericarp affects cereal grain mass and yield. Pericarp growth was analysed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), revealing topological maps of mobile water in developing pericarp of barley (Hordeum vulgare) and displaying tissue regions actively elongating in specific temporal-spatial patterns. Correlation analysis of MRI signals and growth rates reveals that growth in length is mediated by dorsal and also lateral rather than ventral regions. Growth in thickness is related to ventral regions. Switching from dorsal to ventral growth is associated with differential expression of axial regulators of the HD-ZipIII and Kanadi/Ettin types, and NPH3 photoreceptors, suggesting light-mediated auxin re-distribution. Auxin increases with the highest levels in the basal pericarp at 6 days after fertilization (DAF), together with transcriptionally up-regulated auxin transport and signalling. Gibberellin biosynthesis is transcriptionally up-regulated only later, and levels of bioactive gibberellins increase from 7 to 13 DAF, with higher levels in ventral than dorsal regions. Differential gene expression related to cell expansion indicates genes related to apoplast acidification, wall relaxation, sugar cleavage, water transport, and cell wall biosynthesis. Candidate genes potentially involved in pericarp extension are distinguished by their temporal expression, representing potential isoforms responsible for dorsal-mediated early growth in length or ventral-mediated late growth in thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Pielot
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Stefan Kohl
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Bertram Manz
- Fraunhofer Institut für Biomedizinische Technik (IBMT) Simulation, Visualization & Magnetic Resonance, Ensheimer Str. 48, D-66386 St. Ingbert, Germany
| | - Twan Rutten
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Diana Weier
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Danuše Tarkowská
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Rolčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR and Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 11, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Frank Volke
- Fraunhofer Institut für Biomedizinische Technik (IBMT) Simulation, Visualization & Magnetic Resonance, Ensheimer Str. 48, D-66386 St. Ingbert, Germany
| | - Hans Weber
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Winfriede Weschke
- Leibniz-Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany
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49
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Zhu J, Geisler M. Keeping it all together: auxin-actin crosstalk in plant development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4983-98. [PMID: 26085676 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polar auxin transport and the action of the actin cytoskeleton are tightly interconnected, which is documented by the finding that auxin transporters reach their final destination by active movement of secretory vesicles along F-actin tracks. Moreover, auxin transporter polarity and flexibility is thought to depend on transporter cycling that requires endocytosis and exocytosis of vesicles. In this context, we have reviewed the current literature on an involvement of the actin cytoskeleton in polar auxin transport and identify known similarities and differences in its structure, function and dynamics in comparison to non-plant organisms. By describing how auxin modulates actin expression and actin organization and how actin and its stability affects auxin-transporter endocytosis and recycling, we discuss the current knowledge on regulatory auxin-actin feedback loops. We focus on known effects of auxin and of auxin transport inhibitors on the stability and organization of actin and examine the functionality of auxin and/or auxin transport inhibitor-binding proteins with respect to their suitability to integrate auxin/auxin transport inhibitor action. Finally, we indicate current difficulties in the interpretation of organ, time and concentration-dependent auxin/auxin transport inhibitor treatments and formulate simple future experimental guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhu
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology-Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Markus Geisler
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology-Plant Biology, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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50
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Chen J, Wang F, Zheng S, Xu T, Yang Z. Pavement cells: a model system for non-transcriptional auxin signalling and crosstalks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4957-70. [PMID: 26047974 PMCID: PMC4598803 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin (indole acetic acid) is a multifunctional phytohormone controlling various developmental patterns, morphogenetic processes, and growth behaviours in plants. The transcription-based pathway activated by the nuclear TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT 1/auxin-related F-box auxin receptors is well established, but the long-sought molecular mechanisms of non-transcriptional auxin signalling remained enigmatic until very recently. Along with the establishment of the Arabidopsis leaf epidermal pavement cell (PC) as an exciting and amenable model system in the past decade, we began to gain insight into non-transcriptional auxin signalling. The puzzle-piece shape of PCs forms from intercalated or interdigitated cell growth, requiring local intra- and inter-cellular coordination of lobe and indent formation. Precise coordination of this interdigitated pattern requires auxin and an extracellular auxin sensing system that activates plasma membrane-associated Rho GTPases from plants and subsequent downstream events regulating cytoskeletal reorganization and PIN polarization. Apart from auxin, mechanical stress and cytokinin have been shown to affect PC interdigitation, possibly by interacting with auxin signals. This review focuses upon signalling mechanisms for cell polarity formation in PCs, with an emphasis on non-transcriptional auxin signalling in polarized cell expansion and pattern formation and how different auxin pathways interplay with each other and with other signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Chen
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Shiqin Zheng
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Center for Plant Stress Biology, Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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